1
|
Deumer J, Schürmann R, Gaál A, Varga Z, Bettin B, van der Pol E, Nieuwland R, Ojeda D, Sikora A, Bartczak D, Goenaga-Infante H, Noireaux J, Khakpour M, Korpelainen V, Gollwitzer C. Traceable characterization of hollow organosilica beads as potential reference materials for extracellular vesicle measurements with optical techniques. DISCOVER NANO 2024; 19:14. [PMID: 38252361 PMCID: PMC10810315 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-024-03956-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The concentration of cell-type specific extracellular vesicles (EVs) is a promising biomarker for various diseases. However, concentrations of EVs measured by optical techniques such as flow cytometry (FCM) or particle tracking analysis (PTA) in clinical practice are incomparable. To allow reliable and comparable concentration measurements suitable reference materials (RMs) and SI-traceable (SI-International system of units) methods are required. Hollow organosilica beads (HOBs) are promising RM candidates for concentration measurements of EVs based on light scattering, as the shape, low refractive index, and number concentration of HOBs are comparable to EVs of the respective size range that can be detected with current optical instrumentation. Here, we present traceable methods for measuring the particle size distribution of four HOB types in the size range between 200 and 500 nm by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), as well as the number concentration by single-particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (spICP-MS). Based on the size and shape results, traceable reference values were obtained to additionally determine the refractive index of the shell of the HOB samples by FCM. Furthermore, the estimated refractive indexes of the HOBs plausibly agree with the refractive indexes of EVs of corresponding size. Due to their narrow size distribution and their similar shape, and low refractive index, all HOB samples studied are suitable RM candidates for calibration of the measured sample volume by optical methods within the photon wavelength range used, and thus for calibration of number concentration measurements of EVs in the size range indicated. This was confirmed as the number concentration values obtained by PTA and two independent flow cytometric measurements agreed with the concentration reference values obtained by two independent spICP-MS measurements within the calculated uncertainty limits.
Collapse
Grants
- 18HLT01 METVES II project, which received funding from the EMPIR program, co-funded by the participating states, and from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program
- KP2021-EGA-31 János Bolyai Research Fellowship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the funding from the National Research, Development and Innovation Office, Hungary (NKFIH)
- 2020-1.1.2-PIACI-KFI-2020-00021 János Bolyai Research Fellowship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the funding from the National Research, Development and Innovation Office, Hungary (NKFIH)
- VIDI 19724 Dutch Research Council (NWO)
- METVES II project, which received funding from the EMPIR program, co-funded by the participating states, and from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) (4254)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Deumer
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Abbestr. 2-12, 10587, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Robin Schürmann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Abbestr. 2-12, 10587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anikó Gaál
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Varga
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, Budapest, 1111, Hungary
| | - Britta Bettin
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Vesicle Center, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Vesicle Center, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Vesicle Center, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David Ojeda
- National Measurement Laboratory, LGC Limited, Teddington, TW11 0LY, UK
| | - Aneta Sikora
- National Measurement Laboratory, LGC Limited, Teddington, TW11 0LY, UK
| | - Dorota Bartczak
- National Measurement Laboratory, LGC Limited, Teddington, TW11 0LY, UK
| | | | - Johanna Noireaux
- Department of Climate Change and Environment, Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais, 1, Rue Gaston Boissier, 75724, Paris, France
| | - Mahrad Khakpour
- National Metrology Institute, VTT MIKES, Tekniikantie 1, FI-02150 , Espoo, Finland
| | - Virpi Korpelainen
- National Metrology Institute, VTT MIKES, Tekniikantie 1, FI-02150 , Espoo, Finland
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lai JJ, Hill JJ, Huang CY, Lee GC, Mai KW, Shen MY, Wang SK. Unveiling the Complex World of Extracellular Vesicles: Novel Characterization Techniques and Manufacturing Considerations. Chonnam Med J 2024; 60:1-12. [PMID: 38304124 PMCID: PMC10828078 DOI: 10.4068/cmj.2024.60.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) function as potent mediators of intercellular communication for many in vivo processes, contributing to both health and disease related conditions. Given their biological origins and diverse functionality from correspondingly unique "cargo" compositions, both endogenous and modified EVs are garnering attention as promising therapeutic modalities and vehicles for targeted therapeutic delivery applications. Their diversity in composition, however, has revealed a significant need for more comprehensive analytical-based characterization methods, and manufacturing processes that are consistent and scalable. In this review, we explore the dynamic landscape of EV research and development efforts, ranging from novel isolation approaches, to their analytical assessment through novel characterization techniques, and to their production by industrial-scale manufacturing process considerations. Expanding the horizon of these topics to EVs for in-human applications, we underscore the need for stringent development and adherence to Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) guidelines. Wherein, the intricate interplay of raw materials, production in bioreactors, and isolation practices, along with analytical assessments compliant with the Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles (MISEV) guidelines, in conjunction with reference standard materials, collectively pave the way for standardized and consistent GMP production processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James J. Lai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - John J. Hill
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- BioProcess Technology Group, BDO, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Casey Y. Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gino C. Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Karol W. Mai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Maggie Y. Shen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Simon K. Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bettin B, van der Pol E, Nieuwland R. Plasma extracellular vesicle test sample to standardize flow cytometry measurements. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2023; 7:100181. [PMID: 37538497 PMCID: PMC10394550 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpth.2023.100181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Extracellular vesicles (EVs) in body fluids are explored as disease biomarkers, but EV concentrations measured by flow cytometers (FCMs) are incomparable. Objectives To improve data comparability, new reference materials with physical properties resembling EVs and reference procedures are being developed. The validation of new reference materials and procedures requires biological test samples. We developed a human plasma EV test sample (PEVTES) that i) resembles subcellular particles in plasma, ii) is ready-to-use, iii) is flow cytometry-compatible, and iv) is stable. Methods The PEVTES was prepared from human plasma of 3 fasting donors. EVs were immunofluorescently stained with antibodies against platelet-specific (CD61) and erythrocyte-specific (CD235a) antigens or lactadherin. To reduce the concentration of soluble proteins, lipoproteins, and unbound reagents, stained EVs were isolated from plasma by size-exclusion chromatography. After isolation, the PEVTES was filtered to remove remnant platelets. PEVTESs were diluted in cryopreservation agents, dimethyl sulfoxide, glycerol, or trehalose and stored at -80 °C for 12 months. After thawing, stained EV concentrations were measured with a calibrated FCM (Apogee A60-Micro). Results We demonstrate that the developed PEVTES resembles subcellular particles in human plasma when measured using FCM and that the concentrations of prestained platelet-derived, erythrocyte-derived, and lactadherin+ EVs in the PEVTES are stable during storage at -80 °C for 12 months when stored in trehalose. Conclusion The PEVTES i) resembles subcellular particles in plasma, ii) is ready-to-use, iii) is flow cytometry-compatible, and iv) is stable. Therefore, the developed PEVTES is an ideal candidate to validate newly developed reference materials and procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Britta Bettin
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Vesicle Center, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Vesicle Center, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Vesicle Center, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tian Y, Xue C, Zhang W, Chen C, Ma L, Niu Q, Wu L, Yan X. Refractive Index Determination of Individual Viruses and Small Extracellular Vesicles in Aqueous Media Using Nano-Flow Cytometry. Anal Chem 2022; 94:14299-14307. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tian
- Department of Chemical Biology, the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, the Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengfeng Xue
- Department of Chemical Biology, the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, the Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenqiang Zhang
- Department of Chemical Biology, the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, the Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chaoxiang Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology, the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, the Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Ma
- Department of Chemical Biology, the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, the Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Niu
