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Quach SS, Zhu A, Lee RSB, Seymour GJ. Immunomodulation—What to Modulate and Why? Potential Immune Targets. FRONTIERS IN DENTAL MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fdmed.2022.883342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite over 50 years of research into the immunology of periodontal disease, the precise mechanisms and the role of many cell types remains an enigma. Progress has been limited by the inability to determine disease activity clinically. Understanding the immunopathogenesis of periodontal disease however is fundamental if immunomodulation is to be used as a therapeutic strategy. It is important for the clinician to understand what could be modulated and why. In this context, potential targets include different immune cell populations and their subsets, as well as various cytokines. The aim of this review is to examine the role of the principal immune cell populations and their cytokines in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease and their potential as possible therapeutic targets.
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Hathaway-Schrader JD, Novince CM. Maintaining homeostatic control of periodontal bone tissue. Periodontol 2000 2021; 86:157-187. [PMID: 33690918 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar bone is a unique osseous tissue due to the proximity of dental plaque biofilms. Periodontal health and homeostasis are mediated by a balanced host immune response to these polymicrobial biofilms. Dysbiotic shifts within dental plaque biofilms can drive a proinflammatory immune response state in the periodontal epithelial and gingival connective tissues, which leads to paracrine signaling to subjacent bone cells. Sustained chronic periodontal inflammation disrupts "coupled" osteoclast-osteoblast actions, which ultimately result in alveolar bone destruction. This chapter will provide an overview of alveolar bone physiology and will highlight why the oral microbiota is a critical regulator of alveolar bone remodeling. The ecology of dental plaque biofilms will be discussed in the context that periodontitis is a polymicrobial disruption of host homeostasis. The pathogenesis of periodontal bone loss will be explained from both a historical and current perspective, providing the opportunity to revisit the role of fibrosis in alveolar bone destruction. Periodontal immune cell interactions with bone cells will be reviewed based on our current understanding of osteoimmunological mechanisms influencing alveolar bone remodeling. Lastly, probiotic and prebiotic interventions in the oral microbiota will be evaluated as potential noninvasive therapies to support alveolar bone homeostasis and prevent periodontal bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D Hathaway-Schrader
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Chad M Novince
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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Medara N, Lenzo JC, Walsh KA, Reynolds EC, Darby IB, O'Brien-Simpson NM. A review of T helper 17 cell-related cytokines in serum and saliva in periodontitis. Cytokine 2020; 138:155340. [PMID: 33144024 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease with a complex underlying immunopathology. Cytokines, as molecular mediators of inflammation, play a role in all stages of disease progression. T helper 17 (Th17) cells are thought to play a role in periodontitis. Th17 cell development and maintenance requires a pro-inflammatory cytokine milieu, with many of the cytokines implicated in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Serum and saliva are easily accessible biofluids which can represent the systemic and local environment to promote the development of Th17 cells. Here we review human clinical studies that investigate IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-25, IL-31, IL-33, IFN-γ, sCD40L and TNF-α in serum and saliva in periodontitis. We highlight their putative role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis and place them within a wider context of animal and other clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Medara
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia.
| | - Jason C Lenzo
- Centre for Oral Health Research, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia.
| | - Katrina A Walsh
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Lance Townsend Building, Level 8, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia.
| | - Eric C Reynolds
- Centre for Oral Health Research, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia.
| | - Ivan B Darby
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia.
| | - Neil M O'Brien-Simpson
- Centre for Oral Health Research, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia.
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Involvement of Cathepsins in Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in Periodontitis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:4517587. [PMID: 32328131 PMCID: PMC7150685 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4517587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is an infectious disease whereby the chronic inflammatory process of the periodontium stimulated by bacterial products induces specific host cell responses. The activation of the host cell immune system upregulates the production of inflammatory mediators, comprising cytokines and proteolytic enzymes, which contribute to inflammation and bone destruction. It has been well known that periodontitis is related to systemic inflammation which links to numerous systemic diseases, including diabetes and arteriosclerosis. Furthermore, periodontitis has been reported in association with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the brain. Regarding immune responses and inflammation, cathepsin B (CatB) plays pivotal role for the induction of IL-1β, cathepsin K- (CatK-) dependent active toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) signaling, and cathepsin S (CatS) which involves in regulating both TLR signaling and maturation of the MHC class II complex. Notably, both the production and proteolytic activities of cathepsins are upregulated in chronic inflammatory diseases, including periodontitis. In the present review, we focus on the roles of cathepsins in the innate and adaptive immune responses within periodontitis. We believe that understanding the roles of cathepsins in the immune responses in periodontitis would help to elucidate the therapeutic strategies of periodontitis, thus benefit for reduction of systemic diseases as well as neurodegenerative diseases in the global aging society.
