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Staudinger C, Dennler M, Körner M, Beckmann K, Kowalska ME, Meier V, Rohrer Bley C. Relationship between radiation dose and cerebral microbleed formation in dogs with intracranial tumors. J Vet Intern Med 2024. [PMID: 39391956 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 09/25/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are a possible sequela in human brain tumor patients treated with radiation therapy (RT). No such association is reported in dogs. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether CMBs occur in dogs after radiotherapy, and if there is an association between number and dose, and an increase over time. ANIMALS Thirty-four client-owned dogs irradiated for primary intracranial neoplasia. ≥2 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans including susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) were required. METHODS Retrospective, observational, single-center study. Cerebral microbleeds identified on 3 T SWI were counted within the entire brain, and within low- (<20 Gy), intermediate- (20-30 Gy), and high- (>30 Gy) dose regions. A generalized linear mixed-effects model was used to analyze the relationship between the CMBs count and the predictor variables (irradiation dose, time after treatment). RESULTS Median follow-up time was 12.6 months (range, 1.8-37.6 months). Eighty-three MR scans were performed. In 4/15 dogs (27%, 95% CI, 10%-52%) CMBs were present at baseline. ≥1 CMBs after RT were identified in 21/34 dogs (62%, 95% CI, 45%-77%). With each month, the number of CMBs increased by 14% (95% CI, 11%-16%; P < .001). The odds of developing CMBs in the high-dose region are 4.7 times (95% CI, 3.9-5.6; P < .001) greater compared with the low-dose region. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE RT is 1 possible cause of CMBs formation in dogs. Cerebral microbleeds are most likely to occur in the peritumoral high-dose volume, to be chronic, and to increase in number over time. Their clinical relevance remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Staudinger
- Clinic for Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Dennler
- Clinic for Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maximilian Körner
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department for Small Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katrin Beckmann
- Division of Neurology, Department for Small Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Malwina E Kowalska
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Valeria Meier
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department for Small Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carla Rohrer Bley
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department for Small Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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2
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Yang CC, Yap PT, Wu Y, Zidan N, Fefer G, Nelson NC, Gruen ME, Olby NJ. Voxelwise analysis of the central hearing pathway in senior dogs reveals changes associated with fractional lifespan. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18121. [PMID: 39103441 PMCID: PMC11300839 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68828-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Presbycusis, or age-related hearing loss, affects both elderly humans and dogs, significantly impairing their social interactions and cognition. In humans, presbycusis involves changes in peripheral and central auditory systems, with central changes potentially occurring independently. While peripheral presbycusis in dogs is well-documented, research on central changes remains limited. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a useful tool for detecting and quantifying cerebral white matter abnormalities. This study used DTI to explore the central auditory pathway of senior dogs, aiming to enhance our understanding of canine presbycusis. Dogs beyond 75% of their expected lifespan were recruited and screened with brainstem auditory evoked response testing to select dogs without severe peripheral hearing loss. Sixteen dogs meeting the criteria were scanned using a 3 T magnetic resonance scanner. Tract-based spatial statistics was used to analyze the central auditory pathways. A significant negative correlation between fractional lifespan and fractional anisotropy was found in the acoustic radiation, suggesting age-related white matter changes in the central auditory system. These changes, observed in dogs without severe peripheral hearing loss, may contribute to central presbycusis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Chieh Yang
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Pew-Thian Yap
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center (BRIC), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ye Wu
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Natalia Zidan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Gilad Fefer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Nathan C Nelson
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Margaret E Gruen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Natasha J Olby
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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3