- Department of Chemical Biology, the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, the Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lina Wu
- Department of Chemical Biology, the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, the Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Yan
- Department of Chemical Biology, the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, the Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Guimarães CF, Cruz-Moreira D, Caballero D, Pirraco RP, Gasperini L, Kundu SC, Reis RL. Shining a Light on Cancer - Photonics in Microfluidic Tumor Modelling and Biosensing. Adv Healthc Mater 2022:e2201442. [PMID: 35998112 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202201442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic platforms represent a powerful approach to miniaturizing important characteristics of cancers, improving in vitro testing by increasing physiological relevance. Different tools can manipulate cells and materials at the microscale, but few offer the efficiency and versatility of light and optical technologies. Moreover, light-driven technologies englobe a broad toolbox for quantifying critical biological phenomena. Herein, we review the role of photonics in microfluidic 3D cancer modeling and biosensing from three major perspectives. First, we look at optical-driven technologies that allow biomaterials and living cells to be manipulated with micro-sized precision and the opportunities to advance 3D microfluidic models by engineering cancer microenvironments' hallmarks, such as their architecture, cellular complexity, and vascularization. Second, we delve into the growing field of optofluidics, exploring how optical tools can directly interface microfluidic chips, enabling the extraction of relevant biological data, from single fluorescent signals to the complete 3D imaging of diseased cells within microchannels. Third, we review advances in optical cancer biosensing, focusing on how light-matter interactions can detect biomarkers, rare circulating tumor cells, and cell-derived structures such as exosomes. We overview photonic technologies' current challenges and caveats in microfluidic 3D cancer models, outlining future research avenues that may catapult the field. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos F Guimarães
- 3B's Research Group -Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Barco, Guimarães, 4805-017, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga and Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Daniela Cruz-Moreira
- 3B's Research Group -Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Barco, Guimarães, 4805-017, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga and Guimarães, Portugal
| | - David Caballero
- 3B's Research Group -Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Barco, Guimarães, 4805-017, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga and Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rogério P Pirraco
- 3B's Research Group -Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Barco, Guimarães, 4805-017, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga and Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Luca Gasperini
- 3B's Research Group -Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Barco, Guimarães, 4805-017, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga and Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Subhas C Kundu
- 3B's Research Group -Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Barco, Guimarães, 4805-017, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga and Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group -Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Barco, Guimarães, 4805-017, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga and Guimarães, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gul B, Syed F, Khan S, Iqbal A, Ahmad I. Characterization of extracellular vesicles by flow cytometry: Challenges and promises. Micron 2022; 161:103341. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2022.103341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
|
7
|
Theragnostic Applications of Mammal and Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Latest Findings, Current Technologies, and Prospects. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27123941. [PMID: 35745063 PMCID: PMC9228370 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The way cells communicate is not fully understood. However, it is well-known that extracellular vesicles (EVs) are involved. Researchers initially thought that EVs were used by cells to remove cellular waste. It is now clear that EVs function as signaling molecules released by cells to communicate with one another, carrying a cargo representing the mother cell. Furthermore, these EVs can be found in all biological fluids, making them the perfect non-invasive diagnostic tool, as their cargo causes functional changes in the cells upon receiving, unlike synthetic drug carriers. EVs last longer in circulation and instigate minor immune responses, making them the perfect drug carrier. This review sheds light on the latest development in EVs isolation, characterization and, application as therapeutic cargo, novel drug loading techniques, and diagnostic tools. We also address the advancement in plant-derived EVs, their characteristics, and applications; since plant-derived EVs only recently gained focus, we listed the latest findings. Although there is much more to learn about, EV is a wide field of research; what scientists have discovered so far is fascinating. This paper is suitable for those new to the field seeking to understand EVs and those already familiar with it but wanting to review the latest findings.
Collapse
|
8
|
Botha J, Handberg A, Simonsen JB. Lipid-based strategies used to identify extracellular vesicles in flow cytometry can be confounded by lipoproteins: Evaluations of annexin V, lactadherin, and detergent lysis. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12200. [PMID: 35362259 PMCID: PMC8971177 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow cytometry (FCM) is a popular method used in characterisation of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Circulating EVs are often identified by FCM by exploiting the lipid nature of EVs by staining with Annexin V (Anx5) or lactadherin against the membrane phospholipid phosphatidylserine (PS) and evaluating the specificity of the labels by detergent lysis of EVs. Here, we investigate whether PS labelling and detergent lysis approaches are confounded by lipoproteins, another family of lipid-based nanoparticles found in blood, in both frozen and fresh blood plasma. We demonstrated that Anx5 and lactadherin in addition to EVs stained ApoB-containing lipoproteins, identified by the use of fluorophore-labelled polyclonal ApoB-antibody, and that Anx5 had a significantly larger tendency for labelling lipoprotein-bound PS than lactadherin. Furthermore, detergent lysis resulted in a decrease in both EV and lipoprotein events and especially lipoproteins positive for either Anx5 or lactadherin. Taken together, our findings pose concerns to the use of lipid-based strategies in identifying EVs by FCM and support the use of transmembrane proteins such as tetraspannins to distinguish EVs from lipoproteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaco Botha
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, North Denmark Region, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Aase Handberg
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, North Denmark Region, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jens B Simonsen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Misinterpretation of solid sphere equivalent refractive index measurements and smallest detectable diameters of extracellular vesicles by flow cytometry. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24151. [PMID: 34921157 PMCID: PMC8683472 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03015-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
10
|
Claridge B, Lozano J, Poh QH, Greening DW. Development of Extracellular Vesicle Therapeutics: Challenges, Considerations, and Opportunities. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:734720. [PMID: 34616741 PMCID: PMC8488228 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.734720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) hold great promise as therapeutic modalities due to their endogenous characteristics, however, further bioengineering refinement is required to address clinical and commercial limitations. Clinical applications of EV-based therapeutics are being trialed in immunomodulation, tissue regeneration and recovery, and as delivery vectors for combination therapies. Native/biological EVs possess diverse endogenous properties that offer stability and facilitate crossing of biological barriers for delivery of molecular cargo to cells, acting as a form of intercellular communication to regulate function and phenotype. Moreover, EVs are important components of paracrine signaling in stem/progenitor cell-based therapies, are employed as standalone therapies, and can be used as a drug delivery system. Despite remarkable utility of native/biological EVs, they can be improved using bio/engineering approaches to further therapeutic potential. EVs can be engineered to harbor specific pharmaceutical content, enhance their stability, and modify surface epitopes for improved tropism and targeting to cells and tissues in vivo. Limitations currently challenging the full realization of their therapeutic utility include scalability and standardization of generation, molecular characterization for design and regulation, therapeutic potency assessment, and targeted delivery. The fields' utilization of advanced technologies (imaging, quantitative analyses, multi-omics, labeling/live-cell reporters), and utility of biocompatible natural sources for producing EVs (plants, bacteria, milk) will play an important role in overcoming these limitations. Advancements in EV engineering methodologies and design will facilitate the development of EV-based therapeutics, revolutionizing the current pharmaceutical landscape.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Claridge
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jonathan Lozano
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Qi Hui Poh
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David W. Greening