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Pigossi SC, Anovazzi G, Finoti LS, de Medeiros MC, Mayer MP, Rossa Junior C, Scarel-Caminaga RM. Functionality of the Interleukin 8 haplotypes in lymphocytes and macrophages in response to gram-negative periodontopathogens. Gene 2019; 689:152-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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CD8 + Foxp3 + T Cells Affect Alveolar Bone Homeostasis via Modulating Tregs/Th17 During Induced Periodontitis: an Adoptive Transfer Experiment. Inflammation 2019; 41:1791-1803. [PMID: 29951876 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-018-0822-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a dysbiotic bacteria-mediated disease characterized by periodontal inflammations and alveolar bone damage. Its mechanisms were complicated, involving an inflammation-mediated bone destruction. We sought to determine roles and rules that CD8+ regulatory T cells (CD8+ Tregs) affect alveolar bone homeostasis during periodontitis. Presence of CD8+ Tregs in the gingiva, cervical lymph nodes (CLNs), and spleens of healthy or periodontitis animals was analyzed. CD8+ regulatory T cells from periodontitis animals were sorted by magnetic-activated cell sorting and fluorescent-activated cell sorting technique, subsequently injected into recipient animals to set adoptive transfer model. We induced experimental periodontitis on transfer models and equal number healthy animals. Four weeks later, their alveolar bone loss and osteoclast coverage length were measured. We also detected CD8+ Tregs, CD4+ T cell, CD4+ Tregs, Th17 cell, and IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, RANKL, TGF-β expression in the gingiva, CLNs, and spleen to illustrate possible working mechanism of CD8+ regulatory T cells. Periodontitis does not induce significant change on proportion or amount of CD8+ Tregs. Adoptive transfer of CD8+ Tregs reduces alveolar bone destruction and osteoclast formation. In addition, experimental periodontitis increases percentage of Th17 cells and decreases CD4+ Tregs in the gingiva and CLNs. More IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17A, and RANKL, and less IL-10 and TGF-β are also detected in the gingiva and CLNs from animals with periodontitis than the one from healthy animals. Adoptive transfer of CD8+ regulatory T cells remedies all above pathological change effectively. We did not find any significant difference in spleen, regardless group and detected items. Outcomes of present study clarify function that CD8+ regulatory T cells affect alveolar bone homeostasis, and disclose its possible working mechanisms. CD8+ regulatory T cells protect alveolar bone via reducing osteoclastogenesis and modulating local immune response.
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Thorbert-Mros S, Larsson L, Kalm J, Berglundh T. Interleukin-17-producing T cells and interleukin-17 mRNA expression in periodontitis and long-standing gingivitis lesions. J Periodontol 2019; 90:516-521. [PMID: 30536765 DOI: 10.1002/jper.18-0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND T helper17 cells (Th17) are key targets in the evaluation of differences between "destructive" and "non-destructive" periodontal lesions. The aim of the present study was to analyze the density of interleukin-17 (IL-17) producing T cells and IL-17 mRNA expression in lesions representing severe periodontitis and longstanding gingivitis. METHODS Two groups of patients were recruited. The gingivitis group consisted of 28 patients, 41-70 years old, with evident signs of gingival inflammation but no attachment loss. The periodontitis group consisted of 36 patients, 33-67 years of age. A gingival biopsy was obtained from one selected diseased site from each patient and prepared for immunohistochemical and reverse transcription, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis. RESULTS Although the density of CD3 positive cells (T cells) did not differ between the two types of lesions, the total number and density of cells positive for CD3+CD161 (IL-17-producing T-cells) were larger in periodontitis than in long-standing gingivitis lesions. About 30% of CD3-cells in periodontitis lesions were also positive for CD161. The corresponding figure for gingivitis samples was 15%. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) analysis revealed that differences between periodontitis and gingivitis samples remained after adjusting for smoking, age, and gender. In addition, males had larger proportions of IL-17 producing T cells than females in both groups. The IL-17 mRNA expression was higher in periodontitis than in gingivitis samples. CONCLUSION It is suggested that IL-17 producing T cells represent a significant feature in the detection of differences between destructive and non-destructive lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Thorbert-Mros
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lena Larsson
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Josephine Kalm
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tord Berglundh
