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Younossi ZM, Wong G, Anstee QM, Henry L. The Global Burden of Liver Disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 21:1978-1991. [PMID: 37121527 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2023.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Chronic liver disease (CLD) and its associated complications (cirrhosis and liver cancer) cause significant mortality, morbidity, and economic burden. Published data from the World Health Organization and/or the Global Burden of Disease show that the burden of CLD is large and increasing, primarily owing to the increasing burden of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and alcohol-related liver disease (ALD). Middle Eastern, Northern African, and Asian regions of the globe are most affected by hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus. Furthermore, Middle Eastern and North African regions also are affected by nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and Eastern European, West African, and Central Asian regions are affected by ALD. In this context, the rate of increase for cirrhosis is highest in the Middle East, as well as in middle high and high sociodemographic index (SDI) regions. On the other hand, the highest SDI countries are experiencing increasing rates of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Assessing HCC burden based on country and etiology shows that China, Korea, India, Japan, and Thailand have the highest hepatitis B virus-related HCC cases, while China, Japan, and the United States have the highest hepatitis C virus-related HCC cases. Additionally, the United States has the highest ALD-related HCC cases, while India, the United States, and Thailand have the highest nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-related HCC cases. Although the burden of CLD is increasing globally, regions of the world are impacted differently as a result of a number of sociodemographic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zobair M Younossi
- Betty and Guy Beatty Center for Integrated Research, Inova Health System, Falls Church, Virginia; Center for Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church, Virginia; Inova Medicine, Inova Health System, Falls Church, Virginia.
| | - Grace Wong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Quentin M Anstee
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Newcastle National Institute Health and Care Research Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Linda Henry
- Betty and Guy Beatty Center for Integrated Research, Inova Health System, Falls Church, Virginia; Inova Medicine, Inova Health System, Falls Church, Virginia; Center for Outcomes Research in Liver Disease, Washington, District of Columbia
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Nevola R, Rinaldi L, Zeni L, Romano C, Marrone A, Galiero R, Pafundi PC, Acierno C, Vetrano E, Adinolfi LE. Changes in clinical scenarios, management, and perspectives of patients with chronic hepatitis C after viral clearance by direct-acting antivirals. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 15:643-656. [PMID: 33445990 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2021.1877136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes a systemic infection inducing hepatic and extrahepatic diseases. These latter involve cardiovascular system, kidney, brain, endocrine, glucose, and lipid metabolism, and the immune system. HCV infection is associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality for both hepatic and extrahepatic events. Direct-acting antivirals (DAA), introduced in the most recent years for HCV treatment, are effective in up to 99% of cases and have changed the clinical scenarios and management of these patients. AREAS COVERED The literature on the impact of HCV clearance by DAA on both hepatic and extrahepatic disease outcomes has been analyzed and discussed in this review in order to summarize the full therapeutic potential and its weaknesses. EXPERT OPINION Patients achieving HCV clearance have improved hepatic and extrahepatic diseases, quality of life and survival. They have lower incidence of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, kidney damage, and immuno-mediated manifestations. However, the improvements are related to the degree of pre-treatment organ damage. Therefore, a significant percentage of patients with advanced disease remains at risk of morbidity and mortality and must be monitored in the post-treatment. In addition, data emphasize the importance of starting treatment during the early stages of HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Nevola
- Internal Medicine, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgery Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Rinaldi
- Internal Medicine, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgery Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Letizia Zeni
- Internal Medicine, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgery Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Ciro Romano
- Internal Medicine, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgery Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Aldo Marrone
- Internal Medicine, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgery Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Galiero
- Internal Medicine, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgery Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Pia Clara Pafundi
- Internal Medicine, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgery Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Acierno
- Internal Medicine, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgery Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Erica Vetrano