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liang Y, Lehrich BM, Zheng S, Lu M. Emerging methods in biomarker identification for extracellular vesicle-based liquid biopsy. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12090. [PMID: 34012517 PMCID: PMC8114032 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by many cell types and distributed within various biofluids. EVs have a lipid membrane-confined structure that allows for carrying unique molecular information originating from their parent cells. The species and quantity of EV cargo molecules, including nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and metabolites, may vary largely owing to their parent cell types and the pathophysiologic status. Such heterogeneity in EV populations provides immense challenges to researchers, yet allows for the possibility to prognosticate the pathogenesis of a particular tissue from unique molecular signatures of dispersing EVs within biofluids. However, the inherent nature of EV's small size requires advanced methods for EV purification and evaluation from the complex biofluid. Recently, the interdisciplinary significance of EV research has attracted growing interests, and the EV analytical platforms for their diagnostic prospect have markedly progressed. This review summarizes the recent advances in these EV detection techniques and methods with the intention of translating an EV-based liquid biopsy into clinical practice. This article aims to present an overview of current EV assessment techniques, with a focus on their progress and limitations, as well as an outlook on the clinical translation of an EV-based liquid biopsy that may augment current paradigms for the diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring the response to therapy in a variety of disease settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaxuan Liang
- Center for Biological Science and Technology, Advanced Institute of Natural SciencesBeijing Normal University at ZhuhaiZhuhaiChina
| | - Brandon M. Lehrich
- Medical Scientist Training ProgramUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Carnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Siyang Zheng
- Department Biomedical EngineeringCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Mengrou Lu
- Department Biomedical EngineeringCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Comfort N, Bloomquist TR, Shephard AP, Petty CR, Cunningham A, Hauptman M, Phipatanakul W, Baccarelli A. Isolation and characterization of extracellular vesicles in saliva of children with asthma. EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES AND CIRCULATING NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 2:29-48. [PMID: 34368811 PMCID: PMC8340923 DOI: 10.20517/evcna.2020.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM To confirm the presence of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in cell-free saliva (CFS) of children with asthma and describe the isolated EV population. METHODS A pooled sample of CFS EVs isolated from 180 participants using ExoQuick-TC was examined in downstream analyses. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to confirm the presence of EVs. Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and single particle interferometric reflectance imaging sensing (SP-IRIS) with fluorescence were used for sizing, counting, and phenotyping of EVs. Capillary immunoassays were used for protein quantitation. RESULTS TEM confirmed the presence of EVs of diverse sizes, indicating the prep contained a heterogeneous population of EVs. Capillary immunoassays confirmed the presence of EV-associated proteins (CD9, CD63, CD81, ICAM-1, and ANXA5) and indicated limited cellular contamination. As others have also reported, there were discrepancies in the EV sizing and enumeration across platforms. Fluorescent NTA detected particles with a mode diameter of ~90 nm, whereas SP-IRIS reported sizes of ~55-60 nm that more closely approximated the TEM results. Consistent with protein immunoassay results, SP-IRIS with fluorescence showed that the majority of these EVs were CD9- and CD63-positive, with little expression of CD81. CONCLUSION EVs from CFS can be isolated using a high-throughput method that can be scaled to large epidemiological studies. To our knowledge, we are the first to characterize CFS EVs from patients with asthma. The use of CFS EVs as potential novel biomarkers in asthma warrants further investigation and opens a new avenue of research for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Comfort
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Tessa R. Bloomquist
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Alex P. Shephard
- NanoView Biosciences, Malvern Hills Science Park, Malvern, Worcestershire WR14 3SZ, UK
| | - Carter R. Petty
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA; Boston Children’s Hospital, Clinical Research Center Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Marissa Hauptman
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wanda Phipatanakul
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrea Baccarelli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY 10032, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Comfort N, Cai K, Bloomquist TR, Strait MD, Ferrante AW, Baccarelli AA. Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis for the Quantification and Size Determination of Extracellular Vesicles. J Vis Exp 2021. [PMID: 33843938 DOI: 10.3791/62447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological and pathophysiological roles of extracellular vesicles (EVs) have become increasingly recognized, making the EV field a quickly evolving area of research. There are many different methods for EV isolation, each with distinct advantages and disadvantages that affect the downstream yield and purity of EVs. Thus, characterizing the EV prep isolated from a given source by a chosen method is important for interpretation of downstream results and comparison of results across laboratories. Various methods exist for determining the size and quantity of EVs, which can be altered by disease states or in response to external conditions. Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) is one of the prominent technologies used for high-throughput analysis of individual EVs. Here, we present a detailed protocol for quantification and size determination of EVs isolated from mouse perigonadal adipose tissue and human plasma using a breakthrough technology for NTA representing major advances in the field. The results demonstrate that this method can deliver reproducible and valid total particle concentration and size distribution data for EVs isolated from different sources using different methods, as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. The adaptation of this instrument for NTA will address the need for standardization in NTA methods to increase rigor and reproducibility in EV research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Comfort
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health;
| | - Kunheng Cai
- Department of Medicine, Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University
| | - Tessa R Bloomquist
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health
| | - Madeleine D Strait
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health
| | - Anthony W Ferrante
- Department of Medicine, Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University
| | - Andrea A Baccarelli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health;
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Extracellular Vesicles in Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma and Laboratory Possibilities for Their Assessment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052273. [PMID: 33668821 PMCID: PMC7956366 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been implicated in the etiopathogenesis of many diseases, including lung disorders, with the possibility of diagnostic and therapeutic applications. The analysis of EV in respiratory tract diseases faces many obstacles, including material collection from airways, standardization of isolation techniques, detection methods, the analysis of their content, etc. This review focuses on the role of extracellular vesicles in the pathogenesis of atopic respiratory diseases, especially asthma, with a special focus on their clinical applicability as a diagnostic tool. We also summarize available laboratory techniques that enable the detection of EVs in various biological materials, with particular emphasis on flow cytometry. The opportunities and limitations of detecting EV in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were also described.
Collapse
|
15
|
Comparison of extracellular vesicle isolation and storage methods using high-sensitivity flow cytometry. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245835. [PMID: 33539354 PMCID: PMC7861365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are of interest for a wide variety of biomedical applications. A major limitation for the clinical use of EVs is the lack of standardized methods for the fast and reproducible separation and subsequent detection of EV subpopulations from biofluids, as well as their storage. To advance this application area, fluorescence-based characterization technologies with single-EV resolution, such as high-sensitivity flow cytometry (HS-FCM), are powerful to allow assessment of EV fractionation methods and storage conditions. Furthermore, the use of HS-FCM and fluorescent labeling of EV subsets is expanding due to the potential of high-throughput, multiplex analysis, but requires further method development to enhance the reproducibility of measurements. In this study, we have applied HS-FCM measurements next to standard EV characterization techniques, including nanoparticle tracking analysis, to compare the yield and purity of EV fractions obtained from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated monocytic THP-1 cells by two EV isolation methods, differential centrifugation followed by ultracentrifugation and the exoEasy membrane affinity spin column purification. We observed differences in EV yield and purity. In addition, we have investigated the influence of EV storage at 4°C or -80°C for up to one month on the EV concentration and the stability of EV-associated fluorescent labels. The concentration of the in vitro cell derived EV fractions was shown to remain stable under the tested storage conditions, however, the fluorescence intensity of labeled EV stored at 4°C started to decline within one day.