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Hajishengallis G, Korostoff JM. Revisiting the Page & Schroeder model: the good, the bad and the unknowns in the periodontal host response 40 years later. Periodontol 2000 2018; 75:116-151. [PMID: 28758305 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In their classic 1976 paper, Page & Schroeder described the histopathologic events and the types of myeloid cells and lymphocytes involved in the initiation and progression of inflammatory periodontal disease. The staging of periodontal disease pathogenesis as 'initial', 'early', 'established' and 'advanced' lesions productively guided subsequent research in the field and remains fundamentally valid. However, major advances regarding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the induction, regulation and effector functions of immune and inflammatory responses necessitate a reassessment of their work and its integration with emerging new concepts. We now know that each type of leukocyte is actually represented by functionally distinct subsets with different, or even conflicting, roles in immunity and inflammation. Unexpectedly, neutrophils, traditionally regarded as merely antimicrobial effectors in acute conditions and protagonists of the 'initial' lesion, are currently appreciated for their functional versatility and critical roles in chronic inflammation. Moreover, an entirely new field of study, osteoimmunology, has emerged and sheds light on the impact of immunoinflammatory events on the skeletal system. These developments and the molecular dissection of crosstalk interactions between innate and adaptive leukocytes, as well as between the immune system and local homeostatic mechanisms, offer a more nuanced understanding of the host response in periodontitis, with profound implications for treatment. At the same time, deeper insights have generated new questions, many of which remain unanswered. In this review, 40 years after Page & Schroeder proposed their model, we summarize enduring and emerging advances in periodontal disease pathogenesis.
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Parachuru VPB, Coates DE, Milne TJ, Rich AM, Seymour GJ. FoxP3 + regulatory T cells, interleukin 17 and mast cells in chronic inflammatory periodontal disease. J Periodontal Res 2018; 53:622-635. [PMID: 29633265 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE T cells are known to play a pivotal role in periodontal disease; however, less is known about the T-helper subsets of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and Th17 cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the cell types expressing FoxP3 and interleukin (IL)-17A within periodontal disease tissues and to determine gene and protein expression profiles associated with periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 10 healthy/gingivitis and 10 chronic periodontitis tissues were investigated. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence techniques were used to identify the FoxP3 and IL17-positive cells and to determine the cell types respectively. Gene expression was determined using semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction array technology that allowed the analysis of 84 pathway-focused genes known to be associated with Tregs and Th17 cells. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, IL10 and IL17A protein levels were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Double immunofluorescence labeling revealed that all FoxP3+ cells were CD4+ , while IL17+ cells were neither CD4+ nor CD8+ but were tryptase+ , suggestive of mast cells. More FoxP3+ cells than IL17+ cells were found in all the tissues examined and overall there were few IL17+ cells. Statistically significant increases in gene expression were found for STAT5A, STAT3, SOCS1, TGFβ1 and IL10 in the chronic periodontitis specimens predominantly infiltrated with B cells and plasma cells when compared with healthy/gingivitis specimens predominantly infiltrated with T cells. Protein analysis demonstrated higher levels of the TGFβ1 and IL10 cytokines in periodontitis tissues and in B-cell and plasma cell predominant gingival tissues than in healthy/gingivitis tissues and T-cell predominant gingival tissues. IL17A gene and protein expression was not detected in any of the tissues. CONCLUSION Based on the findings of this study, we suggest that the source of low levels of IL17A in periodontal tissues is mast cells not Th17 cells and that Tregs may have a more prominent role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease than Th17 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P B Parachuru
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - D E Coates
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - T J Milne
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - A M Rich
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - G J Seymour
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Ebersole JL, Dawson D, Emecen-Huja P, Nagarajan R, Howard K, Grady ME, Thompson K, Peyyala R, Al-Attar A, Lethbridge K, Kirakodu S, Gonzalez OA. The periodontal war: microbes and immunity. Periodontol 2000 2017; 75:52-115. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Mahabady S, Tjokro N, Aharonian S, Zadeh HH, Chen C, Allayee H, Sedghizadeh PP. The in vivo T helper type 17 and regulatory T cell immune responses to Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Mol Oral Microbiol 2017; 32:490-499. [PMID: 28544588 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The periodontal pathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is known to elicit a systemic immune response in the infected host, and occasionally causes non-oral infections. Detailed information on its immunopathological responses and the involvement of bacterial virulence factors remains to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to assess the systemic immune response to A. actinomycetemcomitans oral infection. We used an animal model that simulates systemic dissemination of the bacteria by injecting live wild-type (WT) D7S-1 and a double knockout mutant of leukotoxin and cytolethal distending toxin (ΔltxΔcdt) A. actinomycetemcomitans strains in rat oral mucosa. Draining lymph nodes were examined for regulatory T (Treg) and T helper type 17 (Th17) cell subsets and their associated mediators. An increase in the proportion of Th17 cells and a decrease in Treg cells over the experimental period of 3 weeks were similarly observed for rats challenged with WT and ΔltxΔcdt. Significant upregulation and downregulation of proinflammatory cytokines in the Th17 gene pathway was noted, as well as several qualitative differences between WT and ΔltxΔcdt. Furthermore, we observed differential fold regulation in key genes associated with a proinflammatory response in ΔltxΔcdt-inoculated rats relative to D7S-1 group. This suggests that although the knockout of these two virulence factors (ΔltxΔcdt) may suppress certain proinflammatory genes, it causes similar over-expression of other genes compared with D7S-1, indicating a common factor that still remains in the pathogenicity of A. actinomycetemcomitans.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mahabady