- Internal Medicine, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgery Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Elio Adinolfi
- Internal Medicine, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgery Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
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Vergara M, Miquel M, Vela E, Cleries M, Pontes C, Prat A, Rué M. Use of healthcare resources and drug expenditure before and after treatment of chronic hepatitis C with direct antiviral agents. J Viral Hepat 2021; 28:728-738. [PMID: 33555102 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyse the impact of treating chronic hepatitis C (CHC) with direct-acting agents (DAA) on the use of healthcare resources. We included all patients treated with DAA for CHC from January 2015 to December 2017 in Catalonia whose medical records from 12 months before to 24 months after treatment were available. Data were obtained from the Catalan Health Surveillance System. A total of 12,199 patients in Catalonia were treated with DAA for CHC. Of these, 11.3% had no-minimal fibrosis (F0-F1), 24.0% had moderate fibrosis (F2), 50.3% had significant fibrosis or cirrhosis (F3-F4), and 14.4% had decompensated cirrhosis. Use of healthcare resources decreased from the pre-treatment period to the post-treatment period for the following: hospital admissions due to complications of cirrhosis, from 0.19 to 0.12 per month per 100 patients (RR 0.57; 95% CI 0.47-0.68); length of hospital stay, from 12.9 to 12.2 days (RR 0.93; 95% CI 0.91-0.94); outpatient visits, from 65.0 to 49.2 (RR 0.75; 95% CI 0.74-0.75); and number of medication containers per patient per month, from 13.9 to 12.5 (RR 0.837; 95% CI 0.835-0.838). However, the number of invoices for antineoplastic treatment increased after DAA treatment, especially for patients with high morbidity or advanced fibrosis stage. In conclusion, a decrease in health resource use was seen in CHC patients treated with DAA, as measured by length of hospital stay, number of admissions due to cirrhosis complications, outpatient visits and overall drug invoicing. However, use of antineoplastic drugs increased significantly, especially in patients with cirrhosis and high morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Vergara
- Unitat d'Hepatologia, Servei d'Aparell Digestiu, Parc Taulí Sabadell Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació I3PT, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mireia Miquel
- Unitat d'Hepatologia, Servei d'Aparell Digestiu, Parc Taulí Sabadell Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació I3PT, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emili Vela
- Unitat d'informació i Coneixement, Servei Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Cleries
- Unitat d'informació i Coneixement, Servei Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Caridad Pontes
- Gerència del Medicament, Àrea Assistencial, Servei Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Farmacologia, de Terapèutica i de Toxicologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Prat
- Gerència del Medicament, Àrea Assistencial, Servei Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montse Rué
- Basic Medical Sciences Department, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
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Paik JM, Golabi P, Younossi Y, Mishra A, Younossi ZM. Changes in the Global Burden of Chronic Liver Diseases From 2012 to 2017: The Growing Impact of NAFLD. Hepatology 2020; 72:1605-1616. [PMID: 32043613 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 444] [Impact Index Per Article: 111.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) are main causes of chronic liver disease. We assessed the global incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) related to chronic liver disease (primary liver cancer [LC] and cirrhosis). APPROACH AND RESULTS We obtained data from the 2017 Global Burden of Disease study. In 2017, there were 2.14 million liver-related deaths (2.06-2.30 million), representing an 11.4% increase since 2012 (16.0% increase in LC deaths; 8.7% increase in cirrhosis deaths). LC and cirrhosis accounted for 38.3% and 61.7%, respectively, of liver deaths (LC and cirrhosis deaths were related to HBV [39% and 29%], HCV [29% and 26%], ALD [16% and 25%], and NAFLD [8% and 9%]). Between 2012 and 2017, age-standardized incidence rate, age-standardized death rate (ASDR), and age-standardized DALY rate increased for LC from 11.1 to 11.8, 10.1 to 10.2, and 250.4 to 253.6 per 100,000, respectively. Although age-standardized incidence rate for cirrhosis increased from 66.0 to 66.3, ASDR and age-standardized DALY rate decreased from 17.1 to 16.5 and 532.9 to 510.7, respectively. The largest increase in ASDR for LC occurred in Eastern Europe (annual percent change [APC] = 2.18% [0.89%-3.49%]), whereas the largest decrease occurred in high-income Asia Pacific (APC = -2.88% [-3.58 to -2.18%]). ASDR for LC-NAFLD and ALD increased annually by 1.42% (1.00%-1.83%) and 0.53% (0.08-0.89), respectively, whereas there were no increases for HBV (P = 0.224) and HCV (P = 0.054). ASDR for cirrhosis-NAFLD increased (APC = 0.29% [0.01%-0.59%]) but decreased for ALD (APC = -0.44% [-0.78% to -0.40%]), HCV (APC = -0.50% [-0.81% to -0.18%]), and HBV (APC = -1.43% [-1.71% to -0.40%]). CONCLUSIONS From 2012 to 2017, the global burden of LC and cirrhosis has increased. Viral hepatitis remains the most common cause of liver deaths, and NAFLD is the most rapidly growing contributor to liver mortality and morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Paik
- Betty and Guy Beatty Center for Integrated Research, Inova Health System, Falls Church, VA, United States
| | - Pegah Golabi
- Betty and Guy Beatty Center for Integrated Research, Inova Health System, Falls Church, VA, United States