Collapse
|
16
|
Geeurickx E, Lippens L, Rappu P, De Geest BG, De Wever O, Hendrix A. Recombinant extracellular vesicles as biological reference material for method development, data normalization and assessment of (pre-)analytical variables. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:603-633. [PMID: 33452501 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-00446-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The diagnostic and therapeutic use of extracellular vesicles (EV) is under intense investigation and may lead to societal benefits. Reference materials are an invaluable resource for developing, improving and assessing the performance of regulated EV applications and for quantitative and objective data interpretation. We have engineered recombinant EV (rEV) as a biological reference material. rEV have similar biochemical and biophysical characteristics to sample EV and function as an internal quantitative and qualitative control throughout analysis. Spiking rEV in bodily fluids prior to EV analysis maps technical variability of EV applications and promotes intra- and inter-laboratory studies. This protocol, which is an Extension to our previously published protocol (Tulkens et al., 2020), describes the production, separation and quality assurance of rEV, their dilution and addition to bodily fluids, and the detection steps based on complementary fluorescence, nucleic acid and protein measurements. We demonstrate the use of rEV for method development, data normalization and assessment of pre-analytical variables. The protocol can be adopted by researchers with standard laboratory and basic EV separation/characterization experience and requires ~4-5 d.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward Geeurickx
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lien Lippens
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Medical Oncology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pekka Rappu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Bruno G De Geest
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olivier De Wever
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - An Hendrix
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. .,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Botha J, Pugsley HR, Handberg A. Conventional, High-Resolution and Imaging Flow Cytometry: Benchmarking Performance in Characterisation of Extracellular Vesicles. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9020124. [PMID: 33513846 PMCID: PMC7911094 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow cytometry remains a commonly used methodology due to its ability to characterise multiple parameters on single particles in a high-throughput manner. In order to address limitations with lacking sensitivity of conventional flow cytometry to characterise extracellular vesicles (EVs), novel, highly sensitive platforms, such as high-resolution and imaging flow cytometers, have been developed. We provided comparative benchmarks of a conventional FACS Aria III, a high-resolution Apogee A60 Micro-PLUS and the ImageStream X Mk II imaging flow cytometry platform. Nanospheres were used to systematically characterise the abilities of each platform to detect and quantify populations with different sizes, refractive indices and fluorescence properties, and the repeatability in concentration determinations was reported for each population. We evaluated the ability of the three platforms to detect different EV phenotypes in blood plasma and the intra-day, inter-day and global variabilities in determining EV concentrations. By applying this or similar methodology to characterise methods, researchers would be able to make informed decisions on choice of platforms and thereby be able to match suitable flow cytometry platforms with projects based on the needs of each individual project. This would greatly contribute to improving the robustness and reproducibility of EV studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaco Botha
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, North Denmark Region, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark;
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Aase Handberg
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, North Denmark Region, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark;
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kuiper M, van de Nes A, Nieuwland R, Varga Z, van der Pol E. Reliable measurements of extracellular vesicles by clinical flow cytometry. Am J Reprod Immunol 2020; 85:e13350. [PMID: 32966654 PMCID: PMC7900981 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell‐derived particles with a phospholipid membrane present in all body fluids. Because EV properties change in health and disease, EVs have excellent potential to become biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, or monitoring of disease. The only technique capable of detecting, sizing, and phenotyping a million of EVs within minutes is (clinical) flow cytometry. A flow cytometer measures light scattering and fluorescence signals of single EVs. Although these signals contain valuable information about the presence and composition of EVs, the signals are expressed in arbitrary units, which make the comparison of measurement results impossible between instruments and laboratories. Additionally, unintended and undocumented variations in the source, preparation, and analysis of the sample lead to orders of magnitude variations in the measured EV concentrations. Here, we will explain the basics, challenges, and common misconceptions of EV flow cytometry. In addition, we provide an overview of recent standardization initiatives, which are a prerequisite for comparison of clinical data and thus for clinical biomarker exploration of EVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martine Kuiper
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Dutch Metrology Institute, VSL, Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zoltan Varga
- Biological Nanochemistry Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kis D, Persa E, Szatmári T, Antal L, Bóta A, Csordás IB, Hargitai R, Jezsó B, Kis E, Mihály J, Sáfrány G, Varga Z, Lumniczky K. The effect of ionising radiation on the phenotype of bone marrow-derived extracellular vesicles. Br J Radiol 2020; 93:20200319. [PMID: 32997527 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20200319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ionising radiation-induced alterations affecting intercellular communication in the bone marrow (BM) contribute to the development of haematological pathologies. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are membrane-coated particles released by cells, have important roles in intercellular signalling in the BM. Our objective was to investigate the effects of ionising radiation on the phenotype of BM-derived EVs of total-body irradiated mice. METHODS CBA mice were irradiated with 0.1 Gy or 3 Gy X-rays. BM was isolated from the femur and tibia 24 h after irradiation. EVs were isolated from the BM supernatant. The phenotype of BM cells and EVs was analysed by flow cytometry. RESULTS The mean size of BM-derived EVs was below 300 nm and was not altered by ionising radiation. Their phenotype was very heterogeneous with EVs carrying either CD29 or CD44 integrins representing the major fraction. High-dose ionising radiation induced a strong rearrangement in the pool of BM-derived EVs which were markedly different from BM cell pool changes. The proportion of CD29 and CD44 integrin-harbouring EVs significantly decreased and the relative proportion of EVs with haematopoietic stem cell or lymphoid progenitor markers increased. Low-dose irradiation had limited effect on EV secretion. CONCLUSIONS Ionising radiation induced selective changes in the secretion of EVs by the different BM cell subpopulations. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE The novelty of the paper consists of performing a detailed phenotyping of BM-derived EVs after in vivo irradiation of mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Kis
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Center - Radiation Medicine Unit, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Persa
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Center - Radiation Medicine Unit, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tünde Szatmári
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Center - Radiation Medicine Unit, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lilla Antal
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Center - Radiation Medicine Unit, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Bóta
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences - Biological Nanochemistry Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ilona Barbara Csordás
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Center - Radiation Medicine Unit, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rita Hargitai
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Center - Radiation Medicine Unit, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bálint Jezsó
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Enzymology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Enikő Kis
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Center - Radiation Medicine Unit, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judith Mihály
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences - Biological Nanochemistry Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Géza Sáfrány
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Center - Radiation Medicine Unit, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Varga
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences - Biological Nanochemistry Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Lumniczky
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Center - Radiation Medicine Unit, Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Taank V, Ramasamy E, Sultana H, Neelakanta G. An efficient microinjection method to generate human anaplasmosis agent Anaplasma phagocytophilum-infected ticks. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15994. [PMID: 32994497 PMCID: PMC7524789 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73061-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks are important vectors that transmit several pathogens including human anaplasmosis agent, Anaplasma phagocytophilum. This bacterium is an obligate intracellular rickettsial pathogen. An infected reservoir animal host is often required for maintenance of this bacterial colony and as a source for blood to perform needle inoculations in naïve animals for tick feeding studies. In this study, we report an efficient microinjection method to generate A. phagocytophilum-infected ticks in laboratory conditions. The dense-core (DC) form of A. phagocytophilum was isolated from in vitro cultures and injected into the anal pore of unfed uninfected Ixodes scapularis nymphal ticks. These ticks successfully transmitted A. phagocytophilum to the murine host. The bacterial loads were detected in murine blood, spleen, and liver tissues. In addition, larval ticks successfully acquired A. phagocytophilum from mice that were previously infected by feeding with DC-microinjected nymphal ticks. Transstadial transmission of A. phagocytophilum from larvae to nymphal stage was also evident in these ticks. Taken together, our study provides a timely, rapid, and an efficient method not only to generate A. phagocytophilum-infected ticks but also provides a tool to understand acquisition and transmission dynamics of this bacterium and perhaps other rickettsial pathogens from medically important vectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Taank
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Ellango Ramasamy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Hameeda Sultana
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Girish Neelakanta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA. .,Center for Molecular Medicine, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Molecular Medicine, College of Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, 23529, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gąsecka A, Rogula S, Eyileten C, Postuła M, Jaguszewski MJ, Kochman J, Mazurek T, Nieuwland R, Filipiak KJ. Role of P2Y Receptors in Platelet Extracellular Vesicle Release. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176065. [PMID: 32842470 PMCID: PMC7504123 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet extracellular vesicles (PEVs) are potential new biomarkers of platelet activation which may allow us to predict and/or diagnose developing coronary thrombosis before myocardial necrosis occurs. The P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors play a key role in platelet activation and aggregation. Whereas the P2Y1 antagonists are at the preclinical stage, at present, the P2Y12 antagonists are the most effective treatment strategy to prevent stent thrombosis after percutaneous coronary intervention. Despite an increasing number of publications on PEVs, the mechanisms underlying their formation, including the role of purinergic receptors in this process, remain an active research field. Here, we outline the clinical relevance of PEVs in cardiovascular disease, summarize the role and downstream signalling of P2Y receptors in platelet activation, and discuss the available evidence regarding their role in PEV formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Gąsecka
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (S.R.); (J.K.); (T.M.); (K.J.F.)
- Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, and Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1012 WX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.:+48-22-599-19-51
| | - Sylwester Rogula
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (S.R.); (J.K.); (T.M.); (K.J.F.)
| | - Ceren Eyileten
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (C.E.); (M.P.); (R.N.)
| | - Marek Postuła
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (C.E.); (M.P.); (R.N.)
| | | | - Janusz Kochman
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (S.R.); (J.K.); (T.M.); (K.J.F.)
| | - Tomasz Mazurek
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (S.R.); (J.K.); (T.M.); (K.J.F.)
