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Cassemiche A, Schoffit S, Manassero M, Kohlhauer M. Comparison of grapiprant and meloxicam for management of postoperative joint pain in dogs: A randomized, double-blinded, prospective clinical trial. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:2324-2332. [PMID: 38944675 PMCID: PMC11256200 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grapiprant is a novel anti-inflammatory drug approved for the treatment of pain associated with osteoarthritis in dogs. OBJECTIVE Compare the efficacy of grapiprant vs meloxicam for the management of postoperative joint pain in dogs. ANIMALS Forty-eight dogs presented with cranial cruciate ligament disease and treated by tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) between May 2020 and May 2022. METHODS In this randomized, double blinded, prospective clinical trial, client-owned dogs with naturally occurring unilateral cruciate ligament rupture were enrolled on the day of surgery. The day after surgery, all animals received a subcutaneous injection of 0.2 mg/kg of meloxicam and were randomly assigned to receive either oral grapiprant (2 mg/kg) or meloxicam (0.1 mg/kg), once a day for 14 days, in a blinded manner. The primary endpoint of the study was the pain severity (PSS) and interference (PIS) scores, assessed by the Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI) at day 3, 7, 10 and 15 after the surgery. RESULTS Three days after surgery, grapiprant treated dogs had lower PSS compared to meloxicam treated dogs with a mean ± SD of 2.76 ± 0.18 vs 3.25 ± 0.23, respectively (difference of -0.49 [95% CI -0.94 to -0.04], P = .032). Pain Interference Score was also lower in grapiprant group at day 3 (4.11 ± 0.18 vs 4.69 ± 0.16 in meloxicam group [difference of -0.58 {95% CI -1.03 to -0.13}, P = .013]) and at day 10 (2.23 ± 0.13 vs 2.72 ± 0.28 [difference of -0.49 {95% CI -0.92 to -0.01}, P = .049]). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Our study supports the use of grapiprant as an alternative analgesic to meloxicam for management of postoperative joint pain in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Schoffit
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'AlfortMaisons‐AlfortFrance
| | - Mathieu Manassero
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'AlfortMaisons‐AlfortFrance
- Université de Paris, CNRS, INSERM, B3OAParisFrance
| | - Matthias Kohlhauer
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'AlfortMaisons‐AlfortFrance
- Université Paris Est‐Créteil, INSERM, IMRBCréteilFrance
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Sarig-Rapaport H, Krupnik S, Rowan TG. Amorphous calcium carbonate as a novel potential treatment for osteoarthritis in dogs: a pilot clinical study. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1381941. [PMID: 38983767 PMCID: PMC11231089 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1381941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) is a potential new treatment for canine osteoarthritis (OA) with novel mechanisms based on local pH modulation and targeting bone remodeling, inflammation, and pain. The aim of this pilot exploratory clinical study was to obtain initial data on the potential efficacy and safety of ACC in OA dogs and to determine if further investigation was appropriate using similar assessment methods. Materials and methods In this prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled pilot study, 41 client-owned dogs were allocated in a 2:1 ratio to ACC: placebo given orally for 56 days. Efficacy assessments included improvements in pain and mobility using owner questionnaires [Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI), Client Specific Outcome Measure (CSOM), and Veterinary Orthopedic Scores (VOS)]. Safety in the study population was monitored by veterinary examinations, clinical pathology, and adverse events. Results Fifty-three dogs were screened, of which 41 enrolled and served for the safety assessment. Thirty-six dogs were found evaluable for initial efficacy assessment. Three dogs given placebo (21.4%) and one given ACC (4.5%) were removed before day 56 due to owner-perceived pain and were considered treatment failures. There were no serious adverse events or clinically significant treatment-related effects in the study. Overall, ACC was found safe in the small study population. On day 56, proportionally more ACC than placebo dogs were treatment successes based on CBPI (45.5% vs. 21.4%) and CSOM (63.6% vs. 30.8%, respectively); however, these differences were not statistically significant (p = 0.15 and 0.06, respectively). On day 56, within the ACC group but not the placebo group, the CBPI, CSOM, and VOS assessments were lower compared to day 0 and day 14 (p < 0.05). Limitations The relatively small number of dogs limited the statistical power of the pilot study in evaluating the efficacy and safety of ACC. Conclusion Study results support the conduct of larger, appropriately powered studies using similar assessments to confirm whether ACC may be a safe and effective treatment for OA in dogs.
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Pisack EK, Kleine SA, Hampton CE, Smith CK, Weisent J, DeBolt R, Schumacher C, Bussières G, Seddighi R. Evaluation of the analgesic efficacy of grapiprant compared with robenacoxib in cats undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy in a prospective, randomized, masked, non-inferiority clinical trial. J Feline Med Surg 2024; 26:1098612X241230941. [PMID: 38511293 PMCID: PMC10983605 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x241230941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The main objective of this study was to compare the postoperative analgesic effects of grapiprant with those of robenacoxib in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy (OVH). METHODS In total, 37 female cats (age range 4 months-10 years, weighing ⩾2.5 kg) were enrolled in a prospective, randomized, masked, non-inferiority (NI) clinical trial. Cats received oral robenacoxib (1 mg/kg) or grapiprant (2 mg/kg) 2 h before OVH. Analgesia was assessed via the Feline Grimace Scale (FGS), the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale-Feline (CMPS-F), von Frey monofilaments (vFFs) and pressure algometry (ALG) 2 h before treatment administration, at extubation, and 2, 4, 6, 8, 18 and 24 hours after extubation. Hydromorphone (<8 h postoperatively) or buprenorphine (>18 h postoperatively) were administered to cats with scores of ⩾5/20 on CMPS-F and/or ⩾4/10 on FGS. NI margins for CMPS-F and vFFs were set at 3 and -0.2, respectively. A mixed-effect ANOVA was used for FGS scores (P <0.05). Data are reported as mean ± SEM. RESULTS The data from 33 cats were analyzed. The upper limit of the 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.35) was less than the NI margin of 3 for CMPS-F, and the lower limit of the 95% CI (0.055) was greater than the NI margin of -0.2 for vFFs, indicating NI of grapiprant. The FGS scores were greater than baseline at extubation for both treatments (1.65 ± 0.63; P = 0.001); however, there was no difference between treatments. There was no difference between treatments, nor treatment by time interaction, for vFFs (P <0.001). The CMPS-F scores for both treatments were higher at extubation but returned to baseline after 4 h (P <0.001). For ALG, there was no difference in treatment or treatment by time interaction. The robenacoxib group had lower pressure readings at extubation and 6 h compared with baseline. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These results indicate that grapiprant was non-inferior to robenacoxib for mitigating postsurgical pain in cats after OVH performed via ventral celiotomy. The impact of grapiprant for analgesia in OVH via the flank is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K Pisack
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Stephanie A Kleine
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Chiara E Hampton
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Christopher K Smith
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Jennifer Weisent
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Rebecca DeBolt
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Cambrie Schumacher
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Genevieve Bussières
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Reza Seddighi
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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Homedes J, Ocak M, Riedle S, Salichs M. A blinded, randomized and controlled multicenter field study investigating the safety and efficacy of long-term use of enflicoxib in the treatment of naturally occurring osteoarthritis in client-owned dogs. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1349901. [PMID: 38585299 PMCID: PMC10995975 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1349901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Enflicoxib is a COX-2 selective NSAID shown to be efficacious and safe in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with canine osteoarthritis (OA) in clinical studies of 6 weeks duration. Objective This prospective, multisite, blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group field study aimed to confirm the safety and efficacy of enflicoxib in long-term canine OA treatments. Animals A total of 109 client owned dogs with clinical and radiographic signs of OA for at least 3 weeks were enrolled with 78 dogs completing all study visits. Methods Dogs were randomized at a 3:1 ratio to receive enflicoxib (n = 83) or placebo (n = 26) once weekly during 6 months. Dogs underwent veterinary assessments from Day 0 to Day 189 using a clinical sum score (CSS). Efficacy was also assessed by the owners using the Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI). Safety was assessed clinically and by repeated blood and urine sample analysis. The efficacy outcome measure was the treatment response according to the CSS and secondarily the treatment response according to the CBPI. The primary safety outcome was the incidence of adverse events (AEs) and secondarily the evolution of the clinical pathology parameters. Results Percentages of CSS responders for enflicoxib were 71.6; 74.6 and 71.6% on Days 44, 135 and 189 respectively, always showing statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) vs. placebo (41.7, 33.3, and 20.8% respectively). Treatment response according to owner assessments followed the same pattern, achieving significant differences compared to placebo after 2 weeks of treatment. The incidence and type of AEs were as described in previous enflicoxib studies of shorter duration and as for other NSAIDs, with no tendency to increase over time. No relevant changes in hematology, biochemistry or urine parameters were observed. Conclusions and clinical relevance Enflicoxib safety and efficacy profile is maintained after a long-term treatment, which together with its weekly administration, makes it a good alternative for the chronic treatment of dogs with naturally occurring OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Homedes
- Ecuphar Veterinaria SLU (Animalcare Group) Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Marta Salichs
- Ecuphar Veterinaria SLU (Animalcare Group) Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
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Michels GM, Honsberger NA, Walters RR, Kira S Tena J, Cleaver DM. A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multisite, parallel-group field study in dogs with osteoarthritis conducted in the United States of America evaluating bedinvetmab, a canine anti-nerve growth factor monoclonal antibody. Vet Anaesth Analg 2023; 50:446-458. [PMID: 37541934 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bedinvetmab, a fully canine anti-nerve growth factor monoclonal antibody, was evaluated in dogs for control of osteoarthritis-related pain in a study conducted to support registration in the USA. STUDY DESIGN Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, parallel-group study. ANIMALS General practice client-owned dogs with osteoarthritis (n = 272). METHODS Dogs were block randomized 1:1 to placebo (saline, n = 137) or bedinvetmab (n = 135; 0.5-1.0 mg kg-1) administered subcutaneously, once monthly. The primary end point, day 28 Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI) treatment success (TS), required pain severity score (PSS; 0-10) decrease ≥1 and pain interference score (PIS; 0-10) decrease ≥ 2. CBPI TS rates [and number needed to treat (NNT)], change in scores [and standardized effect size (ES)], change in quality of life (QoL) and bedinvetmab half-life were calculated. RESULTS Significant (p < 0.05) improvement with bedinvetmab over placebo occurred (days 28, 42, 56, 84) for CBPI TS. Of cases evaluable for day 28 CBPI TS (placebo, n = 131; bedinvetmab, n = 128), success rates were 36.6% and 47.4%, respectively (p = 0.0410) (NNT, 9.3; PSS and PIS ES, 0.3). CBPI TS increased after the second dose in both groups, plateaued for bedinvetmab at day 42 and decreased for placebo beginning day 84. Day 84 NNT (4.3), PSS (0.4) and PIS (0.5) showed continued improvement with monthly dosing. After the first dose, mean (± standard deviation) bedinvetmab half-life was 19.1 (8.3) days. Adverse events were similar between groups and not considered treatment-related. There was a significant effect of bedinvetmab versus placebo on all CBPI components (PIS, PSS, QoL). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE These results corroborated those previously reported and provide further support of safety and effectiveness of bedinvetmab (0.5-1.0 mg kg-1) administered subcutaneously at monthly intervals to dogs for control of osteoarthritis-related pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M Michels
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Zoetis Inc., Kalamazoo, MI, USA.