| | - Youssef Younossi
- Center for Outcomes Research in Liver Diseases, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Alita Mishra
- Center for Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church, VA
| | - Zobair M Younossi
- Betty and Guy Beatty Center for Integrated Research, Inova Health System, Falls Church, VA, United States
- Center for Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church, VA
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Kim DY, Wong G, Lee J, Kim MH, Smith N, Blissett R, Kim HJ. Cost-effectiveness of increased screening and treatment of chronic hepatitis C in Korea. Curr Med Res Opin 2020; 36:993-1002. [PMID: 32295431 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2020.1756232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Given a hepatitis C virus (HCV) elimination goal by 2030, World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines recommend scaling up HCV screening and treatment with highly-effective direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). This study investigated the cost-effectiveness of various screening and treatment strategies for chronic HCV patients in South Korea in patients aged over 40 as compared to currently screening only high-risk patients.Methods: A published Markov disease progression model was used with a screening/treatment decision-tree to model different screening and treatment strategies for Korean HCV patients (aged over 40) from a national payer perspective over a lifetime time horizon. The screening strategies included "screen-all" (upfront only: "once"; or upfront and age 65: "twice") or a "high-risk only" screening strategy followed by treatment. Treatment strategies included either ledipasvir/sofosbuvir (LDV/SOF), SOF + ribavirin (SOF + RBV; in GT2 only), or glecaprevir/pibrentasvir (GLE/PIB). Model inputs were sourced from published literature and costing databases and validated by Korean hepatologists.Results: Regardless of treatment strategy, a "screen all twice" scenario led to the lowest rates of advanced liver disease events compared to "screen all once" and "high-risk only" screening scenarios. In this screening scenario, treatment with LDV/SOF for GT1/2 dominates (i.e. is more effective and less4costly) LDV/SOF in GT1 and SOF + RBV in GT2, while GLE/PIB is not cost-effective relative to LDV/SOF (₩105,124,920/QALY) at a willingness-to-pay threshold of 1xGDP per capita.Conclusion: Screening all South Korean patients twice followed by LDV/SOF treatment is cost-effective as compared current high-risk screening. Adopting this strategy can help achieve WHO HCV elimination goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Young Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Janet Lee
- Gilead Sciences Inc, Foster City, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Hyung Joon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
Hepatitis C virus is a global public health threat, affecting 71 million people worldwide. Increasing recognition of the impact of this epidemic and recent advances in biomedical and technical approaches to hepatitis C prevention and cure have provided impetus for the World Health Organization (WHO) to call for global elimination of hepatitis C as a public health threat by 2030. This work reviews the feasibility of hepatitis C elimination and pathways to overcome existing and potential future barriers to elimination. Drawing on cost-effectiveness modeling and providing examples of successful implementation efforts across the globe, we highlight the resources and strategies needed to achieve hepatitis C elimination. A timely, multipronged response is required if the 2030 WHO elimination targets are to be achieved. Importantly, achieving hepatitis C elimination will also benefit the community well beyond 2030.
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Runge M, Krensel M, Westermann C, Bindl D, Nagels K, Augustin M, Nienhaus A. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Direct-Acting Antiviral Agents for Occupational Hepatitis C Infections in Germany. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E440. [PMID: 31936470 PMCID: PMC7013637 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17020440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Around 1% of the world's population is infected with hepatitis C. The introduction of new direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) in 2014 has substantially improved hepatitis C treatment outcomes. Our objective was to evaluate the long-term cost effectiveness of DAAs in health care personnel (HP) with confirmed occupational diseases in Germany. A standardised database from a German statutory accident insurance was used to analyse the cost-effectiveness ratio for the DAA regimen in comparison with interferon-based triple therapies. Taking account of the clinical progression of the disease, a Markov model was applied to perform a base case analysis for a period of 20 years. The robustness of the results was determined using a univariate deterministic sensitivity analysis. The results show that treatment with DAAs is more expensive, but also more effective than triple therapies. The model also revealed that the loss of 3.23 life years can be averted per patient over the 20 years. Compared to triple therapies, DAA treatment leads to a higher sustained virologic response (SVR). Although this results in a decrease of costs in the long term, e.g., pension payments, DAA therapy will cause greater expense in the future due to the high costs of the drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Runge
- Competence Centre for Epidemiology and Health Services Research for Healthcare Professionals (CVcare), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (M.R.); (A.N.)
