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Yudhanto S, Reinhart JM, de Souza CP, Gochenauer A, Sander WE, Hung CC, Maddox CW, Varga C. Assessing Illinois companion animal veterinarians' antimicrobial prescription practices and the factors that influence their decisions when treating bacterial infections in dogs and cats. Zoonoses Public Health 2024. [PMID: 39044541 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Judicious antimicrobial use in companion animal practice is critical for maintaining the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents against bacterial infections and reducing the selection of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. This study aimed to provide insights into companion animal veterinarians' antimicrobial treatment recommendations for common bacterial infections in dogs and cats and describe the factors influencing their prescription choices. METHODS AND RESULTS An online survey using QualtricsXM® software was administered between September and November 2022 to companion animal veterinarians who were Illinois State Veterinary Medical Association members. Descriptive and text analyses were conducted to assess the participants' responses. A total of 78 surveys were included in the analysis. Skin infections were ranked as the most common bacterial infections for which veterinarians prescribed antimicrobial agents, followed by ear, urinary tract, respiratory, and enteric infections. The severity of clinical symptoms and the results of bacterial culture and susceptibility tests were the most influential factors for veterinarians when making antimicrobial prescription choices. Veterinarians were aware of the current antimicrobial prescription guideline recommendations when prescribing antimicrobials empirically to nine hypothetical scenarios of bacterial infections. According to the results of the text analysis that assessed veterinarians' responses to an open-ended question, regarding their challenges when prescribing antimicrobial agents, the pairwise correlation of word frequencies within each response showed the highest correlations between the words 'owner' and 'compliance', 'administration' and 'route', 'cost' and 'culture', and 'patients' and 'acceptance'. CONCLUSIONS The study results can support animal health stakeholders in the development of antimicrobial stewardship programmes to promote appropriate antimicrobial use and limit the emergence of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setyo Yudhanto
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Jennifer M Reinhart
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Clarissa Pimentel de Souza
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Alexandria Gochenauer
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - William E Sander
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Chien-Che Hung
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Carol W Maddox
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Csaba Varga
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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Dias MC, Alpizar-Jara R, Lavrador C, Marques C, Broens EM, Duarte EL. Companion Animal Owners' Knowledge, Attitudes and Perceptions Regarding Antibiotic Use in Portugal. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:533. [PMID: 38927199 PMCID: PMC11201214 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13060533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
While multiple studies have focused on the motivations surrounding antibiotic prescription among veterinarians, little is known about companion animal owners' knowledge, attitude and perception (KAP) regarding the topic. A nationwide survey directed toward Portuguese dog and cat owners was conducted online and at veterinary practices to characterize their KAP regarding antibiotics. After database curation, a total of 423 valid submissions were considered. Although 97.9% of respondents stated that they knew what an antibiotic was, 23.5% and 19.2% answered that they were used to treat viral and fungal infections, respectively. Antimicrobial effectiveness was favored over cost when 87.7% of owners agreed they would prefer to spend more money to identify the appropriate antibiotic. Around 87% of respondents recognized antibiotic resistance as a significant health problem and 74.6% strongly agreed/somewhat agreed that antibiotic use in pets may contribute to resistance development. However, only 25.3% recognized that this could promote resistance dissemination, showing little awareness of the interconnection between human and animal health. Moreover, 55.6% of respondents were neutral when asked whether antibiotics used in veterinary medicine were also important for humans. These findings suggest that communication between veterinarians and pet owners can still be improved to further clarify the impact that antibiotic use has in pets from a One-Health perspective, also enabling antimicrobial stewardship interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Correia Dias
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Science and Technology, Universidade de Évora, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal; (C.L.)
- MED–Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE–Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Universidade de Évora, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal
| | - Russell Alpizar-Jara
- Department of Mathematics, School of Science and Technology & CIMA Research Centre in Mathematics and Applications, Universidade de Évora, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal
| | - Catarina Lavrador
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Science and Technology, Universidade de Évora, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal; (C.L.)
