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Fang C, Fu W, Liu N, Zhao H, Zhao C, Yu K, Liu C, Yin Z, Xu L, Xia N, Wang W, Cheng T. Investigating the virulence of coxsackievirus B6 strains and antiviral treatments in a neonatal murine model. Antiviral Res 2024; 221:105781. [PMID: 38097049 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B6 (CVB6), a member of the human enterovirus family, is associated with severe diseases such as myocarditis in children. However, to date, only a limited number of CVB6 strains have been identified, and their characterization in animal models has been lacking. To address this gap, in this study, a neonatal murine model of CVB6 infection was established to compare the replication and virulence of three infectious-clone-derived CVB6 strains in vivo. The results showed that following challenge with a lethal dose of CVB6 strains, the neonatal mice rapidly exhibited a series of clinical signs, such as weight loss, limb paralysis, and death. For the two high-virulence CVB6 strains, histological examination revealed myocyte necrosis in skeletal and cardiac muscle, and immunohistochemistry confirmed the expression of CVB6 viral protein in these tissues. Real-time PCR assay also revealed higher viral loads in the skeletal and cardiac muscle than in other tissues at different time points post infection. Furthermore, the protective effect of passive immunization with antisera and a neutralizing monoclonal antibody against CVB6 infection was evaluated in the neonatal mouse model. This study should provide insights into the pathogenesis of CVB6 and facilitate further research in the development of vaccines and antivirals against CVBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjian Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Wenkun Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Nanyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Huan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Canyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Kang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Che Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Zhichao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Longfa Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China.
| | - Tong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China.
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2
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Carestia A, Godin LC, Jenne CN. Step up to the platelet: Role of platelets in inflammation and infection. Thromb Res 2023; 231:182-194. [PMID: 36307228 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Platelets are anucleated cells derived from megakaryocytes that are primarily responsible for hemostasis. However, in recent years, these cytoplasts have become increasingly recognized as immune cells, able to detect, interact with, and kill pathogens. As platelets are involved in both immunity and coagulation, they have a central role in immunothrombosis, a physiological process in which immune cells induce the formation of microthrombi to both prevent the spread of pathogens, and to help facilitate clearance. In this review, we will highlight the role of platelets as key players in the inflammatory and innate immune response against bacterial and viral infection, including direct and indirect interactions with pathogens and other immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostina Carestia
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
| | - Laura C Godin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
| | - Craig N Jenne
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
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3
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Zhao J, Xu X, Gao Y, Yu Y, Li C. Crosstalk between Platelets and SARS-CoV-2: Implications in Thrombo-Inflammatory Complications in COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14133. [PMID: 37762435 PMCID: PMC10531760 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus, causing the devastating COVID-19 pandemic, has been reported to affect platelets and cause increased thrombotic events, hinting at the possible bidirectional interactions between platelets and the virus. In this review, we discuss the potential mechanisms underlying the increased thrombotic events as well as altered platelet count and activity in COVID-19. Inspired by existing knowledge on platelet-pathogen interactions, we propose several potential antiviral strategies that platelets might undertake to combat SARS-CoV-2, including their abilities to internalize the virus, release bioactive molecules to interfere with viral infection, and modulate the functions of immune cells. Moreover, we discuss current and potential platelet-targeted therapeutic strategies in controlling COVID-19, including antiplatelet drugs, anticoagulants, and inflammation-targeting treatments. These strategies have shown promise in clinical settings to alleviate the severity of thrombo-inflammatory complications and reduce the mortality rate among COVID-19 patients. In conclusion, an in-depth understanding of platelet-SARS-CoV-2 interactions may uncover novel mechanisms underlying severe COVID-19 complications and could provide new therapeutic avenues for managing this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yijing Yu
- School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China; (J.Z.); (X.X.); (Y.G.)
| | - Conglei Li
- School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China; (J.Z.); (X.X.); (Y.G.)
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4
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Rodríguez CS, Charó N, Tatti S, Gómez RM, D’Atri LP, Schattner M. Regulation of megakaryo/thrombopoiesis by endosomal toll-like receptor 7 and 8 activation of CD34 + cells in a viral infection model. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2023; 7:100184. [PMID: 37538496 PMCID: PMC10394566 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpth.2023.100184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background CD34+ cells, megakaryocytes (MKs), and platelets express toll-like receptors (TLRs) that enable these cells to amplify the host innate immune response. However, the role of TLR7/TLR8 activation in megakaryopoiesis has not yet been investigated. Objectives We evaluated the effect of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) and synthetic TLR7/TLR8 agonists on the development of human MKs and production of platelets. Methods CD34+ cells from human umbilical cord were inoculated with CVB3 or stimulated with synthetic TLR7/TLR8 agonists and then cultured in the presence of thrombopoietin. Results CD34+ cells, MK progenitor cells, and mature MKs expressed TLR7 and TLR8, and exposure to CVB3 resulted in productive infection, as determined by the presence of viral infectious particles in culture supernatants. Cell expansion, differentiation into MKs, MK maturation, and platelet biogenesis were significantly reduced in CD34+-infected cultures. The reduction in MK growth was not due to an alteration in cellular proliferation but was accompanied by an increase in cellular apoptosis and pyroptosis. Impairment of MK generation and maturation of viable cells were also associated with decreased expression of transcription factors involved in these processes. These effects were completely abrogated by TLR7 but not TLR8 antagonists and mimicked by TLR7 but not TLR8 agonists. CVB3 infection of CD34+ cells increased the immunophenotype of MKs characterized as CD148+/CD48+ or CD41+/CD53+ cells. Conclusion These data suggest a novel role of TLR7 in megakaryo/thrombopoiesis that may contribute to a better understanding of the molecular basis underlying thrombocytopenia and the immunologic role of MKs in viral infection processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Sofía Rodríguez
- Laboratory of Experimental Thrombosis and Immunobiology of Inflammation, IMEX-CONICET-National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nancy Charó
- Laboratory of Experimental Thrombosis and Immunobiology of Inflammation, IMEX-CONICET-National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Ricardo Martín Gómez
- Laboratory of Animal Viruses, Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, UNLP-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Lina Paola D’Atri
- Laboratory of Experimental Thrombosis and Immunobiology of Inflammation, IMEX-CONICET-National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mirta Schattner
- Laboratory of Experimental Thrombosis and Immunobiology of Inflammation, IMEX-CONICET-National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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5