| | - Magdalene Krensel
- Institute for Health Services Research in Dermatology and Nursing (IVDP), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (M.K.); (M.A.)
| | - Claudia Westermann
- Competence Centre for Epidemiology and Health Services Research for Healthcare Professionals (CVcare), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (M.R.); (A.N.)
| | - Dominik Bindl
- Chair of Healthcare Management and Health Services Research, University of Bayreuth, 95445 Bayreuth, Germany; (D.B.); (K.N.)
| | - Klaus Nagels
- Chair of Healthcare Management and Health Services Research, University of Bayreuth, 95445 Bayreuth, Germany; (D.B.); (K.N.)
| | - Matthias Augustin
- Institute for Health Services Research in Dermatology and Nursing (IVDP), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (M.K.); (M.A.)
| | - Albert Nienhaus
- Competence Centre for Epidemiology and Health Services Research for Healthcare Professionals (CVcare), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (M.R.); (A.N.)
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Hazardous Substances and Public Health, Institution for Statutory Accident Insurance and Prevention in the Health and Welfare Services (BGW), 22089 Hamburg, Germany
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A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Glecaprevir/Pibrentasvir Versus Existing Direct-Acting Antivirals to Treat Chronic Hepatitis C in Japan. Adv Ther 2020; 37:457-476. [PMID: 31808054 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-019-01166-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objective of the study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of glecaprevir/pibrentasvir versus other direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) for treating chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections in Japan. METHODS We developed a health state transition model to capture the natural history of HCV. A cost-effectiveness analysis of DAAs from the perspective of a public healthcare payer in Japan with a lifetime horizon over annual cycles was performed. Treatment attributes, baseline demographics, transition probabilities, health-state utilities, and costs data were extracted from publications. Costs and outcomes were discounted at 2% per annum. In the base case we focused on genotype 1 (GT1) treatment-naïve patients without cirrhosis. The scenario analysis examined a pan-genotype treatment in GT1-3 (i.e., portfolio), treatment-naïve, and treatment-experienced patients. The portfolio cost-effectiveness of DAAs was derived by calculating a weighted average of patient segments defined by treatment history, cirrhosis status, and genotype. RESULTS The base case results indicated that glecaprevir/pibrentasvir was dominant (i.e., generating higher quality-adjusted life years [QALYs] and lower lifetime costs) compared to all other DAAs. The predicted lifetime risk of hepatocellular carcinoma was 3.66% for glecaprevir/pibrentasvir and sofosbuvir/ledipasvir, 4.99% for elbasvir/grazoprevir, and 5.27% for daclatasvir/asunaprevir/beclabuvir. In scenario analysis the glecaprevir/pibrentasvir (GLE/PIB) portfolio dominated the sofosbuvir (SOF)-based portfolio (namely sofosbuvir/ledipasvir in GT1-2 and sofosbuvir + ribavirin in GT3). The base case probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA) showed that glecaprevir/pibrentasvir was cost-effective in 93.4% of the simulations for a willingness-to-pay/QALY range of Japanese yen (JPY) 1.6-20 million. The PSA for the portfolio scenario indicated that the GLE/PIB portfolio was cost-effective in 100% of simulations until the willingness-to-pay/QALY reached JPY 5.2 million; this proportion decreased to 69.4% at a willingness-to-pay/QALY of JPY 20 million. Results were also robust in deterministic sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSION In GT1 treatment-naïve non-cirrhotic patients GLE/PIB was a cost-effective strategy compared to other DAAs. When a pan-genotypic framework was used, the GLE/PIB portfolio dominated the SOF-based portfolio.
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Abstract
Liver cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality around the world. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the primary cancer of the liver, accounting for the majority of liver cancers. The risk factors associated with HCC include chronic infections with HBV and HCV, alcoholic liver disease, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Additionally, male patients have higher risk for than females, and the risk increases with older age. Mortality rates for HCC parallel its increasing incidence rates. In this context, incidence rate for HCC shows geographic variations in different parts of the world and is heavily affected by regional differences in risk factor for liver disease. The highest incidence rates for HCC are observed in Asia and Africa, while Europe and North America have lower rates. In fact, HBV is still regarded as the leading cause of HCC globally, while HCV is the most common cause of HCC in the USA. Recently, it has been suggested that HCC cases related to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is on the rise, while the proportion of HCC attributed to alcoholic liver disease remains stable.