- MED–Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE–Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Universidade de Évora, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal
| | - Cátia Marques
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, 376 Campo Grande, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal;
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), CECAV—Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Genevet, Diagnostic Laboratory and ECVM Satellite Training Center, 1495-191 Carnaxide, Portugal
| | - Els M. Broens
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elsa L. Duarte
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Science and Technology, Universidade de Évora, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal; (C.L.)
- MED–Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE–Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Universidade de Évora, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal
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Rocholl C, Zablotski Y, Schulz B. Online-Assisted Survey on Antibiotic Use by Pet Owners in Dogs and Cats. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:382. [PMID: 38786111 PMCID: PMC11117295 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13050382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was two-fold: first, to collect data on the use of antibiotics in Germany for dogs and cats and, second, their owners' experiences and opinions. Using an anonymous online survey, dog and cat owners were asked about the last antibiotic administration in their pet. The inclusion criterion was any antibiotic administration within the last year. A total of 708 questionnaires from 463 dogs and 245 cats could be evaluated. Diarrhea was reported as the most common reason for antibiotic administration in dogs (18.4%). Wound infection/abscess/bite injury was the second most common reason in dogs (16.0%). In cats wound infection/abscess/bite injury was the most common reason (23.3%), followed by dental treatment (21.2%) and upper respiratory tract infections (16.7%). The most common antibiotics used systemically in both species were amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (32.5%), amoxicillin (14.8%), metronidazole (6.9%), and doxycycline (6.8%). While efficacy (99.9%) and tolerability (94.8%) were rated as most important for the choice of antibiotics, costs (51.6%) were cited as predominantly unimportant. First-line antibiotics were used significantly more often than critically important antibiotics. The majority of animal owners show awareness for avoidance of antibiotic resistance and the use of critically important antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Rocholl
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
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Frey E, Kedrowicz A, Hedgpeth MW. Decision making on antimicrobial use: Cat and dog owners' knowledge and preferences for veterinary communication. Vet Rec 2024; 194:e3411. [PMID: 37691448 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.3411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Veterinarians' understanding of cat and dog owners' perceptions about antimicrobial use will enhance their ability to communicate with clients to uphold antimicrobial stewardship guidelines. METHODS A total of 571 cat and dog owners were surveyed via an online platform to understand their antimicrobial knowledge and preferences for veterinary communication in antimicrobial use decision making. Data were analysed descriptively and inferentially to determine relationships between variables. RESULTS Cat and dog owners' backgrounds had an impact their antimicrobial knowledge. Women, individuals with a university degree, those with a health/science background and those identifying as white had a higher level of knowledge of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance. Owners' trust in veterinarians positively impacts adherence to recommendations. Where there was a strong preference for one type of messaging regarding antimicrobial use and stewardship, the owner's background was not predictive of a difference in response. LIMITATIONS The study population was mostly white, which reflects the US population and the reported distribution of pet owners who own dogs and cats. Respondents may have been susceptible to recall bias and/or social desirability bias. CONCLUSION Veterinarians should tailor their communication to meet clients' level of knowledge and rely on competent communication to enhance understanding and facilitate adherence to antimicrobial stewardship guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Frey
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - April Kedrowicz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mari-Wells Hedgpeth
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Redding LE, Reilly K, Radtke B, Bartholomew S, Cole SD. The potential role of veterinary technicians in promoting antimicrobial stewardship. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:142. [PMID: 37660006 PMCID: PMC10474764 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03637-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A core principle of antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) in veterinary settings is the need for engagement of all stakeholders; however, no studies have addressed the role of veterinary technicians in AMS specifically. The objective of this study was to qualitatively assess knowledge, opinions, and practices related to AMS among technicians. