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Hua T, Zhang G, Yao Y, Jia H, Liu W. Research progress of megakaryocytes and platelets in lung injury. Ann Med 2024; 56:2362871. [PMID: 38902986 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2024.2362871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The lung is an important site of extramedullary platelet formation, and megakaryocytes in the lung participate in immune responses in addition to platelet production. In acute lung injury and chronic lung injury, megakaryocytes and platelets play a promoting or protective role through different mechanisms. The authors reviewed the role of megakaryocytes and platelets in common clinical lung injuries with different course of disease and different pathogenic factors in order to provide new thinking for the diagnosis and treatment of lung injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhen Hua
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Guangliang Zhang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Yao
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Haoran Jia
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
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2
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Sun L, Wang Z, Liu Z, Mu G, Cui Y, Xiang Q. C-type lectin-like receptor 2: roles and drug target. Thromb J 2024; 22:27. [PMID: 38504248 PMCID: PMC10949654 DOI: 10.1186/s12959-024-00594-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
C-type lectin-like receptor-2 (CLEC-2) is a member of the C-type lectin superfamily of cell surface receptors. The first confirmed endogenous and exogenous ligands of CLEC-2 are podoplanin and rhodocytin, respectively. CLEC-2 is expressed on the surface of platelets, which participates in platelet activation and aggregation by binding with its ligands. CLEC-2 and its ligands are involved in pathophysiological processes, such as atherosclerosis, cancer, inflammatory thrombus status, maintenance of vascular wall integrity, and cancer-related thrombosis. In the last 5 years, different anti- podoplanin antibody types have been developed for the treatment of cancers, such as glioblastoma and lung cancer. New tests and new diagnostics targeting CLEC-2 are also discussed. CLEC-2 mediates thrombosis in various pathological states, but CLEC-2-specific deletion does not affect normal hemostasis, which would provide a new therapeutic tool for many thromboembolic diseases. The CLEC-2-podoplanin interaction is a target for cancer treatment. CLEC-2 may be applied in clinical practice and play a therapeutic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, No. 6, Da Hong Luo Chang Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, No. 6, Da Hong Luo Chang Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyan Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, No. 6, Da Hong Luo Chang Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyan Mu
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, No. 6, Da Hong Luo Chang Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yimin Cui
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, No. 6, Da Hong Luo Chang Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, No. 6, Da Hong Luo Chang Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China.
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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Slater A, Khattak S, Thomas MR. GPVI inhibition: Advancing antithrombotic therapy in cardiovascular disease. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL. CARDIOVASCULAR PHARMACOTHERAPY 2024:pvae018. [PMID: 38453424 DOI: 10.1093/ehjcvp/pvae018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Glycoprotein (GP) VI plays a major role in thrombosis but not haemostasis, making it a promising antithrombotic target. The primary role of GPVI on the surface of platelets is a signalling receptor for collagen, which is one of the most potent thrombotic sub-endothelial components that is exposed by atherosclerotic plaque rupture. Inhibition of GPVI has therefore been investigated as a strategy for treatment and prevention of atherothrombosis, such as during stroke and acute coronary syndromes. A range of specific GPVI inhibitors have been characterised and 2 of these inhibitors, glenzocimab and revacept, have completed phase II clinical trials in ischemic stroke. In this review, we summarise mechanisms of GPVI activation and the latest progress of clinically tested GPVI inhibitors, including their mechanisms of action. By focussing on what is known about GPVI activation, we also discuss whether alternate strategies could also be used to target GPVI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Slater
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sophia Khattak
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Cardiology Department, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R Thomas
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Cardiology Department, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Watanabe N, Shinozaki Y, Ogiwara S, Miyagasako R, Sasaki A, Kato J, Suzuki Y, Fukunishi N, Okada Y, Saito T, Iida Y, Higashiseto M, Masuda H, Nagata E, Gotoh K, Amino M, Tsuji T, Morita S, Nakagawa Y, Hirayama N, Inokuchi S. Diphenyl-tetrazol-propanamide Derivatives Act as Dual-Specific Antagonists of Platelet CLEC-2 and Glycoprotein VI. Thromb Haemost 2024; 124:203-222. [PMID: 37967855 DOI: 10.1055/a-2211-5202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelet C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (CLEC-2) induces platelet activation and aggregation after clustering by its ligand podoplanin (PDPN). PDPN, which is not normally expressed in cells in contact with blood flow, is induced in inflammatory immune cells and some malignant tumor cells, thereby increasing the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and tumor metastasis. Therefore, small-molecule compounds that can interfere with the PDPN-CLEC-2 axis have the potential to become selective antiplatelet agents. METHODS AND RESULTS Using molecular docking analysis of CLEC-2 and a PDPN-CLEC-2 binding-inhibition assay, we identified a group of diphenyl-tetrazol-propanamide derivatives as novel CLEC-2 inhibitors. A total of 12 hit compounds also inhibited PDPN-induced platelet aggregation in humans and mice. Unexpectedly, these compounds also fit the collagen-binding pocket of the glycoprotein VI molecule, thereby inhibiting collagen interaction. These compounds also inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation, and one compound ameliorated collagen-induced thrombocytopenia in mice. For clinical use, these compounds will require a degree of chemical modification to decrease albumin binding. CONCLUSION Nonetheless, as dual activation of platelets by collagen and PDPN-positive cells is expected to occur after the rupture of atherosclerotic plaques, these dual antagonists could represent a promising pharmacophore, particularly for arterial thrombosis, in addition to VTE and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Watanabe
