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Kang J, Durrani MK. Enthalpy-entropy compensation in the effect of preservation solutions on the stability of hepatitis C virus. Transpl Infect Dis 2020; 22:e13281. [PMID: 32227415 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonghoon Kang
- Department of Biology, Valdosta State University, Valdosta, Georgia
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Hepatitis C Contamination of Medication Vials Accessed with Sterile Needles and Syringes. Anesthesiology 2019; 131:305-314. [PMID: 31166244 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000002772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health care-associated hepatitis C virus outbreaks from contaminated medication vials continue to be reported even though most practitioners deny reusing needles or syringes. The hypothesis was that when caring for hepatitis C virus-infected patients, healthcare providers may inadvertently contaminate the medication vial diaphragm and that subsequent access with sterile needles and syringes can transfer hepatitis C virus into the medication, where it remains stable in sufficient quantities to infect subsequent patients. METHODS A parallel-arm lab study (n = 9) was performed in which contamination of medication vials in healthcare settings was simulated using cell culture-derived hepatitis C virus. First, surface-contaminated vials were accessed with sterile needles and syringes, and then hepatitis C virus contamination was assessed in cell culture. Second, after contaminating several medications with hepatitis C virus, viral infectivity over time was assessed. Last, surface-contaminated vial diaphragms were disinfected with 70% isopropyl alcohol to determine whether disinfection of the vial surface was sufficient to eliminate hepatitis C virus infectivity. RESULTS Contamination of medication vials with hepatitis C virus and subsequent access with sterile needles and syringes resulted in contamination of the vial contents in sufficient quantities to initiate an infection in cell culture. Hepatitis C virus remained viable for several days in several commonly used medications. Finally, a single or 2- to 3-s wipe of the vial diaphragm with 70% isopropyl alcohol was not sufficient to eliminate hepatitis C virus infectivity. CONCLUSIONS Hepatitis C virus can be transferred into commonly used medications when using sterile single-use needles and syringes where it remains viable for several days. Furthermore, cleaning the vial diaphragm with 70% isopropyl alcohol is not sufficient to eliminate the risk of hepatitis C virus infectivity. This highlights the potential risks associated with sharing medications between patients.
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Rahman M, Janjua NZ, Shafiq TKI, Chowdhury EI, Sarker MS, Khan SI, Reza M, Faruque MO, Kabir A, Anis AH, Azim T. Hepatitis C virus treatment in people who inject drugs (PWID) in Bangladesh. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2019; 74:69-75. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
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Rahman M, Janjua NZ, Shafiq TKI, Chowdhury EI, Sarker MS, Khan SI, Reza M, Faruque MO, Kabir A, Anis AH, Azim T. Hepatitis C virus treatment in people who inject drugs (PWID) in Bangladesh. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2019; 74:69-75. [PMID: 31542689 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the considerable social marginalization experienced by people who inject drugs (PWID), treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in this population presents unique challenges. This study assessed the feasibility of treating HCV infection with direct-acting antiviral (DAA) medications among PWID receiving harm reduction services from a Drop-in-Center in Dhaka, Bangladesh. METHODS In this prospective study conducted between December 2016 and May 2018, 200 PWID with either recent injecting drug use (i.e., within the previous two months) or a history of injecting drug use and are currently receiving opioid substitution therapy were recruited. Blood was collected to conduct relevant laboratory tests. Eligible PWID who tested positive for HCV RNA (n = 55), were provided daily daclatasvir (60 mg) and sofosbuvir (400 mg) for 12 weeks after which adherence level, sustained virologic response (SVR), and reinfection were assessed. RESULTS At baseline, 40% (n = 79) of the 200 participants recruited to the study tested positive for antibodies to HCV and 34% (n = 68) had detectable HCV RNA in their blood. Of 55 eligible PWID who initiated treatment, 93% (n = 51) completed treatment while 87% (n = 48) were available for follow-up SVR assessment, all of whom achieved SVR. Thus, intent-to-treat SVR was 87% and the modified intent-to-treat SVR was 100% with one reinfection (4•2 cases per 100 person-years). Further, 75% (i.e., 41 out of the 55 participants) were at least 90% adherent to therapy. CONCLUSION Our findings strongly suggest that HCV treatment using sofosbuvir+daclatasvir for PWID enrolled in existing harm reduction programs in Bangladesh is feasible but may require additional interventions such as Opioid Substitution Therapy, intense follow up by outreach workers, and services and counselling provided by full time clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafizur Rahman
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh.
