1
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Du J, Wang J, Xu T, Yao H, Yu L, Huang D. Hemostasis Strategies and Recent Advances in Nanomaterials for Hemostasis. Molecules 2023; 28:5264. [PMID: 37446923 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of materials that effectively stop bleeding and prevent wound adhesion is essential in both military and medical fields. However, traditional hemostasis methods, such as cautery, tourniquets, and gauze, have limitations. In recent years, new nanomaterials have gained popularity in medical and health fields due to their unique microstructural advantages. Compared to traditional materials, nanomaterials offer better adhesion, versatility, and improved bioavailability of traditional medicines. Nanomaterials also possess advantages such as a high degree and stability, self-degradation, fewer side effects, and improved wound healing, which make them ideal for the development of new hemostatic materials. Our review provides an overview of the currently used hemostatic strategies and materials, followed by a review of the cutting-edge nanomaterials for hemostasis, including nanoparticles and nanocomposite hydrogels. The paper also briefly describes the challenges faced by the application of nanomaterials for hemostasis and the prospects for their future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Du
- Suining Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suining 629000, China
| | - Jingzhong Wang
- Suining Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suining 629000, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Suining Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suining 629000, China
| | - Hai Yao
- Center For Peak of Excellence on Biological Science and Food Engineering, National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Lili Yu
- Center For Peak of Excellence on Biological Science and Food Engineering, National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Da Huang
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
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2
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Chen Z, Han L, Meng G, Li H, Shan C, Du G, Li M. Intravenous Hemostats: Foundation, Targeting, and Controlled-Release. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:2269-2289. [PMID: 36404605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Uncontrollable blood loss is the greatest cause of mortality in prehospital patients and the main source of disability and death in hospital care. Compared with external hemostats, intravenous hemostats are more appropriate for preventing and treating uncontrolled bleeding in vivo and large bleeding on the body surface. This Review initially establishes intravenous hemostats' response basis, including the coagulation mechanism, fibrinolytic pathway, and protein corona. Second, the study of advancement of intravenous hemostat targeting was expanded from two perspectives, cellular hemostatic agents and synthetic hemostatic agents. Meanwhile, after discussing the progress of controlled-release intravenous hemostats with platelets as the stimuli, this Review offers insight into the possibility of controlled-release intravenous hemostats with microenvironment as the stimuli, combining the studies of controlled-release targeted thrombolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Chen
- Department of Special Operations Medicine, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Lei Han
- Department of Special Operations Medicine, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Guo Meng
- Department of Special Operations Medicine, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Huaiyong Li
- Department of Special Operations Medicine, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Chao Shan
- Department of Special Operations Medicine, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Ge Du
- Department Of Geriatric Rehabilitation Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Minggao Li
- Department of Special Operations Medicine, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
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3
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Girish A, Jolly K, Alsaadi N, de la Fuente M, Recchione A, An R, Disharoon D, Secunda Z, Raghunathan S, Luc NF, Desai C, Knauss E, Han X, Hu K, Wang H, Sekhon UDS, Rohner N, Gurkan UA, Nieman M, Neal MD, Sen Gupta A. Platelet-Inspired Intravenous Nanomedicine for Injury-Targeted Direct Delivery of Thrombin to Augment Hemostasis in Coagulopathies. ACS NANO 2022; 16:16292-16313. [PMID: 35916497 PMCID: PMC10195184 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c05306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Severe hemorrhage associated with trauma, surgery, and congenital or drug-induced coagulopathies can be life-threatening and requires rapid hemostatic management via topical, intracavitary, or intravenous routes. For injuries that are not easily accessible externally, intravenous hemostatic approaches are needed. The clinical gold standard for this is transfusion of blood products, but due to donor dependence, specialized storage requirements, high risk of contamination, and short shelf life, blood product use faces significant challenges. Consequently, recent research efforts are being focused on designing biosynthetic intravenous hemostats, using intravenous nanoparticles and polymer systems. Here we report on the design and evaluation of thrombin-loaded injury-site-targeted lipid nanoparticles (t-TLNPs) that can specifically localize at an injury site via platelet-mimetic anchorage to the von Willebrand factor (vWF) and collagen and directly release thrombin via diffusion and phospholipase-triggered particle destabilization, which can locally augment fibrin generation from fibrinogen for hemostatic action. We evaluated t-TLNPs in vitro in human blood and plasma, where hemostatic defects were created by platelet depletion and anticoagulation. Spectrophotometric studies of fibrin generation, rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM)-based studies of clot viscoelasticity, and BioFlux-based real-time imaging of fibrin generation under simulated vascular flow conditions confirmed that t-TLNPs can restore fibrin in hemostatic dysfunction settings. Finally, the in vivo feasibility of t-TLNPs was tested by prophylactic administration in a tail-clip model and emergency administration in a liver-laceration model in mice with induced hemostatic defects. Treatment with t-TLNPs was able to significantly reduce bleeding in both models. Our studies demonstrate an intravenous nanomedicine approach for injury-site-targeted direct delivery of thrombin to augment hemostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Girish
