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Medina B AL, Faleiros RR, Martínez A JR. Prevalence of squamous gastric disease in Colombian equids at slaughter: A postmortem comparative study among horses, donkeys and mules. J Equine Vet Sci 2024; 140:105138. [PMID: 38950714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2024.105138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome (EGUS) occurs with variable prevalence in horses, donkeys, and mules. Due to the particularities of the mucous membranes, the syndrome is made up of Squamous Gastric Disease (ESGD) and Glandular Gastric Disease (EGGD). Given the multifactorial nature and multiple classification systems of the syndrome, significant differences have been reported between prevalence studies performed ante mortem, which are even more remarkable when compared with postmortem evaluations. This study aimed to determine the presence and grade of squamous gastric disease in horses, donkeys and mules immediately after slaughter. The postmortem examination considered the inspection of the squamous region (cardia, dorsal fundus, and margo plicatus) and the classification of the observed lesions. The general prevalence of ESGD in the entire population of study was 83.3 % (78 %, 89 %, and 83 % for horses, donkeys, and mules, respectively), compromising the margo plicatus in all cases. 75 % had more than 5 lesions and 50 % had deep lesions, lesions of varying severity and/or evidence of recent/active bleeding. The prevalence of ESGD was similar in horses, donkeys, and mules subjected to similar handling conditions prior to slaughter, including long-distance traveling, fasting, and stress factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie L Medina B
- Equine Medicine and Surgery Research Line (LIMCE), CENTAURO Research Group, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia.
| | - Rafael R Faleiros
- Equinova Research Group, School of Veterinary, Universidad Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - José R Martínez A
- Equine Medicine and Surgery Research Line (LIMCE), CENTAURO Research Group, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia
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Jacquay ET, Harris PA, Stowe CJ, McIntosh BJ, Adams AA. A survey of general road transportation: How and why horses are transported in the U.S. J Equine Vet Sci 2024; 140:105137. [PMID: 38909768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2024.105137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Horses are regularly transported in the United States (U.S.); however, how, and why horses travel by road has not been explored. Consequently, an online nationwide survey was conducted to understand 1) the most common reasons for travel; 2) the types of journeys undertaken when being transported by road in the U.S. and 3) the general management practices when transporting for 3 h or less. Responses were collected from 1294 participants with at least one response from every state in the continental U.S. The most common survey taker was a female (93.9 %), adult amateur (81.2 %), horse owner (64.6 %) who rode recreationally (33.1 %) and transported their own horse (79.4 %). The most common reasons for travel were for trail or leisure riding (34.2 %) followed by showing and competition (25.3 %); however, this varied by discipline. The most common trip duration was less than one hour (46.8 %), with only 12.4 % of the most common trip durations being 4 h or more. The most common specific horse transported by road for 3 h or less was an adult (age 5-15; 59.0 %), Quarter Horse (21.2 %), used for pleasure or trail riding (44.3 %). The biggest concern when transporting was injury to the horse (26.7 %), whilst the biggest factor when planning to travel was the weather (24.1 %). These results provide insight into why horses are being transported by road in the U.S. and that it is more common to transport horses for shorter durations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica T Jacquay
- MARS Equestrian Scholar, M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America.