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Tuhongjiang A, Wang F, Zhang C, Pang S, Qu Y, Feng B, Amuti G. Construction of an RNA modification-related gene predictive model associated with prognosis and immunity in gastric cancer. BMC Bioinformatics 2023; 24:147. [PMID: 37061682 PMCID: PMC10105968 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-023-05283-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common causes of cancer-related fatalities worldwide, and its progression is associated with RNA modifications. Here, using RNA modification-related genes (RNAMRGs), we aimed to construct a prognostic model for patients with GC. METHODS Based on RNAMRGs, RNA modification scores (RNAMSs) were obtained for GC samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas and were divided into high- and low-RNAMS groups. Differential analysis and weighted correlation network analysis were performed for the differential expressed genes (DEGs) to obtain the key genes. Next, univariate Cox regression, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to obtain the model. According to the model risk score, samples were divided into high- and low-risk groups. Enrichment analysis and immunoassays were performed for the DEGs in these groups. Four external datasets from Gene Expression Omnibus data base were used to test the accuracy of the predictive model. RESULTS We identified SELP and CST2 as key DEGs, which were used to generate the predictive model. The high-risk group had a worse prognosis compared to the low-risk group (p < 0.05). Enrichment analysis and immunoassays revealed that 144 DEGs related to immune cell infiltration were associated with the Wnt signaling pathway and included hub genes such as ELN. Overall mutation levels, tumor mutation burden, and microsatellite instability were lower, but tumor immune dysfunction and exclusion scores were greater (p < 0.05) in the high-risk group than in the low-risk group. The validation results showed that the prediction model score can accurately predict the prognosis of GC patients. Finally, a nomogram was constructed using the risk score combined with the clinicopathological characteristics of patients with GC. CONCLUSION This risk score from the prediction model related to the tumor microenvironment and immunotherapy could accurately predict the overall survival of GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Airexiati Tuhongjiang
- Department of Day Surgery, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Ürümqi, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Day Surgery, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Ürümqi, China.
| | - Chengrong Zhang
- Department of Day Surgery, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Ürümqi, China
| | - Sisi Pang
- Department of Day Surgery, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Ürümqi, China
| | - Yujiang Qu
- Department of Day Surgery, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Ürümqi, China
| | - Bo Feng
- Department of Day Surgery, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Ürümqi, China
| | - Gulimire Amuti
- Department of Day Surgery, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Ürümqi, China
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6
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Dissecting Platelet's Role in Viral Infection: A Double-Edged Effector of the Immune System. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032009. [PMID: 36768333 PMCID: PMC9916939 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets play a major role in the processes of primary hemostasis and pathological inflammation-induced thrombosis. In the mid-2000s, several studies expanded the role of these particular cells, placing them in the "immune continuum" and thus changing the understanding of their function in both innate and adaptive immune responses. Among the many receptors they express on their surface, platelets express Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs), key receptors in the inflammatory cell-cell reaction and in the interaction between innate and adaptive immunity. In response to an infectious stimulus, platelets will become differentially activated. Platelet activation is variable depending on whether platelets are activated by a hemostatic or pathogen stimulus. This review highlights the role that platelets play in platelet modulation count and adaptative immune response during viral infection.
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7
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Sharma S, Tyagi T, Antoniak S. Platelet in thrombo-inflammation: Unraveling new therapeutic targets. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1039843. [PMID: 36451834 PMCID: PMC9702553 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1039843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the broad range of human diseases, thrombo-inflammation appears as a clinical manifestation. Clinically, it is well characterized in context of superficial thrombophlebitis that is recognized as thrombosis and inflammation of superficial veins. However, it is more hazardous when developed in the microvasculature of injured/inflamed/infected tissues and organs. Several diseases like sepsis and ischemia-reperfusion can cause formation of microvascular thrombosis subsequently leading to thrombo-inflammation. Thrombo-inflammation can also occur in cases of antiphospholipid syndrome, preeclampsia, sickle cell disease, bacterial and viral infection. One of the major contributors to thrombo-inflammation is the loss of normal anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory potential of the endothelial cells of vasculature. This manifest itself in the form of dysregulation of the coagulation pathway and complement system, pathologic platelet activation, and increased recruitment of leukocyte within the microvasculature. The role of platelets in hemostasis and formation of thrombi under pathologic and non-pathologic conditions is well established. Platelets are anucleate cells known for their essential role in primary hemostasis and the coagulation pathway. In recent years, studies provide strong evidence for the critical involvement of platelets in inflammatory processes like acute ischemic stroke, and viral infections like Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This has encouraged the researchers to investigate the contribution of platelets in the pathology of various thrombo-inflammatory diseases. The inhibition of platelet surface receptors or their intracellular signaling which mediate initial platelet activation and adhesion might prove to be suitable targets in thrombo-inflammatory disorders. Thus, the present review summarizes the concept and mechanism of platelet signaling and briefly discuss their role in sterile and non-sterile thrombo-inflammation, with the emphasis on role of platelets in COVID-19 induced thrombo-inflammation. The aim of this review is to summarize the recent developments in deciphering the role of the platelets in thrombo-inflammation and discuss their potential as pharmaceutical targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Sharma
- UNC Blood Research Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Tarun Tyagi
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Silvio Antoniak
- UNC Blood Research Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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8
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Gupalo EM, Buryachkovskaya LI, Chumachenko PV, Mironova NA, Narusov OY, Tereschenko SN, Golitsyn SP, Othman M. Implication of Inflammation on Coxsackie Virus and Adenovirus Receptor Expression on Cardiomyocytes and the Role of Platelets in Patients with Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Cardiovasc Pathol 2022; 60:107452. [PMID: 35850451 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2022.107452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coxsackie Virus and Adenovirus Receptor (CXADR or CAR) is involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). We aimed to examine the relationship of CAR expression on platelets and cardiomyocytes with virus persistence, local and systemic inflammation and platelet activity in patients with DCM. METHODS Endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) samples of 38 patients (mean age 39.5±11.3 years, 20 male) with DCM were analyzed for CAR expression, local inflammation grade by immunohistochemistry and virus persistence by real-time PCR. Platelet morphology was analyzed in all patients and 30 healthy subjects (HS) using scanning electron microscopy, platelet activity by light transmission aggregation, and CAR persistence by immunofluorescence. Platelets of 20 patients were analyzed for cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus 1-2 by immunofluorescence. Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF α) and Interleukin-6 were assessed using ELISA in all studied subjects. RESULTS CAR expression in EMB samples was related to the heart failure functional class and the level of IL-6. Platelets from DCM patients showed enhanced spontaneous and ADP induced aggregation. Platelets' CAR expression was >4 fold higher in DCM than HS and was observed predominantly at sites of intercellular communications in microaggregates and leukocyte-platelet aggregates. CAR-positive patients showed significantly higher TNF-α and IL-6 serum levels in CAR-negative patients. Platelets of 6 (30%) DCM patients revealed the mature cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex viruses particles. CONCLUSION Tight junction protein CAR may serve as a docking pin creating a new type of contact structure that could be responsible for signaling between neighboring cells in pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena M Gupalo
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology named after academician E.I. Chazov, Moscow, Russia.
