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Theus ME, Layden TJ, McWilliams N, Crafton‐Tempel S, Kremer CT, Fey SB. Photoperiod influences the shape and scaling of freshwater phytoplankton responses to light and temperature. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Colin T. Kremer
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA USA
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2
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Abstract
Biomass and lipid production by the marine centric diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana were characterized in media based on palm oil mill effluent (POME) as a source of key nutrients. The optimal medium comprised 20% by volume POME, 80 µM Na2SiO3, and 35 g NaCl L−1 in water at pH ~7.7. In 15-day batch cultures (16:8 h/h light–dark cycle; 200 µmol photons m−2 s−1, 26 ± 1 °C) bubbled continuously with air mixed with CO2 (2.5% by vol), the peak concentration of dry biomass was 869 ± 14 mg L−1 corresponding to a productivity of ~58 mg L−1 day−1. The neutral lipid content of the biomass was 46.2 ± 1.1% by dry weight. The main components of the esterified lipids were palmitoleic acid methyl ester (31.6% w/w) and myristic acid methyl ester (16.8% w/w). The final biomass concentration and the lipid content were affected by the light–dark cycle. Continuous (24 h light) illumination at the above-specified irradiance reduced biomass productivity to ~54 mg L−1 day−1 and lipid content to 38.1%.
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Mai G, Song X, Xia X, Ma Z, Tan Y, Li G. Photosynthetic Characteristics of Smaller and Larger Cell Size-Fractioned Phytoplankton Assemblies in the Daya Bay, Northern South China Sea. Microorganisms 2021; 10:microorganisms10010016. [PMID: 35056465 PMCID: PMC8846320 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell size of phytoplankton is known to influence their physiologies and, consequently, marine primary production. To characterize the cell size-dependent photophysiology of phytoplankton, we comparably explored the photosynthetic characteristics of piconano- (<20 µm) and micro-phytoplankton cell assemblies (>20 µm) in the Daya Bay, northern South China Sea, using a 36-h in situ high-temporal-resolution experiment. During the experimental periods, the phytoplankton biomass (Chl a) in the surface water ranged from 0.92 to 5.13 μg L-1, which was lower than that in bottom layer (i.e., 1.83-6.84 μg L-1). Piconano-Chl a accounted for 72% (mean value) of the total Chl a, with no significant difference between the surface and bottom layers. The maximum photochemical quantum yield (FV/FM) of Photosystem II (PS II) and functional absorption cross-section of PS II photochemistry (σPS II) of both piconano- and micro-cells assemblies varied inversely with solar radiation, but this occurred to a lesser extent in the former than in the latter ones. The σPS II of piconano- and micro-cell assemblies showed a similar change pattern to the FV/FM in daytime, but not in nighttime. Moreover, the fluorescence light curve (FLC)-derived light utilization efficiency (α) displayed the same daily change pattern as the FV/FM, and the saturation irradiance (EK) and maximal rETR (rETRmax) mirrored the change in the solar radiation. The FV/FM and σPS II of the piconano-cells were higher than their micro-counterparts under high solar light; while the EK and rETRmax were lower, no matter in what light regimes. In addition, our results indicate that the FV/FM of the micro-cell assembly varied quicker in regard to Chl a change than that of the piconano-cell assembly, indicating the larger phytoplankton cells are more suitable to grow than the smaller ones in the Daya Bay through timely modulating the PS II activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangming Mai
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (G.M.); (X.S.); (X.X.); (Y.T.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xingyu Song
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (G.M.); (X.S.); (X.X.); (Y.T.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Nansha Marine Ecological and Environmental Research Station, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Xiaomin Xia
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (G.M.); (X.S.); (X.X.); (Y.T.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zengling Ma
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China;
| | - Yehui Tan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (G.M.); (X.S.); (X.X.); (Y.T.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (G.M.); (X.S.); (X.X.); (Y.T.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence:
