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Schneider AL, Ritter Schenk C, Zimmermann P. Fifteen-minute consultation: Management of mammalian bites in children-from local wound care to prophylactic antibiotics. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed 2024; 109:222-227. [PMID: 38448218 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2023-326403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Animal and human bites are a common reason for emergency consultation, especially in children. The most common complication of bite wounds is local infection. Systemic infections are much rarer. The key in reducing the risk of infection after a mammalian bite is local wound management with either primary or delayed closure. The benefit of administering prophylactic antibiotics is controversial.In this review, we provide a summary of the current evidence for the management of mammalian bites in children, including recommendations for appropriate investigations, wound management, administration of prophylactic and therapeutic antibiotics and the prevention of systemic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Petra Zimmermann
- Department of Paediatrics, Fribourg Hospital, Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Community Health, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Infectious Diseases Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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2
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In memory of Professor Henry Wilde, MD, FACP: infectious disease physician, clinical and public health investigator, and educator. ASIAN BIOMED 2024; 18:87-89. [PMID: 39175951 PMCID: PMC11338009 DOI: 10.2478/abm-2024-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
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3
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Shakoor T, Grider Cook R, Milliron ML. Prophylaxis for the Unexpected: An Unusual Case of Herpes B Coverage for an Orangutan Bite in an Emergency Department Patient. Cureus 2023; 15:e46857. [PMID: 37954713 PMCID: PMC10637726 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with an orangutan bite require a series of prophylactic treatments. We present a unique case of an orangutan bite in a 29-year-old male ED patient who was brought by Emergency Medical Services (EMS) for evaluation of an orangutan bite to the right upper extremity with a suspected fourth proximal phalanx fracture. He was referred to hand surgery for a washout and open reduction. Upon discharge, prophylactic medical treatments for unusual pathologies such as herpes B were considered. Appropriate evaluation and treatment of this unique ED condition is necessary to prevent additional patient morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayyab Shakoor
- Emergency Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, USA
| | - Rachel Grider Cook
- Emergency Medicine, Allegheny Health Network- Saint Vincent Hospital, Erie, USA
| | - Melody L Milliron
- Emergency Medicine, Allegheny Health Network- Saint Vincent Hospital, Erie, USA
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4
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Chitcharoen S, Sivapornnukul P, Payungporn S. Revolutionized virome research using systems microbiology approaches. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2022; 247:1135-1147. [PMID: 35723062 PMCID: PMC9335507 DOI: 10.1177/15353702221102895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, both pathogenic and commensal viruses are continuously being discovered and acknowledged as ubiquitous components of microbial communities. The advancements of systems microbiological approaches have changed the face of virome research. Here, we focus on viral metagenomic approach to study virus community and their interactions with other microbial members as well as their hosts. This review also summarizes challenges, limitations, and benefits of the current virome approaches. Potentially, the studies of virome can be further applied in various biological and clinical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwalak Chitcharoen
- Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand,Research Unit of Systems Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Pavaret Sivapornnukul
- Research Unit of Systems Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sunchai Payungporn
- Research Unit of Systems Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand,Sunchai Payungporn.
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5
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Biting the hand that feeds you: Management of human and animal bites. Injury 2022; 53:227-236. [PMID: 34838260 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2021.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Bites from animal and humans represent a very small proportion of all the patients presenting to emergency departments, However, they require prompt medical and surgical intervention in order to minimise the risk of infection, that may lead to limb and life-threatening complications. In this review article we synthesise the existing literature for treatment of human and animal bites and offer practical considerations when managing bite injuries.