| | - Naveed Zafar Janjua
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada; School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada; CIHR Canadian HIV Trials Network, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Tanveer Khan Ibne Shafiq
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Ezazul Islam Chowdhury
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Md Safiullah Sarker
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Sharful Islam Khan
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Masud Reza
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Aslam H Anis
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada; CIHR Canadian HIV Trials Network, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Tasnim Azim
- James P. Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Nosocomial transmission of hepatitis C virus in a liver transplant center in Hong Kong: implication of reusable blood collection tube holder as the vehicle for transmission. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2018; 39:1170-1177. [PMID: 30156177 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2018.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A liver transplant recipient developed hospital-acquired symptomatic hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 6a infection 14 months post transplant. OBJECTIVE Standard outbreak investigation. METHODS Patient chart review, interviews of patients and staff, observational study of patient care practices, environmental surveillance, blood collection simulation experiments, and phylogenetic study of HCV strains using partial envelope gene sequences (E1-E2) of HCV genotype 6a strains from the suspected source patient, the environment, and the index patient were performed. RESULTS Investigations and data review revealed no further cases of HCV genotype 6a infection in the transplant unit. However, a suspected source with a high HCV load was identified. HCV genotype 6a was found in a contaminated reusable blood-collection tube holder with barely visible blood and was identified as the only shared item posing risk of transmission to the index case patient. Also, 14 episodes of sequential blood collection from the source patient and the index case patient were noted on the computerized time log of the laboratory barcoding system during their 13 days of cohospitalization in the liver transplant ward. Disinfection of the tube holders was not performed after use between patients. Blood collection simulation experiments showed that HCV and technetium isotope contaminating the tip of the sleeve capping the sleeved-needle can reflux back from the vacuum-specimen tube side to the patient side. CONCLUSIONS A reusable blood-collection tube holder without disinfection between patients can cause a nosocomial HCV infection. Single-use disposable tube holders should be used according to the recommendations by Occupational Safety and Health Administration and World Health Organization.
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Pfaender S, Helfritz FA, Siddharta A, Todt D, Behrendt P, Heyden J, Riebesehl N, Willmann W, Steinmann J, Münch J, Ciesek S, Steinmann E. Environmental Stability and Infectivity of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) in Different Human Body Fluids. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:504. [PMID: 29636728 PMCID: PMC5881408 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a hepatotropic, blood-borne virus, but in up to one-third of infections of the transmission route remained unidentified. Viral genome copies of HCV have been identified in several body fluids, however, non-parental transmission upon exposure to contaminated body fluids seems to be rare. Several body fluids, e.g., tears and saliva, are renowned for their antimicrobial and antiviral properties, nevertheless, HCV stability has never been systematically analyzed in those fluids. Methods: We used state of the art infectious HCV cell culture techniques to investigate the stability of HCV in different body fluids to estimate the potential risk of transmission via patient body fluid material. In addition, we mimicked a potential contamination of HCV in tear fluid and analyzed which impact commercially available contact lens solutions might have in such a scenario. Results: We could demonstrate that HCV remains infectious over several days in body fluids like tears, saliva, semen, and cerebrospinal fluid. Only hydrogen-peroxide contact lens solutions were able to efficiently inactivate HCV in a suspension test. Conclusion: These results indicate that HCV, once it is present in various body fluids of infected patients, remains infective and could potentially contribute to transmission upon direct contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Pfaender
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fabian A Helfritz
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Anindya Siddharta
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE-Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infections Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany
| | - Daniel Todt