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Ketan Jolly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Nijmeh Alsaadi
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15123, United States
| | - Maria de la Fuente
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Arielle Recchione
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Ran An
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Dante Disharoon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Zachary Secunda
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15123, United States
| | - Shruti Raghunathan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Norman F Luc
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Cian Desai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Elizabeth Knauss
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Xu Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Keren Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Hanyang Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Ujjal Didar Singh Sekhon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Nathan Rohner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Umut A Gurkan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Marvin Nieman
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Matthew D Neal
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15123, United States
| | - Anirban Sen Gupta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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4
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Sloos PH, Vulliamy P, van 't Veer C, Gupta AS, Neal MD, Brohi K, Juffermans NP, Kleinveld DJB. Platelet dysfunction after trauma: From mechanisms to targeted treatment. Transfusion 2022; 62 Suppl 1:S281-S300. [PMID: 35748694 PMCID: PMC9546174 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pieter H. Sloos
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Amsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Amsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Paul Vulliamy
- Centre for Trauma Sciences, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Cornelis van 't Veer
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Anirban Sen Gupta
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Matthew D. Neal
- Pittsburgh Trauma and Transfusion Medicine Research Center and Division of Trauma and Acute Care SurgeryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Karim Brohi
- Centre for Trauma Sciences, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Nicole P. Juffermans
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Amsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Intensive Care MedicineOLVG HospitalAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Derek J. B. Kleinveld
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Amsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Intensive Care MedicineErasmus MCRotterdamThe Netherlands
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5
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Platelets Derived Transthyretin Participate In The Development of Sepsis Associated Acute Kidney Injury by Inducing Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis of Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells. Shock 2022; 57:722-731. [PMID: 35081075 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The pathophysiology of sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (S-AKI) is not well elucidated. Platelets have been reported to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of AKI, but the true mechanism remains unknown. Herein, we established a mouse model of S-AKI by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Ticagrelor was given 24 hours before and after CLP by gastric gavage. Platelets were isolated and analyzed by the label-free proteome approach to identify platelet-derived damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Our results demonstrated that, among all differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), platelet-derived transthyretin (TTR) exerted effects in S-AKI. To examine the direct effects of platelet TTR on human renal proximal tubule epithelial (HK2) cells damage, platelets were co-cultured with HK2 cells. The results indicated that platelet TTR can cause reactive oxygen species production and apoptosis in HK2 cells. Further research found that platelet TTR can also result in increased levels of mRNA and protein for protein kinase B (AKT), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), and extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK), as analyzed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blotting. In conclusion, platelet-derived TTR may be one kind of DAMPs that plays an important role in the development of S-AKI.
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6
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Hu B, Bao G, Xu X, Yang K. The Topical Hemostatic Materials for Coagulopathy. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:1946-1959. [DOI: 10.1039/d1tb02523f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Medical sciences have witnessed significant progresses in hemostatic materials which have saved lives by supporting natural hemostatic ability. However, for the treatment of coagulopathy, where natural hemostatic ability is dysfunctional,...