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6
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Pandey P, Lee K, Amatya B, Angelo KM, Shlim DR, Murphy H. Health problems in travellers to Nepal visiting CIWEC clinic in Kathmandu - A GeoSentinel analysis. Travel Med Infect Dis 2021; 40:101999. [PMID: 33639265 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2021.101999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nepal has always been a popular international travel destination. There is limited published data, however, on the spectrum of illnesses acquired by travellers to Nepal. METHODS GeoSentinel is a global data collection network of travel and tropical medicine providers that monitors travel-related morbidity. Records for ill travellers with at least one confirmed or probable diagnosis, were extracted from the GeoSentinel database for the CIWEC Clinic Kathmandu site from January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2017. RESULTS A total of 24,271 records were included. The median age was 30 years (range: 0-91); 54% were female. The top 3 system-based diagnoses in travellers were: gastrointestinal (32%), pulmonary (16%), and dermatologic (9%). Altitude illness comprised 9% of all diagnoses. There were 278 vaccine-preventable diseases, most frequently influenza A (41%) and typhoid fever (19%; S. typhi 52 and S. paratyphi 62). Of 64 vector-borne illnesses, dengue was the most frequent (64%), followed by imported malaria (14%). There was a single traveller with Japanese encephalitis. Six deaths were reported. CONCLUSIONS Travellers to Nepal face a wide spectrum of illnesses, particularly diarrhoea, respiratory disease, and altitude illness. Pre-travel consultations for travellers to Nepal should focus on prevention and treatment of diarrhoea and altitude illness, along with appropriate immunizations and travel advice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prativa Pandey
- CIWEC Hospital and Travel Medicine Center, Lainchaur, Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | - Keun Lee
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Bhawana Amatya
- CIWEC Hospital and Travel Medicine Center, Lainchaur, Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | - Kristina M Angelo
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - David R Shlim
- Jackson Hole Travel and Tropical, Jackson Hole, WY, USA.
| | - Holly Murphy
- IHA Infectious Diseases Consultants, 5333 McAuley Dr., Ypsilanti, MI, USA.
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7
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Gauthier P, Bellanger AP, Bozon F, Lepiller Q, Chirouze C, Marguet P. A survey investigating the current practice of French health professionals regarding infection risk after monkey bites. Zoonoses Public Health 2019; 67:193-197. [PMID: 31828958 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
International tourism is steadily increasing, with 15% of travellers reporting health problems when they come back. Animal bites represent 2% of consulting causes, of which 20% are due to monkey bites. The Monkey B virus (Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1) is an alphaherpesvirus (Herpesviridae, genus Simplexvirus) enzootic in macaques (Genus Macaca). Zoonotic infections with the Monkey B virus following exposure to macaques are exceptionally rare, but can cause fatal encephalomyelitis in humans. An observational survey was undertaken in 2018 to assess the practice of French health professionals regarding infection risk after monkey bites. French health professionals practicing in vaccination and rabies centres were specifically targeted for this study. Standardized questionnaires were sent by email to a sample of French health professionals. They were asked to participate on a voluntary and anonymous basis. The questionnaires requested epidemiological details and included multiple-choice questions about the infection management of monkey bites. The response rate was 33.5%. The frequency of monkey bites in 2017 was variable with a minority of centres managing more than 6 per year (12%), 46% managing 1-5 monkey bites and 42% none. Most of the monkey bites were described as occurring in South Asia at tourist sites, on naked upper limbs, shortly after the travellers arrived at their destination. Tetanus status verification, rabies post-exposure prophylaxis and antibiotic therapy were said to be prescribed in most cases. Knowledge about the Monkey B virus was reported as scarce for 38% of the participants. The number of monkey bites managed per year per centre varied greatly but practices regarding infectious risk after monkey bites were generally homogeneous. The risk of Monkey B virus transmission did not readily come to mind in the differential diagnosis of infection risk for many French health professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Gauthier
- Emergency Department, Regional Hospital of Pontarlier, Pontarlier, France
| | | | - Fabienne Bozon
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Department, University Hospital of Besançon, Besancon, France
| | - Quentin Lepiller
- Virology Department, University Hospital of Besançon, Besancon, France.,EA3181, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besancon, France
| | - Catherine Chirouze
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Department, University Hospital of Besançon, Besancon, France