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (C.E.); (M.P.); (R.N.)
| | - Krzysztof J. Filipiak
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (S.R.); (J.K.); (T.M.); (K.J.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Singh P, Szigyártó IC, Ricci M, Zsila F, Juhász T, Mihály J, Bősze S, Bulyáki É, Kardos J, Kitka D, Varga Z, Beke-Somfai T. Membrane Active Peptides Remove Surface Adsorbed Protein Corona From Extracellular Vesicles of Red Blood Cells. Front Chem 2020; 8:703. [PMID: 32850685 PMCID: PMC7432246 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides the outstanding potential in biomedical applications, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are also promising candidates to expand our knowledge on interactions between vesicular surface proteins and small-molecules which exert biomembrane-related functions. Here we provide mechanistic details on interactions between membrane active peptides with antimicrobial effect (MAPs) and red blood cell derived EVs (REVs) and we demonstrate that they have the capacity to remove members of the protein corona from REVs even at lower than 5 μM concentrations. In case of REVs, the Soret-band arising from the membrane associated hemoglobins allowed to follow the detachment process by flow-Linear Dichroism (flow-LD). Further on, the significant change on the vesicle surfaces was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Since membrane active peptides, such as melittin have the affinity to disrupt vesicles, a combination of techniques, fluorescent antibody labeling, microfluidic resistive pulse sensing, and flow-LD were employed to distinguish between membrane destruction and surface protein detachment. The removal of protein corona members is a newly identified role for the investigated peptides, which indicates complexity of their in vivo function, but may also be exploited in synthetic and natural nanoparticle engineering. Furthermore, results also promote that EVs can be used as improved model systems for biophysical studies providing insight to areas with so far limited knowledge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Singh
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Imola Cs Szigyártó
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Maria Ricci
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Zsila
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tünde Juhász
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judith Mihály
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Bősze
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Bulyáki
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - József Kardos
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Diána Kitka
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Varga
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Beke-Somfai
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Al-Khafaji MA, Gaál A, Wacha A, Bóta A, Varga Z. Particle Size Distribution of Bimodal Silica Nanoparticles: A Comparison of Different Measurement Techniques. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E3101. [PMID: 32664525 PMCID: PMC7412153 DOI: 10.3390/ma13143101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Silica nanoparticles (SNPs) belong to the most widely produced nanomaterials nowadays. Particle size distribution (PSD) is a key property of SNPs that needs to be accurately determined for a successful application. Many single particle and ensemble characterization methods are available for the determination of the PSD of SNPs, each having different advantages and limitations. Since most preparation protocols for SNPs can yield bimodal or heterogeneous PSDs, the capability of a given method to resolve bimodal PSD is of great importance. In this work, four different methods, namely transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), microfluidic resistive pulse sensing (MRPS) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) were used to characterize three different, inherently bimodal SNP samples. We found that DLS is unsuitable to resolve bimodal PSDs, while MRPS has proven to be an accurate single-particle size and concentration characterization method, although it is limited to sizes above 50 nm. SAXS was found to be the only method which provided statistically significant description of the bimodal PSDs. However, the analysis of SAXS curves becomes an ill-posed inverse mathematical problem for broad size distributions, therefore the use of orthogonal techniques is required for the reliable description of the PSD of SNPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zoltán Varga
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (M.A.A.-K.); (A.G.); (A.W.); (A.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Görgens A, Nolan JP. Aiming to Compare Apples to Apples: Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles and Other Nanosized Particles by Flow Cytometry. Cytometry A 2020; 97:566-568. [PMID: 32562309 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- André Görgens
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - John P Nolan
- Scintillon Institute, San Diego, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Gandham S, Su X, Wood J, Nocera AL, Alli SC, Milane L, Zimmerman A, Amiji M, Ivanov AR. Technologies and Standardization in Research on Extracellular Vesicles. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 38:1066-1098. [PMID: 32564882 PMCID: PMC7302792 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are phospholipid bilayer membrane-enclosed structures containing RNAs, proteins, lipids, metabolites, and other molecules, secreted by various cells into physiological fluids. EV-mediated transfer of biomolecules is a critical component of a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Potential applications of EVs in novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies have brought increasing attention. However, EV research remains highly challenging due to the inherently complex biogenesis of EVs and their vast heterogeneity in size, composition, and origin. There is a need for the establishment of standardized methods that address EV heterogeneity and sources of pre-analytical and analytical variability in EV studies. Here, we review technologies developed for EV isolation and characterization and discuss paths toward standardization in EV research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srujan Gandham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xianyi Su
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jacqueline Wood
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Angela L Nocera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sarath Chandra Alli
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lara Milane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alan Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mansoor Amiji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexander R Ivanov
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Gaál A, Garay TM, Horváth I, Máthé D, Szöllősi D, Veres DS, Mbuotidem J, Kovács T, Tóvári J, Bergmann R, Streli C, Szakács G, Mihály J, Varga Z, Szoboszlai N. Development and In Vivo Application of a Water-Soluble Anticancer Copper Ionophore System Using a Temperature-Sensitive Liposome Formulation. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12050466. [PMID: 32443790 PMCID: PMC7284829 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12050466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liposomes containing copper and the copper ionophore neocuproine were prepared and characterized for in vitro and in vivo anticancer activity. Thermosensitive PEGylated liposomes were prepared with different molar ratios of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and hydrogenated soybean phosphatidylcholine (HSPC) in the presence of copper(II) ions. Optimal, temperature dependent drug release was obtained at 70:30 DPPC to HSPC weight ratio. Neocuproine (applied at 0.2 mol to 1 mol phospholipid) was encapsulated through a pH gradient while using unbuffered solution at pH 4.5 inside the liposomes, and 100 mM HEPES buffer pH 7.8 outside the liposomes. Copper ions were present in excess, yielding 0.5 mM copper-(neocuproine)2 complex and 0.5 mM free copper. Pre-heating to 45 °C increased the toxicity of the heat-sensitive liposomes in short-term in vitro experiments, whereas at 72 h all investigated liposomes exhibited similar in vitro toxicity to the copper(II)-neocuproine complex (1:1 ratio). Thermosensitive liposomes were found to be more effective in reducing tumor growth in BALB/c mice engrafted with C26 cancer cells, regardless of the mild hyperthermic treatment. Copper uptake of the tumor was verified by PET/CT imaging following treatment with [64Cu]Cu-neocuproine liposomes. Taken together, our results demonstrate the feasibility of targeting a copper nanotoxin that was encapsulated in thermosensitive liposomes containing an excess of copper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anikó Gaál
- Biological Nanochemistry Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (A.G.); (J.M.)
| | - Tamás M. Garay
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, H-1083 Budapest, Práter utca 50/a, Hungary
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence: (T.M.G.); (Z.V.); (N.S.); Tel.: +36-1-8864-769 (T.M.G.); +36-1-382-6568 (Z.V.); +36-1-372-2500 (ext. 6430) (N.S.)
| | - Ildikó Horváth
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary; (I.H.); (D.M.); (D.S.); (D.S.V.); (R.B.)
| | - Domokos Máthé
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary; (I.H.); (D.M.); (D.S.); (D.S.V.); (R.B.)
- CROmed Translational Research Centers Ltd., H-1047 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dávid Szöllősi
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary; (I.H.); (D.M.); (D.S.); (D.S.V.); (R.B.)
| | - Dániel S. Veres
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary; (I.H.); (D.M.); (D.S.); (D.S.V.); (R.B.)
| | - Jeremiah Mbuotidem
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Tibor Kovács
- Institute of Radiochemistry and Radioecology, University of Pannonia, H-8200 Veszprém, Hungary;
| | - József Tóvári
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, National Institute of Oncology, H-1122 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Ralf Bergmann
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary; (I.H.); (D.M.); (D.S.); (D.S.V.); (R.B.)
- Helmholz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, D-01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christina Streli
- Institute of Atomic and Subatomic Physics, Atominstitut, TU Wien, A-1020 Vienna, Stadionallee 2, Austria;
| | - Gergely Szakács
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary;
- Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith Mihály
- Biological Nanochemistry Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (A.G.); (J.M.)
| | - Zoltán Varga
- Biological Nanochemistry Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (A.G.); (J.M.)