| | - Nicole A Honsberger
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Zoetis Inc., Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Rodney R Walters
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Zoetis Inc., Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | | | - Dawn M Cleaver
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Zoetis Inc., Kalamazoo, MI, USA
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Kleine S, Hampton CE, Smith C, Bussieres G, Mulon PY, Seddighi R, Cox S, Smith J. Pharmacokinetics of a single oral dose of grapiprant in juvenile pigs (Sus scrofa domestica). J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2023; 46:269-275. [PMID: 37493273 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Both pet and research pigs can suffer from some degree of pain from surgery, injuries, or osteoarthritis (OA). Despite this, there is a paucity of data on safe and effective analgesia agents in pigs. Grapiprant is an EP4 antagonist that blocks the action of the pro-inflammatory prostanoid, PGE2 . It has shown efficacy in attenuating pain associated with ovariohysterectomy and OA in dogs. However, there are no data regarding grapiprant in pigs. Therefore, the pharmacokinetic profile of orally administered grapiprant to juvenile pigs (Sus scrofa domestica) was evaluated in this study. Seven juvenile pigs received 12 mg/kg grapiprant orally. Blood was collected from an indwelling jugular catheter using the push-pull method at set timepoints up to 48 hours. Sample analysis was performed with high-performance liquid chromatography. Mean grapiprant plasma concentration was 164.3 ± 104.7 ng/mL which occurred at 0.8 ± 0.3 h. This study demonstrated that grapiprant concentrations consistent with analgesia in dogs were reached at this dosage in pigs. Further studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy of grapiprant in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Kleine
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Chiara E Hampton
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Christopher Smith
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Genevieve Bussieres
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Pierre-Yves Mulon
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Reza Seddighi
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sherry Cox
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Joe Smith
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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Ihrke A. Multimodal Approach to Pain Management in Veterinary Rehabilitation. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023; 53:731-742. [PMID: 37019720 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Pain recognition, assessment, and management is a primary focus and an integral part of veterinary rehabilitation. Evidence-based pain mitigation protocols will use both pharmacologic tools and nonpharmacologic methods to create a customized, safe, and effective treatment plan. A multimodal, patient-centered approach will allow for the best outcomes for pain relief and improved quality of life.
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Cheng Z, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Wang M, Wang W, He J, Wang Y, Zhang H, Zhang Q, Ding C, Wu D, Yang L, Liu M, Lu W. Discovery of 2 H-Indazole-3-carboxamide Derivatives as Novel Potent Prostanoid EP4 Receptor Antagonists for Colorectal Cancer Immunotherapy. J Med Chem 2023; 66:6218-6238. [PMID: 36880691 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c02058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, small-molecule drugs have become an indispensable part of tumor immunotherapy. Accumulating evidence has indicated that specifically blocking PGE2/EP4 signaling to induce robust antitumor immune response represents an attractive immunotherapy strategy. Herein, a 2H-indazole-3-carboxamide containing compound 1 was identified as a EP4 antagonist hit by screening our in-house small-molecule library. Systematic structure-activity relationship exploration leads to the discovery of compound 14, which displayed single-nanomolar EP4 antagonistic activity in a panel of cell functional assays, high subtype selectivity, and favorable drug-like profiles. Moreover, compound 14 profoundly inhibited the up-regulation of multiple immunosuppression-related genes in macrophages. Oral administration of compound 14, either as monotherapy or in combination with an anti-PD-1 antibody, significantly impaired tumor growth via enhancing cytotoxic CD8+ T cell-mediated antitumor immunity in a syngeneic colon cancer model. Thus, these results demonstrate the potential of compound 14 as a candidate for developing novel EP4 antagonists for tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yijie Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Chan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Mengru Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jiacheng He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hankun Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Qiansen Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Chunyong Ding
- Targeted Drug Research Center of Digestive Tract Tumor, Pharm-X Center, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Deyan Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Linlin Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Weiqiang Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
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Vitt MA, Rendahl A, Pracht SE, Knotek BM, Lascelles BDX, Gordon-Evans W, Conzemius MG. Nine-axis inertial measurement unit output discriminates activities of varying intensity in the dog. Am J Vet Res 2023; 84:ajvr.22.10.0178. [PMID: 36652333 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.22.10.0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore relationships between 9-axis inertial measurement unit (IMU) output and activities of varying intensity in dogs of various sizes. ANIMALS 20 healthy, agility course-trained dogs of various ages and sizes. PROCEDURES Height, weight, body condition score, age, length from IMU to the ischium, and height of IMU to the floor were recorded. Dogs performed a series of activities (rest, walk, trot, and agility course) while wearing the IMU device. IMU and video output were reviewed by independent investigators. Correlations and multiple regression models were used to explore relationships between independent variables and IMU output. RESULTS Calibration demonstrated excellent correlation and concordance between IMUs (intraclass correlation > 0.9) and that the IMUs reliably measured a known acceleration (gravity at rest). Resultant vector magnitude {sqrt[(x^2) + (y^2) + (z^2)]} normalized to body size was calculated from the data. IMU output clearly discriminates between activities of varying intensity in the dog. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The inability to accurately measure chronic pain is a barrier to the development of new, or critical evaluation of, therapeutics. Activity monitors (AM) may be the ideal diagnostic target since they are small and provide objective data that can be collected while the pet remains in its natural environment. These results demonstrate the concurrent and predictive validity of the IMU tested. Our long-range goal is to validate an open-source algorithm for the IMU so activity in a pet's natural environment can be used as an outcome measure in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly A Vitt
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN
| | - Aaron Rendahl
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN
| | - Sara E Pracht
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN
| | | | - B Duncan X Lascelles
- Translational Research in Pain, Comparative Pain Research and Education Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Wanda Gordon-Evans
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN
| | - Michael G Conzemius
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN
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Manabe Y, Takahashi Y, Sugie C, Wang Z, Katsuki S, Kondo T, Murai T, Nakashima M, Takaoka T, Ogawa K, Shibamoto Y. Biological effects of prostaglandin E2-EP4 antagonist (AAT-008) in murine colon cancer in vivo: enhancement of immune response to radiotherapy and potential as a radiosensitizer. Transl Cancer Res 2023; 12:351-358. [PMID: 36915594 PMCID: PMC10007874 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-22-1857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Background Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) promotes tumor growth and metastasis by acting on a family of four receptors (EP1-4). We investigated the radiosensitizing effects of a newly developed antagonist of PGE2-EP4 (AAT-008) in mouse colon cancer cells in vivo and explored the mechanism using flow cytometry (FCM). Methods CT26WT cells grown in Balb/c mice were used. AAT-008 at doses of 0, 3, 10, and 30 mg/kg/day was orally administered once or twice daily for up to 19 days. On day 3, the tumors were irradiated at 9 Gy in the radiotherapy (RT) group. Tumor sizes were measured every other day. For the first FCM series, AAT-008 (10 mg/kg/day) was administered from day 0 to 18 and RT (9 Gy) was given on day 3. The population of effector T cells (Teff), defined as CD45+CD8+CD69+, in the tumors was investigated on day 19. For the second FCM series, AAT-008 (30 mg/kg/day) was administered from day 0 to 12. The populations of Teff and regulatory T cells (Treg), and the ratio of Teff/Treg were investigated on day 13. Results The growth delay effect of AAT-008 administered alone (3-30 mg/kg/day) appeared minimal. In the first growth delay experiment where AAT-008 was administered once daily, the combined effect of AAT-008 (30 mg/kg/day) and RT appeared additive. In the second growth delay experiment where AAT-008 was administered twice daily, the combined effect appeared additive at 3 and 10 mg/kg/day and supra-additive at 30 mg/kg/day. In the first FCM series, the mean Teff proportions in the tumors were 43% and 31% in the 10 mg + RT and 0 mg + RT groups, respectively. Notably, 67% Teff was observed in responsive mice in the 10 mg + RT group. In the second FCM series, the mean Treg proportion and Teff/Treg ratio in the 0 mg + RT and 30 mg + RT groups were 4.0% and 1.5%, respectively (P=0.04) and 10 and 22, respectively (P=0.04). Conclusions AAT-008 potentially enhances the radiosensitivity of colon cancer cells, apparently by stimulating the immune system against the cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Manabe
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yutaka Takahashi
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chikao Sugie
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shohei Katsuki
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuhito Kondo
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Taro Murai
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakashima
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Taiki Takaoka
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ogawa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuta Shibamoto
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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Innes JF, Morton MA, Lascelles BDX. Minimal clinically-important differences for the 'Liverpool Osteoarthritis in Dogs' (LOAD) and the 'Canine Orthopedic Index' (COI) client-reported outcomes measures. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280912. [PMID: 36730152 PMCID: PMC9894389 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Client-reported outcomes measures (CROMs) have been previously validated for the evaluation of canine osteoarthritis. A published systematic review indicated that the 'Liverpool Osteoarthritis in Dogs' (LOAD) and the 'Canine Orthopedic Index' (COI) can be recommended for use in dogs with osteoarthritis; these CROMs have also been used in the context of measuring surgical outcomes of dogs with orthopaedic conditions. However, the minimal clinically-important differences (MCIDs) for these CROMs have not been investigated. Such estimates would be useful for investigators and regulators so that these CROMs can be used in clinical trials. Data from the RCVS Knowledge Canine Cruciate Registry were extracted, and baseline and 6 week follow-up data on dogs that had received surgery for cranial cruciate ligament rupture were used to make estimates of MCIDs using distribution-based and anchor-based methods. Data from 125 dogs were categorised based on the anchor question and LOAD and COI scores analysed accordingly. The four anchor-based methods provided a range of MCIDs for each CROM (1 to 8.8 for LOAD and 3.5 to 17.6 for COI). In the two different distribution-based methods, the MCIDs for LOAD ranged from 1.5 (effect size) to 2.4 (standard error of measurement) and the effect size method yielded a result of 2.2 for COI. The results showed that the value of the MCIDs depended on the method that was applied. Receiver operator characteristic curves provided areas under the curve (AUCs) greater than 0.7, which indicated that the cut-off point was acceptable; LOAD had the greater AUC at 0.867. In summary, the authors currently recommend a MCID of '4' for LOAD and '14' for COI although further work in other clinical contexts (such as osteoarthritis associated with chronic pain) is required to add confidence to these estimates. For the first time, we have provided estimates for MCIDs for these two CROMs which will facilitate sample size estimates in future clinical studies that use these CROMs as outcomes measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F. Innes
- Movement Veterinary Referrals, Preston Brook, Runcorn, Cheshire, United Kingdom
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Mark A. Morton
- ChesterGates Veterinary Specialists, Chester, United Kingdom
- Canine Cruciate Registry, RCVS Knowledge, The Cursitor, London, United Kingdom
| | - B. Duncan X. Lascelles
- Translational Research in Pain (TRiP) Program, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- Comparative Pain Research and Education Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- Thurston Arthritis Center, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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12
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Ross JM, Kleine SA, Smith CK, DeBolt RK, Weisent J, Hendrix E, Seddighi R. Evaluation of the perioperative analgesic effects of grapiprant compared with carprofen in dogs undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 261:118-125. [PMID: 36374577 DOI: 10.2460/javma.22.08.0353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate and compare postoperative analgesic effects of grapiprant and carprofen in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy. ANIMALS 42 sexually intact female healthy dogs (< 35 kg and 0.5 to 7 years old) were enrolled. PROCEDURES In a masked, randomized, noninferiority clinical trial, dogs received either 2 mg/kg of grapiprant or 4.4 mg/kg of carprofen orally 2 hours prior to ovariohysterectomy. Postoperative pain was assessed using the Glasgow Composite Pain Scale-Short Form (GCPS-SF) at extubation and 2, 4, 6, 8, 18, and 24 hours postextubation and compared to baseline. After each pain scoring, mechanical nociceptive testing with von Frey monofilaments (vF) was performed to assess hyperalgesia. Hydromorphone (0.05 mg/kg, IM) was administered to any dog with a GCPS-SF of ≥ 5/24. The noninferiority limit (NI) for the GCPS-SF was Δ = 3. The NI for vF was Δ = -0.2. Following noninferiority, a mixed-effect ANOVA and post hoc comparisons were made with the Tukey correction method (P < .05). RESULTS 3 dogs required rescue analgesia and were excluded from statistical analysis. Of the remaining 39 dogs, the upper CI for GCPS-SF was below the NI of 3 and the lower CI for vF was greater than the NI of -0.2, indicating noninferiority of grapiprant as compared to carprofen. There was no difference between treatment (P = .89) nor treatment by time (P = .62) for GCPS-SF. There was no difference between groups at any time point or over time when vF were used. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Our study results support the use of grapiprant as an analgesic alternative to carprofen in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet M Ross