| | | | - Petr V Chumachenko
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology named after academician E.I. Chazov, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia A Mironova
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology named after academician E.I. Chazov, Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg Yu Narusov
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology named after academician E.I. Chazov, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergei N Tereschenko
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology named after academician E.I. Chazov, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergei P Golitsyn
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology named after academician E.I. Chazov, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maha Othman
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine, Queens's University, Kingston, ON, Canada; School of Baccalaureate Nursing, St. Lawrence College, Kingston, ON, Canada; Clinical Patology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
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9
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Schrottmaier WC, Schmuckenschlager A, Pirabe A, Assinger A. Platelets in Viral Infections - Brave Soldiers or Trojan Horses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:856713. [PMID: 35419008 PMCID: PMC9001014 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.856713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are often associated with platelet activation and haemostatic complications. In line, low platelet counts represent a hallmark for poor prognosis in many infectious diseases. The underlying cause of platelet dysfunction in viral infections is multifaceted and complex. While some viruses directly interact with platelets and/or megakaryocytes to modulate their function, also immune and inflammatory responses directly and indirectly favour platelet activation. Platelet activation results in increased platelet consumption and degradation, which contributes to thrombocytopenia in these patients. The role of platelets is often bi-phasic. Initial platelet hyper-activation is followed by a state of platelet exhaustion and/or hypo-responsiveness, which together with low platelet counts promotes bleeding events. Thereby infectious diseases not only increase the thrombotic but also the bleeding risk or both, which represents a most dreaded clinical complication. Treatment options in these patients are limited and new therapeutic strategies are urgently needed to prevent adverse outcome. This review summarizes the current literature on platelet-virus interactions and their impact on viral pathologies and discusses potential intervention strategies. As pandemics and concomitant haemostatic dysregulations will remain a recurrent threat, understanding the role of platelets in viral infections represents a timely and pivotal challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waltraud C Schrottmaier
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Centre of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Schmuckenschlager
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Centre of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anita Pirabe
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Centre of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alice Assinger
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Centre of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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10
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Zaid Y, Merhi Y. Implication of Platelets in Immuno-Thrombosis and Thrombo-Inflammation. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:863846. [PMID: 35402556 PMCID: PMC8990903 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.863846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to their well-described hemostatic function, platelets are active participants in innate and adaptive immunity. Inflammation and immunity are closely related to changes in platelet reactions and enhanced platelet function in thrombo-inflammation, as well as in microbial and virus infections. A platelet’s immune function is incompletely understood, but an important balance exists between its protective and pathogenic responses and its thrombotic and inflammatory functions. As the mediator of vascular homeostasis, platelets interact with neutrophils, bacteria and virus by expressing specific receptors and releasing granules, transferring RNA, and secreting mitochondria, which controls hemostasis and thrombosis, infection, and innate and adaptive immunity. This review focuses on the involvement of platelets during immuno-thrombosis and thrombo-inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younes Zaid
- Laboratory of Materials, Nanotechnology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco.,Immunology and Biodiversity Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Yahye Merhi
- Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Montreal Heart Institute, Research Center, The Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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11
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Menter DG, Afshar-Kharghan V, Shen JP, Martch SL, Maitra A, Kopetz S, Honn KV, Sood AK. Of vascular defense, hemostasis, cancer, and platelet biology: an evolutionary perspective. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2022; 41:147-172. [PMID: 35022962 PMCID: PMC8754476 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-022-10019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We have established considerable expertise in studying the role of platelets in cancer biology. From this expertise, we were keen to recognize the numerous venous-, arterial-, microvascular-, and macrovascular thrombotic events and immunologic disorders are caused by severe, acute-respiratory-syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections. With this offering, we explore the evolutionary connections that place platelets at the center of hemostasis, immunity, and adaptive phylogeny. Coevolutionary changes have also occurred in vertebrate viruses and their vertebrate hosts that reflect their respective evolutionary interactions. As mammals adapted from aquatic to terrestrial life and the heavy blood loss associated with placentalization-based live birth, platelets evolved phylogenetically from thrombocytes toward higher megakaryocyte-blebbing-based production rates and the lack of nuclei. With no nuclei and robust RNA synthesis, this adaptation may have influenced viral replication to become less efficient after virus particles are engulfed. Human platelets express numerous receptors that bind viral particles, which developed from archetypal origins to initiate aggregation and exocytic-release of thrombo-, immuno-, angiogenic-, growth-, and repair-stimulatory granule contents. Whether by direct, evolutionary, selective pressure, or not, these responses may help to contain virus spread, attract immune cells for eradication, and stimulate angiogenesis, growth, and wound repair after viral damage. Because mammalian and marsupial platelets became smaller and more plate-like their biophysical properties improved in function, which facilitated distribution near vessel walls in fluid-shear fields. This adaptation increased the probability that platelets could then interact with and engulf shedding virus particles. Platelets also generate circulating microvesicles that increase membrane surface-area encounters and mark viral targets. In order to match virus-production rates, billions of platelets are generated and turned over per day to continually provide active defenses and adaptation to suppress the spectrum of evolving threats like SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Menter