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Institute of Advanced Biosciences, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Shinozaki
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Sanae Ogiwara
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Riko Miyagasako
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ayumi Sasaki
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Junko Kato
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yusuke Suzuki
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Natsuko Fukunishi
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Okada
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takeshi Saito
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yumi Iida
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Misaki Higashiseto
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Haruchika Masuda
- Department of Physiology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Nagata
- Department of Neurology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Gotoh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mari Amino
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomoatsu Tsuji
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Seiji Morita
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Nakagawa
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Noriaki Hirayama
- Institute of Advanced Biosciences, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, Japan
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Sadaki Inokuchi
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Institute of Advanced Biosciences, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, Japan
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Aggarwal A, Jennings CL, Manning E, Cameron SJ. Platelets at the Vessel Wall in Non-Thrombotic Disease. Circ Res 2023; 132:775-790. [PMID: 36927182 PMCID: PMC10027394 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.122.321566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Platelets are small, anucleate entities that bud from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow. Among circulating cells, platelets are the most abundant cell, traditionally involved in regulating the balance between thrombosis (the terminal event of platelet activation) and hemostasis (a protective response to tissue injury). Although platelets lack the precise cellular control offered by nucleate cells, they are in fact very dynamic cells, enriched in preformed RNA that allows them the capability of de novo protein synthesis which alters the platelet phenotype and responses in physiological and pathological events. Antiplatelet medications have significantly reduced the morbidity and mortality for patients afflicted with thrombotic diseases, including stroke and myocardial infarction. However, it has become apparent in the last few years that platelets play a critical role beyond thrombosis and hemostasis. For example, platelet-derived proteins by constitutive and regulated exocytosis can be found in the plasma and may educate distant tissue including blood vessels. First, platelets are enriched in inflammatory and anti-inflammatory molecules that may regulate vascular remodeling. Second, platelet-derived microparticles released into the circulation can be acquired by vascular endothelial cells through the process of endocytosis. Third, platelets are highly enriched in mitochondria that may contribute to the local reactive oxygen species pool and remodel phospholipids in the plasma membrane of blood vessels. Lastly, platelets are enriched in proteins and phosphoproteins which can be secreted independent of stimulation by surface receptor agonists in conditions of disturbed blood flow. This so-called biomechanical platelet activation occurs in regions of pathologically narrowed (atherosclerotic) or dilated (aneurysmal) vessels. Emerging evidence suggests platelets may regulate the process of angiogenesis and blood flow to tumors as well as education of distant organs for the purposes of allograft health following transplantation. This review will illustrate the potential of platelets to remodel blood vessels in various diseases with a focus on the aforementioned mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Aggarwal
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Courtney L. Jennings
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Emily Manning
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Scott J. Cameron
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio
- Heart Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Section of Vascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Hematology, Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio
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6
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Kruk L, Braun A, Cosset E, Gudermann T, Mammadova-Bach E. Galectin functions in cancer-associated inflammation and thrombosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1052959. [PMID: 36873388 PMCID: PMC9981828 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1052959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins that regulate many cellular functions including proliferation, adhesion, migration, and phagocytosis. Increasing experimental and clinical evidence indicates that galectins influence many steps of cancer development by inducing the recruitment of immune cells to the inflammatory sites and modulating the effector function of neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes. Recent studies described that different isoforms of galectins can induce platelet adhesion, aggregation, and granule release through the interaction with platelet-specific glycoproteins and integrins. Patients with cancer and/or deep-venous thrombosis have increased levels of galectins in the vasculature, suggesting that these proteins could be important contributors to cancer-associated inflammation and thrombosis. In this review, we summarize the pathological role of galectins in inflammatory and thrombotic events, influencing tumor progression and metastasis. We also discuss the potential of anti-cancer therapies targeting galectins in the pathological context of cancer-associated inflammation and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linus Kruk