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DiPaola E, Cameron S, Rylander H, Zidan N, Hetzel S. Comparison of D-dimer concentration and thromboelastography for diagnosis of cerebrovascular accidents in dogs: A retrospective study. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:1083-1091. [PMID: 38328940 PMCID: PMC10937503 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs) in dogs are diagnosed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This modality is sometimes unavailable, and CVAs can resemble other lesions on MRI. D-dimer concentration and thromboelastography (TEG) are utilized in human medicine in addition to diagnostic imaging to support diagnosis of CVAs, but their use in veterinary patients has not been assessed. OBJECTIVE Assess utility of blood D-dimer concentration and TEG in supporting the imaging diagnosis of CVAs in dogs. ANIMALS Sixty-eight client-owned dogs with neurologic signs that had brain MRI and D-dimer concentration or TEG performed. METHODS Multicenter, retrospective study. The incidence of abnormal D-dimer concentration or TEG was compared between patients with MRI evidence of CVA and a control population. Analysis methods included Fisher's exact test or Chi-squared test for association and comparison of independent proportions. RESULTS Neither D-dimer concentration nor TEG was significantly associated with a CVA (P = .38 and .2, respectively). D-dimer testing was performed in a low-risk population and showed low sensitivity (30.8%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 10%-61%) and high specificity (86.4%; 95% CI, 64%-96%) for CVA diagnosis. Thromboelastography was performed in a high-risk population and showed moderate sensitivity (64.3%; 95% CI, 44%-81%) and specificity (66.7%; 95% CI, 24%-94%) for CVA diagnosis. Abnormal D-dimer concentration or TEG were not helpful in differentiating hemorrhagic from ischemic stroke (P = .43 and .41, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Although blood D-dimer concentration or TEG alone are not diagnostic of CVAs in dogs, a positive D-dimer result supports additional testing for CVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth DiPaola
- Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Starr Cameron
- Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Helena Rylander
- Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Natalia Zidan
- Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Scott Hetzel
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical InformaticsUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
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4
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Provoost L. Cognitive Changes Associated with Aging and Physical Disease in Dogs and Cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2024; 54:101-119. [PMID: 37722947 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Behavior changes may indicate primary physical disease or primary behavioral disorders in veterinary patients. It is imperative to recognize that secondary behavioral problems can develop due to medical causes. The incidence of systemic disease increases with age and behavior manifestations can be similar to those expected with cognitive dysfunction syndrome. In this article, we review basic concepts of cognition, aging, and cognitive dysfunction syndrome. Additionally, we provide information regarding factors that influence cognition, and the role medical conditions have on the behavior of aging pets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Provoost
- Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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5
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La Rosa C, Donato PD, Specchi S, Bernardini M. Susceptibility artifact morphology is more conspicuous on susceptibility-weighted imaging compared to T2* gradient echo sequences in the brains of dogs and cats with suspected intracranial disease. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2023; 64:464-472. [PMID: 36633010 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) has been found to be more reliable in the detection of vessels and blood products than T2*-weighted gradient echo (GE) in several human brain diseases. In veterinary medicine, published information on the diagnostic usefulness of SWI is lacking. The aim of this retrospective observational study was to investigate the value of SWI compared to T2*-weighted GE images in a population of dogs and cats with presumed, MRI-based diagnoses grouped as neoplastic (27), cerebrovascular (14), inflammatory (14), head trauma (5), other pathologies (4), or that were normal (36). Areas of signal void (ASV) were assessed based on shape, distribution, number, and conspicuity. Presence of ASV was found in 31 T2*-weighted GE and 40 SWI sequences; the conspicuity of lesions increased in 92.5% of cases with SWI. A 44.7% increase in the number of cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) was identified within the population using SWI (110) compared to T2*-weighted GE (76). Linear ASV presumed to be abnormal vascular structures, as are reported in humans, were identified in 12 T2*-weighted GE and 19 SWI sequences. In presumed brain tumors, abnormal vascular structures were detected in 11 of 27 (40.7%) cases on T2*-weighted GE and in 16 of 27 (59.3%) cases on SWI, likely representing tumor neovascularization; amorphous ASV interpreted as presumed hemorrhages on T2*-weighted GE were diagnosed as vessels on SWI in five of 27 (18.5%) cases. Since SWI shows ASV more conspicuously than T2*-weighted GE, the authors advocate the use of SWI in veterinary patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia La Rosa
- Anicura Ospedale Veterinario I Portoni Rossi, Zola Predosa, Italy