| | - Philippe Marguet
- Emergency Department, Regional Hospital of Pontarlier, Pontarlier, France
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Devaux CA, Mediannikov O, Medkour H, Raoult D. Infectious Disease Risk Across the Growing Human-Non Human Primate Interface: A Review of the Evidence. Front Public Health 2019; 7:305. [PMID: 31828053 PMCID: PMC6849485 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the human pandemics reported to date can be classified as zoonoses. Among these, there is a long history of infectious diseases that have spread from non-human primates (NHP) to humans. For millennia, indigenous groups that depend on wildlife for their survival were exposed to the risk of NHP pathogens' transmission through animal hunting and wild meat consumption. Usually, exposure is of no consequence or is limited to mild infections. In rare situations, it can be more severe or even become a real public health concern. Since the emergence of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), nobody can ignore that an emerging infectious diseases (EID) might spread from NHP into the human population. In large parts of Central Africa and Asia, wildlife remains the primary source of meat and income for millions of people living in rural areas. However, in the past few decades the risk of exposure to an NHP pathogen has taken on a new dimension. Unprecedented breaking down of natural barriers between NHP and humans has increased exposure to health risks for a much larger population, including people living in urban areas. There are several reasons for this: (i) due to road development and massive destruction of ecosystems for agricultural needs, wildlife and humans come into contact more frequently; (ii) due to ecological awareness, many long distance travelers are in search of wildlife discovery, with a particular fascination for African great apes; (iii) due to the attraction for ancient temples and mystical practices, others travelers visit Asian places colonized by NHP. In each case, there is a risk of pathogen transmission through a bite or another route of infection. Beside the individual risk of contracting a pathogen, there is also the possibility of starting a new pandemic. This article reviews the known cases of NHP pathogens' transmission to humans whether they are hunters, travelers, ecotourists, veterinarians, or scientists working on NHP. Although pathogen transmission is supposed to be a rare outcome, Rabies virus, Herpes B virus, Monkeypox virus, Ebola virus, or Yellow fever virus infections are of greater concern and require quick countermeasures from public health professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A. Devaux
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Hacene Medkour
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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Sawaswong V, Fahsbender E, Altan E, Kemthong T, Deng X, Malaivijitnond S, Payungporn S, Delwart E. High Diversity and Novel Enteric Viruses in Fecal Viromes of Healthy Wild and Captive Thai Cynomolgus Macaques ( Macaca fascicularis). Viruses 2019; 11:E971. [PMID: 31652508 PMCID: PMC6832579 DOI: 10.3390/v11100971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cynomolgus macaques are common across South East Asian countries including Thailand. The National Primate Research Center of Thailand, Chulalongkorn University (NPRCT-CU) captures wild-borne cynomolgus macaque for research use. Limited information is available on the enteric viruses and possible zoonotic infections into or from cynomolgus macaques. We characterized and compare the fecal virome of two populations; healthy wild-originated captive cynomolgus macaques (n = 43) reared in NPRCT-CU and healthy wild cynomolgus macaques (n = 35). Over 90% of recognized viral sequence reads amplified from feces were from bacterial viruses. Viruses from seven families of mammalian viruses were also detected (Parvoviridae, Anelloviridae, Picornaviridae, Adenoviridae, Papillomaviridae, Herpesviridae, and Caliciviridae). The genomes of a member of a new picornavirus genus we named Mafapivirus, a primate chapparvovirus, and a circular Rep-encoding single-strand (CRESS) DNA virus were also characterized. Higher abundance of CRESS DNA viruses of unknown tropism and invertebrate-tropic ambidensovirus were detected in wild versus captive macaques likely reflecting dietary differences. Short term rearing in captivity did not have a pronounced effect on the diversity of mammalian viruses of wild cynomolgus macaques. This study is the first report of the fecal virome of cynomolgus macaques, non-human primates frequently used in biomedical research and vaccination studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vorthon Sawaswong
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Elizabeth Fahsbender
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 9413, USA.
| | - Eda Altan
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 9413, USA.
| | - Taratorn Kemthong
- National Primate Research Center-Chulalongkorn University, Saraburi 18110, Thailand.
| | - Xutao Deng
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
| | | | - Sunchai Payungporn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Chulalongkorn University (CUSB), Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Eric Delwart
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 9413, USA.