- 1Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Stephanie A Kleine
- 1Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Christopher K Smith
- 1Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Rebekah K DeBolt
- 1Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Jennifer Weisent
- 1Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Emma Hendrix
- 1Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Reza Seddighi
- 2Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
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13
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Gumułka P, Tarsa M, Dąbrowska M, Starek M. Quantification of Grapiprant and Its Stability Testing under Changing Environmental Conditions. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2821. [PMID: 36359341 PMCID: PMC9687689 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Grapiprant is a new analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug belonging to the piprant class, approved in 2016 by the FDA Veterinary Medicine Center for the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis in dogs. It acts as a highly selective antagonist of the EP4 receptor, one of the four prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) receptor subtypes. It has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects in rat models of acute and chronic inflammation and clinical studies in people with osteoarthritis. The current state of knowledge suggests the possibility of using it in oncological therapy. The manuscript presents the development of conditions for the identification and quantitative determination of grapiprant by thin-layer chromatography with densitometric detection. The optimal separation of the substance occurs using silica gel 60F254 chromatographic plates and the mobile phase containing ethyl acetate-toluene-butylamine. Validation (according to ICH requirements) showed that the developed method is characterized by straightness of results in a wide concentration range with the limit of detection of 146.65 µg/mL. The %RSD values of the precision and accuracy confirm the sensitivity and reliability of the developed procedure. Next, the method was used for quantification of grapiprant in a pharmaceutical preparation, and for stability studies under various environmental conditions. Additionally, the mass studies were carried out on the stressed samples using the UPLC-MS/MS method. The degradation products were primarily characterized by comparing their mass fragmentation profiles with those of the drug. The results indicated a potential degradation pathway for grapiprant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Gumułka
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Kraków, Poland
- Doctorial School of Medical and Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Łazarza St., 31-530 Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Tarsa
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Dąbrowska
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Starek
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Kraków, Poland
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14
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Monteiro BP, Lascelles BDX, Murrell J, Robertson S, Steagall PVM, Wright B. 2022
WSAVA
guidelines for the recognition, assessment and treatment of pain. J Small Anim Pract 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. P. Monteiro
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Université de Montréal 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint‐Hyacinthe Quebec Canada
| | - B. D. X. Lascelles
- Comparative Pain Research Laboratory and Surgery Section North Carolina State University 4700 Hillsborough Street Raleigh NC USA
| | - J. Murrell
- Highcroft Veterinary Referrals 615 Wells Rd, Whitchurch Bristol BS149BE UK
| | - S. Robertson
- Senior Medical Director Lap of Love Veterinary Hospice 17804 N US Highway 41 Lutz FL 33549 USA
| | - P. V. M. Steagall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Université de Montréal 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint‐Hyacinthe Quebec Canada
| | - B. Wright
- Mistral Vet 4450 Thompson Pkwy Fort Collins CO 80534 USA
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15
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Pye C, Bruniges N, Peffers M, Comerford E. Advances in the pharmaceutical treatment options for canine osteoarthritis. J Small Anim Pract 2022; 63:721-738. [PMID: 35285032 PMCID: PMC9790257 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Canine osteoarthritis is a significant cause of pain in many dogs and can therefore compromise animal welfare. As the understanding of the biology and pain mechanisms underpinning osteoarthritis grows, so do the number of treatments available to manage it. Over the last decade, there have been a number of advances in the pharmaceutical treatment options available for dogs with osteoarthritis, as well as an increasing number of clinical trials investigating the efficacy of pre-existing treatments. This review aims to examine the current evidence behind pharmaceutical treatment options for canine osteoarthritis, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, piprants, monoclonal antibodies, adjunctive analgesics, structure modifying osteoarthritis drugs and regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Pye
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolWilliam Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby StreetLiverpoolL7 8TXUK
| | - N. Bruniges
- University of Liverpool Small Animal Teaching HospitalUniversity of LiverpoolLeahurst Campus, Chester High RoadNestonCH64 7TEUK
| | - M. Peffers
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolWilliam Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby StreetLiverpoolL7 8TXUK
| | - E. Comerford
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolWilliam Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby StreetLiverpoolL7 8TXUK
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16
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Salichs M, Badiella L, Sarasola P, Homedes J. Enflicoxib for canine osteoarthritis: A randomized, blind, multicentre, non-inferiority clinical trial compared to mavacoxib. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274800. [PMID: 36126039 PMCID: PMC9488826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This prospective, multisite, blinded, randomized, non-inferiority clinical study aimed to confirm the efficacy and safety of enflicoxib in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with canine osteoarthritis. A total of 180 dogs were randomized to receive enflicoxib (n = 78), mavacoxib (n = 80) or placebo (n = 22). Dogs underwent veterinary assessments from day 0 to day 42 using a clinical sum score (CSS). Efficacy was also assessed by the owners using the Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI). The primary efficacy endpoint was the overall CSS from day 0 to day 42. RESULTS The overall CSS expressed as area under the curve demonstrated non-inferiority of enflicoxib compared to mavacoxib, and both showed superiority over placebo. At the end of the study, average CSS, and the percentage of CSS responders for enflicoxib (3.64 and 74%) and mavacoxib (4.49 and 68%), was superior to placebo (7.15 and 29%). A faster onset of action was observed for enflicoxib as superiority over placebo was evidenced from the first efficacy assessment (day 7) onwards for both parameters, whereas mavacoxib was only significantly different from day 14 onwards. According to the owner assessment, the percentage of CBPI responders was 90%, 79%, and 43% for dogs treated with enflicoxib, mavacoxib and placebo, respectively, and superiority over placebo was demonstrated for both active treatments. In all secondary parameters, non-inferiority of enflicoxib versus mavacoxib was confirmed. The dog's quality of life improved in all groups, but only enflicoxib showed superiority versus placebo. When assessing severely affected dogs only, results were similar, thus confirming the efficacy of enflicoxib in all stages of canine OA. There were no differences between groups in the frequency of adverse events, which were most frequently mild affecting the gastrointestinal tract and recovered without treatment. CONCLUSIONS Enflicoxib is efficacious and safe for the treatment of pain and inflammation in any stage of canine osteoarthritis with a faster onset of action compared to mavacoxib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Salichs
- Ecuphar Veterinaria SLU (Animalcare Group) Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Llorenç Badiella
- Servei d’Estadística Aplicada, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Josep Homedes
- Ecuphar Veterinaria SLU (Animalcare Group) Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Lascelles BDX, Brown DC, Conzemius MG, Gill M, Oshinsky ML, Sharkey M. The beneficial role of companion animals in translational pain research. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2022; 3:1002204. [PMID: 36133153 PMCID: PMC9483146 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2022.1002204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of spontaneous painful disease in companion pet animals has been highlighted as one of the changes that could be made to help improve translation of basic science to new therapeutics, acting as a bridge between preclinical and clinical studies, with the goal of accelerating the approval of new therapeutics. This review focuses on the utility of companion pet dogs for translational research by reviewing what outcome measures can be measured, and importantly, the relevance of these outcome measures to human translational research. It also details the practical considerations involved in incorporating companion dogs into human therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Duncan X. Lascelles
- Translational Research in Pain, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Comparative Pain Research and Education Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Thurston Arthritis Centre, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Correspondence: B. Duncan X. Lascelles
| | - Dottie C. Brown
- Global Efficacy & Model Development, Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN, United States
| | - Michael G. Conzemius
- Clinical Investigation Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Marie Gill
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Michael L. Oshinsky
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Michelle Sharkey
- Center for Veterinary Medicine Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD, United States
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18
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Hoffmann SL, Seminoff K, McKemie DS, Kass PH, Knych HK. Pharmacokinetics of grapiprant and effects on TNF-alpha concentrations following oral administration to horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2022; 45:467-472. [PMID: 35652132 PMCID: PMC10919302 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Grapiprant is a prostaglandin E2 receptor antagonist that has been found to be an effective anti-inflammatory in dogs and that is devoid of some of the adverse effects associated with traditional NSAIDs that elicit their effects through inhibition of PGE2 production. Previously published reports have described the pharmacokinetics of this drug in horses when administered at 2 mg/kg; however, pharmacodynamic effects in this species have yet to be described. The objective of the current study was to describe the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of grapiprant at a higher dose. Eight horses received a single oral administration of 15 mg/kg. Plasma concentrations were determined for 96 h using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Non-compartmental analysis was used to determine pharmacokinetic parameters. Pharmacodynamic effects were assessed ex vivo by stimulating blood samples with PGE2 and determining TNF-ɑ concentrations. Maximum concentration, time to maximum concentration and area under the curve were 327.5 (188.4-663.0) ng/ml, 1 (0.75-2.0) hour and 831.8 (512.6-1421.6) h*ng/ml, respectively. The terminal half-life was 11.1 (8.27-21.2) hr. Significant stimulation of TNF alpha was noted for 2-4 h post-drug administration. Results of this study suggest a short duration of EP4 receptor engagement when administered at a dose of 15 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke L. Hoffmann
- K.L Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kelsey Seminoff
- K.L Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Daniel S. McKemie
- K.L Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Philip H. Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Heather K. Knych
- K.L Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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19
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Teixeira LG, Vaccarin CV, Schimites PI, Gasparotto JC, Costa GP, Griesang JM, Vargas D, Bortolotto ED, Soares ABU, Camargo JF, Andrade CM, Soares AV, Contesini EA. Grapiprant or carprofen following ovariohysterectomy in the cat: analgesic efficacy, hematological, biochemical and urinalysis evaluation. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:e153-e162. [PMID: 35531962 PMCID: PMC10812268 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221097935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to compare the analgesic effect between carprofen and grapiprant every 12 or 24 h on postoperative pain in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy, in addition to the effects on the hematological, biochemical and urinalysis variables. METHODS A total of 32 female cats were randomly divided into three groups, according to the treatment administered with the first dose given orally 90 mins before surgery, as follows: CAR (cats received 4 mg/kg carprofen, n = 11); GRA1 (cats received 2 mg/kg grapiprant, n = 10); and GRA2 (cats received 2 mg/kg grapiprant q12h, n = 11). Pain was assessed by UNESP-Botucatu Multidimensional Composite Pain Scale (UNESP) and Glasgow Feline Composite Measure Pain Scale (GLASGOW) for cats preoperatively (baseline) and at 1, 3, 6, 8, 12 and 24 h after extubation. Venous blood was collected at baseline, and 12 and 24 h after the administration of carprofen or grapiprant to perform a complete blood count (CBC), the percentage of Heinz bodies and serum biochemistry (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, creatinine and urea). Urinalysis was performed at baseline and 24 h after extubation. Glucose levels were evaluated at baseline and 1 h postoperatively. RESULTS Pain scores were not significantly different among groups in both scales, although pain was higher at 3 h in comparison with 24 h in all groups. In the GRA1 and GRA2 groups, 67% (14/21) of cats needed rescue analgesia compared with 18% (2/11) in the CAR group. Glucose increased from baseline to 1 h in the GRA1 and GRA2 groups. None of the CBC, serum biochemistry and urinalysis variables differed among groups. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Grapiprant did not promote adequate analgesia during the first 3 h postoperatively in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy compared with carprofen, and no benefits were observed by administering grapiprant every 12 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana G Teixeira