| | - Patricia A Harris
- Equine Studies Group, Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Leicestershire, England, United Kingdom
| | - C Jill Stowe
- Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | - Amanda A Adams
- MARS Equestrian Research Fellow, M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
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Calixto-Vega LC, Martínez-Aranzales JR. Gastroscopic characterisation and prevalence of gastric ulcer syndrome in working mules in Colombia. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:449-455. [PMID: 37559426 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The existing literature does not contain information about the prevalence of gastric ulcers in mules, and on the potential associations between the presence of ulcers and work load, work type, diet, sex, age and body condition score (BCS). OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence and factors associated with mule gastric ulcer syndrome (MGUS) and evaluate its distribution in both mule squamous gastric disease (MSGD) and mule glandular gastric disease (MGGD) mucosa in a population of mules in Colombia. STUDY DESIGN Observational, cross-sectional. METHODS A total of 97 clinically healthy mules of different ages and locations in the province of Antioquia (Colombia) were included in this study. The mules were involved in agricultural activities (i.e., riding, pack and ranch mules) at the time of the study. The animals underwent gastroscopic evaluation, and ulcer scores from 0 to 4 were assigned based on severity, with scores ≥2 indicating clinical relevance. The presence or absence of ulcer in the squamous and/or glandular region of the stomach was recorded. Data related to work type, work load and diet, as well as sex, age and BCS were recorded for each mule. Pearson's chi-square test was used to determine the association between the outcomes and explanatory variables of the study (p ≤ 0.05). The results of the risk estimations were presented as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS The frequency of MGUS in the study population was 42%. Most of the lesions were located in the squamous region of the stomach (27%), mainly in the margo plicatus, and 20% were located in the glandular region, mainly in the fundus and pyloric antrum. Six animals showed lesions in both squamous and glandular regions. Work load was the only variable associated with the presence of MGUS (OR: 1.98; 95% CI: 0.49-0.96) and MSGD (OR: 1.78; 95% CI: 0.36-0.67). Nevertheless, the findings did not provide any significant risk assessment result, nor did they reveal any significant interactions among the other variables. MAIN LIMITATIONS This study used convenience sampling from a limited geographic region, and multivariate analysis was not performed, one of the exclusion criteria was the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which means that the effect of these drugs can no longer be evaluated. CONCLUSIONS MGUS occurs in mules subjected to agricultural work, the risk factors associated with EGUS do not appear to be significant in mules and other equids subjected to the same conditions, in this region. Further research is needed to define the differential dynamics of MGUS in comparison with the findings in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lady C Calixto-Vega
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Programa de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de La Salle, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - José R Martínez-Aranzales
- Line of Research in Equine Medicine and Surgery (LIMCE), Centauro Research Group, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agrarian Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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Guerrero JLS, Brito PHS, Ferreira MA, Arantes JDA, Rusch E, Oliveira BVDS, Velasco-Bolaños J, Carregaro AB, Dória RGS. Evaluation of Gastric pH and Gastrin Concentrations in Horses Subjected to General Inhalation Anesthesia in Dorsal Recumbency. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1183. [PMID: 38672331 PMCID: PMC11047614 DOI: 10.3390/ani14081183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of gastric disorders in high-performance horses, especially gastric ulceration, ranges from 50 to 90%. These pathological conditions have negative impacts on athletic performance and health. This study was designed to evaluate changes in gastric pH during a 24 h period and to compare gastrin concentrations at different time points in horses undergoing general inhalation anesthesia and dorsal recumbency. Twenty-two mixed-breed mares weighing 400 ± 50 kg and aged 8 ± 2 years were used. Of these, eight were fasted for 8 h and submitted to 90 min of general inhalation anesthesia in dorsal recumbency. Gastric juice samples were collected prior to anesthesia (T0), and then at 15 min intervals during anesthesia (T15-T90). After recovery from anesthesia (45 ± 1 min), samples were collected every hour for 24 h (T1 to T24) for gastric juice pH measurement. During this period, mares had free access to Bermuda grass hay and water and were fed a commercial concentrate twice (T4 and T16). In a second group (control), four non-anesthetized mares were submitted to 8 h of fasting followed by nasogastric intubation. Gastric juice samples were then collected at T0, T15, T30, T45, T60, T75, and T90. During this period, mares did not receive food or water. After 45 min, mares had free access to Bermuda grass hay and water, and gastric juice samples were collected every hour for four hours (T1 to T4). In a third group comprising ten non-fasted, non-anesthetized mares with free access to Bermuda grass hay and water, gastric juice samples were collected 30 min after concentrate intake (T0). In anesthetized mares, blood gastrin levels were measured prior to anesthesia (8 h fasting; baseline), during recovery from anesthesia, and 4 months after the anesthetic procedure, 90 min after the morning meal. Mean values of gastric juice pH remained acidic during general anesthesia. Mean pH values were within the physiological range (4.52 ± 1.69) and did not differ significantly between time points (T15-T90; p > 0.05). After recovery from anesthesia, mean gastric pH values increased and remained in the alkaline range throughout the 24 h period of evaluation. Significant differences were observed between T0 (4.88 ± 2.38), T5 (7.08 ± 0.89), T8 (7.43 ± 0.22), T9 (7.28 ± 0.36), T11 (7.26 ± 0.71), T13 (6.74 ± 0.90), and T17 (6.94 ± 1.04) (p < 0.05). The mean gastric juice pH ranged from weakly acidic to neutral or weakly alkaline in all groups, regardless of food and water intake (i.e., in the fasted, non-fasted, and fed states). Mean gastric pH measured in the control group did not differ from values measured during the 24 h post-anesthesia period or in the non-fasted group. Gastrin concentrations increased significantly during the post-anesthetic period compared to baseline (20.15 ± 7.65 pg/mL and 15.15 ± 3.82 pg/mL respectively; p < 0.05). General inhalation anesthesia and dorsal recumbency did not affect gastric juice pH, which remained acidic and within the physiological range. Gastric juice pH was weakly alkaline after recovery from anesthesia and in the fasted and fed states. Serum gastrin levels increased in response to general inhalation anesthesia in dorsal recumbency and were not influenced by fasting. Preventive pharmacological measures are not required in horses submitted to general anesthesia and dorsal recumbency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Leonardo Suarez Guerrero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), 225 Duque de Caxias Norte Avenue, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (J.L.S.G.); (P.H.S.B.); (M.A.F.); (J.d.A.A.); (E.R.); (B.V.d.S.O.); (A.B.C.)
| | - Pedro Henrique Salles Brito
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), 225 Duque de Caxias Norte Avenue, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (J.L.S.G.); (P.H.S.B.); (M.A.F.); (J.d.A.A.); (E.R.); (B.V.d.S.O.); (A.B.C.)
| | - Marília Alves Ferreira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), 225 Duque de Caxias Norte Avenue, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (J.L.S.G.); (P.H.S.B.); (M.A.F.); (J.d.A.A.); (E.R.); (B.V.d.S.O.); (A.B.C.)
| | - Julia de Assis Arantes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), 225 Duque de Caxias Norte Avenue, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (J.L.S.G.); (P.H.S.B.); (M.A.F.); (J.d.A.A.); (E.R.); (B.V.d.S.O.); (A.B.C.)
| | - Elidiane Rusch
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), 225 Duque de Caxias Norte Avenue, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (J.L.S.G.); (P.H.S.B.); (M.A.F.); (J.d.A.A.); (E.R.); (B.V.d.S.O.); (A.B.C.)
| | - Brenda Valéria dos Santos Oliveira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), 225 Duque de Caxias Norte Avenue, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (J.L.S.G.); (P.H.S.B.); (M.A.F.); (J.d.A.A.); (E.R.); (B.V.d.S.O.); (A.B.C.)
| | - Juan Velasco-Bolaños
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Agropecuarias (Group GIsCA), Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Pereira 660003, Colombia;
- Research Group Calidad de Leche y Epidemiología Veterinária (CLEV), Universidad de Caldas, Manizales 170004, Colombia
| | - Adriano Bonfim Carregaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), 225 Duque de Caxias Norte Avenue, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (J.L.S.G.); (P.H.S.B.); (M.A.F.); (J.d.A.A.); (E.R.); (B.V.d.S.O.); (A.B.C.)
| | - Renata Gebara Sampaio Dória
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), 225 Duque de Caxias Norte Avenue, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (J.L.S.G.); (P.H.S.B.); (M.A.F.); (J.d.A.A.); (E.R.); (B.V.d.S.O.); (A.B.C.)