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Gountas I, Sypsa V, Papatheodoridis G, Souliotis K, Athanasakis K, Razavi H, Hatzakis A. Economic evaluation of the hepatitis C elimination strategy in Greece in the era of affordable direct-acting antivirals. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:1327-1340. [PMID: 30918426 PMCID: PMC6429341 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i11.1327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading cause of worldwide liver-related morbidity and mortality. The World Health Organization released an integrated strategy targeting HCV-elimination by 2030. This study aims to estimate the required interventions to achieve elimination using updated information for direct-acting antiviral (DAA) treatment coverage, to compute the total costs (including indirect/societal costs) of the strategy and to identify whether the elimination strategy is cost-effective/cost-saving in Greece.
AIM To estimate the required interventions and subsequent costs to achieve HCV elimination in Greece.
METHODS A previously validated mathematical model was adapted to the Greek HCV-infected population to compare the outcomes of DAA treatment without the additional implementation of awareness or screening campaigns versus an HCV elimination strategy, which includes a sufficient number of treated patients. We estimated the total costs (direct and indirect costs), the disability-adjusted life years and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio using two different price scenarios.
RESULTS Without the implementation of awareness or screening campaigns, approximately 20000 patients would be diagnosed and treated with DAAs by 2030. This strategy would result in a 19.6% increase in HCV-related mortality in 2030 compared to 2015. To achieve the elimination goal, 90000 patients need to be treated by 2030. Under the elimination scenario, viremic cases would decrease by 78.8% in 2030 compared to 2015. The cumulative direct costs to eliminate the disease would range from 2.1-2.3 billion euros (€) by 2030, while the indirect costs would be €1.1 billion. The total elimination cost in Greece would range from €3.2-3.4 billion by 2030. The cost per averted disability-adjusted life year is estimated between €10100 and €13380, indicating that the elimination strategy is very cost-effective. Furthermore, HCV elimination strategy would save €560-895 million by 2035.
CONCLUSION Without large screening programs, elimination of HCV cannot be achieved. The HCV elimination strategy is feasible and cost-saving despite the uncertainty of the future cost of DAAs in Greece.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Gountas
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
- Hellenic Scientific Society for the Study of AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Vana Sypsa
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - George Papatheodoridis
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Kyriakos Souliotis
- Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Korinthos 20100, Greece
| | - Kostas Athanasakis
- Department of Health Economics, National School of Public Health, Athens 11521, Greece
| | - Homie Razavi
- Center for Disease Analysis, Lafayette, CO 80026, United States
| | - Angelos Hatzakis
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
- Hellenic Scientific Society for the Study of AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Athens 11527, Greece
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Park H, Wang W, Henry L, Nelson DR. Impact of All-Oral Direct-Acting Antivirals on Clinical and Economic Outcomes in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis C in the United States. Hepatology 2019; 69:1032-1045. [PMID: 30289989 PMCID: PMC6393174 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Approved treatment for hepatitis C virus (HCV) with all-oral direct-acting antivirals (DAA) therapy is now entering into its fourth year; however, little has been reported on the real-world clinical (decompensated cirrhosis [DCC] and hepatocellular carcinoma [HCC]) and economic outcomes. A retrospective cohort analysis of the Truven Health MarketScan Database (2012-2016) was conducted. In a cohort of 26,105 patients with newly diagnosed HCV, 30% received all-oral DAA therapy (DAA group) and 70% were not treated (untreated group). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare the risk of developing HCC and DCC, stratified by cirrhosis status. Among patients with cirrhosis (n = 2157), DAA therapy was associated with a 72% and a 62% lower incidence of HCC (hazard ratio [HR], 0.28; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.15-0.52) and DCC (HR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.26-0.56). Similarly, DAA therapy was associated with a 57% and a 58% lower incidence of HCC (HR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.26-0.71) and DCC (HR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.30-0.58) in patients with noncirrhotic HCV (n = 23,948). A propensity score-matched cohort of 8064 HCV-infected patients who had at least a 12-month follow-up after HCV treatment was included for economic analysis. For patients with cirrhosis in the DAA group, the mean adjusted liver-related costs ($1749 vs. $4575; P < 0.001) and all-cause medical costs ($19,300 vs. $33,039; P < 0.001) were significantly lower compared with those in the untreated group. The mean adjusted costs were not statistically different between the two groups among patients without cirrhosis. Conclusion: In the short term, all-oral DAA treatment for HCV infection was associated with a decreased risk of developing HCC and DCC, resulting in decreased health care costs, especially in patients with cirrhosis. A longitudinal study is necessary to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haesuk Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, College of PharmacyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFL
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, College of PharmacyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFL
| | - Linda Henry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, College of PharmacyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFL
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Wu DB, Jiang W, Wang YH, Chen B, Wang ML, Tao YC, Chen EQ, Tang H. Safety and efficacy of sofosbuvir-based direct-acting antiviral regimens for hepatitis C virus genotype 6 in Southwest China: Real-world experience of a retrospective study. J Viral Hepat 2019; 26:316-322. [PMID: 30380166 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Optional treatments for patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype (GT) 6 infection have not been extensively studied. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of sofosbuvir (SOF)-based direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) for HCV GT6. We performed a retrospective study at the West China Hospital of Sichuan University in Southwest China from January 2016 to May 2017. Our study screened 130 treatment-naïve patients with chronic HCV GT6 and without liver cirrhosis. A total of 60 HCV GT6 patients were ultimately enrolled. All patients received SOF-based DAAs therapy, including SOF 400 mg plus daclatasvir (DCV) 60 mg daily or SOF 400 mg plus velpatasvir (VEL) 100 mg daily for 12 weeks. The sustained virological response 12 weeks after treatment (SVR12) was 100% (60/60) in treatment-naïve patients with HCV GT6, including 100% (37/37) of patients receiving SOF plus DCV therapy and 100% (23/23) of patients receiving SOF plus VEL therapy. Measurements of liver stiffness were significantly decreased in patients at week 12 (P = 0.014) and week 24 (P < 0.001) of DAAs treatment compared to baseline values. The serum biomarker aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index (APRI) and fibrosis-4 score were also significantly reduced at week 12 and week 24 compared to before treatment (both P < 0.001). SOF-based therapy was well-tolerated, and no serious adverse events were reported. In conclusion, SOF plus DCV and SOF plus VEL were safe and achieved a high SVR12 rate for treatment-naïve patients with HCV GT6 without liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Bo Wu
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong-Hong Wang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meng-Lan Wang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya-Chao Tao
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - En-Qiang Chen
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Tang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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13
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Marcellusi A, Viti R, Kondili LA, Rosato S, Vella S, Mennini FS. Economic Consequences of Investing in Anti-HCV Antiviral Treatment from the Italian NHS Perspective: A Real-World-Based Analysis of PITER Data. PHARMACOECONOMICS 2019; 37:255-266. [PMID: 30378086 DOI: 10.1007/s40273-018-0733-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We estimated the cost consequence of Italian National Health System (NHS) investment in direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy according to hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment access policies in Italy. METHODS A multistate, 20-year time horizon Markov model of HCV liver disease progression was developed. Fibrosis stage, age and genotype distributions were derived from the Italian Platform for the Study of Viral Hepatitis Therapies (PITER) cohort. The treatment efficacy, disease progression probabilities and direct costs in each health state were obtained from the literature. The break-even point in time (BPT) was defined as the period of time required for the cumulative costs saved to recover the Italian NHS investment in DAA treatment. Three different PITER enrolment periods, which covered the full DAA access evolution in Italy, were considered. RESULTS The disease stages of 2657 patients who consecutively underwent DAA therapy from January 2015 to December 2017 at 30 PITER clinical centres were standardized for 1000 patients. The investment in DAAs was considered to equal €25 million, €15 million, and €9 million in 2015, 2016, and 2017, respectively. For patients treated in 2015, the BPT was not achieved, because of the disease severity of the treated patients and high DAA prices. For 2016 and 2017, the estimated BPTs were 6.6 and 6.2 years, respectively. The total cost savings after 20 years were €50.13 and €55.50 million for 1000 patients treated in 2016 and 2017, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study may be a useful tool for public decision makers to understand how HCV clinical and epidemiological profiles influence the economic burden of HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Marcellusi
- CEIS-Economic Evaluation and HTA (EEHTA), Faculty of Economics, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Columbia 2, 00133, Rome, Italy.