- Department of GI Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Vahid Afshar-Kharghan
- Division of Internal Medicine, Benign Hematology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - John Paul Shen
- Department of GI Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephanie L Martch
- Department of GI Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anirban Maitra
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Scott Kopetz
- Department of GI Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kenneth V Honn
- Department of Pathology, Bioactive Lipids Research Program, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave. 430 Chemistry, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 431 Chemistry Bldg, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Cancer Biology Division, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 431 Chemistry Bldg, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Anil K Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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12
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Monitoring of viral myocarditis injury using an energy-confined upconversion nanoparticle and nature-inspired biochip combined CRISPR/Cas12a-powered biosensor. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1195:339455. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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13
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Zheng L, Duan Z, Tang D, He Y, Chen X, Chen Q, Li M. GP IIb/IIIa-Mediated Platelet Activation and Its Modulation of the Immune Response of Monocytes Against Candida albicans. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:783085. [PMID: 34938671 PMCID: PMC8685400 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.783085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is the most common fungal pathogen in humans, causing invasive disease and even potentially life-threatening systemic infections when tissue homeostasis is disrupted. Previous studies have identified an essential role of platelets in infection and immunity, especially when they are activated. However, it is still unclear whether platelets can be activated by C. albicans, and even less is known about the role of platelets in C. albicans infection. Herein, we showed that C. albicans induced platelet activation in vitro. C. albicans elevated the levels of AKT Ser473 phosphorylation, and inhibition of the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway reversed C. albicans-induced platelet activation. Surprisingly, C. albicans-induced platelet activation occurred in an integrin glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa-dependent manner but was independent of the pattern recognition receptors toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4. Interestingly, platelets enhanced the phagocytosis of human monocytes challenged with C. albicans and upregulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines, which were dependent on platelet activation mediated by GP IIb/IIIa. The present work provides new insights into the role of activated platelets in the defense against C. albicans, highlighting the importance of GP IIb/IIIa in the recognition of C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zheng
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and Sexually Transmitted Infections, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhimin Duan
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and Sexually Transmitted Infections, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Yanzhi He
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and Sexually Transmitted Infections, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China.,School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Jiangsu Province Blood Center, Nanjing, China.,Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Li
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and Sexually Transmitted Infections, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China.,Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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14
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Schmidt SN, Reichardt W, Kaufmann BA, Wadle C, von Elverfeldt D, Stachon P, Hilgendorf I, Wolf D, Heidt T, Duerschmied D, Peter K, Bode C, von zur Mühlen C, Maier A. P2Y 12 Inhibition in Murine Myocarditis Results in Reduced Platelet Infiltration and Preserved Ejection Fraction. Cells 2021; 10:3414. [PMID: 34943922 PMCID: PMC8699761 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous mouse studies have shown the increased presence of platelets in the myocardium during early stages of myocarditis and their selective detection by MRI. Here, we aimed to depict early myocarditis using molecular contrast-enhanced ultrasound of activated platelets, and to evaluate the impact of a P2Y12 receptor platelet inhibition. Experimental autoimmune myocarditis was induced in BALB/c mice by subcutaneous injection of porcine cardiac myosin and complete Freund adjuvant (CFA). Activated platelets were targeted with microbubbles (MB) coupled to a single-chain antibody that binds to the "ligand-induced binding sites" of the GPIIb/IIIa-receptor (=LIBS-MB). Alongside myocarditis induction, a group of mice received a daily dose of 100 g prasugrel for 1 month. Mice injected with myosin and CFA had a significantly deteriorated ejection fraction and histological inflammation on day 28 compared to mice only injected with myosin. Platelets infiltrated the myocardium before reduction in ejection fraction could be detected by echocardiography. No selective binding of the LIBS-MB contrast agent could be detected by either ultrasound or histology. Prasugrel therapy preserved ejection fraction and significantly reduced platelet aggregates in the myocardium compared to mice without prasugrel therapy. Therefore, P2Y12 inhibition could be a promising early therapeutic target in myocarditis, requiring further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Nasreen Schmidt
- Heart Center Freiburg University, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (S.N.S.); (C.W.); (P.S.); (I.H.); (D.W.); (T.H.); (D.D.); (C.B.); (C.v.z.M.)
| | - Wilfried Reichardt
- University Medical Center Freiburg, Department of Radiology–Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (W.R.); (D.v.E.)
- German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Beat A. Kaufmann
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Carolin Wadle
- Heart Center Freiburg University, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (S.N.S.); (C.W.); (P.S.); (I.H.); (D.W.); (T.H.); (D.D.); (C.B.); (C.v.z.M.)
| | - Dominik von Elverfeldt
- University Medical Center Freiburg, Department of Radiology–Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (W.R.); (D.v.E.)
| | - Peter Stachon
- Heart Center Freiburg University, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (S.N.S.); (C.W.); (P.S.); (I.H.); (D.W.); (T.H.); (D.D.); (C.B.); (C.v.z.M.)
- Medical Center Mannheim, Department of Cardiology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care University Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ingo Hilgendorf
- Heart Center Freiburg University, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (S.N.S.); (C.W.); (P.S.); (I.H.); (D.W.); (T.H.); (D.D.); (C.B.); (C.v.z.M.)
| | - Dennis Wolf
- Heart Center Freiburg University, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (S.N.S.); (C.W.); (P.S.); (I.H.); (D.W.); (T.H.); (D.D.); (C.B.); (C.v.z.M.)
| | - Timo Heidt
- Heart Center Freiburg University, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (S.N.S.); (C.W.); (P.S.); (I.H.); (D.W.); (T.H.); (D.D.); (C.B.); (C.v.z.M.)
| | - Daniel Duerschmied
- Heart Center Freiburg University, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (S.N.S.); (C.W.); (P.S.); (I.H.); (D.W.); (T.H.); (D.D.); (C.B.); (C.v.z.M.)