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE-Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infections Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany.,Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Patrick Behrendt
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE-Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infections Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Julia Heyden
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE-Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infections Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany
| | - Nina Riebesehl
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE-Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infections Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany
| | - Wiebke Willmann
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE-Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infections Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany
| | - Joerg Steinmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Hygiene, Medical Microbiology and Clinical Infectiology, Paracelsus Medical Private University, Nürnberg Hospital, Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Jan Münch
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sandra Ciesek
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE-Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infections Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany.,Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Shawky SM, Awad AM, Allam W, Alkordi MH, El-Khamisy SF. Gold aggregating gold: A novel nanoparticle biosensor approach for the direct quantification of hepatitis C virus RNA in clinical samples. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 92:349-356. [PMID: 27836599 PMCID: PMC5345390 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The affordable and reliable detection of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) RNA is a cornerstone in the management and control of infection, affecting approximately 3% of the global population. However, the existing technologies are expensive, labor intensive and time consuming, posing significant limitations to their wide-scale exploitation, particularly in economically deprived populations. Here, we utilized the unique optical and physicochemical properties of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to develop a novel assay platform shown to be rapid and robust in sensing and quantifying unamplified HCV RNA in clinical samples. The assay is based on inducing aggregation of citrate AuNPs decorated with a specific nucleic acid probe. Two types of cationic AuNPs, cysteamine and CTAB capped, were compared to achieve maximum assay performance. The technology is simple, rapid, cost effective and quantitative with 93.3% sensitivity, high specificity and detection limit of 4.57IU/µl. Finally, our data suggest that RNA folding impact the aggregation behavior of the functionalized AuNPs, with broader applications in other nucleic acid detection technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif M Shawky
- Center of Genomics, Helmy institute, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Sheikh Zayed Dist., 12588 Giza, Egypt; Krebs Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK; Misr University for Science and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Biochemistry Department, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Awad
- Center of Genomics, Helmy institute, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Sheikh Zayed Dist., 12588 Giza, Egypt
| | - Walaa Allam
- Center of Genomics, Helmy institute, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Sheikh Zayed Dist., 12588 Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed H Alkordi
- Center for Materials Science, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Sheikh Zayed Dist., 12588 Giza, Egypt
| | - Sherif F El-Khamisy
- Center of Genomics, Helmy institute, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Sheikh Zayed Dist., 12588 Giza, Egypt; Krebs Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
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Bernal-Soriano MC, Gimeno A, Sánchez-Paya J, Portilla J. [Influence of sample conservation on quantification of Hepatitis C Virus RNA]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2016; 34:689-690. [PMID: 26847857 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adelina Gimeno
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, España
| | - Jose Sánchez-Paya
- Servicio de Medicina Preventiva, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, España; Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Alicante, España
| | - Joaquín Portilla
- Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Alicante, España; Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, España
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9