- Laboratory for Immunoregulation & Tissue Engineering, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - N Tjokro
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences and Biomedical Sciences, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S Aharonian
- Laboratory for Immunoregulation & Tissue Engineering, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - H H Zadeh
- Laboratory for Immunoregulation & Tissue Engineering, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - C Chen
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences and Biomedical Sciences, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - H Allayee
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - P P Sedghizadeh
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences and Biomedical Sciences, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Okada K, Fujimura T, Kikuchi T, Aino M, Kamiya Y, Izawa A, Iwamura Y, Goto H, Okabe I, Miyake E, Hasegawa Y, Mogi M, Mitani A. Effect of interleukin (IL)-35 on IL-17 expression and production by human CD4 + T cells. PeerJ 2017; 5:e2999. [PMID: 28229025 PMCID: PMC5314955 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin (IL)-17 produced by mainly T helper 17 (Th17) cells may play an important destructive role in chronic periodontitis (CP). Thus, anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-35, might have a beneficial effect in periodontitis by inhibiting differentiation of Th17 cells. Th17 differentiation is regulated by the retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor (ROR) α (encoded by RORA) and RORγt (encoded by RORC). However, the role of IL-35 in periodontitis is not clear and the effect of IL-35 on the function of Th17 cells is still incompletely understood. Therefore, we investigated the effects of IL-35 on Th17 cells. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were sampled from three healthy volunteers and three CP patients and were analyzed by flow cytometry for T cell population. Th17 cells differentiated by a cytokine cocktail (recombinant transforming growth factor-β, rIL-6, rIL-1β, anti-interferon (IFN)-γ, anti-IL-2 and anti-IL-4) from PBMCs were cultured with or without rIL-35. IL17A (which usually refers to IL-17), RORA and RORCmRNA expression was analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and IL-17A production was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results The proportion of IL-17A+CD4+ slightly increased in CP patients compared with healthy controls, however, there were no significant differences in the percentage of IL-17A+CD4+ as well as IFN-γ+CD4+ and Foxp3+CD4+ T cells between healthy controls and CP patients. IL17A, RORA and RORC mRNA expression was significantly increased in Th17 cells induced by the cytokine cocktail, and the induction was significantly inhibited by addition of rIL-35 (1 ng/mL). IL-17A production in Th17 cells was significantly inhibited by rIL-35 addition (1 ng/mL). Discussion The present study suggests that IL-35 could directly suppress IL-17 expression via RORα and RORγt inhibition and might play an important role in inflammatory diseases such as periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Okada
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University , Nagoya , Aichi , Japan
| | - Takeki Fujimura
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University , Nagoya , Aichi , Japan
| | - Takeshi Kikuchi
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University , Nagoya , Aichi , Japan
| | - Makoto Aino
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University , Nagoya , Aichi , Japan
| | - Yosuke Kamiya
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University , Nagoya , Aichi , Japan
| | - Ario Izawa
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University , Nagoya , Aichi , Japan
| | - Yuki Iwamura
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University , Nagoya , Aichi , Japan
| | - Hisashi Goto
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University , Nagoya , Aichi , Japan
| | - Iichiro Okabe
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University , Nagoya , Aichi , Japan
| | - Eriko Miyake
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University , Nagoya , Aichi , Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Hasegawa
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University , Nagoya , Aichi , Japan
| | - Makio Mogi
- Department of Integrative Education of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University , Nagoya , Aichi , Japan
| | - Akio Mitani
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University , Nagoya , Aichi , Japan