- Institute for Leadership and Management in Health, Kingston University London, London, UK.
| | - Raffaella Viti
- CEIS-Economic Evaluation and HTA (EEHTA), Faculty of Economics, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Columbia 2, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Francesco Saverio Mennini
- CEIS-Economic Evaluation and HTA (EEHTA), Faculty of Economics, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Columbia 2, 00133, Rome, Italy
- Institute for Leadership and Management in Health, Kingston University London, London, UK
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Viganò M, Andreoni M, Perno CF, Craxì A, Aghemo A, Alberti A, Andreone P, Babudieri S, Bonora S, Brunetto MR, Bruno R, Bruno S, Calvaruso V, Caporaso N, Cartabellotta F, Ceccherini-Silberstein F, Cento V, Ciancio A, Colombatto P, Coppola N, Di Marco V, Di Perri G, Fagiuoli S, Gaeta GB, Gasbarrini A, Lampertico P, Pellicelli A, Prestileo T, Puoti M, Raimondo G, Rizzardini G, Taliani G, Zignego AL. Real life experiences in HCV management in 2018. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2019; 17:117-128. [PMID: 30582384 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2019.1563755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major cause of chronic liver disease, with approximately 71 million chronically infected individuals worldwide. Treatment of chronic hepatitis C has considerably improved in the last few years thanks to the introduction of direct-acting antivirals able to achieve sustained virological response in more than 95% of patients. Successful anti-HCV treatment can halt liver disease progression and solve the HCV-related extra-hepatic manifestations, eventually reducing liver-related and overall mortality. Areas covered: With the aim to respond to unmet needs in patient's identification, universal access to antiviral therapy and treatment optimization in specific setting of HCV-infected patients, a group of Italian experts met in Stresa in May 2018. The summary of the considerations arising from this meeting and the final statements are reported in this paper. Expert commentary: All the advances on HCV cure may have a real clinical impact not only in individual patients but also at the social health level if they are applied to all infected patients, independently from the stage of liver disease. Further improvements are needed in order to attain HCV elimination, such as the development of an enhanced screening program working in parallel to the present treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Viganò
- a Hepatology Unit, Ospedale San Giuseppe , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Massimo Andreoni
- b Department Medicine of Systems , University Tor Vergata , Rome , Italy
| | - Carlo Federico Perno
- c Department of Laboratory Medicine, Niguarda Hospital , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Antonio Craxì
- d Department of Gastroenterology, DiBiMIS , University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| | - Alessio Aghemo
- e UO Medicina Interna ed Epatologia , Humanitas University and Research Hospital , Milano , Italy
| | - Alfredo Alberti
- f Department of Molecular Medicine , University of Padua , Padua , Italy
| | - Pietro Andreone
- g Centro per lo Studio e Ricerche delle Epatiti, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche , Università di Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Sergio Babudieri
- h Infectious Diseases Department, AOU Sassari , University of Sassari , Sassari , Italy
| | - Stefano Bonora
- i Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences , University of Turin , Turin , Italy
| | - Maurizia Rossana Brunetto
- j Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale Università di Pisa , UO Epatologia Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana , Pisa , Italy
| | - Raffaele Bruno
- k Division of Infectious Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo , University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy
| | - Savino Bruno
- l Department of Internal Medicine , Humanitas University Medicine , Rozzano , Italy
| | - Vincenza Calvaruso
- d Department of Gastroenterology, DiBiMIS , University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| | - Nicola Caporaso
- m Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Gastroenterology Unit , University of Naples "Federico II" , Naples , Italy
| | - Fabio Cartabellotta
- n Department of Internal Medicine , Buccheri La Ferla Hospital Fatebenefratelli , Palermo , Italy
| | | | - Valeria Cento
- c Department of Laboratory Medicine, Niguarda Hospital , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Alessia Ciancio
- p Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche , Università di Torino , Torino , Italy
| | - Piero Colombatto
- j Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale Università di Pisa , UO Epatologia Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana , Pisa , Italy
| | - Nicola Coppola
- q Infectious Diseases Unit, AORN Caserta , University of Campania , Caserta , Italy
| | - Vito Di Marco
- d Department of Gastroenterology, DiBiMIS , University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Perri
- i Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences , University of Turin , Turin , Italy
| | - Stefano Fagiuoli
- r USC Gastroenterologia Epatologia e Trapiantologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica e dei Trapianti , ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII , Bergamo , Italy
| | | | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- t Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS , Universita' Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , Roma , Italy
| | - Pietro Lampertico