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Charline V Vaccarin
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, Centre of Rural Science, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil
| | - Paula I Schimites
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, Centre of Rural Science, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil
| | - Jean C Gasparotto
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, Centre of Rural Science, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil
| | - Gabriela P Costa
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, Centre of Rural Science, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil
| | - Julia M Griesang
- Department of Small Animal Clinics, Centre of Rural Science, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil
| | - Daniel Vargas
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, Centre of Rural Science, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil
| | - Emanuelle D Bortolotto
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, Centre of Rural Science, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil
| | - Ana BU Soares
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, Centre of Rural Science, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil
| | - Jéssica F Camargo
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cínthia M Andrade
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, Centre of Rural Science, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil
| | - André V Soares
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, Centre of Rural Science, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil
| | - Emerson A Contesini
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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20
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Clark TP. The history and pharmacology of buprenorphine: New advances in cats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2022; 45 Suppl 1:S1-S30. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Jin Y, Liu Q, Chen P, Zhao S, Jiang W, Wang F, Li P, Zhang Y, Lu W, Zhong TP, Ma X, Wang X, Gartland A, Wang N, Shah KM, Zhang H, Cao X, Yang L, Liu M, Luo J. A novel prostaglandin E receptor 4 (EP4) small molecule antagonist induces articular cartilage regeneration. Cell Discov 2022; 8:24. [PMID: 35256606 PMCID: PMC8901748 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-022-00382-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage repair and regeneration is an unmet clinical need because of the poor self-regeneration capacity of the tissue. In this study, we found that the expression of prostaglandin E receptor 4 (PTGER4 or EP4) was largely increased in the injured articular cartilage in both humans and mice. In microfracture (MF) surgery-induced cartilage defect (CD) and destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) surgery-induced CD mouse models, cartilage-specific deletion of EP4 remarkably promoted tissue regeneration by enhancing chondrogenesis and cartilage anabolism, and suppressing cartilage catabolism and hypertrophy. Importantly, knocking out EP4 in cartilage enhanced stable mature articular cartilage formation instead of fibrocartilage, and reduced joint pain. In addition, we identified a novel selective EP4 antagonist HL-43 for promoting chondrocyte differentiation and anabolism with low toxicity and desirable bioavailability. HL-43 enhanced cartilage anabolism, suppressed catabolism, prevented fibrocartilage formation, and reduced joint pain in multiple pre-clinical animal models including the MF surgery-induced CD rat model, the DMM surgery-induced CD mouse model, and an aging-induced CD mouse model. Furthermore, HL-43 promoted chondrocyte differentiation and extracellular matrix (ECM) generation, and inhibited matrix degradation in human articular cartilage explants. At the molecular level, we found that HL-43/EP4 regulated cartilage anabolism through the cAMP/PKA/CREB/Sox9 signaling. Together, our findings demonstrate that EP4 can act as a promising therapeutic target for cartilage regeneration and the novel EP4 antagonist HL-43 has the clinical potential to be used for cartilage repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Jin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianqian Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Siyuan Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhao Jiang
- Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Sunshine Rehabilitation Centre), Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fanhua Wang
- Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Sunshine Rehabilitation Centre), Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Li
- Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqiang Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao P Zhong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinran Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Alison Gartland
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Karan Mehul Shah
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Hankun Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Cao
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lei Yang
- Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Center for Health Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China. .,Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Sunshine Rehabilitation Centre), Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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22
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Gruen ME, Lascelles BDX, Colleran E, Gottlieb A, Johnson J, Lotsikas P, Marcellin-Little D, Wright B. 2022 AAHA Pain Management Guidelines for Dogs and Cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2022; 58:55-76. [PMID: 35195712 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-7292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
These updated guidelines present a practical and logical approach to the assessment and management of acute and chronic pain in canine and feline patients. Recognizing pain is fundamental to successful treatment, and diagnostic guides and algorithms are included for assessment of both acute and chronic pain. Particularly for chronic pain, capturing owner evaluation is important, and pain-assessment instruments for pet owners are described. Expert consensus emphasizes proactive, preemptive pain management rather than a reactive, "damage control" approach. The guidelines discuss treatment options centered on preemptive, multimodal analgesic therapies. There is an extensive variety of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic therapeutic options for the management of acute and chronic pain in cats and dogs. The guidelines include a tiered decision tree that prioritizes the use of the most efficacious therapeutic modalities for the treatment of acute and chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E Gruen
- North Carolina State University, Department of Clinical Sciences (M.E.G.)
| | - B Duncan X Lascelles
- North Carolina State University, Translational Research in Pain, Department of Clinical Sciences (B.D.X.L.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Denis Marcellin-Little
- University of California, Davis, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (D.M-L.)
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23
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Rodriguez P, Paul-Murphy JR, Knych HK, Drazenovich TL, Hawkins MG. Pharmacokinetics of grapiprant administered to red-tailed hawks ( Buteo jamaicensis) after food was withheld for 24 hours. Am J Vet Res 2021; 82:912-919. [PMID: 34669491 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.82.11.912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify an oral dose of grapiprant for red-tailed hawks (RTHAs; Buteo jamaicensis) that would achieve a plasma concentration > 164 ng/mL, which is considered therapeutic for dogs with osteoarthritis. ANIMALS 6 healthy adult RTHAs. PROCEDURES A preliminary study, in which grapiprant (4 mg/kg [n = 2], 11 mg/kg [2], or 45 mg/kg [2]) was delivered into the crop of RTHAs from which food had been withheld for 24 hours, was performed to obtained pharmacokinetic data for use with modeling software to simulate results for grapiprant doses of 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 mg/kg. Simulation results directed our selection of the grapiprant dose administered to the RTHAs in a single-dose study. Plasma grapiprant concentration, body weight, and gastrointestinal signs of RTHAs were monitored. RESULTS On the basis of results from the preliminary study and simulations, a grapiprant dose of 30 mg/kg was used in the single-dose study. The geometric mean maximum observed plasma concentration of grapiprant was 3,184 ng/mL, time to maximum plasma grapiprant concentration was 2.0 hours, and the harmonic mean terminal half-life was 17.1 hours. No substantial adverse effects were observed. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Although the single dose of grapiprant (30 mg/kg) delivered into the crop achieved plasma concentrations > 164 ng/mL in the RTHAs, it was unknown whether this concentration would be therapeutic for birds. Further research that incorporates multidose assessments, safety monitoring, and pharmacodynamic data collection is warranted on the use of grapiprant in RTHAs from which food was withheld versus not withheld.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Rodriguez
- From the William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, and K. L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharma-cology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medi-cine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Joanne R Paul-Murphy
- From the William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, and K. L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharma-cology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medi-cine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Heather K Knych
- From the William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, and K. L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharma-cology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medi-cine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Tracy L Drazenovich
- From the William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, and K. L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharma-cology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medi-cine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Michelle G Hawkins
- From the William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, and K. L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharma-cology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medi-cine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
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24
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Salichs M, Badiella L, Sarasola P, Homedes J. Efficacy and safety of enflicoxib for treatment of canine osteoarthritis: A 6-week randomised, controlled, blind, multicentre clinical trial. Vet Rec 2021; 191:e949. [PMID: 34590318 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enflicoxib is a new COX-2 selective NSAID intended for the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with canine osteoarthritis. METHODS A prospective, multisite, blinded, randomised, controlled, parallel-group field study was performed to determine the efficacy and safety of enflicoxib in canine osteoarthritis. A total of 242 dogs were randomised to receive enflicoxib at 4 or 2 mg/kg, mavacoxib at 2 mg/kg or placebo, orally. Enflicoxib and placebo were administered once weekly from day 0 to day 35. Mavacoxib was administered on D0 and day 14. Veterinarians assessed efficacy with a numerical rating scale and owners used the Canine Brief Pain Inventory. RESULTS After 6 weeks, enflicoxib at 4 mg/kg showed the highest percentage of responders as assessed by the veterinarians (68%) and the owners (84%), followed by mavacoxib (62and 83%, respectively), and enflicoxib at 2 mg/kg (57 and 80%, respectively). All treatments reached statistical significance versus placebo, which obtained success rates of 37% and 53%, respectively. No differences in the incidence of adverse reactions were detected among the different groups. CONCLUSIONS Enflicoxib administered weekly for 6 weeks, at 4 mg/kg PO with an initial loading dose of 8 mg/kg, is efficacious and safe for the treatment of canine osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Salichs
- Ecuphar Veterinaria SLU (Animalcare Group), Avgda. Río de Janeiro 60 - 66, planta 13, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Llorenç Badiella
- Servei d'Estadística Aplicada, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Josep Homedes
- Ecuphar Veterinaria SLU (Animalcare Group), Avgda. Río de Janeiro 60 - 66, planta 13, Barcelona, Spain
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25
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A prospective, randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled multisite clinical study of bedinvetmab, a canine monoclonal antibody targeting nerve growth factor, in dogs with osteoarthritis. Vet Anaesth Analg 2021; 48:943-955. [PMID: 34565678 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bedinvetmab is a canine monoclonal antibody targeting nerve growth factor. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of bedinvetmab for alleviation of pain associated with osteoarthritis in dogs. STUDY DESIGN Double-blind, randomized, multicentre, placebo-controlled study. ANIMALS Client-owned dogs (n = 287) with osteoarthritis. METHODS Dogs were randomized (1:1) to subcutaneous injection with placebo (saline, n = 146) or bedinvetmab (0.5-1.0 mg kg-1, n = 141) administered monthly. After 3 months, 89 bedinvetmab-treated dogs that responded positively based on owner and veterinarian assessments were administered up to six additional doses of bedinvetmab in a single-armed open-label continuation phase. The primary efficacy end point was treatment success based on the owner-assessed canine brief pain inventory (CBPI) on day 28. Treatment success was defined as ≥ 1 reduction in pain severity score (0-10) and ≥ 2 in pain interference score (0-10). RESULTS Percentage treatment success was significantly greater in the bedinvetmab group than in the placebo group from day 7 through all assessed time points (p ≤ 0.0025). On day 28, 43.5% of dogs achieved treatment success with bedinvetmab compared with placebo (16.9%) (p = 0.0017). Treatment success continued through days 56 (50.8%) and 84 (48.2%) in the bedinvetmab group and was < 25% in the placebo group at all time points. Sustained efficacy was demonstrated in the continuation phase. Adverse health events occurred at similar frequencies in both groups. They were considered typical for a population of dogs with osteoarthritis and not related to study treatment. Treatment with bedinvetmab demonstrated a significant effect on all three components of CBPI-pain interference, pain severity, quality of life. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study demonstrated the effectiveness and safety of bedinvetmab administered monthly for up to 9 months at 0.5-1.0 mg kg-1 for alleviation of pain associated with canine osteoarthritis.