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Barkati S, Taher HB, Beauchamp E, Yansouni CP, Ward BJ, Libman MD. Decision Tool for Herpes B Virus Antiviral Prophylaxis after Macaque-Related Injuries in Research Laboratory Workers. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:e190045. [PMID: 31441751 PMCID: PMC6711206 DOI: 10.3201/eid2509.190045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Macaque-related injuries among primate workers can lead to a potentially fatal B virus encephalomyelitis. We describe a decision tool for evaluating the need for antiviral postexposure prophylaxis and provide a retrospective review of the injuries assessed in our center after its implementation in 2010. Among the injuries studied (n = 251), 40.6% were categorized as high-risk (prophylaxis recommended), 44.2% moderate-risk (consider prophylaxis), and 15.1% low-risk (prophylaxis not recommended). Ten percent of low-risk and 98% of high-risk injuries received prophylaxis (p<0.001). Compared with using universal postexposure prophylaxis, using a decision tool can lead to a standardization of practice and a reduction in prescriptions for antiviral medication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elizabeth Beauchamp
- McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S. Barkati, C.P. Yansouni, B.J. Ward, M.D. Libman)
- Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman (H.B. Taher)
- Hôpital Pierre-Boucher, Longueuil, Quebec (E. Beauchamp)
| | - Cédric P. Yansouni
- McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S. Barkati, C.P. Yansouni, B.J. Ward, M.D. Libman)
- Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman (H.B. Taher)
- Hôpital Pierre-Boucher, Longueuil, Quebec (E. Beauchamp)
| | - Brian J. Ward
- McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S. Barkati, C.P. Yansouni, B.J. Ward, M.D. Libman)
- Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman (H.B. Taher)
- Hôpital Pierre-Boucher, Longueuil, Quebec (E. Beauchamp)
| | - Michael D. Libman
- McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S. Barkati, C.P. Yansouni, B.J. Ward, M.D. Libman)
- Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman (H.B. Taher)
- Hôpital Pierre-Boucher, Longueuil, Quebec (E. Beauchamp)
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Kennedy M, Sahota A, Wiselka M, van Kampen JJ, Koopmans MP, Tang JW. Managing monkey bites in returning travellers. J Infect 2019; 78:491-503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Vodopija R, Vojvodić D, Sokol K, Racz A, Gregurić Beljak Ž, Baranj N, Mahović J, Ulaga B. MONKEY BITES AND INJURIES IN THE ZAGREB ANTIRABIES CLINIC IN 2014. Acta Clin Croat 2018; 57:593-601. [PMID: 31168195 PMCID: PMC6536286 DOI: 10.20471/acc.2018.57.03.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY – Travelling around the world and visiting distant places and countries (especially national parks, parks of nature, natural resorts, etc.) sometimes may result in animal bites and injuries from the species which are not usually represented as the source of human rabies cases, such as monkeys. In the last ten to fifteen years, monkey bites and injuries present an unpleasant experience and cause a lot of problems for travelers and tourists when travelling to India, Thailand, Indonesia or Bali because they have to seek a medical facility for wound treatment, tetanus prophylaxis, antimicrobial therapy and rabies postexposure prophylaxis (PEP). In 2014, 706 persons were registered at the Zagreb Antirabies Clinic as having sustained bites by various animals, ten of them reported to have been bitten or injured by monkeys. Nine of them sustained injuries during their travel to India, Thailand, Indonesia and Bali. All injuries occurred when they wanted to pet or tried to feed monkeys, or refused to give them food. Most of the monkeys were macaques, capuchins, or of unknown type. Only one monkey bite recorded in the city of Zagreb occurred in the Zagreb ZOO while a professional animal handler was feeding a capuchin monkey in the cage. He did not receive rabies PEP, but instead, the capuchin monkey was put under veterinary supervision. All other patients started with PEP in the countries where the injuries occurred and continued/completed it at the Zagreb Antirabies Clinic. They received antirabies vaccine only (PVRV, RABIPUR) upon 5-dose regimen (Essen scheme) and 2-1-1 (Zagreb scheme) regimen. None of them contracted rabies. After many years, monkeys were the animal species immediately following dogs and cats in the official report of the Zagreb Antirabies Clinic, which was quite surprising. Usually, monkey bites and injuries do not present a serious problem in daily routine because they occur sporadically.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniela Vojvodić
- 1Dr. Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia; 2University of Applied Health Sciences, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kruno Sokol