- u Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Università di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Adriano Pellicelli
- v UOC Malattie del Fegato Dipartimento Interaziendale Trapianti Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini , Rome , Italy
| | - Tullio Prestileo
- w Infectious Diseases Unit and Centre for Migration and Health ARNAS , Civico-Benfratelli Hospital , Palermo , Italy
| | - Massimo Puoti
- x SC Malattie Infettive, Department of Infectious Diseases , ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda , Milano , Italy
| | - Giovanni Raimondo
- y Division of Clinical and Molecular Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine , University Hospital of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Giuliano Rizzardini
- z Infectious Diseases Department ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Science , University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa
| | - Gloria Taliani
- aa Infectious Diseases Unit and School of Tropical Medicine , Sapienza of Rome University , Rome , Italy
| | - Anna Linda Zignego
- ab Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and Department of Oncology, Interdepartmental Hepatology Center MASVE , Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi (AOUC) , Florence , Italy
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Younossi Z, Papatheodoridis G, Cacoub P, Negro F, Wedemeyer H, Henry L, Hatzakis A. The comprehensive outcomes of hepatitis C virus infection: A multi-faceted chronic disease. J Viral Hepat 2018; 25 Suppl 3:6-14. [PMID: 30398294 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has been revolutionized with the introduction of pangenotypic, interferon- and ribavirin-free regimens associated with high cure rates and a low side effect profile. Additionally, there is evidence that HCV cure reduces HCV complications, improves patient-reported outcomes and is cost-saving in most western countries in the long term. This is a review of the comprehensive burden of HCV and the value of eliminating HCV infection. With the introduction of the interferon-free all-oral, once a day pill treatment regimen for the cure of HCV, the potential to eliminate HCV by 2030 has become a possibility for some regions of the world. Nevertheless, there are barriers to screening, linkage to care, and treatment in many countries that must be overcome in order to reach this goal. In conclusion, globally, work must continue to ensure national policies are in place to support screening, linkage to care and affordable treatment in order to eliminate HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zobair Younossi
- Department of Medicine, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, Virginia.,Beatty Center for Integrated Research, Inova Health System, Falls Church, Virginia
| | - Georgios Papatheodoridis
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical School of National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, General Hospital of Athens Laiko, Athens, Greece
| | - Patrice Cacoub
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, AP HP Hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 7087, INSERM UMR S-959, DHU I2B, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Linda Henry
- Center for Outcomes Research in Liver Disease, Washington D.C
| | - Angelos Hatzakis
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School of National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Hepatitis B and C Public Policy Association, L-2453 , Luxembourg
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Improvement of Hepatic and Extrahepatic Complications from Chronic Hepatitis C After Antiviral Treatment: A Retrospective Analysis of German Sickness Fund Data. Infect Dis Ther 2018; 7:339-352. [PMID: 29923034 PMCID: PMC6098752 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-018-0205-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION German data regarding the economic burden of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) and potential benefits of CHC treatment are limited. To address this issue, we evaluated the role of treatment in mitigating the economic burden of hepatic and extrahepatic complications (EHCs) from CHC virus infection in Germany. METHODS This retrospective, cross-sectional study used claims data from the Betriebskrankenkasse German sickness fund (2007-2014) to assess the medical costs of hepatic complications and EHCs, including conditions that are prevalent and behavioral factors associated with CHC. All-cause costs, medical costs related to hepatic and EHCs, and CHC-related and non-CHC-related pharmacy costs (adjusted to the 2016 euro rate) were calculated and compared between CHC patients' treated (n = 1714) and untreated time (n = 7124) and CHC patients that initiated treatment early (i.e., without cirrhosis; n = 1552) vs. late (i.e., with cirrhosis; n = 162). RESULTS CHC treatment was associated with an average adjusted savings of €1885 in annual all-cause medical costs per patient, with a significant proportion attributed to EHC-related cost savings (adjusted difference, €1363; P < 0.01). Although initiating CHC treatment early was economically beneficial compared with initiating treatment late, the total cost savings were not significantly different (annual average adjusted difference, €3831; P = 0.27). However, nearly 60% of these savings were EHC related (adjusted difference, €2255; P < 0.01). CONCLUSION CHC is associated with a significant economic burden in Germany, largely due to EHCs. Antiviral treatment may reduce the burden of CHC and result in significant cost savings, even when initiated at earlier stages of liver disease. FUNDING AbbVie Inc.
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