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Sparnon A, Smith J, Mulon PY, Hecht S, Anderson D, Van Amstel S. Tooth Root Abscess and Mandibular Infections in Old World Camelids: 3 Cases. Case Rep Vet Med 2024; 2024:4589572. [PMID: 38595336 PMCID: PMC11003790 DOI: 10.1155/2024/4589572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
There are limited reports of mandibular infections and tooth root abscesses in camels (Old World Camelids). This is in contrast to multiple reports and case series detailing diagnosis, management, and therapy of similar infections in New World Camelids such as llamas and alpacas. The purpose of this case series is to present three cases of camels in North America with these infections and to detail the diagnostics, therapeutic interventions, management, and follow-up of these cases. Radiography was utilized in all three cases, as was sedation and/or anesthesia. Similar to llamas, florfenicol was used for antimicrobial therapy and flunixin meglumine was utilized as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory. Some degree of lavage was required for the management of each case. Clinicians should be aware of the potential need for sedation, diagnostic imaging, culture, and extended therapies for the treatment of mandibular and tooth root infections in camels as comparatively described for llamas and alpacas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Sparnon
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, USA
| | - Joe Smith
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, USA
| | - Pierre-Yves Mulon
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, USA
| | - Silke Hecht
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, USA
| | - David Anderson
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, USA
| | - Sarel Van Amstel
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, USA
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Akiba Y, Leung AM, Bashir MT, Ebrahimi R, Currier JW, Neverova N, Kaunitz JD. Excess iodine exposure acutely increases salivary iodide and antimicrobial hypoiodous acid concentrations in humans. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20935. [PMID: 36463312 PMCID: PMC9719529 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23803-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The lactoperoxidase (LPO)-hydrogen peroxide-halides reaction (LPO system) converts iodide and thiocyanate (SCN-) into hypoiodous acid (HOI) and hypothiocyanite (OSCN-), respectively. Since this system has been implicated in defense of the airways and oropharynx from microbial invasion, in this proof-of-concept study we measured the concentrations of these analytes in human saliva from a convenience clinical sample of 40 qualifying subjects before and after acute iodine administration via the iodinated contrast medium used in coronary angiography to test the hypothesis that an iodide load increases salivary iodide and HOI concentrations. Saliva was collected and salivary iodide, SCN-, HOI and OSCN- were measured using standard methodology. The large iodine load delivered by the angiographic dye, several 100-fold in excess of the U.S. Recommended Daily Allowance for iodine (150 µg/day), significantly increased salivary iodide and HOI levels compared with baseline levels, whereas there was no significant change in salivary SCN- and OSCN- levels. Iodine load and changes of salivary iodide and HOI levels were positively correlated, suggesting that higher iodide in the circulation increases iodide output and salivary HOI production. This first of its kind study suggests that a sufficient but safe iodide supplementation less than the Tolerable Upper Limit for iodine set by the U.S. Institute of Medicine (1,100 µg/day) may augment the generation of antimicrobial HOI by the salivary LPO system in concentrations sufficient to at least in theory protect the host against susceptible airborne microbial pathogens, including enveloped viruses such as coronaviruses and influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutada Akiba
- Medical Service, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Angela M Leung
- Medical Service, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Muhammad-Tariq Bashir
- Research Service, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ramin Ebrahimi
- Medical Service, Section of Cardiology, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jesse W Currier
- Medical Service, Section of Cardiology, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Natalia Neverova
- Medical Service, Section of Cardiology, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jonathan D Kaunitz
- Medical Service, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- West Los Angeles VA Medical Center, Bldg. 114, Suite 217, 11301 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, 90073, USA.
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Tsai K, Inoue K, McClean M, Kaunitz JD, Akiba Y, Lee ML, Neverova NV, Currier JW, Ebrahimi R, Bashir MT, Leung AM. Iodine contrast exposure and incident COVID-19 infection. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1033601. [PMID: 36530869 PMCID: PMC9751341 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1033601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 08/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Iodine and particularly its oxidated forms have long been recognized for its effective antiseptic properties. Limited in vitro and in vivo data suggest that iodine exposure may rapidly inactivate, reduce transmission, and reduce infectivity of SARS-CoV-2. We hypothesized that iodine exposure may be associated with decreased incident COVID-19 infection. Methods A retrospective population-level cohort analysis was performed of the U.S. Veterans Health Administration between 1 March 2020 and 31 December 2020, before the widespread availability of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Multivariable logistic regression models estimated the adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of the associations between iodinated contrast exposure and incident COVID-19 infection, adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, place of residence, socioeconomic status, and insurance status. Results 530,942 COVID-19 tests from 333,841 Veterans (mean ± SD age, 62.7 ± 15.2 years; 90.2% men; 61.9% non-Hispanic Whites) were analyzed, of whom 9% had received iodinated contrast ≤60 days of a COVID-19 test. Iodine exposure was associated with decreased incident COVID-19 test positivity (OR, 0.75 95% CI, 0.71-0.78). In stratified analyses, the associations between iodinated contrast use and decreased COVID-19 infection risk did not differ by age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Conclusion Iodine exposure may be protective against incident COVID-19 infection. Weighed against the risks of supraphysiologic iodine intake, dietary, and supplemental iodine nutrition not to exceed its Tolerable Upper Limit may confer an antimicrobial benefit against SARS-CoV-2. A safe but antimicrobial level of iodine supplementation may be considered in susceptible individuals, particularly in geographic regions where effective COVID-19 vaccines are not yet readily available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Tsai
- Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism Section, Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kosuke Inoue
- Department of Social Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ito Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michael McClean
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jonathan D. Kaunitz
- Gastroenterology Section, Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yasutada Akiba
- Gastroenterology Section, Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Martin L. Lee
- Veterans Affairs Health Services Research and Development, Center for the Study of Health Care Innovation, Implementation, and Policy, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Natalia V. Neverova
- Cardiology Section, Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jesse W. Currier
- Cardiology Section, Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ramin Ebrahimi
- Cardiology Section, Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Muhammad T. Bashir
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Angela M. Leung
- Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism Section, Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Courtois P. Oral peroxidases: From antimicrobial agents to ecological actors (Review). Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:500. [PMID: 33982776 PMCID: PMC8134873 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialoperoxidase and myeloperoxidase are the two main peroxidase enzymes found in the oral cavity. Sialoperoxidase is present in salivary secretions and in the biofilms that line the oral surfaces, while myeloperoxidase is abundant in the dento-gingival sulcus area. In the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), oral peroxidases catalyze the oxidation of the pseudohalide anion thiocyanate (SCN−) to hypothiocyanite (OSCN−), a strong oxidant that serves an antimicrobial role. Furthermore, oral peroxidases consume bacteria-produced H2O2 and could help inactivate toxic carcinogenic and genotoxic substances. Numerous in vitro studies have reported the antibacterial, antimycotic and antiviral role of peroxidases, suggesting possible applications in oral therapy. However, the use of oral hygiene products incorporating peroxidase systems has not yet been shown to be beneficial for the treatment or prevention of oral infections. This paradox reflects our incomplete knowledge of the physiological role of peroxidases in a complex environment, such as the oral region. While hygiene is crucial for restoring oral microbiota to a symbiotic state, there are no data to suggest that the addition of a peroxidase per se can create a dysbiotic state. Recent investigations have associated the presence of peroxidase activity with gram-positive cocci microbial flora, and its insufficiency with dysbiosis has been linked to pathologies, such as caries, periodontitis or infections of the oral mucosa. Therefore, oxidants generated by oral peroxidases appear to be an essential ecological determinant for oral health through the selection of a symbiotic microbiota capable of resisting oxidative stress. The objective of the present review was to update the current knowledge of the physiological aspects and applications of oral peroxidases in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Courtois
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B‑1070 Brussels, Belgium
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Gamsjäger L, Vander Ley BL, Knych HK, McArthur GR, Heller MC. Efficacy of sodium iodide for prevention of respiratory disease in preweaned dairy calves. Am J Vet Res 2020; 81:673-680. [PMID: 32700995 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.81.8.673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the pharmacokinetics of sodium iodide (NaI) following oral administration to preweaned dairy calves, and to assess the efficacy of NaI for prevention of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in preweaned calves at a commercial calf-raising facility. ANIMALS 434 healthy preweaned dairy calves. PROCEDURES In the first of 2 experimental trials, each of 7 calves received NaI (20 mg/kg, PO) once. Blood and nasal fluid samples were collected at predetermined times before (baseline) and for 72 hours after NaI administration for determination of iodine concentrations. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by noncompartmental analysis. In the second trial, 427 calves at a calf-raising facility were randomly assigned to receive NaI (20 mg/kg, PO, 2 doses 72 hours apart; n = 211) or serve as untreated controls (216). Health outcomes were compared between the 2 groups. RESULTS For all 7 calves in the pharmacokinetic trial, the iodine concentration in both serum and nasal fluid samples was significantly increased from the baseline concentration and exceeded the presumed therapeutic iodine concentration (6.35 μg/mL) throughout the sampling period. In the on-farm trial, the odds of being treated for BRD before weaning for NaI-treated calves were twice those for control calves (OR, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.38 to 3.00). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that, although oral administration of NaI (20 mg/kg) to preweaned dairy calves achieved iodine concentrations presumed to be effective in both serum and nasal fluid, it was not effective for prevention of BRD in preweaned calves at a commercial calf-raising facility.
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Hofstetter AR, Sacco RE. Oxidative stress pathway gene transcription after bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection in vitro and ex vivo. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 219:109956. [PMID: 31706084 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Studies in mouse and lamb models indicate important roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the pathology and immune response to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The role of ROS in bovine RSV (BRSV) infection of calves remains unclear. BRSV naturally infects calves, leading to similar disease course, micro- and macro-lesions, and symptomology as is observed in RSV infection of human neonates. Furthermore, humans, lambs, and calves, but not mice, have an active lung oxidative system involving lactoperoxidase (LPO) and the dual oxidases (DUOX) 1 and 2. To gain insight into the role of ROS in the BRSV-infected lung, we examined gene expression in infected bovine cells using qPCR. A panel of 19 primers was used to assay ex vivo and in vitro BRSV-infected cells. The panel targeted genes involved in both production and regulation of ROS. BRSV infection significantly increased transcription of five genes in bovine respiratory tract cells in vitro and ex vivo. PTGS2 expression more than doubled in both sample types. Four transcripts varied significantly in lung lesions, but not non-lesion samples, compared with uninfected lung. This is the first report of the transcriptional profile of ROS-related genes in the airway after BRSV infection in the natural host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia R Hofstetter
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA, 50010, United States of America.
| | - Randy E Sacco
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA, 50010, United States of America.
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