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7
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Leung J, Cau MF, Kastrup CJ. Emerging gene therapies for enhancing the hemostatic potential of platelets. Transfusion 2021; 61 Suppl 1:S275-S285. [PMID: 34269451 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Platelet transfusions are an integral component of balanced hemostatic resuscitation protocols used to manage severe hemorrhage following trauma. Enhancing the hemostatic potential of platelets could lead to further increases in the efficacy of transfusions, particularly for non-compressible torso hemorrhage or severe hemorrhage with coagulopathy, by decreasing blood loss and improving overall patient outcomes. Advances in gene therapies, including RNA therapies, are leading to new strategies to enhance platelets for better control of hemorrhage. This review will highlight three approaches for creating modified platelets using gene therapies: (i) direct transfection of transfusable platelets ex vivo, (ii) in vitro production of engineered platelets from platelet-precursor cells, and (iii) modifying the bone marrow for in vivo production of modified platelets. In summary, modifying platelets to enhance their hemostatic potential is an exciting new frontier in transfusion medicine, but more preclinical development as well as studies testing the safety and efficacy of these agents are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Leung
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Massimo F Cau
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christian J Kastrup
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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8
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Mu Y, Fu Y, Li J, Shao K, Pang J, Su C, Cai Y, Sun X, Cong X, Chen X, Feng C. Thrombin immobilized polydopamine-diatom biosilica for effective hemorrhage control. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:4952-4967. [PMID: 34075916 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm02116d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an efficient composite hemostatic material (DA-diatom-T) was prepared, using a polydopamine layer as a linker to immobilize thrombin on the surface of diatom biosilica. DA-diatom-T retained the porous structure of the diatom with high water absorption capacity, which can absorb 31 times its own weight of water. The thrombin activity of DA-diatom-T was as high as 5.81 U mg-1 that could be maintained at 67% after 30 days at room temperature. DA-diatom-T exhibited non-toxicity to mouse fibroblast cell lines, favorable hemocompatibility and fast procoagulant ability. DA-diatom-T could promote the initiation of the coagulation process and increase platelet activity and blood clot strength to form a physical barrier at the wound. In an in vivo study, DA-diatom-T could significantly reduce the clotting time and reduce the bleeding volume. The above results showed that DA-diatom-T had potential as a new hemostatic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhi Mu
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, 5# Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Yangmu Fu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Hainan Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Jianglin Road, Sanya 572013, P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, 5# Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Kai Shao
- Department of Central Laboratory, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 758# Hefei Road, Qingdao 266035, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jianhui Pang
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, 5# Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Chang Su
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, 5# Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Yibo Cai
- Department of Orthopaedics, Hainan Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Jianglin Road, Sanya 572013, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojie Sun
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, 5# Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Xin Cong
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, 5# Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Xiguang Chen
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, 5# Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China. and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 1# Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chao Feng
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, 5# Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China.