- 1Dr. Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia; 2University of Applied Health Sciences, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Aleksandar Racz
- 1Dr. Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia; 2University of Applied Health Sciences, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Željka Gregurić Beljak
- 1Dr. Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia; 2University of Applied Health Sciences, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nikolina Baranj
- 1Dr. Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia; 2University of Applied Health Sciences, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasna Mahović
- 1Dr. Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia; 2University of Applied Health Sciences, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Branko Ulaga
- 1Dr. Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia; 2University of Applied Health Sciences, Zagreb, Croatia
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İhmal edilmiş hayvan ısırıklarına bağlı yara iyileşmesi gecikmesi ve yumuşak doku enfeksiyonu: bir olgu sunumu. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.16899/gopctd.414019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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14
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Eberle R, Jones-Engel L. Questioning the Extreme Neurovirulence of Monkey B Virus (Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1). Adv Virol 2018; 2018:5248420. [PMID: 29666644 PMCID: PMC5831965 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5248420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkey B virus (Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1; BV) occurs naturally in macaques of the genus Macaca, which includes rhesus and long-tailed (cynomolgus) monkeys that are widely used in biomedical research. BV is closely related to the human herpes simplex viruses (HSV), and BV infections in its natural macaque host are quite similar to HSV infections in humans. Zoonotic BV is extremely rare, having been diagnosed in only a handful of North American facilities with the last documented case occurring in 1998. However, BV is notorious for its neurovirulence since zoonotic infections are serious, usually involving the central nervous system, and are frequently fatal. Little is known about factors underlying the extreme neurovirulence of BV in humans. Here we review what is actually known about the molecular biology of BV and viral factors affecting its neurovirulence. Based on what is known about related herpesviruses, areas for future research that may elucidate mechanisms underlying the neurovirulence of this intriguing virus are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Eberle
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - L. Jones-Engel
- Department of Anthropology and Center for Studies in Ecology and Demography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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15
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Maréchal L, Levy X, Meints K, Majolo B. Experience-based human perception of facial expressions in Barbary macaques ( Macaca sylvanus). PeerJ 2017; 5:e3413. [PMID: 28584731 PMCID: PMC5457665 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Facial expressions convey key cues of human emotions, and may also be important for interspecies interactions. The universality hypothesis suggests that six basic emotions (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise) should be expressed by similar facial expressions in close phylogenetic species such as humans and nonhuman primates. However, some facial expressions have been shown to differ in meaning between humans and nonhuman primates like macaques. This ambiguity in signalling emotion can lead to an increased risk of aggression and injuries for both humans and animals. This raises serious concerns for activities such as wildlife tourism where humans closely interact with wild animals. Understanding what factors (i.e., experience and type of emotion) affect ability to recognise emotional state of nonhuman primates, based on their facial expressions, can enable us to test the validity of the universality hypothesis, as well as reduce the risk of aggression and potential injuries in wildlife tourism. METHODS The present study investigated whether different levels of experience of Barbary macaques, Macaca sylvanus, affect the ability to correctly assess different facial expressions related to aggressive, distressed, friendly or neutral states, using an online questionnaire. Participants' level of experience was defined as either: (1) naïve: never worked with nonhuman primates and never or rarely encountered live Barbary macaques; (2) exposed: shown pictures of the different Barbary macaques' facial expressions along with the description and the corresponding