- Medical Center Mannheim, Department of Cardiology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care University Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia;
| | - Christoph Bode
- Heart Center Freiburg University, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (S.N.S.); (C.W.); (P.S.); (I.H.); (D.W.); (T.H.); (D.D.); (C.B.); (C.v.z.M.)
| | - Constantin von zur Mühlen
- Heart Center Freiburg University, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (S.N.S.); (C.W.); (P.S.); (I.H.); (D.W.); (T.H.); (D.D.); (C.B.); (C.v.z.M.)
| | - Alexander Maier
- Heart Center Freiburg University, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (S.N.S.); (C.W.); (P.S.); (I.H.); (D.W.); (T.H.); (D.D.); (C.B.); (C.v.z.M.)
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15
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Allaoui A, Khawaja AA, Badad O, Naciri M, Lordkipanidzé M, Guessous F, Zaid Y. Platelet Function in Viral Immunity and SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Semin Thromb Hemost 2021; 47:419-426. [PMID: 33851385 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1726033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Platelets, as nonnucleated blood components, are classically recognized for their pivotal role in hemostasis. In recent years, however, accumulating evidence points to a nonhemostatic role for platelets, as active participants in the inflammatory and immune responses to microbial organisms in infectious diseases. This stems from the ability of activated platelets to secrete a plethora of immunomodulatory cytokines and chemokines, as well as directly interplaying with viral receptors. While much attention has been given to the role of the cytokine storm in the severity of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), less is known about the contribution of platelets to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Here, we give a brief overview on the platelet contribution to antiviral immunity and response during SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afaf Allaoui
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Akif A Khawaja
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oussama Badad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco.,Department of Plant, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois
| | - Mariam Naciri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Marie Lordkipanidzé
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Faculty of pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Fadila Guessous
- Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Younes Zaid
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco.,Research Center of Abulcasis University of Health Sciences, Cheikh Zaïd Hospital, Rabat, Morocco
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16
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Abstract
Platelets play an essential role in maintaining vascular integrity after injury. In addition, platelets contribute to the immune response to pathogens. For instance, they express receptors that mediate binding of viruses, and toll-like receptors that activate the cell in response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Platelets can be beneficial and/or detrimental during viral infections. They reduce blood-borne viruses by engulfing the free virus and presenting the virus to neutrophils. However, platelets can also enhance inflammation and tissue injury during viral infections. Here, we discuss the roles of platelets in viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Antoniak
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nigel Mackman
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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17
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Raadsen M, Du Toit J, Langerak T, van Bussel B, van Gorp E, Goeijenbier M. Thrombocytopenia in Virus Infections. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10040877. [PMID: 33672766 PMCID: PMC7924611 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10040877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombocytopenia, which signifies a low platelet count usually below 150 × 109/L, is a common finding following or during many viral infections. In clinical medicine, mild thrombocytopenia, combined with lymphopenia in a patient with signs and symptoms of an infectious disease, raises the suspicion of a viral infection. This phenomenon is classically attributed to platelet consumption due to inflammation-induced coagulation, sequestration from the circulation by phagocytosis and hypersplenism, and impaired platelet production due to defective megakaryopoiesis or cytokine-induced myelosuppression. All these mechanisms, while plausible and supported by substantial evidence, regard platelets as passive bystanders during viral infection. However, platelets are increasingly recognized as active players in the (antiviral) immune response and have been shown to interact with cells of the innate and adaptive immune system as well as directly with viruses. These findings can be of interest both for understanding the pathogenesis of viral infectious diseases and predicting outcome. In this review, we will summarize and discuss the literature currently available on various mechanisms within the relationship between thrombocytopenia and virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs Raadsen
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Doctor molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.R.); (T.L.); (E.v.G.)
| | - Justin Du Toit
- Department of Haematology, Wits University Donald Gordon Medical Centre Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2041, South Africa;
| | - Thomas Langerak
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Doctor molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.R.); (T.L.); (E.v.G.)
| | - Bas van Bussel
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center Plus, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands;
- Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, 6229 GT Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Eric van Gorp
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Doctor molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.R.); (T.L.); (E.v.G.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Goeijenbier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Doctor molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.R.); (T.L.); (E.v.G.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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18
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Ngo ATP, Parra-Izquierdo I, Aslan JE, McCarty OJT. Rho GTPase regulation of reactive oxygen species generation and signalling in platelet function and disease. Small GTPases 2021; 12:440-457. [PMID: 33459160 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2021.1878001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are master regulators and effectors of haemostasis with increasingly recognized functions as mediators of inflammation and immune responses. The Rho family of GTPase members Rac1, Cdc42 and RhoA are known to be major components of the intracellular signalling network critical to platelet shape change and morphological dynamics, thus playing a major role in platelet spreading, secretion and thrombus formation. Initially linked to the regulation of actomyosin contraction and lamellipodia formation, recent reports have uncovered non-canonical functions of platelet RhoGTPases in the regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), where intrinsically generated ROS modulate platelet function and contribute to thrombus formation. Platelet RhoGTPases orchestrate oxidative processes and cytoskeletal rearrangement in an interconnected manner to regulate intracellular signalling networks underlying platelet activity and thrombus formation. Herein we review our current knowledge of the regulation of platelet ROS generation by RhoGTPases and their relationship with platelet cytoskeletal reorganization, activation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh T P Ngo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Ivan Parra-Izquierdo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Joseph E Aslan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Owen J T McCarty
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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19