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Gharehaghajlou Y, Raidal SL, Freccero F, Padalino B. Effects of Transport and Feeding Strategies Before Transportation on Redox Homeostasis and Gastric Ulceration in Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 126:104268. [PMID: 36871793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Transportation may lead to oxidative stress (OS) and gastric ulceration in horses, and optimal feed management before, or during, transportation is unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of transportation after three different feeding strategies on OS and to explore possible associations between OS and equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS). Twenty-six mares were transported by truck for 12 hours without food or water. Horses were randomly divided into 3 groups; (1) fed 1 hour before departure (BD), (2) fed 6 hours BD, (3) fed 12 hours BD. Clinical examinations and blood collections were performed at approximately 4 hours BD (T0), at unloading (T1), 8 hours (T2) and 60 hours (T3) after unloading. Gastroscopy was conducted prior to departure, and at T1 and T3. Although OS parameters remained in the normal range, transportation was associated with increased reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMS) at unloading (P=0.004), with differences between horses fed 1 hour and 12 hours BD (P < .05). The level of total antioxidant (PTAS) was affected by both transportation and feeding strategy (P = 0.019), with horses fed 1 hour BD demonstrating greater PTAS at T = 0, and a different response in comparison with the other groups and the literature. Nine horses demonstrated clinically significant ulceration of the squamous mucosa at T1 but, although weak correlations were evident between OS parameters and ulcer scores, univariate logistic regression showed no associations. This study suggests that feed management prior to a long journey (12 hours) may affect oxidative balance. Further studies are needed to understand the nexus between feed management before and during transport, transport-related OS and EGUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashar Gharehaghajlou
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sharanne L Raidal
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Stuart University, Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Francesca Freccero
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia,Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Padalino
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin‐Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Roberts HC, Spoolder H, Stahl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Earley B, Edwards S, Faucitano L, Marti S, Miranda de La Lama GC, Costa LN, Thomsen PT, Ashe S, Mur L, Van der Stede Y, Herskin M. Welfare of equidae during transport. EFSA J 2022; 20:e07444. [PMID: 36092762 PMCID: PMC9449990 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the framework of its Farm to Fork Strategy, the Commission is undertaking a comprehensive evaluation of animal welfare legislation. This opinion deals with the protection of horses and donkeys during transport. While the opinion focuses primarily on road transport of horses, there are specific sections dealing with the transport of horses on roll-on-roll-off ferries, horses transported by air and the transport of donkeys. In addition, the opinion covers welfare concerns in relation to a specific scenario identified by the European Commission related to the transport of horses on long journeys to slaughterhouses. Current practices related to transport of horses during the different stages (preparation, loading and unloading, transit and the journey breaks) are described. Overall, 13 welfare consequences were identified as being highly relevant for the welfare of horses during transport based on severity, duration and frequency of occurrence: gastro-enteric disorders, handling stress, heat stress, injuries, isolation stress, motion stress, prolonged hunger, prolonged thirst, respiratory disorders, resting problems, restriction of movement, sensory overstimulation and separation stress. These welfare consequences and their animal-based measures are described. A variety of hazards were identified related to factors such as inexperienced/untrained handlers, lack of horse training, structural deficiencies of vehicles/facilities, poor driving skills/conditions, horse separation/regrouping, unfavourable microclimatic and environmental conditions and poor husbandry practices. The opinion contains general and specific conclusions in relation to the different stages of transport. Recommendations to prevent hazards and correct or mitigate welfare consequences have been developed. Recommendations were also developed to define quantitative thresholds for microclimatic conditions within the means of transport and for space allowance. The development of welfare consequences over time was assessed in relation to maximum journey time.