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Binka M, Paintsil E, Patel A, Lindenbach BD, Heimer R. Survival of Hepatitis C Virus in Syringes Is Dependent on the Design of the Syringe-Needle and Dead Space Volume. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139737. [PMID: 26536599 PMCID: PMC4633215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many people who inject drugs (PWID) use syringes with detachable needles, which have high dead space (HDS). Contaminated HDS blood may substantially contribute to the transmission of HIV, hepatitis C (HCV), and other blood-borne viruses within this population. Newly designed low dead space (LDS) syringe-needle combinations seek to reduce blood-borne virus transmission among PWID. We evaluated the infectivity of HCV-contaminated residual volumes recovered from two LDS syringe-needle combinations. Methods We tested two different design approaches to reducing the dead space. One added a piston to the plunger; the other reduced the dead space within the needle. The two approaches cannot be combined. Recovery of genotype-2a reporter HCV from LDS syringe-needle combinations was compared to recovery from insulin syringes with fixed needles and standard HDS syringe-needle combinations. Recovery of HCV from syringes was determined immediately following their contamination with HCV-spiked plasma, after storage at 22°C for up to 1 week, or after rinsing with water. Results Insulin syringes with fixed needles had the lowest proportion of HCV-positive syringes before and after storage. HCV recovery after immediate use ranged from 47%±4% HCV-positive 1 mL insulin syringes with 27-gauge ½ inch needles to 98%±1% HCV-positive HDS 2 mL syringes with 23-gauge 1¼ inch detachable needles. LDS combinations yielded recoveries ranging from 65%±5% to 93%±3%. Recovery was lower in combinations containing LDS needles than LDS syringes. After 3 days of storage, as much as 6-fold differences in virus recovery was observed, with HCV recovery being lower in combinations containing LDS needles. Most combinations with detachable needles required multiple rinses to reduce HCV infectivity to undetectable levels whereas a single rinse of insulin syringes was sufficient. Conclusions Our study, the first to assess the infectivity of HCV in residual volumes of LDS syringes and needles available to PWID, demonstrates that LDS syringe-needle combination still has the greater potential for HCV transmission than insulin syringes with fixed needles. Improved LDS designs may be able to further reduce HCV recovery, but based on the designed tested, LDS needles and syringes remain intermediate between fixed-needle syringes and HDS combinations in reducing exposure to HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mawuena Binka
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Elijah Paintsil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Departments of Pediatrics & Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Amisha Patel
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Brett D. Lindenbach
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Robert Heimer
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Vercauteren K, de Jong YP, Meuleman P. Animal models for the study of HCV. Curr Opin Virol 2015; 13:67-74. [PMID: 26304554 PMCID: PMC4549803 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The development and evaluation of effective therapies and vaccines for the hepatitis C virus (HCV) and the study of its interactions with the mammalian host have been hindered for a long time by the absence of suitable small animal models. Immune compromised mouse models that recapitulate the complete HCV life cycle have been useful to investigate many aspects of the HCV life cycle including antiviral interventions. However, HCV has a high propensity to establish persistence and associated histopathological manifestations such as steatosis, fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Better understanding of these processes requires the development of a permissive and fully immunocompetent small animal model. In this review we summarize the in vivo models that are available for the study of HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Vercauteren
- Center for Vaccinology, Dept. of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, USA
| | - Ype P de Jong
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA; Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, USA
| | - Philip Meuleman
- Center for Vaccinology, Dept. of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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11
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Binka M, Paintsil E, Patel A, Lindenbach BD, Heimer R. Disinfection of syringes contaminated with hepatitis C virus by rinsing with household products. Open Forum Infect Dis 2015; 2:ofv017. [PMID: 26034767 PMCID: PMC4438897 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofv017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PWID “disinfect” used syringes with readily available household products when new syringes are inaccessible. Household products tested were more effective in fixed-needle syringes (low residual volume) than in syringes with detachable-needles (high residual volume). Bleach was the most effective disinfectant. Background. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission among people who inject drugs (PWID) is associated with the sharing of injection paraphernalia. People who inject drugs often “disinfect” used syringes with household products when new syringes are unavailable. We assessed the effectiveness of these products in disinfecting HCV-contaminated syringes. Methods. A genotype-2a reporter virus assay was used to assess HCV infectivity in syringes postrinsing. Hepatitis C virus-contaminated 1 mL insulin syringes with fixed needles and 1 mL tuberculin syringes with detachable needles were rinsed with water, Clorox bleach, hydrogen peroxide, ethanol, isopropanol, Lysol, or Dawn Ultra at different concentrations. Syringes were either immediately tested for viable virus or stored at 4°C, 22°C, and 37°C for up to 21 days before viral infectivity was determined. Results. Most products tested reduced HCV infectivity to undetectable levels in insulin syringes. Bleach eliminated HCV infectivity in both syringes. Other disinfectants produced virus recovery ranging from high (5% ethanol, 77% ± 12% HCV-positive syringes) to low (1:800 Dawn Ultra, 7% ± 7% positive syringes) in tuberculin syringes. Conclusions. Household disinfectants tested were more effective in fixed-needle syringes (low residual volume) than in syringes with detachable needles (high residual volume). Bleach was the most effective disinfectant after 1 rinse, whereas other diluted household products required multiple rinses to eliminate HCV. Rinsing with water, 5% ethanol (as in beer), and 20% ethanol (as in fortified wine) was ineffective and should be avoided. Our data suggest that rinsing of syringes with household disinfectants may be an effective tool in preventing HCV transmission in PWID when done properly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mawuena Binka
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases , Yale School of Public Health , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Elijah Paintsil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases , Yale School of Public Health , New Haven, Connecticut ; Departments of Pediatrics ; Pharmacology
| | - Amisha Patel
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases , Yale School of Public Health , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Brett D Lindenbach
- Microbial Pathogenesis , Yale School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Robert Heimer
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases , Yale School of Public Health , New Haven, Connecticut
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12
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Abstract
Virus inactivation by chemical disinfectants is an important instrument for infection control in medical settings, but the mechanisms involved are poorly understood. In this study, we systematically investigated the effects of several antiviral treatments on hepatitis C virus (HCV) particles as model for enveloped viruses. Studies were performed with authentic cell culture-derived viruses, and the influence of chemical disinfectants, heat, and UV treatment on HCV was analyzed by the determination of infectious particles in a limiting-dilution assay, by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, by core enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and by proteolytic protection assay. All different inactivation methods resulted in a loss of HCV infectivity by targeting different parts of the virus particle. Alcohols such as ethanol and 2-propanol did not affect the viral RNA genome integrity but disrupted the viral envelope membrane in a capsid protection assay. Heat and UV treatment of HCV particles resulted in direct damage of the viral genome since transfection of viral particle-associated RNA into permissive cells did not initiate RNA replication. In addition, heat incubation at 80°C disrupted the HCV envelope, rendering the viral capsid susceptible to proteolytic digest. This study demonstrated the molecular processes of viral inactivation of an enveloped virus and should facilitate the development of effective disinfection strategies in infection control not only against HCV but also against other enveloped viruses.
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Vercauteren K, de Jong YP, Meuleman P. HCV animal models and liver disease. J Hepatol 2014; 61:S26-33. [PMID: 25443343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The development and evaluation of effective therapies and vaccines for the hepatitis C virus (HCV) and the study of its interactions with the mammalian host have been hindered for a long time by the absence of suitable small animal models. Due to the narrow host tropism of HCV, the development of mice that can be robustly engrafted with human hepatocytes was a major breakthrough since they recapitulate the complete HCV life cycle. This model has been useful to investigate many aspects of the HCV life cycle, including antiviral interventions. However, studies of cellular immunity, immunopathogenesis and resulting liver diseases have been hampered by the lack of a small animal model with a functional immune system. In this review, we summarize the evolution of in vivo models for the study of HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Vercauteren
- Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Ype P de Jong
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA; Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, USA
| | - Philip Meuleman
- Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium.