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 33 veterinary technicians with varied backgrounds, experience and roles. Interviews centered on participants work experience and interactions with their employer, perceptions of antimicrobial resistance and overuse in veterinary medicine, observed application of AMS principles, opinions on potential opportunities for technicians to contribute to AMS and concomitant potential barriers to these opportunities. Transcripts of interviews were coded thematically by two authors, then organized into a hierarchical framework, and the characterization of codes was compared across different categories of respondents. RESULTS Most veterinary technicians were knowledgeable about antimicrobial drugs but could not provide a complete definition of antimicrobial resistance or AMS. Most veterinary technicians could identify examples of antimicrobial misuse. Participants identified areas of client education and discussion with veterinarians as potential areas to contribute to AMS. Barriers identified included hierarchical structures of veterinary practices and time-constraints. Most participants expressed a personal interest in participating in AMS. CONCLUSIONS There is a possible appetite among some veterinary technicians to participate in AMS and they already play applicable roles in practices. Barriers such as educational needs, hierarchical structures of veterinary practices and time constraints will need to be addressed if technicians are included in AMS efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel E Redding
- Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Katherine Reilly
- Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bridget Radtke
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stacy Bartholomew
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Manor College, Jenkintown, PA, USA
| | - Stephen D Cole
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Candellone A, Badino P, Girolami F, Ala U, Mina F, Odore R. Dog Owners’ Attitude toward Veterinary Antibiotic Use and Antibiotic Resistance with a Focus on Canine Diarrhea Management. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13061061. [PMID: 36978602 PMCID: PMC10044205 DOI: 10.3390/ani13061061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
An ad hoc questionnaire was designed in order to investigate AMR knowledge amongst Italian dog owners, owner expectations concerning pharmacological treatment of canine AD, and client attitudes towards and compliance with alternative strategies to antimicrobial administration. A total of 250 questionnaires were returned. Most of respondents were female, aged 36–70 and workers. More than a half of participants owned one dog with mixed breed, with Labrador retriever, golden retriever, dachshund, and border collie being the most represented breeds. On average, each dog was treated with an oral antibiotic 1.044 times per year. Intestinal diseases were among the main reasons (19%) for antibiotic prescription. Oral antibiotic courses without veterinary consultation (21%) and anticipated termination of the therapy (17.1%) were less common than reported elsewhere. The majority of respondents knew the meaning of AMR with a significant inverse association between the level of education and the tendency to administer antimicrobials without consulting a clinician (p = 0.004). Most of the owners expected a rapid recovery of clinical signs after a first episode of AD and accepted natural dietary supplementation for treating the condition. Ninety-five percent of the respondents believed that public funding should be spent to study AMR. Even though an acceptable degree of AMR awareness emerged, we feel that further efforts should be made to increase public AMR knowledge and to stimulate proactive measures to fight the phenomenon. On the other hand, the development of guidelines for the treatment of uncomplicated canine AD would help clinicians to rationalize antimicrobial use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Candellone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
- Nutrito Vet srl, Rosta, 10090 Turin, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Paola Badino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Flavia Girolami
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Ugo Ala
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | | | - Rosangela Odore
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
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Taylor DD, Scallan Walter EJ. Colorado pet owners' perceptions of and attitudes towards antimicrobial drug use and resistance. Vet Rec 2023; 192:e2583. [PMID: 36692979 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.2583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial drug (AMD) use in companion animal medicine may contribute to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in both pets and humans. However, pet owners' attitudes and perceptions regarding AMD use and AMR have not been extensively studied in the United States. METHODS A cross-sectional survey at five Colorado veterinary hospitals collected information about pet owners' knowledge and perceptions of AMD use and AMR, adherence with AMD treatment instructions and the role of the veterinarian in the AMD prescribing process. RESULTS The pet owners surveyed did not have an adequate understanding of AMR and were unaware of the potential human health impact of AMD use in pets. However, most pet owners reported adherence with veterinary prescription instructions and indicated that they trusted their veterinarian to make appropriate decisions for their pets. LIMITATIONS The cross-sectional design focusing on Colorado pet owners limits the generalisability of the results. Selection and social desirability biases may have occurred, which could have affected who participated and how participants responded to statements. CONCLUSIONS Pet owners play an important role in the AMD prescription process, and their lack of AMR understanding should be addressed in antimicrobial stewardship plans. Further research on how to effectively incorporate pet owners into stewardship interventions is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Taylor
- Colorado School of Public Health, Colorado Integrated Food Safety Center of Excellence, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Elaine J Scallan Walter