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26
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Musser ML, Viall AK, Phillips RL, Fasina O, Johannes CM. Prostaglandin EP4 receptor mRNA expression in canine lymphoma. Vet Comp Oncol 2021; 20:127-133. [PMID: 34250711 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Canine lymphoma (LSA) is a diverse, aggressive malignancy initiated by a variety of factors. Understanding those factors could help identify potential treatment options. Chronic inflammation drives lymphoma in human medicine and is suspected to play a role in veterinary medicine. The exact mechanisms, however, have not been elucidated. Upregulation of the cyclooxygenase enzymes, and subsequently prostaglandins, potentially play a stimulatory role. Prostaglandins work through one of four EP receptors (EP1-EP4) and the effects mediated through EP4R specifically are thought to be the primary drivers of cancer development. In human T-cell LSA, overexpression of EP4R has been found and appears to protect LSA cells from apoptosis. The role of EP4R in human B-cell LSA is more nuanced. This study aims to evaluate the mRNA expression of the EP4R gene (ptger4) in canine B-cell and T-cell LSA. Archived canine lymph nodes with histologically confirmed B-cell and T-cell LSA, and reactive lymph nodes, were evaluated for EP4R mRNA expression using a novel RNA in situ hybridization technique (RNAscope). Quantification of RNAscope signals was completed with an advanced digital pathology image analysis system (HALO). Results were reported as copy number, H-score, and percent tumour cell expression of EP4R mRNA. All reactive, B-cell LSA, and T-cell LSA lymph nodes expressed EP4R mRNA. The mRNA copy number, H-score, and percent tumour cell expression of EP4R were higher in B-cell (p < .003) and T-cell (p < .001) LSA samples compared to reactive lymph node samples. There were no differences between B-cell LSA and T-cell LSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret L Musser
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Austin K Viall
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Rachel L Phillips
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Olufemi Fasina
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Chad M Johannes
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa, USA
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27
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Sartini I, Giorgi M. Grapiprant: A snapshot of the current knowledge. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2021; 44:679-688. [PMID: 34057218 PMCID: PMC8518515 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Grapiprant is the pioneer member of the novel piprant class, a potent and specific antagonist of the prostaglandin E2 receptor 4. It has been approved in veterinary medicine for the control of pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis in dogs at the dose regimen of 2 mg/kg once a day by the FDA and EMA (for pain only) in 2016 and 2018, respectively. The aim of this narrative review was to report the analytical methods, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of grapiprant in several animal species using the best available published scientific evidence. In conclusion, most of the analytical methods proposed for grapiprant detection are simple, reliable, sensitive and validated. The pharmacokinetics show discrepancies between animal species. The therapeutic efficacy seems more suited to chronic rather than acute pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Sartini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,PhD School, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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28
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Geng Q, Zhang H, Cui Y, Wei Q, Wang S. Febuxostat mitigates IL-18-induced inflammatory response and reduction of extracellular matrix gene. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:979-987. [PMID: 33841634 PMCID: PMC8014396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis (OA) is a disease commonly diagnosed in the elderly population. It is reported that the reduction of extracellular matrix and infiltrated inflammation are two main factors responsible for the pathogenesis of OA. This investigation aims to explore the potential protective effects of Febuxostat against IL-18-induced insults in chondrocytes, as well as the possible mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS The viability of chondrocytes was evaluated using the MTT assay. QRT-PCR and ELISA were used to measure the expressions and concentrations of IL-6, TNF-α, and CCL5, respectively. The accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) was measured using Alcian blue assay. The chondrocytes were transfected with siRNA against Sox-9 in order to establish the Sox-9 knock-down chondrocytes. The expressions of iNOS, Col2a1, Acan, and Sox-9 were measured using qRT-PCR. The production of NO was measured using Diaminofluorescein-FM diacetate (DAF-FM DA) staining. RESULTS The up-regulated expressions of IL-6, TNF-α, CCL5, iNOS, and NO stimulated by IL-18 were down-regulated by the introduction of Febuxostat. The expressions of Col2a1, Acan, and Sox-9 were significantly reduced by IL-18 but greatly promoted by Febuxostat. The increased gene expressions of Col2a1 and Acan induced by Febuxostat were abolished by knocking down Sox-9 in the chondrocytes. CONCLUSION Febuxostat might mitigate IL-18-induced inflammatory response and reduction of the extracellular matrix gene mediated by Sox-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Geng
- Department of Rheumatology, Shandong Zibo Central Hospital Zibo 255036, Shandong, China
| | - Hongju Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Shandong Zibo Central Hospital Zibo 255036, Shandong, China
| | - Yanhui Cui
- Department of Rheumatology, Shandong Zibo Central Hospital Zibo 255036, Shandong, China
| | - Qiaofeng Wei
- Department of Rheumatology, Shandong Zibo Central Hospital Zibo 255036, Shandong, China
| | - Shujun Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, Shandong Zibo Central Hospital Zibo 255036, Shandong, China
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29
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Cryo-EM Structure of the Prostaglandin E Receptor EP4 Coupled to G Protein. Structure 2020; 29:252-260.e6. [PMID: 33264604 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E receptor EP4, a class A G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), is a common drug target in various disorders, such as acute decompensated heart failure and ulcerative colitis. Here, we report the cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the EP4-heterotrimeric G protein (Gs) complex with the endogenous ligand at a global resolution of 3.3 Å. In this structure, compared with that in the inactive EP4 structure, the sixth transmembrane domain is shifted outward on the intracellular side, although the shift is smaller than that in other class A GPCRs bound to Gs. Instead, the C-terminal helix of Gs is inserted toward TM2 of EP4, and the conserved C-terminal hook structure formsthe extended state. These structural features are formed by the conserved residues in prostanoid receptors (Phe542.39 and Trp3277.51). These findings may be important for the thorough understanding of the G protein-binding mechanism of EP4 and other prostanoid receptors.