- Correspondence: (T.M.G.); (Z.V.); (N.S.); Tel.: +36-1-8864-769 (T.M.G.); +36-1-382-6568 (Z.V.); +36-1-372-2500 (ext. 6430) (N.S.)
| | - Norbert Szoboszlai
- Laboratory for Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Pázmány Péter Stny. 1/A, Hungary
- Correspondence: (T.M.G.); (Z.V.); (N.S.); Tel.: +36-1-8864-769 (T.M.G.); +36-1-382-6568 (Z.V.); +36-1-372-2500 (ext. 6430) (N.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
de Rond L, van der Pol E, Bloemen PR, Van Den Broeck T, Monheim L, Nieuwland R, van Leeuwen TG, Coumans FAW. A Systematic Approach to Improve Scatter Sensitivity of a Flow Cytometer for Detection of Extracellular Vesicles. Cytometry A 2020; 97:582-591. [PMID: 32017331 PMCID: PMC7383638 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are commonly studied by flow cytometry. Due to their small size and low refractive index, the scatter intensity of most EVs is below the detection limit of common flow cytometers. Here, we aim to improve forward scatter (FSC) and side scatter (SSC) sensitivity of a common flow cytometer to detect single 100 nm EVs. The effects of the optical and fluidics configuration on scatter sensitivity of a FACSCanto (Becton Dickinson) were evaluated by the separation index (SI) and robust coefficient of variation (rCV) of polystyrene beads (BioCytex). Improvement is defined as increased SI and/or reduced rCV. Changing the obscuration bar improved the rCV 1.9‐fold for FSC. A 10‐fold increase in laser power improved the SI 19‐fold for FSC and 4.4‐fold for SSC, whereas the rCV worsened 0.8‐fold and improved 1.5‐fold, respectively. Confocalization worsened the SI 1.2‐fold for FSC, and improved the SI 5.1‐fold for SSC, while the rCV improved 1.1‐fold and worsened 1.5‐fold, respectively. Replacing the FSC photodiode with a photomultiplier tube improved the SI 66‐fold and rCV 4.2‐fold. A 2‐fold reduction in sample stream width improved both SI and rCV for FSC by 1.8‐fold, and for SSC by 1.3‐ and 2.2‐fold, respectively. Decreasing the sample flow velocity worsened rCVs. Decreasing the flow channel dimensions and the pore size of the sheath filter did not substantially change the SI or rCV. Using the optimal optical configuration and fluidics settings, the SI improved 3.8∙104‐fold on FSC and 30‐fold on SSC, resulting in estimated detection limits for EVs (assuming a refractive index of 1.40) of 246 and 91 nm on FSC and SSC, respectively. Although a 50‐fold improvement on FSC is still necessary, these adaptions have produced an operator‐friendly, high‐throughput flow cytometer with a high sensitivity on both SSC and FSC. © 2020 The Authors. Cytometry Part A published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonie de Rond
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul R Bloemen
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ton G van Leeuwen
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank A W Coumans
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hough KP, Deshane JS. Cutting edge approaches for rapid characterization of airway exosomes. Methods 2020; 177:27-34. [PMID: 31953152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes have been described as promising biomarkers for understanding disease progression and prognosis. These lipid membrane nanoparticles derived from airway cells have been shown to have immunomodulatory effects, such as driving inflammatory responses in asthma. These emerging evidences demonstrating an important pathophysiological role of exosomes warrants the development of novel approaches for isolation and rapid characterization of exosomes, which would be applicable for both translational and clinical studies. In this review article, we describe two methods of rapid exosomes characterization: (1) imaging flow cytometry using ImageStream; and (2) conventional flow cytometry using the BD Symphony A5 platform. We also explore sorting of exosomes using the BD Aria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth P Hough
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, United States
| | - Jessy S Deshane
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kitka D, Mihály J, Fraikin JL, Beke-Somfai T, Varga Z. Detection and phenotyping of extracellular vesicles by size exclusion chromatography coupled with on-line fluorescence detection. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19868. [PMID: 31882862 PMCID: PMC6984749 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56375-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
New methods for quantifying extracellular vesicles (EVs) in complex biofluids are critically needed. We report the development of a new technology combining size exclusion chromatography (SEC), a commonly used EV purification technique, with fluorescence detection of specifically labelled EVs. The resulting platform, Flu-SEC, demonstrates a linear response to concentration of specific EVs and could form the basis of a system with phenotyping capability. Flu-SEC was validated using red blood cell derived EVs (REVs), which provide an ideal EV model with monodisperse size distribution and high EV concentration. Microfluidic Resistive Pulse Sensing (MRPS) was used to accurately determine the size distribution and concentration of REVs. Anti-CD235a antibody, specific to glycophorin A, and the more general wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), were selected to label REVs. The results show the quantitative power of Flu-SEC: a highly linear fluorescence response over a wide range of concentrations. Moreover, the Flu-SEC technique reports the ratio of EV-bound and free-antibody molecules, an important metric for determining optimal labelling conditions for other applications. Flu-SEC represents an orthogonal tool to single-particle fluorescent methods such as flow cytometry and fluorescent NTA, for the quantification and phenotyping of EVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diána Kitka
- Biological Nanochemistry Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judith Mihály
- Biological Nanochemistry Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Tamás Beke-Somfai
- Biological Nanochemistry Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Varga
- Biological Nanochemistry Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Geeurickx E, Hendrix A. Targets, pitfalls and reference materials for liquid biopsy tests in cancer diagnostics. Mol Aspects Med 2019; 72:100828. [PMID: 31711714 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of cell free DNA (cfDNA) and RNA (cfRNA), circulating tumor cells (CTC) and extracellular vesicles (EV) in blood or other bodily fluids can enable early cancer detection, tumor dynamics assessment, minimal residual disease detection and therapy monitoring. However, few liquid biopsy tests progress towards clinical application because results are often discordant and challenging to reproduce. Reproducibility can be enhanced by the development and implementation of standard operating procedures and reference materials to identify and correct for pre-analytical variables. In this review we elaborate on the technological considerations, pre-analytical variables and the use and availability of reference materials for the assessment of liquid biopsy targets in blood and highlight initiatives towards the standardization of liquid biopsy testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward Geeurickx
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - An Hendrix
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Brittain GC, Chen YQ, Martinez E, Tang VA, Renner TM, Langlois MA, Gulnik S. A Novel Semiconductor-Based Flow Cytometer with Enhanced Light-Scatter Sensitivity for the Analysis of Biological Nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16039. [PMID: 31690751 PMCID: PMC6831566 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52366-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The CytoFLEX is a novel semiconductor-based flow cytometer that utilizes avalanche photodiodes, wavelength-division multiplexing, enhanced optics, and diode lasers to maximize light capture and minimize optical and electronic noise. Due to an increasing interest in the use of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as disease biomarkers, and the growing desire to use flow cytometry for the analyses of biological nanoparticles, we assessed the light-scatter sensitivity of the CytoFLEX for small-particle detection. We found that the CytoFLEX can fully resolve 70 nm polystyrene and 98.6 nm silica beads by violet side scatter (VSSC). We further analyzed the detection limit for biological nanoparticles, including viruses and EVs, and show that the CytoFLEX can detect viruses down to 81 nm and EVs at least as small as 65 nm. Moreover, we could immunophenotype EV surface antigens, including directly in blood and plasma, demonstrating the double labeling of platelet EVs with CD61 and CD9, as well as triple labeling with CD81 for an EV subpopulation in one donor. In order to assess the refractive indices (RIs) of the viruses and EVs, we devised a new method to inversely calculate the RIs using the intensity vs. size data together with Mie-theory scatter efficiencies scaled to reference-particle measurements. Each of the viruses tested had an equivalent RI, approximately 1.47 at 405 nm, which suggests that flow cytometry can be more broadly used to easily determine virus sizes. We also found that the RIs of EVs increase as the particle diameters decrease below 150 nm, increasing from 1.37 for 200 nm EVs up to 1.61 for 65 nm EVs, expanding the lower range of EVs that can be detected by light scatter. Overall, we demonstrate that the CytoFLEX has an unprecedented level of sensitivity compared to conventional flow cytometers. Accordingly, the CytoFLEX can be of great benefit to virology and EV research, and will help to expand the use of flow cytometry for minimally invasive liquid biopsies by allowing for the direct analysis of antigen expression on biological nanoparticles within patient samples, including blood, plasma, urine and bronchoalveolar lavages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George C Brittain
- Beckman Coulter Life Sciences, Life Science Research, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Yong Q Chen
- Beckman Coulter Life Sciences, Life Science Research, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Edgar Martinez
- Beckman Coulter Life Sciences, Particle Characterization, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Vera A Tang
- University of Ottawa Flow Cytometry and Virometry Core Facility, Ottawa, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Tyler M Renner
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Marc-André Langlois
- University of Ottawa Flow Cytometry and Virometry Core Facility, Ottawa, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.,uOttawa Center for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (CI3), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Sergei Gulnik
- Beckman Coulter Life Sciences, Life Science Research, Miami, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
The generation and use of recombinant extracellular vesicles as biological reference material. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3288. [PMID: 31337761 PMCID: PMC6650486 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11182-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen an increase of extracellular vesicle (EV) research geared towards biological understanding, diagnostics and therapy. However, EV data interpretation remains challenging owing to complexity of biofluids and technical variation introduced during sample preparation and analysis. To understand and mitigate these limitations, we generated trackable recombinant EV (rEV) as a biological reference material. Employing complementary characterization methods, we demonstrate that rEV are stable and bear physical and biochemical traits characteristic of sample EV. Furthermore, rEV can be quantified using fluorescence-, RNA- and protein-based technologies available in routine laboratories. Spiking rEV in biofluids allows recovery efficiencies of commonly implemented EV separation methods to be identified, intra-method and inter-user variability induced by sample handling to be defined, and to normalize and improve sensitivity of EV enumerations. We anticipate that rEV will aid EV-based sample preparation and analysis, data normalization, method development and instrument calibration in various research and biomedical applications. There is no universal reference material to develop extracellular vesicle (EV) separation methods and carry out calibration and normalization. Here the authors use HIV-derived gag proteins to assemble recombinant fluorescent EV as a trackable reference material resembling the physical and biochemical properties of sample EV.