emotion prior to undertaking the questionnaire; (3) expert: worked with Barbary macaques for at least two months. RESULTS Experience with Barbary macaques was associated with better performance in judging their emotional state. Simple exposure to pictures of macaques' facial expressions improved the ability of inexperienced participants to better discriminate neutral and distressed faces, and a trend was found for aggressive faces. However, these participants, even when previously exposed to pictures, had difficulties in recognising aggressive, distressed and friendly faces above chance level. DISCUSSION These results do not support the universality hypothesis as exposed and naïve participants had difficulties in correctly identifying aggressive, distressed and friendly faces. Exposure to facial expressions improved their correct recognition. In addition, the findings suggest that providing simple exposure to 2D pictures (for example, information signs explaining animals' facial signalling in zoos or animal parks) is not a sufficient educational tool to reduce tourists' misinterpretations of macaque emotion. Additional measures, such as keeping a safe distance between tourists and wild animals, as well as reinforcing learning via videos or supervised visits led by expert guides, could reduce such issues and improve both animal welfare and tourist experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laëtitia Maréchal
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, Lincolnshire, United Kingdom
| | - Xandria Levy
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, Lincolnshire, United Kingdom
| | - Kerstin Meints
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, Lincolnshire, United Kingdom
| | - Bonaventura Majolo
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, Lincolnshire, United Kingdom
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16
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Bharti OK. Human rabies in monkey (Macaca mulatta) bite patients a reality in India now! J Travel Med 2016; 23:taw028. [PMID: 27178163 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taw028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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17
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Bréhin C, Debuisson C, Mansuy JM, Niphuis H, Buitendijk H, Mengelle C, Grouteau E, Claudet I. Keep children away from macaque monkeys! J Travel Med 2016; 23:taw006. [PMID: 26984356 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taw006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
To warn physicians and parents about the risk of macaque bites, we present two pediatric cases (a 4-year-old boy and a 10-year-old girl) of bites sustained while on holiday. The young boy developed febrile dermohypodermitis and was hospitalized for IV antibiotic treatment. He received an initial antirabies vaccine while still in the holiday destination. Except for local wound disinfection and antibiotic ointment, the girl did not receive any specific treatment while abroad. Both were negative for simian herpes PCR. When travelling in countries or cities with endemic simian herpes virus, parents should keep children away from monkeys. Travel agencies, pediatricians and family physicians should better inform families about the zoonotic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Bréhin
- Service d'Accueil des Urgences Pédiatriques, Hôpital des Enfants, CHU Toulouse, France,
| | - Cécile Debuisson
- Service d'Accueil des Urgences Pédiatriques, Hôpital des Enfants, CHU Toulouse, France
| | | | - Henk Niphuis
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Hester Buitendijk
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | | | - Erick Grouteau
- Service d'Accueil des Urgences Pédiatriques, Hôpital des Enfants, CHU Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Claudet
- Service d'Accueil des Urgences Pédiatriques, Hôpital des Enfants, CHU Toulouse, France
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18
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Mani RS, Sundara Raju YG, Ramana PV, Anand AM, Prakash BB. Human rabies following a non-human primate bite in India. J Travel Med 2016; 23:taw007. [PMID: 26988199 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taw007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reeta S Mani
- Department of Neurovirology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Y G Sundara Raju
- Department of Medicine, Andhra Medical College, Visakhapatnam 530017, India
| | - P V Ramana
- Department of Microbiology, Andhra Medical College, Visakhapatnam 530017, India
| | - Ashwini Manoor Anand
- Department of Neurovirology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore 560029, India
| | - B Bhanu Prakash
- Government Hospital for Communicable Diseases, Andhra Medical College, Visakhapatnam 530017, India
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