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30
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Tang Y, Mo Y, Xin D, Zeng L, Yue Z, Xu C. β-ecdysterone alleviates osteoarthritis by activating autophagy in chondrocytes through regulating PI3K/AKT/mTOR signal pathway. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:7174-7186. [PMID: 33312358 PMCID: PMC7724317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the therapeutic effects of β-ecdysterone on osteoarthritis (OA) and the underlying mechanism. METHODS OA model was established on rats by injecting MIA. ELSA was used to determine the concentration of IL-1β, IL-6, NO and TNF-α in the chondrocytes and cartilage tissues. Immunofluorescence assay was used to determine the expression of collagen II in the chondrocytes. The survival rate of chondrocytes was evaluated by MTT assay. The apoptosis of chondrocytes was checked by AO/PI staining and flow cytometry assay. The expression level of Atg7, PI3K and caspase-3 was evaluated by qRT-PCR. Western Blot was used determine the expression of PI3K, p-AKT1, AKT1, p-mTOR, mTOR, p70S6K, p-p70S6K, LC3I, LC3II and caspase-3. HE staining was used to check the pathological state of cartilage tissues. RESULTS Chondrocytes were tolerable to rapamycin, 3-methyladenine and β-ecdysterone at the concentration of 10 mM, 100 nM and 40 μM, respectively. The apoptosis of chondrocytes was inhibited by rapamycin and β-ecdysterone, and induced by 3-methyladenine. PI3K, p-AKT1, p-mTOR, p-p70S6K and caspase-3 were down-regulated by rapamycin and β-ecdysterone, and up-regulated by 3-methyladenine in both the chondrocytes and the cartilage tissues. The expression of Atg7 and LC3II/LC3I were regulated in a opposite way. The inflammation state was improved by rapamycin and β-ecdysterone both the chondrocytes and the cartilage tissues. HE staining results showed that the pathological state of cartilage tissues was alleviated by β-ecdysterone. CONCLUSION β-ecdysterone might alleviate osteoarthritis by activating autophagy in chondrocytes through regulating PI3K/AKT/mTOR signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanghua Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiaoshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineNo. 156 Yucai Road, Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yafeng Mo
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Clinical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityNo. 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Dawei Xin
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiaoshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineNo. 156 Yucai Road, Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Linru Zeng
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiaoshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineNo. 156 Yucai Road, Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhenshuang Yue
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiaoshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineNo. 156 Yucai Road, Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Canda Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiaoshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineNo. 156 Yucai Road, Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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31
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Norel X, Sugimoto Y, Ozen G, Abdelazeem H, Amgoud Y, Bouhadoun A, Bassiouni W, Goepp M, Mani S, Manikpurage HD, Senbel A, Longrois D, Heinemann A, Yao C, Clapp LH. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CIX. Differences and Similarities between Human and Rodent Prostaglandin E 2 Receptors (EP1-4) and Prostacyclin Receptor (IP): Specific Roles in Pathophysiologic Conditions. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 72:910-968. [PMID: 32962984 PMCID: PMC7509579 DOI: 10.1124/pr.120.019331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandins are derived from arachidonic acid metabolism through cyclooxygenase activities. Among prostaglandins (PGs), prostacyclin (PGI2) and PGE2 are strongly involved in the regulation of homeostasis and main physiologic functions. In addition, the synthesis of these two prostaglandins is significantly increased during inflammation. PGI2 and PGE2 exert their biologic actions by binding to their respective receptors, namely prostacyclin receptor (IP) and prostaglandin E2 receptor (EP) 1-4, which belong to the family of G-protein-coupled receptors. IP and EP1-4 receptors are widely distributed in the body and thus play various physiologic and pathophysiologic roles. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in studies using pharmacological approaches, genetically modified animals, and genome-wide association studies regarding the roles of IP and EP1-4 receptors in the immune, cardiovascular, nervous, gastrointestinal, respiratory, genitourinary, and musculoskeletal systems. In particular, we highlight similarities and differences between human and rodents in terms of the specific roles of IP and EP1-4 receptors and their downstream signaling pathways, functions, and activities for each biologic system. We also highlight the potential novel therapeutic benefit of targeting IP and EP1-4 receptors in several diseases based on the scientific advances, animal models, and human studies. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: In this review, we present an update of the pathophysiologic role of the prostacyclin receptor, prostaglandin E2 receptor (EP) 1, EP2, EP3, and EP4 receptors when activated by the two main prostaglandins, namely prostacyclin and prostaglandin E2, produced during inflammatory conditions in human and rodents. In addition, this comparison of the published results in each tissue and/or pathology should facilitate the choice of the most appropriate model for the future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Norel
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Yukihiko Sugimoto
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Gulsev Ozen
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Heba Abdelazeem
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Yasmine Amgoud
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Amel Bouhadoun
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Wesam Bassiouni
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Marie Goepp
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Salma Mani
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Hasanga D Manikpurage
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Amira Senbel
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Dan Longrois
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Akos Heinemann
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Chengcan Yao
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Lucie H Clapp
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
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Roflumilast prevents lymphotoxin α (TNF-β)-induced inflammation activation and degradation of type 2 collagen in chondrocytes. Inflamm Res 2020; 69:1191-1199. [PMID: 32990777 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-020-01404-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic disease accompanied by severe inflammation. The inflammation activation in the chondrocytes and the degradation of the extracellular matrix were reported to be involved in the progress of OA. Roflumilast is a selective PDE4 inhibitor used for treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and exerts significant anti-inflammation effects. The present study aims to investigate the effects of Roflumilast on tumor necrosis factor-β (TNF-β)-induced inflammation activation and degradation of type 2 collagen in chondrocytes. METHODS TNF-β was used to establish the in-vitro inflammation model on ATDC5 chondrocytes. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR) and western blot were used to determine the expression level of tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP-3), matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13), type 2 collagen and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65. The release of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), MMP-3, and MMP-13 were evaluated by ELISA. The production of NO was determined by DAF-FM DA staining and the function of the NF-κB promoter was evaluated by Luciferase activity assay. RESULTS TNFR2 and COX-2 were upregulated and the release of PGE2 was promoted by TNF-β stimulation, which were all inhibited by Roflumilast. Roflumilast suppressed the promoted iNOS expression and NO production induced by TNF-β. MMP-3 and MMP-13 were up-regulated, and type 2 collagen was down-regulated by TNF-β stimulation, which were all reversed by Roflumilast. Roflumilast inhibited the promoted releasing of Interleukin-8 (IL-8) and Interleukin-12 (IL-12), expression of up-regulated NF-κB, and activation of NF-κB transcriptional activity induced by TNF-β. CONCLUSION Roflumilast may prevent TNF-β-induced inflammation activation and degradation of type 2 collagen in chondrocytes.
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Baker-Meuten A, Wendland T, Shamir SK, Hess AM, Duerr FM. Evaluation of acupuncture for the treatment of pain associated with naturally-occurring osteoarthritis in dogs: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded clinical trial. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:357. [PMID: 32977836 PMCID: PMC7517673 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02567-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acupuncture has been used as a treatment for pain associated with osteoarthritis (OA) for thousands of years; however, there is a lack of definitive evidence for this indication in humans or animals. The aim of this study was to prospectively evaluate the efficacy of acupuncture on lameness and clinical function in dogs affected by naturally-occurring OA using objective outcome measures. A total of 32 client-owned dogs completed this prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded clinical trial, using a cross-over design. Participants were assigned to receive placebo or acupuncture treatment once weekly for 4 weeks in random order with a two-week wash-out period in between treatment phases. Outcome measures included ground reaction forces (GRF), subjective orthopedic scoring (SOS), activity counts (AC), and owner-completed clinical metrology instruments (CMI; Canine Brief Pain Inventory [CBPI] and Client Specific Outcome Measures [CSOM]). For statistical comparison, baseline GRF, SOS, and CMI data were compared to data obtained 1 week after each treatment phase. Similarly, total weekly AC of the final week of each treatment phase were compared to the baseline week. Results Evidence of differences between baseline versus acupuncture and placebo treatments was not identified for the following outcome measures: GRF, AC, or SOS. However, evidence of differences was identified for some of the CMI scores, including the CSOM questionnaire which showed evidence of improvement when comparing baseline versus acupuncture (p = 0.0002) as well as between placebo versus acupuncture treatments (p = 0.035) but not between baseline versus placebo treatments (p = 0.221). Conclusions The applied acupuncture protocol did not show improvement in function when using objective outcome measures for OA in dogs; however, certain CMI measurements recorded some degree of treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Baker-Meuten
- Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, 300 W Drake Rd, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Theresa Wendland
- Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, 300 W Drake Rd, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Shelly K Shamir
- University of Minnesota Veterinary Medical Center, 1365 Gortner Ave, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Ann M Hess
- Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, 300 W Drake Rd, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Felix Michael Duerr
- Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, 300 W Drake Rd, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
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Robertson-Plouch C, Stille JR, Liu P, Smith C, Brown D, Warner M, Hu L, Fisher MJ. A randomized clinical efficacy study targeting mPGES1 or EP4 in dogs with spontaneous osteoarthritis. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/516/eaaw9993. [PMID: 31666405 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw9993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Canine studies of spontaneous osteoarthritis (OA) pain add valuable data supporting drug treatment mechanisms that may translate to humans. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled study was conducted in client-owned dogs with moderate OA pain to evaluate efficacy of LYA, an inhibitor of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES1), an EP4 antagonist (LYB), and carprofen, versus placebo. Of 255 dogs screened, 163 were randomized (placebo/LYA/LYB/carprofen: n = 43/39/42/39) and 158 completed treatment. Efficacy versus placebo was assessed using Bayesian mixed-effect model for repeated measure analyses of the Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI) pain interference score (PIS; primary endpoint), pain severity score, and overall impression, as well as the Liverpool Osteoarthritis in Dogs (LOAD) mobility score. The posterior probability that the difference to placebo was <0 at week 2 was 80% for LYA and 54% for LYB for CBPI PIS (both <95% predefined threshold). For secondary endpoints, the posterior probability that the difference to placebo was <0 at week 2 ranged from 89 to 96% for LYA and from 56 to 89% for LYB. The posterior probabilities comparing carprofen to placebo groups were ≥90% for all efficacy endpoints. The proportion of dogs with one or more adverse event was not significantly different from placebo (32.6%) for LYA (35.9%) or carprofen (25.6%), but the rate for LYB (59.5%) was higher versus placebo (P = 0.017). LYA treatment demonstrated consistent improvement in all efficacy measures, suggesting that inhibition of mPGES1 may be an effective treatment for chronic pain associated with OA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John R Stille
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
| | - Peng Liu
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Claire Smith
- Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, UK
| | - Dorothy Brown
- Elanco, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46140, USA.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Margaret Warner
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Leijun Hu
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Matthew J Fisher
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
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Musser ML, Viall AK, Phillips RL, Hostetter JM, Johannes CM. Gene expression of prostaglandin EP4 receptor in three canine carcinomas. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:213. [PMID: 32571310 PMCID: PMC7310232 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02431-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic inflammation mediated by the cyclooxygenase enzymes, specifically their product prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), can result in the development of cancer. PGE2 promotes cell proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis through interaction with its specific receptors (EP1 receptor - EP4 receptor [EP1R-EP4R]). In multiple human cancers, the expression of EP4R is associated with the development of malignancy and a poor prognosis. The expression of EP4R has not yet been evaluated in canine tumors. The aim of this study was to characterize the mRNA gene expression of EP4R (ptger4) in canine squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma (AGASACA), and transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). Archived tumor samples of canine cutaneous SCC (n = 9), AGASACA (n = 9), and TCC (n = 9), and matched archived normal tissue controls were evaluated for mRNA expression of canine EP4R using RNA in situ hybridization (RNAscope®). Quantification of RNAscope® signals in tissue sections was completed with an advanced digital pathology image analysis system (HALO). Data was expressed as copy number, H-index, and percent tumor cell expression of EP4R. RESULTS In all canine SCC, AGASACA, and TCC samples evaluated, strong universal positive expression of EP4R was identified. For SCC and AGASACA, mRNA EP4R expression was statistically higher than that of their respective normal tissues. The TCC tissues displayed significantly less mRNA EP4R expression when compared to normal bladder mucosa. CONCLUSIONS These results confirm the mRNA expression of canine EP4R in all tumor types evaluated, with SCC and AGASACA displaying the highest expression, and TCC displaying the lowest expression. This study also represents the first reported veterinary evaluation of EP4R expression using the novel in situ hybridization technique, RNAscope®.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret L Musser
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - Austin K Viall
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Rachel L Phillips
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jesse M Hostetter
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, USA.,Present address: University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Chad M Johannes
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, USA
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Gencoglu H, Orhan C, Sahin E, Sahin K. Undenatured Type II Collagen (UC-II) in Joint Health and Disease: A Review on the Current Knowledge of Companion Animals. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E697. [PMID: 32316397 PMCID: PMC7222752 DOI: 10.3390/ani10040697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OA is quite common in companion animals, especially in large breed dogs and horses. Collagen, the most abundant protein of mammals, has specific connective tissue types for skin, bones, reticulate, basal lamina, bones, cell surfaces, while type II collagen (UC-II) forms the main structure of cartilage tissue. Even at the smaller dosages, UC-II has also been reported to be more effective than the glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate supplements, which are the supplements most frequently used in the market. In this review, we summarize the effects of UC-II on joint health and function in health and disease conditions in companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Gencoglu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Firat University, Elazig (+90) 424, Turkey;
| | - Cemal Orhan
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig (+90) 424, Turkey; (C.O.); (E.S.)
| | - Emre Sahin
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig (+90) 424, Turkey; (C.O.); (E.S.)
| | - Kazim Sahin
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig (+90) 424, Turkey; (C.O.); (E.S.)