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Anovazzi G, de Medeiros MC, Pigossi SC, Finoti LS, Mayer MPA, Rossa C, Scarel-Caminaga RM. Functional Haplotypes in Interleukin 4 Gene Associated with Periodontitis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169870. [PMID: 28114408 PMCID: PMC5256924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic periodontitis (CP) is an infectious inflammatory disease that affects tooth-supporting structures and in which dental plaque bacteria, immune mechanisms and genetic predisposition play important roles. Interleukin 4 (IL-4) is a key anti-inflammatory cytokine with relevant action in imbalances in inflamed periodontal tissue. Individuals carrying the TCI/CCI genotype (S-haplotype) of the IL-4 gene are 5 times more susceptible to CP, whereas the CTI/TTD genotype (P-haplotype) confers protection against CP. Compared with the S-haplotype, subjects with the P-haplotype produce higher levels of the IL-4 protein after non-surgical periodontal therapy. The present in vitro study aimed to investigate the functionality of IL-4 haplotypes in immune cells to obtain insight into the influence of these genetic variations in regulating immune responses to CP-associated bacteria. Peripheral blood was collected from 6 subjects carrying each haplotype, and their immune cells were challenged with periodontopathogens to compare responses of the different haplotypes with regard to gene expression, protein secretion and the immunophenotype of T helper responses. We found higher IL-4 mRNA and protein levels in the P-haplotype, which also presented higher levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines. In contrast, cells from S-haplotype subjects responded with higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. S-haplotype individuals exhibited significantly greater polarization toward the Th1 phenotype, whereas the P-haplotype was associated with an attenuated response to periodontopathogens, with suggestive skewing toward Th2/M2 phenotypes. In conclusion, IL-4 genetic variations associated with susceptibility to or protection against chronic periodontitis are directly associated with influencing the response of immune cells to periodontopathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovana Anovazzi
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, UNESP- Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Morphology, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, UNESP- Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcell Costa de Medeiros
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, UNESP- Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Suzane Cristina Pigossi
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, UNESP- Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Morphology, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, UNESP- Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Livia Sertori Finoti
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, UNESP- Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Morphology, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, UNESP- Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcia Pinto Alves Mayer
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Rossa
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, UNESP- Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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Vitales-Noyola M, Martínez-Martínez R, Loyola-Rodríguez JP, Baranda L, Niño-Moreno P, González-Amaro R. Quantitative and functional analysis of CD69 + T regulatory lymphocytes in patients with periodontal disease. J Oral Pathol Med 2016; 46:549-557. [PMID: 27759906 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontal disease is chronic inflammatory process that affects the attachment structures of the teeth and constitutes a significant cause of tooth loss in adults. Although different bacteria play an important role in the triggering of this condition, the progression and severity of the disease are strongly affected by the host immune response, which is under the control of different immune regulatory mechanisms, including T regulatory (Treg) cells. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency and function of CD69+ Treg lymphocytes in patients with chronic periodontal disease. METHODS Peripheral blood samples (n = 33) and gingival tissue (n = 9) were obtained from patients with chronic periodontal disease. Blood samples from 25 healthy individuals were also studied. Levels of CD69+ Treg lymphocytes in peripheral blood and gingival tissue were determined by six-color multiparametric flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry. The immune regulatory function of CD69+ Treg cells was tested by an in vitro assay of inhibition of lymphocyte activation. RESULTS Percentages of CD69+ Treg cells were significantly higher in the peripheral blood from patients with active periodontal disease compared to healthy controls, and these percentages inversely correlated with the periodontal attachment loss. Increased numbers of these Treg cells were detected in the gingival tissue from active PD patients compared to their peripheral blood. However, the suppressive function of CD69+ Treg cells was significantly diminished in patients with periodontal disease compared to healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that CD69+ Treg cells seem to be another important piece in the complex immunopathogenesis of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rita Martínez-Martínez
- Postgraduate Dental Science Program, Faculty of Dentistry, UASLP, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Juan P Loyola-Rodríguez
- Postgraduate Dental Science Program, Faculty of Dentistry, UASLP, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Lourdes Baranda
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UASLP, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Perla Niño-Moreno
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Diagnostic, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, UASLP, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
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15
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Regulatory T-cells and IL17A+ cells infiltrate oral lichen planus lesions. Pathology 2016; 48:564-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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16