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Attila Braun
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Erika Cosset
- CRCL, UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Gudermann
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Elmina Mammadova-Bach
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich, Germany
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7
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Mansour AA, Krautter F, Zhi Z, Iqbal AJ, Recio C. The interplay of galectins-1, -3, and -9 in the immune-inflammatory response underlying cardiovascular and metabolic disease. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2022; 21:253. [PMID: 36403025 PMCID: PMC9675972 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-022-01690-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins are β-galactoside-binding proteins that bind and crosslink molecules via their sugar moieties, forming signaling and adhesion networks involved in cellular communication, differentiation, migration, and survival. Galectins are expressed ubiquitously across immune cells, and their function varies with their tissue-specific and subcellular location. Particularly galectin-1, -3, and -9 are highly expressed by inflammatory cells and are involved in the modulation of several innate and adaptive immune responses. Modulation in the expression of these proteins accompany major processes in cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders, such as atherosclerosis, thrombosis, obesity, and diabetes, making them attractive therapeutic targets. In this review we consider the broad cellular activities ascribed to galectin-1, -3, and -9, highlighting those linked to the progression of different inflammatory driven pathologies in the context of cardiovascular and metabolic disease, to better understand their mechanism of action and provide new insights into the design of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Abo Mansour
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (ICVS), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK ,grid.412144.60000 0004 1790 7100Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Franziska Krautter
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (ICVS), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Zhaogong Zhi
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (ICVS), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Asif Jilani Iqbal
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (ICVS), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Carlota Recio
- grid.4521.20000 0004 1769 9380Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Farmacología Molecular y Traslacional -BIOPharm, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas Spain
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Morris K, Schnoor B, Papa AL. Platelet cancer cell interplay as a new therapeutic target. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188770. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Mansour AA, Raucci F, Sevim M, Saviano A, Begum J, Zhi Z, Pezhman L, Tull S, Maione F, Iqbal AJ. Galectin-9 supports primary T cell transendothelial migration in a glycan and integrin dependent manner. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 151:113171. [PMID: 35643073 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive immunity relies on the efficient recruitment of T cells from the blood into peripheral tissues. However, the current understanding of factor(s) coordinating these events is incomplete. Previous studies on galectin-9 (Gal-9), have proposed a functionally significant role for this lectin in mediating leukocyte adhesion and transmigration. However, very little is known about its function in T cell migration. Here, we have investigated the role of the Gal-9 on the migration behaviour of both human primary CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Our data indicate that Gal-9 supports both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell adhesion and transmigration in a glycan dependent manner, inducing L-selectin shedding and upregulation of LFA-1 and CXCR4 expression. Additionally, when immobilized, Gal-9 promoted capture and firm adhesion of T cells under flow, in a glycan and integrin-dependent manner. Using an in vivo model, dorsal air pouch, we found that Gal-9 deficient mice display impaired leukocyte trafficking, with a reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines generated locally. Furthermore, we also demonstrate that Gal-9 inhibits the chemotactic function of CXCL12 through direct binding. In conclusion, our study characterises, for the first time, the capture, adhesion, and migration behaviour of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to immobilised /endothelial presented Gal-9, under static and physiological flow conditions. We also demonstrate the differential binding characteristics of Gal-9 to T cell subtypes, which could be of potential therapeutic significance, particularly in the treatment of inflammatory-based diseases, given Gal-9 ability to promote apoptosis in pathogenic T cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Abo Mansour
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (ICVS), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Federica Raucci
- ImmunoPharmaLab, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Mustafa Sevim
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (ICVS), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Physiology Department, School of Medicine, Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Anella Saviano
- ImmunoPharmaLab, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Jenefa Begum
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (ICVS), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Zhaogong Zhi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (ICVS), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Laleh Pezhman
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (ICVS), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha Tull
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (ICVS), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Maione
- ImmunoPharmaLab, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Asif Jilani Iqbal
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (ICVS), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; ImmunoPharmaLab, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
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