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Gastric perforation in a dog: Postmortem computed tomography and forensic autopsy findings. FORENSIC IMAGING 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fri.2020.200359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Woolbright BL, Pilbeam CC, Taylor JA. Prostaglandin E2 as a therapeutic target in bladder cancer: From basic science to clinical trials. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2020; 148:106409. [PMID: 31931078 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2020.106409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BCa) is a common solid tumor marked by high rates of recurrence, especially in non-muscle invasive disease. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a ubiquitously present lipid mediator responsible for numerous physiological actions. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes by the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) class of drugs results in reduced PGE2 levels. NSAID usage has been associated with reductions in cancers such as BCa. Clinical trials using NSAIDs to prevent recurrence have had mixed results, but largely converge on issues with cardiotoxicity. The purpose of this review is to understand the basic science behind how and why inhibitors of PGE2 may be effective against BCa, and to explore alternate therapeutic modalities for addressing the role of PGE2 without the associated cardiotoxicity. We will address the role of PGE2 in a diverse array of cancer-related functions including stemness, immunosuppression, proliferation, cellular signaling and more.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carol C Pilbeam
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - John A Taylor
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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Budsberg SC, Kleine SA, Norton MM, Sandberg GS. Comparison of two inhibitors of E-type prostanoid receptor four and carprofen in dogs with experimentally induced acute synovitis. Am J Vet Res 2020; 80:1001-1006. [PMID: 31644340 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.80.11.1001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the ability of a proprietary antagonist of E-type prostanoid receptor (EP) 4, grapiprant, and carprofen to attenuate lameness attributable to urate-induced synovitis in dogs. ANIMALS 5 purpose-bred hound-cross dogs. PROCEDURES A blinded, 3-way crossover study was performed. Dogs received each of 3 treatments (L-766, a proprietary antagonist of EP4; 4.0 mg/kg), grapiprant (an antagonist of EP4; 2.0 mg/kg), and carprofen (4.4 mg/kg); dogs received 4 doses of each treatment (14 and 2 hours before and 22 and 46 hours after urate injection). Synovitis was induced by intra-articular injection of sodium urate. Measurements (vertical ground reaction forces and clinical lameness scores) were obtained immediately before (0 hours; baseline) and 6, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours after sodium urate injection. All data were analyzed with repeated-measures ANOVA. RESULTS Lameness scores at 6 hours were significantly higher than baseline lameness scores for all treatments. Lameness scores for the grapiprant treatment remained significantly higher at 12 and 24 hours, compared with baseline lameness scores. Lameness scores for the carprofen treatment were significantly lower than lameness scores for the grapiprant treatment at 6, 12, and 24 hours. Analysis of peak vertical force and vertical impulse data revealed a pattern similar to that for lameness scores. Treatment with L-766 resulted in a significantly higher vertical impulse at 48 hours than did treatment with carprofen or grapiprant. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In these dogs, carprofen was the most effective treatment for attenuating lameness induced by injection of sodium urate, and grapiprant was the least effective treatment.
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Yang JJ, Yu WW, Hu LL, Liu WJ, Lin XH, Wang W, Zhang Q, Wang PL, Tang SW, Wang X, Liu M, Lu W, Zhang HK. Discovery and Characterization of 1 H-1,2,3-Triazole Derivatives as Novel Prostanoid EP4 Receptor Antagonists for Cancer Immunotherapy. J Med Chem 2020; 63:569-590. [PMID: 31855426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The prostanoid EP4 receptor is one of the key receptors associated with inflammatory mediator PGE2-elicited immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment. Blockade of EP4 signaling to enhance immunity-mediated tumor elimination has recently emerged as a promising strategy for cancer immunotherapy. In our efforts to discover novel subtype-selective EP4 antagonists, we designed and synthesized a class of 1H-1,2,3-triazole-based ligands that display low nanomolar antagonism activity toward the human EP4 receptor and excellent subtype selectivity. The most promising compound 59 exhibits single-digit nanomolar potency in the EP4 calcium flux and cAMP-response element reporter assays and effectively suppresses the expression of multiple immunosuppression-related genes in macrophage cells. On the basis of its favorable ADMET properties, compound 59 was chosen for further in vivo biological evaluation. Oral administration of compound 59 significantly inhibited tumor growth in the mouse CT26 colon carcinoma model accompanied by enhanced infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the tumor tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jie Yang
- Drug Discovery Unit, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences , East China Normal University , 500 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200241 , China
| | - Wei-Wei Yu
- Drug Discovery Unit, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences , East China Normal University , 500 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200241 , China
| | - Long-Long Hu
- Drug Discovery Unit, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences , East China Normal University , 500 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200241 , China
| | - Wen-Juan Liu
- Drug Discovery Unit, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences , East China Normal University , 500 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200241 , China
| | - Xian-Hua Lin
- Drug Discovery Unit, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences , East China Normal University , 500 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200241 , China
| | - Wei Wang
- Drug Discovery Unit, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences , East China Normal University , 500 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200241 , China
| | - Qiansen Zhang
- Drug Discovery Unit, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences , East China Normal University , 500 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200241 , China
| | - Pei-Li Wang
- Drug Discovery Unit, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences , East China Normal University , 500 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200241 , China
| | - Shuo-Wen Tang
- Drug Discovery Unit, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences , East China Normal University , 500 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200241 , China
| | - Xin Wang
- Drug Discovery Unit, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences , East China Normal University , 500 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200241 , China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Drug Discovery Unit, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences , East China Normal University , 500 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200241 , China
| | - Weiqiang Lu
- Drug Discovery Unit, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences , East China Normal University , 500 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200241 , China
| | - Han-Kun Zhang
- Drug Discovery Unit, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences , East China Normal University , 500 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200241 , China
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Abstract
Prostanoids (prostaglandins, prostacyclin and thromboxane) belong to the oxylipin family of biologically active lipids generated from arachidonic acid (AA). Protanoids control numerous physiological and pathological processes. Cyclooxygenase (COX) is a rate-limiting enzyme involved in the conversion of AA into prostanoids. There are two COX isozymes: the constitutive COX-1 and the inducible COX-2. COX-1 and COX-2 have similar structures, catalytic activities, and subcellular localizations but differ in patterns of expression and biological functions. Non-selective COX-1/2 or traditional, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (tNSAIDs) target both COX isoforms and are widely used to relieve pain, fever and inflammation. However, the use of NSAIDs is associated with various side effects, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract. NSAIDs selective for COX-2 inhibition (coxibs) were purposefully designed to spare gastrointestinal toxicity, but predisposed patients to increased cardiovascular risks. These health complications from NSAIDs prompted interest in the downstream effectors of the COX enzymes as novel drug targets. This chapter describes various safety issues with tNSAIDs and coxibs, and discusses the current development of novel classes of drugs targeting the prostanoid pathway, including nitrogen oxide- and hydrogen sulfide-releasing NSAIDs, inhibitors of prostanoid synthases, dual inhibitors, and prostanoid receptor agonists and antagonists.
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Eskander BS, Barbar M, Evans RB, Enomoto M, Lascelles BDX, Conzemius MG. Correlation of activity data in normal dogs to distance traveled. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 2020; 84:44-51. [PMID: 31920217 PMCID: PMC6921993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to explore the mathematical relationships between independent variables (patient morphometrics and treadmill speed) and dependent variables (accelerometer or pedometer output) when evaluating data from accelerometers and pedometers in dogs. Twenty dogs took part in 3 randomized activities, consisting of exercise on a treadmill at 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 m/s for a total distance of 1 km at each speed. Dogs simultaneously wore both an accelerometer and a pedometer. Statistical analysis used multiple regression models to discover the relationships between independent and dependent variables. A formula was developed to predict the distance traveled by a dog based on its morphometrics and activity monitor output. Shoulder height had stronger correlations to accelerometer and pedometer outputs than other morphometric variables. As shoulder height increased, all accelerometer and pedometer outputs decreased. As treadmill speed increased, both accelerometer and pedometer step counts decreased, while accelerometer activity counts increased. According to a formula derived to predict the total distance traveled using patient shoulder height and accelerometer or pedometer output, pedometer steps were the most accurate predictor of distance traveled. Accelerometer steps were less accurate when using the same model. Accelerometer activity counts did not reveal a meaningful predictive formula. The results of this study indicate that patient morphometrics and treadmill speed (as a measure of intensity) influenced accelerometer and pedometer data. The pedometer data more precisely and accurately estimated the distance traveled based on step counts and patient shoulder height. In normal dogs, accelerometer and pedometer steps may reasonably estimate distance traveled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishoy S Eskander
- University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA (Eskander, Evans, Conzemius); Comparative Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA (Barbar, Enomoto, Lascelles); Center for Pain Research and Innovation, UNC School of Dentistry, 385 South Columbia Street, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA (Lascelles); Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, 134 Research Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA (Lascelles)
| | - Megan Barbar
- University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA (Eskander, Evans, Conzemius); Comparative Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA (Barbar, Enomoto, Lascelles); Center for Pain Research and Innovation, UNC School of Dentistry, 385 South Columbia Street, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA (Lascelles); Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, 134 Research Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA (Lascelles)
| | - Richard B Evans
- University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA (Eskander, Evans, Conzemius); Comparative Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA (Barbar, Enomoto, Lascelles); Center for Pain Research and Innovation, UNC School of Dentistry, 385 South Columbia Street, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA (Lascelles); Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, 134 Research Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA (Lascelles)
| | - Masataka Enomoto
- University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA (Eskander, Evans, Conzemius); Comparative Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA (Barbar, Enomoto, Lascelles); Center for Pain Research and Innovation, UNC School of Dentistry, 385 South Columbia Street, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA (Lascelles); Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, 134 Research Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA (Lascelles)
| | - B Duncan X Lascelles
- University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA (Eskander, Evans, Conzemius); Comparative Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA (Barbar, Enomoto, Lascelles); Center for Pain Research and Innovation, UNC School of Dentistry, 385 South Columbia Street, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA (Lascelles); Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, 134 Research Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA (Lascelles)
| | - Michael G Conzemius
- University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA (Eskander, Evans, Conzemius); Comparative Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA (Barbar, Enomoto, Lascelles); Center for Pain Research and Innovation, UNC School of Dentistry, 385 South Columbia Street, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA (Lascelles); Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, 134 Research Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA (Lascelles)
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Kim SE, Pozzi A, Yeh JC, Lopez-Velazquez M, Au Yong JA, Townsend S, Dunlap AE, Christopher SA, Lewis DD, Johnson MD, Petrucci K. Intra-Articular Umbilical Cord Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Chronic Elbow Osteoarthritis in Dogs: A Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:474. [PMID: 31921927 PMCID: PMC6932969 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Intra-articular stem cell therapy may help alleviate lameness caused by osteoarthritis in dogs. Umbilical cord-derived stem cell (UMSC) therapy has not yet been investigated in a veterinary clinical study. We hypothesized that dogs treated with intra-articular UMSC will have improved limb function and quality of life when compared to dogs treated with a saline placebo injection. Methods: This was a prospective, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial in client-owned dogs with chronic elbow osteoarthritis with a follow-up time of 6 months. Dogs were assigned to receive intra-articular UMSC (n = 38) or a saline placebo intra-articular injection (n = 30). Outcome measures included the Canine Brief Pain Inventory score (CBPI) and peak vertical force (PVF) from force-platform gait analysis. Treatment was considered successful when there was a decrease in the Pain Severity Score of at least one and a decrease in the Pain Interference Score of at least one from baseline. Success rates and PVF were compared between groups. Results: No adverse effects associated with UMSC were noted. Of the dogs completing the study, treatment success in the UMSC (n = 28) vs. placebo groups (n = 23) was observed in 54 vs. 28% of dogs at 1 month, 50 vs. 27% at 3 months, and 46 vs. 14% at 6 months, respectively. Success rate in the UMSC group was significantly higher than the placebo group at 1 and 6 months after treatment. However, no differences in PVF of the affected limb over time was observed in either group. Conclusions: Intra-articular UMSC for osteoarthritis may improve clinical signs based on owner observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley E Kim
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Antonio Pozzi
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | | | | | - Jo Anne Au Yong
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Sarah Townsend
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Anna E Dunlap
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Scott A Christopher
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Daniel D Lewis
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Matthew D Johnson
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Abstract
This article reviews the mechanisms of action, clinical use, and recent scientific evidence for the use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, grapiprant, acetaminophen (paracetamol), metamizole (dipyrone), and corticosteroids in pain management. The discussion is presented with an emphasis on the treatment of acute pain.