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Tschöpe C, Van Linthout S, Jäger S, Arndt R, Trippel T, Müller I, Elsanhoury A, Rutschow S, Anker SD, Schultheiss HP, Pauschinger M, Spillmann F, Pappritz K. Modulation of the acute defence reaction by eplerenone prevents cardiac disease progression in viral myocarditis. ESC Heart Fail 2020; 7:2838-2852. [PMID: 32662949 PMCID: PMC7405199 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Left ventricular (LV) dysfunction in viral myocarditis is attributed to myocardial inflammation and fibrosis, inducing acute and long‐time cardiac damage. Interventions are not established. On the basis of the link between inflammation, fibrosis, aldosterone, and extracellular matrix regulation, we aimed to investigate the effect of an early intervention with the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA) eplerenone on cardiac remodelling in a murine model of persistent coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)‐induced myocarditis. Methods and results SWR/J mice were infected with 5 × 104 plaque‐forming units of CVB3 (Nancy strain) and daily treated either with eplerenone (200 mg/kg body weight) or with placebo starting from Day 1. At Day 8 or 28 post infection, mice were haemodynamically characterized and subsequently sacrificed for immunohistological and molecular biology analyses. Eplerenone did not influence CVB3 load. Already at Day 8, 1.8‐fold (P < 0.05), 1.4‐fold (P < 0.05), 3.2‐fold (P < 0.01), and 2.1‐fold (P < 0.001) reduction in LV intercellular adhesion molecule 1 expression, presence of monocytes/macrophages, oxidative stress, and apoptosis, respectively, was observed in eplerenone‐treated vs. untreated CVB3‐infected mice. In vitro, eplerenone led to 1.4‐fold (P < 0.01) and 1.2‐fold (P < 0.01) less CVB3‐induced cardiomyocyte oxidative stress and apoptosis. Furthermore, collagen production was 1.1‐fold (P < 0.05) decreased in cardiac fibroblasts cultured with medium of eplerenone‐treated vs. untreated CVB3‐infected HL‐1 cardiomyocytes. These ameliorations were in vivo translated into prevention of cardiac fibrosis, as shown by 1.4‐fold (P < 0.01) and 2.1‐fold (P < 0.001) lower collagen content in the LV of eplerenone‐treated vs. untreated CVB3‐infected mice at Days 8 and 28, respectively. This resulted in an early and long‐lasting improvement of LV dimension and function, as indicated by reduced LV end‐systolic volume and end‐diastolic volume, and an increase in LV contractility (dP/dtmax) and LV relaxation (dP/dtmin), respectively (P < 0.05). Conclusions Early intervention with the MRA eplerenone modulates the acute host and defence reaction and prevents cardiac disease progression in experimental CVB3‐induced myocarditis without aggravation of viral load. The findings advocate for an initiation of therapy of viral myocarditis as early as possible, even before the onset of inflammation‐induced myocardial dysfunction. This may also have implications for coronavirus disease‐19 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Tschöpe
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum (CVK), Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophie Van Linthout
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Jäger
- Department of Cardiology, Alexianer Hospital Hedwigshöhe, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Arndt
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin (CBF), Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Trippel
- Department of Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum (CVK), Berlin, Germany
| | - Irene Müller
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ahmed Elsanhoury
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Rutschow
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology Johanniter-Kliniken, Stendal, Germany
| | - Stefan D Anker
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum (CVK), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Pauschinger
- Department of Cardiology, Paracelsus University, Klinikum Nürnberg, Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Frank Spillmann
- Department of Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum (CVK), Berlin, Germany
| | - Kathleen Pappritz
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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20
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Page MJ, Pretorius E. A Champion of Host Defense: A Generic Large-Scale Cause for Platelet Dysfunction and Depletion in Infection. Semin Thromb Hemost 2020; 46:302-319. [PMID: 32279287 PMCID: PMC7339151 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1708827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Thrombocytopenia is commonly associated with sepsis and infections, which in turn are characterized by a profound immune reaction to the invading pathogen. Platelets are one of the cellular entities that exert considerable immune, antibacterial, and antiviral actions, and are therefore active participants in the host response. Platelets are sensitive to surrounding inflammatory stimuli and contribute to the immune response by multiple mechanisms, including endowing the endothelium with a proinflammatory phenotype, enhancing and amplifying leukocyte recruitment and inflammation, promoting the effector functions of immune cells, and ensuring an optimal adaptive immune response. During infection, pathogens and their products influence the platelet response and can even be toxic. However, platelets are able to sense and engage bacteria and viruses to assist in their removal and destruction. Platelets greatly contribute to host defense by multiple mechanisms, including forming immune complexes and aggregates, shedding their granular content, and internalizing pathogens and subsequently being marked for removal. These processes, and the nature of platelet function in general, cause the platelet to be irreversibly consumed in the execution of its duty. An exaggerated systemic inflammatory response to infection can drive platelet dysfunction, where platelets are inappropriately activated and face immunological destruction. While thrombocytopenia may arise by condition-specific mechanisms that cause an imbalance between platelet production and removal, this review evaluates a generic large-scale mechanism for platelet depletion as a repercussion of its involvement at the nexus of responses to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Page
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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21
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Tatsumi K, Schmedes CM, Houston ER, Butler E, Mackman N, Antoniak S. Protease-activated receptor 4 protects mice from Coxsackievirus B3 and H1N1 influenza A virus infection. Cell Immunol 2019; 344:103949. [PMID: 31337508 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2019.103949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PAR4 is expressed by a variety of cells, including platelets, cardiac, lung and immune cells. We investigated the contribution of PAR4 to viral infections of the heart and lung. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3-dependent immune responses were analyzed after co-stimulation of PAR4 in murine bone-marrow derived macrophages, embryonic fibroblasts and embryonic cardiomyocytes. In addition, we analyzed Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) or H1N1 influenza A virus (H1N1 IAV) infection of PAR4-/- (ΔPAR4) and wild-type (WT) mice. Lastly, we investigated the effect of platelet inhibition on H1N1 IAV infection. In vitro experiments revealed that PAR4 stimulation enhances the expression of TLR3-dependent CXCL10 expression and decreases TLR3-dependent NFκB-mediated proinflammatory gene expression. Furthermore, CVB3-infected ΔPAR4 mice exhibited a decreased anti-viral response and increased viral genomes in the heart leading to more pronounced CVB3 myocarditis compared to WT mice. Similarly, H1N1 IAV-infected ΔPAR4 mice had increased immune cell numbers and inflammatory mediators in the lung, and increased mortality compared with infected WT controls. The study showed that PAR4 protects mice from viral infections of the heart and lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Tatsumi
- Department of Medicine, Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, UNC McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Clare M Schmedes
- Department of Medicine, Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, UNC McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - E Reaves Houston
- Department of Medicine, Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, UNC McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Emily Butler
- Department of Medicine, Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, UNC McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Department of Medicine, Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, UNC McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Silvio Antoniak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UNC McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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22
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Koupenova M, Clancy L, Corkrey HA, Freedman JE. Circulating Platelets as Mediators of Immunity, Inflammation, and Thrombosis. Circ Res 2019; 122:337-351. [PMID: 29348254 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.310795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 552] [Impact Index Per Article: 110.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Platelets, non-nucleated blood components first described over 130 years ago, are recognized as the primary cell regulating hemostasis and thrombosis. The vascular importance of platelets has been attributed to their essential role in thrombosis, mediating myocardial infarction, stroke, and venous thromboembolism. Increasing knowledge on the platelets' role in the vasculature has led to many advances in understanding not only how platelets interact with the vessel wall but also how they convey changes in the environment to other circulating cells. In addition to their well-described hemostatic function, platelets are active participants in the immune response to microbial organisms and foreign substances. Although incompletely understood, the immune role of platelets is a delicate balance between its pathogenic response and its regulation of thrombotic and hemostatic functions. Platelets mediate complex vascular homeostasis via specific receptors and granule release, RNA transfer, and mitochondrial secretion that subsequently regulates hemostasis and thrombosis, infection, and innate and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milka Koupenova
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester.