Collapse
|
33
|
Welsh JA, Horak P, Wilkinson JS, Ford VJ, Jones JC, Smith D, Holloway JA, Englyst NA. FCM PASS Software Aids Extracellular Vesicle Light Scatter Standardization. Cytometry A 2019; 97:569-581. [PMID: 31250561 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The study of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is a rapidly growing field due to their great potential in many areas of clinical medicine including diagnostics, prognostics, theranostics, and therapeutics. Flow cytometry is currently one of the most popular methods of analyzing EVs due to it being a high-throughput, multiparametric technique, that is readily available in the majority of research labs. Despite its wide use, few commercial flow cytometers are designed specifically for the detection of EVs. Many flow cytometers used for EV analysis are working at their detection limits and are unable to detect the majority of EVs. Currently, very little standardization exists for EV flow cytometry, which is an issue because flow cytometers vary considerably in the way they collect scattered or fluorescent light from particles being interrogated. This makes published research hard to interpret, compare, and in some cases, impossible to reproduce. Here we demonstrate a method of flow cytometer light scatter standardization, utilizing flow cytometer postacquisition analysis software (FCMPASS ). FCMPASS is built upon Mie theory and enables the approximation of flow cytometer geometric parameters either by analyzing beads of known diameter and refractive index or by inputting the collection angle if known. The software is then able to create a scatter-diameter curve and scatter-refractive index curve that enables researchers to convert scattering data and instrument sensitivity into standardized units. Furthermore, with the correct controls, light scatter data can be converted to diameter distributions or refractive index distributions. FCMPASS therefore offers a freely available and ergonomic method of standardizing and further extending EV characterization using flow cytometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Welsh
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Peter Horak
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - James S Wilkinson
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Verity J Ford
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jennifer C Jones
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David Smith
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Anaesthetics Department, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lian H, He S, Chen C, Yan X. Flow Cytometric Analysis of Nanoscale Biological Particles and Organelles. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2019; 12:389-409. [PMID: 30978294 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061318-115042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of nanoscale biological particles and organelles (BPOs) at the single-particle level is fundamental to the in-depth study of biosciences. Flow cytometry is a versatile technique that has been well-established for the analysis of eukaryotic cells, yet conventional flow cytometry can hardly meet the sensitivity requirement for nanoscale BPOs. Recent advances in high-sensitivity flow cytometry have made it possible to conduct precise, sensitive, and specific analyses of nanoscale BPOs, with exceptional benefits for bacteria, mitochondria, viruses, and extracellular vesicles (EVs). In this article, we discuss the significance, challenges, and efforts toward sensitivity enhancement, followed by the introduction of flow cytometric analysis of nanoscale BPOs. With the development of the nano-flow cytometer that can detect single viruses and EVs as small as 27 nm and 40 nm, respectively, more exciting applications in nanoscale BPO analysis can be envisioned.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chaoxiang Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation; Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Material; and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China;
| | - Xiaomei Yan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation; Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Material; and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China;
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Extracellular Vesicles and Their Potential Use in Monitoring Cancer Progression and Therapy: The Contribution of Proteomics. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:1639854. [PMID: 31281356 PMCID: PMC6590542 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1639854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are small membrane-enclosed particles released by cells and able to vehiculate information between them. The term EVs categorizes many and different vesicles based on their biogenesis and release pathway, such as exosomes (Exo), ectosomes, or shedding microvesicles (SMVs), apoptotic blebs (ABs), and other EVs subsets, generating a heterogeneous group of components able to redistribute their cargo into the entire organism. Moreover EVs are becoming increasingly important in monitoring cancer progression and therapy, since they are able to carry specific disease biomarkers such as Glypican-1, colon cancer-associated transcript 2, CD63, CD24, and many others. The importance of their biological role together with their heterogeneity prompted researchers to adopt and standardize purification methods able to isolate EVs for characterizing their cargo. In this way, mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics approaches are emerging as promising tool for the identification and quantification of EVs protein cargoes, but this technique resulted to be deeply influenced by the low quality of the isolation techniques. This review presents the state-of-the-art of EVs isolation, purification, and characterization for omics studies, with a particular focus to their potential use in monitoring cancer progression and therapy.
Collapse
|
36
|
Bachurski D, Schuldner M, Nguyen PH, Malz A, Reiners KS, Grenzi PC, Babatz F, Schauss AC, Hansen HP, Hallek M, Pogge von Strandmann E. Extracellular vesicle measurements with nanoparticle tracking analysis – An accuracy and repeatability comparison between NanoSight NS300 and ZetaView. J Extracell Vesicles 2019. [DOI: 78495111110.1080/20013078.2019.1596016' target='_blank'>'"<>78495111110.1080/20013078.2019.1596016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [78495111110.1080/20013078.2019.1596016','', '10.1111/jth.14193')">Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
78495111110.1080/20013078.2019.1596016" />
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bachurski
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, CECAD Center of Excellence on ‘‘Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases’’, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Maximiliane Schuldner
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Experimental Tumor Research, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Department of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Phuong-Hien Nguyen
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, CECAD Center of Excellence on ‘‘Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases’’, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexandra Malz
- Experimental Tumor Research, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Department of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Katrin S Reiners
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Patricia C Grenzi
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Felix Babatz
- CECAD Center of Excellence on ‘‘Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases’’, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Astrid C Schauss
- CECAD Center of Excellence on ‘‘Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases’’, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hinrich P Hansen
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, CECAD Center of Excellence on ‘‘Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases’’, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Hallek
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, CECAD Center of Excellence on ‘‘Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases’’, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Elke Pogge von Strandmann
- Experimental Tumor Research, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Department of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Bachurski D, Schuldner M, Nguyen PH, Malz A, Reiners KS, Grenzi PC, Babatz F, Schauss AC, Hansen HP, Hallek M, Pogge von Strandmann E. Extracellular vesicle measurements with nanoparticle tracking analysis - An accuracy and repeatability comparison between NanoSight NS300 and ZetaView. J Extracell Vesicles 2019; 8:1596016. [PMID: 30988894 PMCID: PMC6450530 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2019.1596016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The expanding field of extracellular vesicle (EV) research needs reproducible and accurate methods to characterize single EVs. Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) is commonly used to determine EV concentration and diameter. As the EV field is lacking methods to easily confirm and validate NTA data, questioning the reliability of measurements remains highly important. In this regard, a comparison addressing measurement quality between different NTA devices such as Malvern’s NanoSight NS300 or Particle Metrix’ ZetaView has not yet been conducted. To evaluate the accuracy and repeatability of size and concentration determinations of both devices, we employed comparative methods including transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and single particle interferometric reflectance imaging sensing (SP-IRIS) by ExoView. Multiple test measurements with nanospheres, liposomes and ultracentrifuged EVs from human serum and cell culture supernatant were performed. Additionally, serial dilutions and freeze-thaw cycle-dependent EV decrease were measured to determine the robustness of each system. Strikingly, NanoSight NS300 exhibited a 2.0–2.1-fold overestimation of polystyrene and silica nanosphere concentration. By measuring serial dilutions of EV samples, we demonstrated higher accuracy in concentration determination by ZetaView (% BIAS range: 2.7–8.5) in comparison with NanoSight NS300 (% BIAS range: 32.9–36.8). The concentration measurements by ZetaView were also more precise (% CV range: 0.0–4.7) than measurements by NanoSight NS300 (% CV range: 5.4–10.7). On the contrary, quantitative TEM imaging indicated more accurate EV sizing by NanoSight NS300 (% DTEM range: 79.5–134.3) compared to ZetaView (% DTEM range: 111.8–205.7), while being equally repeatable (NanoSight NS300% CV range: 0.8–6.7; ZetaView: 1.4–7.8). However, both devices failed to report a peak EV diameter below 60 nm compared to TEM and SP-IRIS. Taken together, NTA devices differ strongly in their hardware and software affecting measuring results. ZetaView provided a more accurate and repeatable depiction of EV concentration, whereas NanoSight NS300 supplied size measurements of higher resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bachurski