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Chen B, Liu J, Xu G, Li G. Lowering pO 2 Interacts with Photoperiod to Alter Physiological Performance of the Coastal Diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122541. [PMID: 34946142 PMCID: PMC8704836 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exacerbating deoxygenation is extensively affecting marine organisms, with no exception for phytoplankton. To probe these effects, we comparably explored the growth, cell compositions, photosynthesis, and transcriptome of a diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana under a matrix of pO2 levels and Light:Dark cycles at an optimal growth light. The growth rate (μ) of T. pseudonana under a 8:16 L:D cycle was enhanced by 34% by low pO2 but reduced by 22% by hypoxia. Under a 16:8 L:D cycle, however, the μ decreased with decreasing pO2 level. The cellular Chl a content decreased with decreasing pO2 under a 8:16 L:D cycle, whereas the protein content decreased under a 16:8 L:D cycle. The prolonged photoperiod reduced the Chl a but enhanced the protein contents. The lowered pO2 reduced the maximal PSII photochemical quantum yield (FV/FM), photosynthetic oxygen evolution rate (Pn), and respiration rate (Rd) under the 8:16 or 16:8 L:D cycles. Cellular malondialdehyde (MDA) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were higher under low pO2 than ambient pO2 or hypoxia. Moreover, the prolonged photoperiod reduced the FV/FM and Pn among all three pO2 levels but enhanced the Rd, MDA, and SOD activity. Transcriptome data showed that most of 26 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that mainly relate to photosynthesis, respiration, and metabolism were down-regulated by hypoxia, with varying expression degrees between the 8:16 and 16:8 L:D cycles. In addition, our results demonstrated that the positive or negative effect of lowering pO2 upon the growth of diatoms depends on the pO2 level and is mediated by the photoperiod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bokun Chen
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (B.C.); (G.X.)
- Joint Laboratory for Ocean Research and Education of Dalhousie University, Shandong University and Xiamen University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jihua Liu
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (B.C.); (G.X.)
- Joint Laboratory for Ocean Research and Education of Dalhousie University, Shandong University and Xiamen University, Qingdao 266237, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Ge Xu
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (B.C.); (G.X.)
- Marine Environmental Monitoring Centre of Ningbo, East China Sea Bureau of Ministry of Natural Resources, Ningbo 315016, China
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China;
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Phytoplankton communities in temporary ponds under different climate scenarios. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17969. [PMID: 34504259 PMCID: PMC8429430 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97516-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporary water bodies, especially vernal pools, are the most sensitive aquatic environments to climate change yet the least studied. Their functioning largely depends on their phytoplankton community structure. This study aimed to determine how temperature and photoperiod length (by simulating inundation in different parts of the year under five climate scenarios) affect the succession and structure of phytoplankton communities soon after inundation. Photoperiod was the most important factor affecting phytoplankton species richness, total abundance and the abundance of taxonomic groups in the course of succession. A long photoperiod (16 h) and a moderate temperature (16 °C) in vernal pool microcosms (late spring inundation after a warm snowless winter) were the most favourable conditions for phytoplankton growth (especially for the main taxonomic groups: chlorophytes and cryptophytes) and species richness. With short photoperiods (inundation in winter) and low temperatures, the communities transformed towards diatoms, euglenoids and cyanobacteria. In line with our predictions, a high temperature (25 °C) favoured a decline in phytoplankton species diversity. Our study shows that climate change will result in seasonal shifts in species abundance or even in their disappearance and, finally, in potential strong changes in the biodiversity and food webs of aquatic ecosystems in the future.