| | - Lauren Clancy
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
| | - Heather A Corkrey
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
| | - Jane E Freedman
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
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23
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The Role of Platelets in Antimicrobial Host Defense. Platelets 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-813456-6.00029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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24
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Rivadeneyra L, Charó N, Kviatcovsky D, de la Barrera S, Gómez RM, Schattner M. Role of neutrophils in CVB3 infection and viral myocarditis. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2018; 125:149-161. [PMID: 30393107 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2018.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is a globally prevalent enterovirus of the Picornaviridae family that is frequently associated with viral myocarditis (VM). Neutrophils, as first responders, may be key cells in determining viral disease outcomes; however, neutrophils have been poorly studied with respect to viral infection. Although neutrophils have been ascribed a relevant role in early cardiac inflammation, their precise role in CVB3 infection has not yet been evaluated. In this study, we aimed to determine if the interaction between human neutrophils and CVB3 could lead to viral replication and/or modulation of neutrophil survival and biological functions, and whether neutrophil depletion in a murine model has a beneficial or harmful effect on CVB3 infection. Our results show that CVB3 interacted with but did not replicate in human neutrophils. Neutrophils recognized CVB3 mainly through endosomal TLR-8, and infection triggered NFκB activation. Virus internalization resulted in increased cell survival, up-regulation of CD11b, enhanced adhesion to fibrinogen and fibronectin, and the secretion of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-8. Supernatants from infected neutrophils exerted chemotactic activity partly mediated by IL-8. The infected neutrophils released myeloperoxidase and triggered neutrophil extracellular trap formation in the presence of TNF-α. In mice infected with CVB3, viral RNA was detected in neutrophils as well as in mononuclear cells. After neutrophil depletion, mice showed reduced VM reflected by a reduction in viral titers, cell exudates, and CCL-2 mRNA levels, as well as the abrogation of reactive cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Our results indicate that neutrophils have relevant direct and indirect roles in the pathogenesis of CVB3-induced VM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Rivadeneyra
- Laboratory of Experimental Thrombosis, Institute of Experimental Medicine-CONICET-ANM, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Nancy Charó
- Laboratory of Experimental Thrombosis, Institute of Experimental Medicine-CONICET-ANM, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Denise Kviatcovsky
- Laboratory of Immunology of Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Experimental Medicine-CONICET-ANM, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia de la Barrera
- Laboratory of Immunology of Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Experimental Medicine-CONICET-ANM, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Ricardo Martín Gómez
- Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Institute, CONICET-UNLP, La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Mirta Schattner
- Laboratory of Experimental Thrombosis, Institute of Experimental Medicine-CONICET-ANM, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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25
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Seyoum M, Enawgaw B, Melku M. Human blood platelets and viruses: defense mechanism and role in the removal of viral pathogens. Thromb J 2018; 16:16. [PMID: 30026673 PMCID: PMC6048695 DOI: 10.1186/s12959-018-0170-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are small non-nucleated cell fragments and the second most abundant cell that play crucial role in managing vascular integrity and regulating hemostasis. Recent finding shows, beyond its hemostatic function platelets also play a main role in fighting against pathogen including viruses. With their receptors, platelet interacts with viral pathogen and this interaction between platelets and viral pathogens result in activation of platelets. Activated platelet releases different molecules that have antiviral activity including kinocidins and other platelet microbicidal peptides. In addition, activated platelet has antiviral role by different mechanism including; phagocytosis of viral pathogen, produce reactive oxygen species and interact with and activate other immune cells. In other side, antiplatelet treatments are one of defending mechanism of viral pathogen. This narrative review summarizes what is known regarding the role of human platelets in fighting viral pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masresha Seyoum
- University of Gondar hospital, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- Department of Hematology & Immunohematology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Bamlaku Enawgaw
- Department of Hematology & Immunohematology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mulugeta Melku
- Department of Hematology & Immunohematology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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26
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Sonmez O, Sonmez M. Role of platelets in immune system and inflammation. Porto Biomed J 2017; 2:311-314. [PMID: 32258788 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbj.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets have significant role in modulating clot formation. Additionally, emerging data indicates that platelets have considerable roles in inflammation and immune response. Platelets gather at the damaged cite and adhere to white blood cells. Subsequently, they release cytokines and chemokines which are chemotactic for neutrophils and monocytes. Therefore, platelets are necessary for targeting lymphocytes, neutrophils and monocytes to inflammation site. Those interactions enhance inflammation. Moreover, platelets serve as an immune cell by engulfing microbes. Presence of platelets affect prognosis in some bacterial or viral infection and several other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozge Sonmez
- Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Medicine Faculty, English Medicine Programme, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Sonmez
- Karadeniz Technical University, School of Medicine, Department of Haematology, Trabzon, Turkey
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27
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Mietsch M, Sauermann U, Mätz-Rensing K, Klippert A, Daskalaki M, Stolte-Leeb N, Stahl-Hennig C. Revisiting a quarter of a century of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-associated cardiovascular diseases at the German Primate Center. Primate Biol 2017; 4:107-115. [PMID: 32110698 PMCID: PMC7041533 DOI: 10.5194/pb-4-107-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) comorbidities have become
clinically more important due to antiretroviral therapy. Although therapy
increases life expectancy, it does not completely suppress immune activation
and its associated complications. The simian immunodeficiency virus
(SIV)-infected rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) represents a valuable
model for the investigation of SIV-associated diseases. Although
cardiovascular (CV) changes are common in HIV-infected patients, there are
only a few reports on the incidence of CV findings in SIV-infected animals.