- Colorado School of Public Health, Colorado Integrated Food Safety Center of Excellence, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Stein MR, Weese JS, Stull JW, McClure JT, Evason M. Knowledge, attitudes and influencers of cat owners in North America around antimicrobials and antimicrobial stewardship. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:e90-e97. [PMID: 35471142 PMCID: PMC9161435 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221090456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The primary aims of this study were to determine preferences of North American cat owners when they are prescribed an antimicrobial for their cat with regard to cost, method of administration and the importance of antibiotics for treating infections in people, and to establish baseline knowledge, attitudes and influencers of cat owners on antimicrobial resistance and stewardship. Methods An online questionnaire was used for data collection from two cat-owner groups: US cat owners and Canadian cat owners. Participants were queried on antimicrobial resistance and stewardship, and their preferences for their own cat when prescribed an antimicrobial, with respect to cost, method of drug administration and the importance of a drug for treating infections in people. Responses were evaluated through conjoint analysis and Likert-type questions. Data were analyzed using descriptive and analytic statistics. Results A total of 630 complete responses were included in the final analysis. Cost (37%) and method of administration (38%) were of similar participant preference when assessed using conjoint analysis. The importance of a drug for treating infections in people was lower priority (21%). The majority of cat owners preferred an antimicrobial that was ‘very important’ in treating human infections. A low proportion (21%) of participants responded that antimicrobial use in pets posed a risk to humans. Participants with a university education were more likely to respond that antimicrobial use in pets was a concern for people (31%; P <0.001). Conclusions and relevance Cat owners prioritize antimicrobial cost and method of administration equally. Few cat owners recognized the human antimicrobial resistance risks associated with antimicrobial use in pets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine R Stein
- Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, Canada.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, MA, USA
| | - J Scott Weese
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, Canada.,Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jason W Stull
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - J Trenton McClure
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Michelle Evason
- Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, Canada.,Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,IDEXX Laboratories, Portland, ME, USA
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Scarborough R, Hardefeldt L, Browning G, Bailey K. Pet Owners and Antibiotics: Knowledge, Opinions, Expectations, and Communication Preferences. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10111326. [PMID: 34827264 PMCID: PMC8615269 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10111326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the important role of antimicrobial use in companion animals in the global challenge presented by antimicrobial resistance (AMR), very few studies have quantified pet owner factors that can contribute to suboptimal veterinary antimicrobial use. We conducted an online survey of pet owners, asking about their experiences with veterinarians, their opinions on antibiotic use and knowledge of antibiotics, and their communication preferences regarding judicious prescribing. Just over half (54%) of the 558 pet owners had received antibiotics for their pet at their last non-routine veterinary consultation and most owners were happy (83%) with the antibiotic prescribing decision of their veterinarian. A quarter (25%) indicated that they had been surprised, disappointed or frustrated when a veterinarian had not given their pet antibiotics; 15% had explicitly requested them. Owners placed a higher priority on their pet receiving the most effective treatment than on treatment being cheap or convenient. Most respondents recognized the limitations of antibiotic therapy and the risks associated with antibiotic use, but 50% believed the risks were confined to the treated animal; only a minority was aware of inter-species transfer of bacteria. Pet owners indicated that they would find judicious prescribing messages focused on the direct risks of antibiotics to their pet more compelling than those about public health. Our findings suggest that veterinary communications about responsible antibiotic use should focus on pet owners’ priorities and address or bypass their gaps in understanding regarding antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ri Scarborough
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (L.H.); (G.B.); (K.B.)
- National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Peter Doherty Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Laura Hardefeldt
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (L.H.); (G.B.); (K.B.)
- National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Peter Doherty Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Glenn Browning
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (L.H.); (G.B.); (K.B.)
- National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Peter Doherty Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Kirsten Bailey
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (L.H.); (G.B.); (K.B.)
- National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Peter Doherty Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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