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Sabarish R, Rao SR, Lavu V. Natural T Regulatory Cells (n Treg) in the Peripheral Blood of Healthy Subjects and Subjects with Chronic Periodontitis - A Pilot Study. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:ZC36-9. [PMID: 27134998 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/15449.7446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The T cells play a central role in the aetiopathogenesis of periodontal disease. Natural T regulatory cells (nTreg) are the key stone immunoregulatory elements having an anergic phenotype and play an important role in the suppression of exaggerated immune responses thereby maintaining homeostasis. There are increasing evidences for the role of nTreg in the periodontal disease pathogenesis. AIM To identify the proportion of natural T regulatory cells in the peripheral blood of periodontally healthy subjects and subjects with chronic periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 15 subjects (7 with healthy gingiva and 8 with chronic periodontitis) were recruited for this pilot study. Baseline periodontal parameters were recorded and 5 ml of peripheral blood was collected. The samples from both the groups were analysed for the relative proportion of nTreg (identified by the expression CD45RB+CD4+CD25+FOXP3+) using flow cytometry. RESULTS The mean percentages of the CD45RB+CD4+CD25+ cells expressing FOXP3 in control and chronic periodontitis group were found to be 14.75±5.04 and 43.13±11.17 respectively. The mean proportion of nTreg were compared between the control and chronic periodontitis sample using Mann-Whitney Test and was found to be statistically significant with (p<0.001). CONCLUSION A higher proportion of nTreg in the peripheral blood sample of chronic periodontitis subjects were observed as compared to that of healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Sabarish
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Sri Ramachandra University , Chennai, India
| | - Suresh Ranga Rao
- Professor and Head, Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Sri Ramachandra University , Chennai, India
| | - Vamsi Lavu
- Associate Professor, Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Sri Ramachandra University , Chennai, India
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17
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Focal bone involvement in inflammatory arthritis: the role of IL17. Rheumatol Int 2015; 36:469-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00296-015-3387-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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18
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Kebschull M, Papapanou PN. Mini but mighty: microRNAs in the pathobiology of periodontal disease. Periodontol 2000 2015; 69:201-20. [PMID: 26252410 PMCID: PMC4530521 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a family of small, noncoding RNA molecules that negatively regulate protein expression either by inhibiting initiation of the translation of mRNA or by inducing the degradation of mRNA molecules. Accumulating evidence suggests that miRNA-mediated repression of protein expression is of paramount importance in a broad range of physiologic and pathologic conditions. In particular, miRNA-induced dysregulation of molecular processes involved in inflammatory pathways has been shown to contribute to the development of chronic inflammatory diseases. In this review, first of all we provide an overview of miRNA biogenesis, the main mechanisms of action and the miRNA profiling tools currently available. Then, we summarize the available evidence supporting a specific role for miRNAs in the pathobiology of periodontitis. Based on a review of available data on the differential expression of miRNAs in gingival tissues in states of periodontal health and disease, we address specific roles for miRNAs in molecular and cellular pathways causally linked to periodontitis. Our review points to several lines of evidence suggesting the involvement of miRNAs in periodontal tissue homeostasis and pathology. Although the intricate regulatory networks affected by miRNA function are still incompletely mapped, further utilization of systems biology tools is expected to enhance our understanding of the pathobiology of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Kebschull
- Associate Professor of Dental Medicine, Consultant, Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry, University of Bonn, Welschnonnenstr. 17, 53111 Bonn, Germany, Tel: +49-228-28722-007,
| | - Panos N. Papapanou
- Professor of Dental Medicine, Director, Division of Periodontics, Chair, Section of Oral and Diagnostic Sciences, Columbia University College of Dental Medicine, 630 West 168 Street, PH-7E-110, New York, NY 10032, USA, Tel: +1-212-342-3008, Fax: +1-212-305-9313,
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Ji S, Choi YS, Choi Y. Bacterial invasion and persistence: critical events in the pathogenesis of periodontitis? J Periodontal Res 2014; 50:570-85. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Ji
- Department of Periodontology Anam Hospital Korea University Seoul Korea
| | - Y. S. Choi
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology and Dental Research Institute School of Dentistry Seoul National University Seoul Korea
| | - Y. Choi
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology and Dental Research Institute School of Dentistry Seoul National University Seoul Korea
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Jin Y, Wang L, Liu D, Lin X. Tamibarotene modulates the local immune response in experimental periodontitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 23:537-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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