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Opposite Growth Responses of Alexandrium minutum and Alexandrium catenella to Photoperiods and Temperatures. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10061056. [PMID: 34070469 PMCID: PMC8229041 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Shift of phytoplankton niches from low to high latitudes has altered their experienced light exposure durations and temperatures. To explore this interactive effect, the growth, physiology, and cell compositions of smaller Alexandrium minutum and larger A. catenella, globally distributed toxic red tide dinoflagellates, were studied under a matrix of photoperiods (light:dark cycles of 8:16, 16:8, and 24:0) and temperatures (18 °C, 22 °C, 25 °C, and 28 °C). Under continuous growth light condition (L:D 24:0), the growth rate (µ) of small A. minutum increased from low to medium temperature, then decreased to high temperature, while the µ of large A. catenella continuously decreased with increasing temperatures. Shortened photoperiods reduced the µ of A. minutum, but enhanced that of A. catenella. As temperature increased, cellular Chl a content increased in both A. minutum and A. catenella, while the temperature-induced effect on RubisCO content was limited. Shortened photoperiods enhanced the Chl a but reduced RubisCO contents across temperatures. Moreover, shortened photoperiods enhanced photosynthetic capacities of both A. minutum and A. catenella, i.e., promoting the PSII photochemical quantum yield (FV/FM, ΦPSII), saturation irradiance (EK), and maximum relative electron transfer rate (rETRmax). Shortened photoperiods also enhanced dark respiration of A. minutum across temperatures, but reduced that of A. catenella, as well as the antioxidant activities of both species. Overall, A. minutum and A. catenella showed differential growth responses to photoperiods across temperatures, probably with cell size.
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Zeng X, Jin P, Jiang Y, Yang H, Zhong J, Liang Z, Guo Y, Li P, Huang Q, Pan J, Lu H, Wei Y, Zou D, Xia J. Light alters the responses of two marine diatoms to increased warming. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 154:104871. [PMID: 31928985 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.104871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the effects of increased temperature (15, 20 and 25 °C) and different light levels (50, 200 μmol photons m-2 s-1) on two widely distributed diatoms, namely Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Thalassiosira weissflogii. Results showed that increasing light level counteracted the negative effects of high temperature on photosynthesis in both species, suggesting an antagonistic interaction between light and temperature. Contrary to the above results, light limitation diminished the temperature-sensitivity of carbonic anhydrase activity in two diatoms. We also observed species-specific responses of biomass, where increased temperature significantly decreased the biomass of P. tricornutum at both low and high light levels but showed no effects on T. weissflogii. Our study demonstrated that light can alter the physiological responses of diatoms to temperature but also revealed interspecific variations. We predict that in the future ocean with shallower upper mixed layer, T. weissflogii may be more competitive than P. tricornutum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Zeng
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Peng Jin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yingying Jiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Haimei Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jiahui Zhong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhe Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yingyan Guo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Peiyuan Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Quanting Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jinmei Pan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hua Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yanyun Wei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Dinghui Zou
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jianrong Xia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Tilney CL, Shankar S, Hubbard KA, Corcoran AA. Is Karenia brevis really a low-light-adapted species? HARMFUL ALGAE 2019; 90:101709. [PMID: 31806165 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.101709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite nearly annual blooms of the neurotoxic dinoflagellate Karenia brevis (Davis) G. Hansen and Moestrup in the Gulf of Mexico, defining the suite of biological traits that explain its proliferation has remained challenging. Studies have described K. brevis as a low-light-adapted species, incapable of sustaining growth under high light, which is at odds with observed surface aggregations sometimes within centimeters of the sea surface and also with short-term experiments showing photosynthetic machinery accommodating high irradiances. Here, growth and photophysiology of three K. brevis isolates were evaluated under a range of environmentally relevant irradiances (10-1500 μmol photons m-2 s-1) in the laboratory. No differences in growth-irradiance curves were observed among isolates; all sustained maximum growth rates at the highest irradiances examined, even in exposures as long as three weeks. The growth efficiency α of K. brevis under light-limiting conditions appeared mediocre among dinoflagellates, and poorer than that of other phytoplankton (e.g., diatoms, cyanobacteria), implying that K. brevis is not a low-light specialist. This finding substantially alters earlier parameterizations of K. brevis growth-irradiance curves. Therefore, a model was developed to contextualize how these new growth-irradiance curves might affect bottom growth rates. This model was subsequently applied to a case study comparing seasonal light forcing offshore of Pinellas County, FL, USA, with a single empirical value for light attenuation, and seasonal bottom water temperatures. Predictions suggested that light may limit bottom growth as close as 1 km from shore in winter, but would only begin limiting growth 20 km from shore in summer. Population maintenance (no net growth) was possible as far offshore as 90 km in summer and 68 km in winter. These ranges intercept areas thought to be important for bloom initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles L Tilney
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, St. Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA.