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Esmaeilzadeh A, Erfanmanesh M, Ghasemi S, Mohammadi F. Serological assay and genotyping of hepatitis C virus in infected patients in zanjan province. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2014; 14:e17323. [PMID: 25368655 PMCID: PMC4214121 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.17323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), a public health problem, is an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus and a member of the Hepacivirus genus of the Flaviviridae family. Liver cancer, cirrhosis, and end-stage liver are the outcomes of chronic infection with HCV. HCV isolates show significant heterogeneity in genetics around the world. Therefore, determining HCV genotypes is a vital step in determining prognosis and planning therapeutic strategies. OBJECTIVES As distribution of HCV genotypes is different in various geographical regions and HCV genotyping of patients has not been investigated in Zanjan City, this study was designed for the first time, to determine HCV genotypes in the region and to promote the impact of the treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Serum samples of 136 patients were collected and analyzed for anti-HCV antibodies using ELISA (The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) method. Then, positive samples were exposed to RT-PCR, which was performed under standard condition. Afterwards, they investigated for genotyping using allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR), and HCV genotype 2.0 line probe assay (LiPA). RESULTS Samples indicated 216 bp bands on 2% agarose gel. Analyses of the results demonstrated that the most dominant subtype was 3a with frequency of 38.26% in Zanjan Province followed by subtypes of 1b, 1a, 2, and 4 with frequencies of 25.73%, 22.05%, 5.14%, and 4.41%, respectively. The frequency of unknown HCV genotypes was 4.41%. CONCLUSIONS According to the results, it was found that HCV high prevalent genotype in Zanjan is subtype 3a. Analysis of the results provides identification of certain HCV genotypes, and these valuable findings could affect the type and duration of the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolreza Esmaeilzadeh
- Department of Immunolory, Faculty of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, IR Iran
- Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Abdolreza Esmaeilzadeh, Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Mahdavi Blvd., Zanjan, IR Iran. Tel: +98-2433440301, Fax: +98-2433449553, E-mail:
| | - Maryam Erfanmanesh
- Young Researchers Club, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, IR Iran
| | - Sousan Ghasemi
- Medical Laboratory, Shaheed Beheshti General Hospital, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, IR Iran
| | - Farzaneh Mohammadi
- Department of Immunolory, Faculty of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, IR Iran
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15
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Martin-Benlloch X, Elhabiri M, Lanfranchi DA, Davioud-Charvet E. A Practical and Economical High-Yielding, Six-Step Sequence Synthesis of a Flavone: Application to the Multigram-Scale Synthesis of Ladanein. Org Process Res Dev 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/op4003642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Martin-Benlloch
- Laboratory of Bioorganic
and Medicinal Chemistry, UMR7509 CNRS-University of Strasbourg, European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM), 25 Rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Mourad Elhabiri
- Laboratory of Bioorganic
and Medicinal Chemistry, UMR7509 CNRS-University of Strasbourg, European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM), 25 Rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Don Antoine Lanfranchi
- Laboratory of Bioorganic
and Medicinal Chemistry, UMR7509 CNRS-University of Strasbourg, European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM), 25 Rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Elisabeth Davioud-Charvet
- Laboratory of Bioorganic
and Medicinal Chemistry, UMR7509 CNRS-University of Strasbourg, European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM), 25 Rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France
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16
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Paintsil E, Binka M, Patel A, Lindenbach BD, Heimer R. Hepatitis C virus maintains infectivity for weeks after drying on inanimate surfaces at room temperature: implications for risks of transmission. J Infect Dis 2013; 209:1205-11. [PMID: 24273176 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthcare workers may come into contact with fomites that contain infectious hepatitis C virus (HCV) during preparation of plasma or following placement or removal of venous lines. Similarly, injection drugs users may come into contact with fomites. Hypothesizing that prolonged viability of HCV in fomites may contribute significantly to incidence, we determined the longevity of virus infectivity and the effectiveness of antiseptics. METHODS We determined the volume of drops misplaced during transfer of serum or plasma. Aliquots equivalent to the maximum drop volume of plasma spiked with the 2a HCV reporter virus were loaded into 24-well plates. Plates were stored uncovered at 3 temperatures: 4°C, 22°C, and 37°C for up to 6 weeks before viral infectivity was determined in a microculture assay. RESULTS The mean volume of an accidental drop was 29 µL (min-max of 20-33 µL). At storage temperatures 4°C and 22°C, we recovered viable HCV from the low-titer spots for up to 6 weeks of storage. The rank order of HCV virucidal activity of commonly used antiseptics was bleach (1:10) > cavicide (1:10) > ethanol (70%). CONCLUSIONS The hypothesis of potential transmission from fomites was supported by the experimental results. The anti-HCV activity of commercial antiseptics varied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah Paintsil
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine
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