In addition, potential associations between pathohistological findings and
hematological parameters are still unclear. We therefore conducted a retrospective analysis of 195 SIV-infected rhesus
macaques that were euthanized with AIDS-related symptoms at the German
Primate Center, Goettingen, over a 25-year period. Pathological findings
were correlated with hematological data. The main findings included myocarditis (12.8 %), endocarditis
(9.7 %),
and arteriopathy (10.3 %) in various organs. Thrombocytopenia occurred
more frequently in macaques with endocarditis or arteriopathy than in
macaques without CV disease (80 % in animals with endocarditis, 60 %
in animals with arteriopathy, p<0.0001 and p=0.0016, respectively). Further investigations of the interaction between coagulation markers,
proinflammatory cytokines, and biomarkers associated with endothelial
dysfunction (e.g., D-dimers) and histological data (vascular wall structure)
may unravel the mechanisms underlying HIV/SIV-associated CV comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Mietsch
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Center, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Ulrike Sauermann
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Center, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | | | - Antonina Klippert
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Center, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Maria Daskalaki
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Center, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Nicole Stolte-Leeb
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Center, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
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28
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Schönrich G, Raftery MJ. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Go Viral. Front Immunol 2016; 7:366. [PMID: 27698656 PMCID: PMC5027205 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most numerous immune cells. Their importance as the first line of defense against bacterial and fungal pathogens is well described. In contrast, the role of neutrophils in controlling viral infections is less clear. Bacterial and fungal pathogens can stimulate neutrophils extracellular traps (NETs) in a process called NETosis. Although NETosis has previously been described as a special form of programmed cell death, there are forms of NET production that do not end with the demise of neutrophils. As an end result of NETosis, genomic DNA complexed with microbicidal proteins is expelled from neutrophils. These structures can kill pathogens or at least prevent their local spread within host tissue. On the other hand, disproportionate NET formation can cause local or systemic damage. Only recently, it was recognized that viruses can also induce NETosis. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which NETs are produced in the context of viral infection and how this may contribute to both antiviral immunity and immunopathology. Finally, we shed light on viral immune evasion mechanisms targeting NETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther Schönrich
- Institute of Medical Virology, Helmut-Ruska-Haus, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Martin J Raftery
- Institute of Medical Virology, Helmut-Ruska-Haus, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany
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29
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Jaquenod De Giusti C, Ure AE, Rivadeneyra L, Schattner M, Gomez RM. Macrophages and galectin 3 play critical roles in CVB3-induced murine acute myocarditis and chronic fibrosis. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 85:58-70. [PMID: 26002282 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage influx and galectin 3 production have been suggested as major players driving acute inflammation and chronic fibrosis in many diseases. However, their involvement in the pathogenesis of viral myocarditis and subsequent cardiomyopathy are unknown. Our aim was to characterise the role of macrophages and galectin 3 on survival, clinical course, viral burden, acute pathology, and chronic fibrosis in coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-induced myocarditis. Our results showed that C3H/HeJ mice infected with CVB3 and depleted of macrophages by liposome-encapsulated clodronate treatment compared with infected untreated mice presented higher viral titres but reduced acute myocarditis and chronic fibrosis, compared with untreated infected mice. Increased galectin 3 transcriptional and translational expression levels correlated with CVB3 infection in macrophages and in non-depleted mice. Disruption of the galectin 3 gene did not affect viral titres but reduced acute myocarditis and chronic fibrosis compared with C57BL/6J wild-type mice. Similar results were observed after pharmacological inhibition of galectin 3 with N-acetyl-d-lactosamine in C3H/HeJ mice. Our results showed a critical role of macrophages and their galectin 3 in controlling acute viral-induced cardiac injury and the subsequent fibrosis. Moreover, the fact that pharmacological inhibition of galectin 3 induced similar results to macrophage depletion regarding the degree of acute cardiac inflammation and chronic fibrosis opens up the possibility of new pharmacological strategies for viral myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agustín E Ure
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CONICET-UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | | | | | - Ricardo M Gomez
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CONICET-UNLP, La Plata, Argentina.
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30
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Abstract
While the interactions between Gram-positive bacteria and platelets have been well characterized, there is a paucity of data on the interaction between other pathogens and platelets. However, thrombocytopenia is a common feature with many infections especially viral hemorrhagic fever. The little available data on these interactions indicate a similarity with bacteria-platelet interactions with receptors such as FcγRIIa and Toll-Like Receptors (TLR) playing key roles with many pathogens. This review summarizes the known interactions between platelets and pathogens such as viruses, fungi and parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lopez Alonso
- Molecular & Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland , Dublin , Ireland
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31
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Koupenova M, Freedman JE. Platelets: the unsung hero of the immune response. J Thromb Haemost 2015; 13:268-70. [PMID: 25471925 PMCID: PMC4369386 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Milka Koupenova
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jane E. Freedman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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