| | - Sugandha Shankar
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, St. Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA
| | - Katherine A Hubbard
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, St. Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA
| | - Alina A Corcoran
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, St. Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA
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Wang H, Zhang B, Song X, Jian X, Tang C, Campbell DA, Lin Q, Li G. High antioxidant capability interacts with respiration to mediate two Alexandrium species growth exploitation of photoperiods and light intensities. HARMFUL ALGAE 2019; 82:26-34. [PMID: 30928008 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Light drives phytoplankton photosynthesis, so phytoplankton in their living habitats must exploit variable light levels and exposure durations, depending upon seasons, latitudes, depths and mixing events. Comparative growth, physiology and biochemical compositions were explored for the small Alexnadrium minutum (˜40 μm3 biovolume) and large Alexandrium catenella (˜9300 μm3 biovolume), globally wide spread coastal toxic red tide dinoflagellates, responding to a matrix of photoperiods (Light:Dark, 8:16, 16:8 and 24:0) and growth light irradiances. Smaller A. minutum grew faster under shorter photoperiods across growth light levels, while larger A. catenella grew fastest under longer photoperiods at the lowest applied light level. Photosystem II function responded largely to the instantaneous growth light level across photoperiod lengths, while the cell biovolume-based respiration, antioxidant capacity as well as cell composition responded more to photoperiod duration than to light level. These complex photophysiological responses resolved into linear correlations between growth rate versus cellular antioxidant activity and versus dark respiration, indicating that respiration energizes cellular antioxidant systems to benefit the growth of the cells. These results show the growth responses of Alexandrium species to light levels across photoperiods vary with species, and possibly with cell size. Together with previous results this puts a note of caution on meta-analytical extrapolations of physiological responses to light intensity derived from studies applying different photoperiods to different taxa, because different taxa show differential, even opposite growth responses to photoperiods and light intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, Guangdong, China; STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, College of Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Bowen Zhang
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, Guangdong, China; STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, College of Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Xingyu Song
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Xiaohui Jian
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Chengxi Tang
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Douglas A Campbell
- Department of Biology, Mount Allison University, Sackville NB, E4L 1G7, Canada
| | - Qiang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China.
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Yan D, Beardall J, Gao K. Variation in cell size of the diatom Coscinodiscus granii influences photosynthetic performance and growth. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2018; 137:41-52. [PMID: 29322482 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-017-0476-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell size has implications for the package effect in photon absorption as well as for metabolic scaling of metabolism. In this study, we have avoided species-related differences by using isolates of the marine planktonic diatom Coscinodiscus granii with cells of different sizes and grown at different light intensities to investigate their energy allocation strategies. To make full use of incident light, several fold variations in cellular chlorophyll a content were employed across cell size. This modulation of pigment-related light absorbance was deemed effective as similar light absorbing capacities were found in all treatments. Unexpected low values of O2 evolution rate at the highest irradiance level of 450 μmol photons m-2 s-1 were found in medium and large cells, regardless of more photons being absorbed under these conditions, suggesting the operation of alternative electron flows acting as electron sinks. The growth rate was generally larger at higher irradiance levels except for the large cells, in which growth slowed at 450 μmol photons m-2 s-1, suggesting that larger cells achieved a balance between growth and photoprotection by sacrificing growth rate when exposed to high light. Although the ratio of carbon demand to rates of uncatalysed CO2 diffusion to the cell surface reached around 20 in large cells grown under higher irradiance, the carbon fixation rate was not lowered, due to the presence of a highly effective carbon dioxide concentrating mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - John Beardall
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Kunshan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
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