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de Salazar Alcalá AG, Gioda L, Dehman A, Beugnet F. Assessment of the efficacy of firocoxib (Previcox®) and grapiprant (Galliprant®) in an induced model of acute arthritis in dogs. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:309. [PMID: 31464629 PMCID: PMC6716846 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2052-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are an important tool in the management of canine osteoarthritis, with the most recent introduction into the category being grapiprant, a piprant that selectively targets the EP4 prostaglandin receptor. To date there have been no efficacy studies comparing grapiprant with other NSAIDs. A randomized, two-sequence, assessor-blinded study involving two separate experiments was undertaken to measure the potency and persistence of acute pain control over 24 h resulting from a single oral dose of either firocoxib (Previcox®) or grapiprant (Galliprant®) in an acute arthritis model. Results Force-plate derived lameness ratios (0, no force recorded on the plate; 1, normal force) for the untreated group remained at 0 for most post-arthritis induction (PAI) assessments in both experiments. Throughout Experiment 1, mean PAI lameness ratios of the firocoxib-treated group remained at or above 0.80. In the grapiprant-treated group, ratios were 0 at 5 and 7 h PAI (7 and 9 h post-treatment), and 0.16 at 10 h PAI (12 h post-treatment). For lameness ratios, relative to the firocoxib group, the control and grapiprant group ratios were significantly lower at each PAI assessment (p ≤ 0.026 and p < 0.001, respectively), except at 1.5 h PAI at which acute pain was still not installed in untreated control dogs. In Experiment 2 the mean lameness ratios for the control group were 0 at 3, 5 and 7 h PAI, and in the grapiprant group at 5, 7 and 10 h PAI (i.e., 19, 21, and 24 h post-treatment). In the firocoxib group the lowest mean lameness ratio of 0.36 occurred at 3 h PAI (i.e. 17 h post-treatment). Except at 1.5 and 3 h PAI (i.e. 15.5 and 17 h post-treatment), due to the needed time for pain to install in the untreated control dogs, the lameness ratio differences between the firocoxib and both the control and grapiprant groups were significant at all assessments (p ≤ 0.033 for both groups). No significant differences were detected between the grapiprant and control groups in either experiment. Conclusions Firocoxib treatment prior to induction of arthritis in dogs resulted in a high level of analgesia from the first post-treatment assessment at 1.5 h through 24 h post-treatment. The reduction in lameness provided by firocoxib was consistently superior to that provided by grapiprant, which was not significantly different from untreated controls.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucile Gioda
- Avogadro LS, Parc de Génibrat, 31470, Fontenilles, France
| | - Alia Dehman
- Hyphen-stat, 195, route d'Espagne BP13669, 31036, Toulouse Cedex 1, France
| | - Frederic Beugnet
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 29, avenue Tony Garnier, 69007, Lyon, France.
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Charlier E, Deroyer C, Ciregia F, Malaise O, Neuville S, Plener Z, Malaise M, de Seny D. Chondrocyte dedifferentiation and osteoarthritis (OA). Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 165:49-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Martin EM, Schirmer JM, Jones SL, Davis JL. Pharmacokinetics and ex vivo anti-inflammatory effects of oral misoprostol in horses. Equine Vet J 2019; 51:415-421. [PMID: 30256450 PMCID: PMC6587934 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Misoprostol is an E prostanoid (EP) 2, 3 and 4 receptor agonist that is anecdotally used to treat and prevent NSAID-induced GI injury in horses. Misoprostol elicits anti-inflammatory effects in vivo in men and rodents, and inhibits TNFα production in equine leucocytes in vitro. OBJECTIVE Define the pharmacokinetic parameters of oral misoprostol in horses, and determine the inhibitory effect of oral misoprostol administration on equine leucocyte TNFα production in an ex vivo inflammation model. STUDY DESIGN Pharmacokinetic study, ex vivo experimental study. METHODS Six healthy adult horses of mixed breeds were used. In phase one, horses were given 5 μg/kg misoprostol orally, and blood was collected at predetermined times for determination of misoprostol free acid (MFA) by UHPLC-MS/MS. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. In phase two, horses were dosed as in phase one, and blood was collected at T0, 0.5, 1 and 4 h following misoprostol administration for leucocyte isolation. Leucocytes were stimulated with 100 ng/mL LPS, and TNFα mRNA concentrations were determined via quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS About 5 μg/kg oral misoprostol produced a rapid time to maximum concentration (Tmax ) of 23.4 ± 2.4 min, with a maximum concentration (Cmax ) of 0.29 ± 0.07 ng/mL and area under the curve (AUC0-∞ ) of 0.4 ± 0.12 h ng/mL. LPS stimulation of equine leucocytes ex vivo significantly increased TNFα mRNA concentrations, and there was no significant effect of misoprostol even at the Tmax . MAIN LIMITATIONS Only a single dose was used, and sample size was small. CONCLUSIONS Misoprostol is rapidly absorbed following oral administration in horses, and a single 5 μg/kg dose had no significant inhibitory effect on ex vivo LPS-stimulated TNFα mRNA production in leucocytes. Further studies analysing different dosing strategies, including repeat administration or combination with other anti-inflammatory drugs, are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. M. Martin
- North Carolina State University College of Veterinary MedicineRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - J. M. Schirmer
- North Carolina State University College of Veterinary MedicineRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - S. L. Jones
- North Carolina State University College of Veterinary MedicineRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - J. L. Davis
- VA‐MD College of Veterinary MedicineBlacksburgVirginiaUSA
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Ligand binding to human prostaglandin E receptor EP4 at the lipid-bilayer interface. Nat Chem Biol 2018; 15:18-26. [DOI: 10.1038/s41589-018-0131-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is common in premature infants. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors such as indomethacin, which inhibit prostaglandin E2(PGE2) synthesis, are currently the sole treatments for patients with PDA. Their efficacy are, however, frequently limited, and adverse effects are problematic. Because the PGE2-specific receptor EP4 selectively expresses in rat ductus arteriosus (DA), it is hypothesized that EP4 inhibition would promote DA closure with fewer side-effects.Methods and Results:A new chemical compound EP4 antagonist, RQ-15986 (renamed from CJ-042794), was used. Whether RQ-15986 selectively contracted the DA was examined by measuring the isometric tension of rat DA ex vivo at embryonic day 19 (e19) and e21. RQ-15986 at a dose of 10-6mol/L increased the isometric tension of the DA up to 44.8±6.2% and 69.1±12.9% to the maximal KCl-induced tension at e19 and e21 respectively. The effect of RQ-15986 on rat DA in vivo was also tested by using a rapid whole-body freezing method. RQ-15986 inhibited PGE1-induced DA dilatation in neonatal rats. Furthermore, RQ-15986 contracted the DA in a dose-dependent manner, and the constriction was greater at e21 than at e19. Moreover, RQ-15986 did not contract the aorta or the marginal artery of the colon. CONCLUSIONS EP4 inhibition contracts rat DA with fewer side-effects. EP4 inhibition is a promising alternative strategy to treat patients with PDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Sakuma
- Department of Cell Physiology, The Jikei University School of Medicine
| | - Toru Akaike
- Department of Cell Physiology, The Jikei University School of Medicine
| | - Susumu Minamisawa
- Department of Cell Physiology, The Jikei University School of Medicine
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Enomoto M, Mantyh PW, Murrell J, Innes JF, Lascelles BDX. Anti-nerve growth factor monoclonal antibodies for the control of pain in dogs and cats. Vet Rec 2018; 184:23. [PMID: 30368458 PMCID: PMC6326241 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is essential for the survival of sensory and sympathetic neurons during development. However, in the adult, NGF and its interaction with tropomyosin receptor kinase A receptor (TrkA) has been found to play a critical role in nociception and nervous system plasticity in pain conditions. Thus, various monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapies targeting this pathway have been investigated in the development of new pharmacotherapies for chronic pain. Although none of the mAbs against NGF are yet approved for use in humans, they look very promising for the effective control of pain. Recently, species-specific anti-NGF mAbs for the management of osteoarthritis (OA)-associated pain in dogs and cats has been developed, and early clinical trials have been conducted. Anti-NGF therapy looks to be both very effective and very promising as a novel therapy against chronic pain in dogs and cats. This review outlines the mechanism of action of NGF, the role of NGF in osteoarthritis, research in rodent OA models and the current status of the development of anti-NGF mAbs in humans. Furthermore, we describe and discuss the recent development of species-specific anti-NGF mAbs for the treatment of OA-associated pain in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Enomoto
- Translational Research in Pain, Comparative Pain Research and Education Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Patrick W Mantyh
- Cancer Center's Cancer Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Joanna Murrell
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - B Duncan X Lascelles
- Translational Research in Pain, Comparative Pain Research and Education Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Center for Pain Research and Innovation, UNC School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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