| | - Pamela Di Donato
- Anicura Ospedale Veterinario I Portoni Rossi, Zola Predosa, Italy
- Antech Imaging Service, Fountain Valley, California, USA
| | - Swan Specchi
- Anicura Ospedale Veterinario I Portoni Rossi, Zola Predosa, Italy
- Antech Imaging Service, Fountain Valley, California, USA
| | - Marco Bernardini
- Anicura Ospedale Veterinario I Portoni Rossi, Zola Predosa, Italy
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
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6
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Mariani CL, Nye CJ, Ruterbories L, Tokarz DA, Green L, Lau J, Zidan N, Early PJ, Muñana KR, Olby NJ, Lee CS, Guevar J. Cerebrospinal fluid lactate concentrations in dogs with seizure disorders. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:2562-2570. [PMID: 33135819 PMCID: PMC7694838 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lactate concentrations increase after seizure activity in many human patients independent of the underlying disease process. The effect of seizure activity on CSF lactate concentration in dogs is unknown. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Cerebrospinal fluid lactate concentration is unaffected by seizure activity in dogs and is more dependent on the underlying disease process causing the seizures. ANIMALS One-hundred eighteen client-owned dogs with seizure disorders. METHODS Case series. Cerebrospinal fluid lactate concentration was determined using a commercially available lactate monitor. Seizure semiology, time from last seizure to CSF collection, number of seizures within the 72 hours preceding CSF collection, and clinical diagnosis were recorded. RESULTS Dogs with focal seizures had higher CSF lactate concentrations than did those with generalized seizures (P = .03). No differences in lactate concentrations were found among dogs with single seizures, cluster seizures or status epilepticus (P = .12), among dogs with CSF collection at different time points after the last seizure activity (P = .39) or among dogs having different numbers of seizures within the 72 hours preceding CSF collection (P = .42). A significant difference (P = .001) was found in CSF lactate concentrations among diagnostic groups, and dogs with inflammatory and neoplastic disease had higher concentrations than did dogs with idiopathic or unknown epilepsy. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Cerebrospinal fluid lactate concentration is minimally affected by seizure activity in dogs and increased concentrations are more likely associated with the underlying disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Mariani
- Comparative Neuroimmunology and Neuro-oncology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Carolyn J Nye
- Comparative Neuroimmunology and Neuro-oncology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Laura Ruterbories
- Comparative Neuroimmunology and Neuro-oncology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Debra A Tokarz
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lauren Green
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jeanie Lau
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Natalia Zidan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Peter J Early
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Karen R Muñana
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Natasha J Olby
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Chun-Sheng Lee
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Julien Guevar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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7
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Dewey CW, Rishniw M, Johnson PJ, Davies ES, Sackman JJ, O'Donnell M, Platt S, Robinson K. Interthalamic adhesion size in aging dogs with presumptive spontaneous brain microhemorrhages: a comparative retrospective MRI study of dogs with and without evidence of canine cognitive dysfunction. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9012. [PMID: 32322448 PMCID: PMC7161569 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Spontaneous brain microhemorrhages in elderly people are present to some degree in Alzheimer’s disease patients but have been linked to brain atrophy in the absence of obvious cognitive decline. Brain microhemorrhages have recently been described in older dogs, but it is unclear whether these are associated with brain atrophy. Diminution of interthalamic adhesion size-as measured on MRI or CT-has been shown to be a reliable indicator of brain atrophy in dogs with canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD) in comparison with successfully aging dogs. We hypothesized that aging dogs with brain microhemorrhages presenting for neurologic dysfunction but without obvious features of cognitive decline would have small interthalamic adhesion measurements, like dogs with CCD, compared with control dogs. The objective of this study was to compare interthalamic adhesion size between three groups of aging (>9 years) dogs: (1) neurologically impaired dogs with presumptive spontaneous brain microhemorrhages and no clinical evidence of cognitive dysfunction (2) dogs with CCD (3) dogs without clinical evidence of encephalopathy on neurologic examination (control dogs). MR images from 52 aging dogs were reviewed and measurements were obtained of interthalamic adhesion height (thickness) and mid-sagittal interthalamic adhesion area for all dogs, in addition to total brain volume. Interthalamic adhesion measurements, either