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9
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Mussbacher M, Pirabe A, Brunnthaler L, Schrottmaier WC, Assinger A. Horizontal MicroRNA Transfer by Platelets - Evidence and Implications. Front Physiol 2021; 12:678362. [PMID: 34149456 PMCID: PMC8209332 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.678362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
For decades, platelets have been known for their central role in hemostasis and their ability to release bioactive molecules, allowing inter-platelet communication and crosstalk with the immune system and vascular cells. However, with the detection of microRNAs in platelets and platelet-derived microvesicles (MVs), a new level of inter-cellular regulation was revealed. By shedding MVs from their plasma membrane, platelets are able to release functional microRNA complexes that are protected from plasma RNases. Upon contact with macrophages, endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells platelet microRNAs are rapidly internalized and fine-tune the functionality of the recipient cell by post-transcriptional reprogramming. Moreover, microRNA transfer by platelet MVs allows infiltration into tissues with limited cellular access such as solid tumors, thereby they not only modulate tumor progression but also provide a potential route for drug delivery. Understanding the precise mechanisms of horizontal transfer of platelet microRNAs under physiological and pathological conditions allows to design side-specific therapeutic (micro)RNA delivery systems. This review summarizes the current knowledge and the scientific evidence of horizontal microRNA transfer by platelets and platelet-derived MVs into vascular and non-vascular cells and its physiological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Mussbacher
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Anita Pirabe
- Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura Brunnthaler
- Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Alice Assinger
- Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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10
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Cau MF, Strilchuk AW, Kastrup CJ. Nanomedicines for hemorrhage control. J Thromb Haemost 2021; 19:887-891. [PMID: 33694243 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo F Cau
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Amy W Strilchuk
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Christian J Kastrup
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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11
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Frozen Platelets-Development and Future Directions. Transfus Med Rev 2020; 34:286-293. [PMID: 33317698 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2020.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Storage requirements and outdating of platelets represent a continued challenge for blood banks. These hurdles are confounded for rural area hospitals or in military deployments. Over 60 years of research and development into frozen platelets have generated a stable and reproducible product. Valeri's method to freeze platelets in 6% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and storage at -80°C allows for long-term storage alleviating burdens placed on blood banks. Clinical studies show that frozen platelet transfusions are safe with no related thrombotic or other serious adverse events. There are ongoing efforts to demonstrate cryopreserved platelet (CPP) superiority in efficacy studies designed in trauma or cardiac surgery patients. Technical advances in CPP manufacturing including closed system manufacturing, applications of pathogen reduction technology and potency standard characterization add to the appeal of CPP as an alternative to traditional liquid-stored platelets (LP) in settings of supply shortages, mass casualty, active bleeding, rapid provision of HLA-compatible platelets, and remote care.
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12
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Abstract
Hemorrhage is the leading cause of preventable death in combat trauma and the secondary cause of death in civilian trauma. A significant number of deaths due to hemorrhage occur before and in the first hour after hospital arrival. A literature search was performed through PubMed, Scopus, and Institute of Scientific Information databases for English language articles using terms relating to hemostatic agents, prehospital, battlefield or combat dressings, and prehospital hemostatic resuscitation, followed by cross-reference searching. Abstracts were screened to determine relevance and whether appropriate further review of the original articles was warranted. Based on these findings, this paper provides a review of a variety of hemostatic agents ranging from clinically approved products for human use to newly developed concepts with great potential for use in prehospital settings. These hemostatic agents can be administered either systemically or locally to stop bleeding through different mechanisms of action. Comparisons of current hemostatic products and further directions for prehospital hemorrhage control are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry T Peng
- Defence Research and Development Canada, Toronto Research Centre, 1133 Sheppard Avenue West, Toronto, ON, M3K 2C9, Canada.
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13
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Novakowski S, Jiang K, Prakash G, Kastrup C. Delivery of mRNA to platelets using lipid nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2019; 9:552. [PMID: 30679556 PMCID: PMC6345896 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36910-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets are natural delivery vehicles within the blood, carrying and releasing their contents at sites of vasculature damage. Investigating the biology of platelets, and modifying them for new therapeutic uses, is limited by a lack of methods for efficiently transfecting these cells. The ability of four different classes of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) to deliver mRNA to platelets was compared using confocal microscopy, flow cytometry and quantitative PCR. The amount of mRNA delivered, mechanism of uptake, and extent of platelet activation depended on the LNP formulation and platelet storage conditions. Cationic LNPs (cLNPs) delivered mRNA to the largest percentage of platelets but induced platelet activation. Ionizable cationic LNPs (icLNPs) delivered mRNA to fewer platelets and did not induce activation. Furthermore, mRNA delivered using icLNPs and cLNPs was stable in resting platelets and was released in platelet microparticles under specific conditions. The results demonstrate that mRNA can be delivered to platelets using cLNPs and icLNPs without impairing platelet aggregation or spreading. Optimizing the LNP formulations used here may lead to a transfection agent for platelets that allows for de novo synthesis of exogenous proteins in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Novakowski
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - K Jiang
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - G Prakash
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - C Kastrup
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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