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, CECAD Center of Excellence on ''Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases'', Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Maximiliane Schuldner
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Experimental Tumor Research, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Department of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Phuong-Hien Nguyen
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, CECAD Center of Excellence on ''Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases'', Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexandra Malz
- Experimental Tumor Research, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Department of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Katrin S Reiners
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Patricia C Grenzi
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Felix Babatz
- CECAD Center of Excellence on ''Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases'', University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Astrid C Schauss
- CECAD Center of Excellence on ''Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases'', University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hinrich P Hansen
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, CECAD Center of Excellence on ''Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases'', Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Hallek
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, CECAD Center of Excellence on ''Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases'', Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Elke Pogge von Strandmann
- Experimental Tumor Research, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Department of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Görgens A, Bremer M, Ferrer-Tur R, Murke F, Tertel T, Horn PA, Thalmann S, Welsh JA, Probst C, Guerin C, Boulanger CM, Jones JC, Hanenberg H, Erdbrügger U, Lannigan J, Ricklefs FL, El-Andaloussi S, Giebel B. Optimisation of imaging flow cytometry for the analysis of single extracellular vesicles by using fluorescence-tagged vesicles as biological reference material. J Extracell Vesicles 2019; 8:1587567. [PMID: 30949308 PMCID: PMC6442110 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2019.1587567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate targeted cellular interactions in normal and pathophysiological conditions and are increasingly recognised as potential biomarkers, therapeutic agents and drug delivery vehicles. Based on their size and biogenesis, EVs are classified as exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies. Due to overlapping size ranges and the lack of specific markers, these classes cannot yet be distinguished experimentally. Currently, it is a major challenge in the field to define robust and sensitive technological platforms being suitable to resolve EV heterogeneity, especially for small EVs (sEVs) with diameters below 200 nm, i.e. smaller microvesicles and exosomes. Most conventional flow cytometers are not suitable for the detection of particles being smaller than 300 nm, and the poor availability of defined reference materials hampers the validation of sEV analysis protocols. Following initial reports that imaging flow cytometry (IFCM) can be used for the characterisation of larger EVs, we aimed to investigate its usability for the characterisation of sEVs. This study set out to identify optimal sample preparation and instrument settings that would demonstrate the utility of this technology for the detection of single sEVs. By using CD63eGFP-labelled sEVs as a biological reference material, we were able to define and optimise IFCM acquisition and analysis parameters on an Amnis ImageStreamX MkII instrument for the detection of single sEVs. In addition, using antibody-labelling approaches, we show that IFCM facilitates robust detection of different EV and sEV subpopulations in isolated EVs, as well as unprocessed EV-containing samples. Our results indicate that fluorescently labelled sEVs as biological reference material are highly useful for the optimisation of fluorescence-based methods for sEV analysis. Finally, we propose that IFCM will help to significantly increase our ability to assess EV heterogeneity in a rigorous and reproducible manner, and facilitate the identification of specific subsets of sEVs as useful biomarkers in various diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- André Görgens
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Evox Therapeutics Limited, Oxford, UK
| | - Michel Bremer
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Rita Ferrer-Tur
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Florian Murke
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Tobias Tertel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Peter A. Horn
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Joshua A. Welsh
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Coralié Guerin
- Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, cytometry core, PSL University, Paris, France
| | - Chantal M. Boulanger
- Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
- INSERM, U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center—PARCC, Paris, France
| | - Jennifer C. Jones
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Helmut Hanenberg
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Children’s Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Uta Erdbrügger
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Joanne Lannigan
- Flow Cytometry Core, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Franz L. Ricklefs
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Samir El-Andaloussi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Evox Therapeutics Limited, Oxford, UK
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wirtz MR, Jurgens J, Zuurbier CJ, Roelofs JJTH, Spinella PC, Muszynski JA, Carel Goslings J, Juffermans NP. Washing or filtering of blood products does not improve outcome in a rat model of trauma and multiple transfusion. Transfusion 2018; 59:134-145. [PMID: 30461025 PMCID: PMC7379301 DOI: 10.1111/trf.15039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transfusion is associated with organ failure and nosocomial infection in trauma patients, which may be mediated by soluble bioactive substances in blood products, including extracellular vesicles (EVs). We hypothesize that removing EVs, by washing or filtering of blood products, reduces organ failure and improves host immune response. MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood products were prepared from syngeneic rat blood. EVs were removed from RBCs and platelets by washing. Plasma was filtered through a 0.22‐μm filter. Rats were traumatized by crush injury to the intestines and liver, and a femur was fractured. Rats were hemorrhaged until a mean arterial pressure of 40 mm Hg and randomized to receive resuscitation with standard or washed/filtered blood products, in a 1:1:1 ratio. Sham controls were not resuscitated. Ex vivo whole blood stimulation tests were performed and histopathology was done. RESULTS Washing of blood products improved quality metrics compared to standard products. Also, EV levels reduced by 12% to 77%. The coagulation status, as assessed by thromboelastometry, was deranged in both groups and normalized during transfusion, without significant differences. Use of washed/filtered products did not reduce organ failure, as assessed by histopathologic score and biochemical measurements. Immune response ex vivo was decreased following transfusion compared to sham but did not differ between transfusion groups. CONCLUSION Filtering or washing of blood products improved biochemical properties and reduced EV counts, while maintaining coagulation abilities. However, in this trauma and transfusion model, the use of optimized blood components did not attenuate organ injury or immune suppression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathijs R Wirtz
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Trauma Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jordy Jurgens
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Coert J Zuurbier
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joris J T H Roelofs
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philip C Spinella
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Jennifer A Muszynski
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - J Carel Goslings
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole P Juffermans
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
de Rond L, Coumans FAW, Nieuwland R, van Leeuwen TG, van der Pol E. Deriving Extracellular Vesicle Size From Scatter Intensities Measured by Flow Cytometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 86:e43. [PMID: 30168659 DOI: 10.1002/cpcy.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Flow cytometry is commonly used to investigate the potential for extracellular vesicles (EVs) to be biomarkers of disease. A typical flow cytometer detects fluorescence and scatter intensities of single EVs in arbitrary units. These arbitrary units complicate data interpretation and data comparison between different flow cytometers. For example, comparison of detected EV concentrations requires knowledge of the detectable EV sizes. Using Mie theory and knowledge of the optical configuration of the flow cytometer, EV size can be derived from the scatter intensity for a given EV refractive index. Here, a protocol is described to derive the size of EVs and other nanoparticles from the scatter intensity. The resulting size distribution allows the comparison of data between flow cytometers, which is a prerequisite for clinical application of EVs as biomarkers and may advance other fields where sizing of nanoparticles is essential. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonie de Rond
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Vesicle Observation Center, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank A W Coumans
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Vesicle Observation Center, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Vesicle Observation Center, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ton G van Leeuwen
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Vesicle Observation Center, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Vesicle Observation Center, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|