absolute or normalized to total brain volume were compared between groups. Signalment (age, breed, sex), body weight, presence and number of SBMs, as well as other abnormal MRI findings were recorded for all dogs. Results All interthalamic adhesion measurement parameters were significantly (P < 0.05) different between control dogs and affected dogs. Both dogs with cognitive dysfunction (12/15; 80%) and dogs with isolated brain microhemorrhages had more microhemorrhages than control dogs (3/25; 12%). Affected dogs without cognitive dysfunction had significantly more microhemorrhages than dogs with cognitive dysfunction. In addition to signs of cognitive impairment for the CCD group, main clinical complaints for SBM and CCD dogs were referable to central vestibular dysfunction, recent-onset seizure activity, or both. Geriatric dogs with spontaneous brain microhemorrhages without cognitive dysfunction have similar MRI abnormalities as dogs with cognitive dysfunction but may represent a distinct disease category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis W Dewey
- Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Long Island Veterinary Specialists, Plainview, NY, USA.,Rochester Veterinary Specialists and Emergency Services, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Mark Rishniw
- Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Philippa J Johnson
- Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Emma S Davies
- Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Simon Platt
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kelsey Robinson
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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8
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Bongartz U, Nessler J, Maiolini A, Stein VM, Tipold A, Bathen-Nöthen A. Vestibular disease in dogs: association between neurological examination, MRI lesion localisation and outcome. J Small Anim Pract 2019; 61:57-63. [PMID: 31515806 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether the neurological examination correctly distinguishes between central and peripheral vestibular lesions in dogs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective study on dogs with vestibular disease presenting to two referral clinics in Germany. RESULTS Ninety-three dogs were included; neurological examination suggested central vestibular disease in 62 and a peripheral lesion in 31. MRI diagnosis was central vestibular disease in 68 dogs and peripheral in 25. Of the 62 dogs with a lesion localisation diagnosed as central vestibular by neurological exam, 61 were correctly identified (98.4%). Twenty-four of the 31 dogs diagnosed with a peripheral lesion by neurological exam had a consistent lesion on MRI (77.4%). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The neurological examination is efficient at identifying lesions in the central vestibular system but less so for peripheral lesions. Therefore it is prudent to recommend imaging in dogs that show signs of peripheral vestibular syndrome but do not rapidly respond to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Bongartz
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany.,Veterinary Practice A. Bathen-Nöthen, Hatzfeldstraße 6, 51069, Köln, Germany
| | - J Nessler
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - A Maiolini
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - V M Stein
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - A Tipold
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - A Bathen-Nöthen
- Veterinary Practice A. Bathen-Nöthen, Hatzfeldstraße 6, 51069, Köln, Germany
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9
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Dewey CW, Davies ES, Xie H, Wakshlag JJ. Canine Cognitive Dysfunction: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2019; 49:477-499. [PMID: 30846383 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD) is the canine analog of human Alzheimer disease (AD). The pathophysiology of CCD/AD is multifaceted. CCD is common in aged (>8 years) dogs, affecting between 14% and 35% of the pet dog population. Apparent confusion, anxiety, disturbance of the sleep/wake cycle, and decreased interaction with owners are all common clinical signs of CCD. Although there is no cure for CCD, several proven effective therapeutic approaches are available for improving cognitive ability and maintaining a good quality of life; instituting such therapies early in the disease course is likely to have the greatest positive clinical effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis Wells Dewey
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, C4 169 Clinical Programs Center, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Emma S Davies
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, C4 169 Clinical Programs Center, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Huisheng Xie
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Comparative, Diagnostic and Population Medicine, 9700 Highway 318 West, Reddick, FL 32686, USA
| | - Joseph J Wakshlag
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Comparative, Diagnostic and Population Medicine
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10
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Petesch SC, Benedicenti L. What Is Your Neurologic Diagnosis? J Am Vet Med Assoc 2018; 253:1409-1412. [PMID: 30451624 DOI: 10.2460/javma.253.11.1409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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