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Dahmen K, Fischer H, Burczynski V, Albanese V, Muñoz E. Four cases of stomach perforation in adult horses. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Dahmen
- Tierärztliches Kompetenzzentrum für Pferde Großwallstadt Altano GmbH Großwallstadt Germany
| | - Holger Fischer
- Tierärztliches Kompetenzzentrum für Pferde Großwallstadt Altano GmbH Großwallstadt Germany
| | - Victoria Burczynski
- Tierärztliches Kompetenzzentrum für Pferde Großwallstadt Altano GmbH Großwallstadt Germany
| | - Valeria Albanese
- Tierärztliches Kompetenzzentrum für Pferde Großwallstadt Altano GmbH Großwallstadt Germany
| | - Encarnación Muñoz
- Tierärztliches Kompetenzzentrum für Pferde Großwallstadt Altano GmbH Großwallstadt Germany
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Journeys, Journey Conditions, and Welfare Assessment of Unbroken (Unhandled) Horses on Arrival at a Slaughterhouse in Italy. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162083. [PMID: 36009673 PMCID: PMC9404719 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transportation of horses to slaughterhouses can pose a welfare concern, in particular when horses are unbroken/unhandled. This study aimed to describe their journeys and journey conditions, document their welfare status on arrival in a slaughterhouse in Italy, and investigate possible associations between journey conditions and welfare issues. A total of 395 unbroken draft horses in 20 different consignments were assessed with a standardized protocol. The most common departure point (16/20 consignments, 80%) was a French assembly center, but many of these horses had Spanish passports, suggesting they had previously been transported from Spain to France. The average journey duration was 34 ± 14 h, including journey breaks (i.e., short stops inside the vehicle and long resting stops at control posts), while transit time was 24 ± 4 h. The drivers were well experienced, the trucks were well equipped (i.e., forced ventilation, drinkers), and the horses traveled loose in small groups (n ≤ 4 horses) within pens inside the vehicle. On arrival at the slaughterhouse, the horses self-unloaded and showed minimal behavioral and health problems. The prevalence of injuries, diarrhea/abnormal feces, and nasal discharge were 1.52%, 6.58%, and 4.30%, respectively. Cold temperatures, space allowance, and lack of feeding during transport were found to be the main hazards of those problems (all p < 0.05). Our findings confirm that the correct assessment of the fitness for transport, adequate journey conditions, and experienced staff are crucial factors to safeguard the welfare of unbroken horses during long journeys.
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Calixto LC, Martínez JR. Determinación de Helicobacter spp. en mucosa gástrica glandular de mulas a través de la prueba de la actividad de la ureasa e histopatología. REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE MEDICINA VETERINARIA Y DE ZOOTECNIA 2022. [DOI: 10.15446/rfmvz.v69n2.103260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
La información sobre la presentación y los factores predisponentes del síndrome de úlcera gástrica en mulas (SUGM) es escasa en comparación con el síndrome de úlcera gástrica en equinos (SUGE) y asnales. Debido a la naturaleza multifactorial de este síndrome, la helicobacteriosis ha sido estudiada en otras especies. El objetivo fue establecer la presencia de Helicobacter spp. en mucosa gástrica de mulas a través de la prueba rápida de la ureasa (PRU) y de análisis histopatológico. Menos del 27% de las muestras reaccionaron a la PRU, con tiempos prolongados de reacción, y al Agar Urea (prueba de oro), con menor porcentaje de positividad. La histopatología reveló procesos inflamatorios crónicos, sin presencia de bacterias curvoespiraladas. Las PRU no fueron conclusivas en la determinación de Helicobacter spp., comportamiento similar reportado en equinos. Se requieren exámenes diagnósticos específicos y procedimientos complementarios que explore regiones del estómago en consideración del número de muestras representativas.
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A study comparing the healthy and diseased equine glandular gastric microbiota sampled with sheathed transendoscopic cytology brushes. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 116:104002. [PMID: 35490972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of the equine gastrointestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of equine glandular gastric disease (EGGD) is poorly understood. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether the glandular gastric microbiota is altered in horses with EGGD. STUDY DESIGN Prospective longitudinal study METHODS: Five Thoroughbred racehorses from one training centre underwent gastroscopy as part of poor performance investigation. Samples were taken from EGGD lesions and adjacent normal mucosa using sheathed transendoscopic cytology brushes and frozen at -80 °C. DNA was extracted for 16S rRNA sequencing, and sequences compared against a database to generate taxonomic classification of the microbiota. The same horses were sampled six months later. RESULTS Normal glandular mucosal samples were characterised by a higher proportion of Proteobacteria (46.3 %) than EGGD lesions (18.9 %). Relative abundance of Firmicutes was lower in samples from normal mucosa (20.0 %) than EGGD lesions (41.2 %). Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) confirmed a greater proportion of Firmicutes species was characteristic of samples collected from EGGD lesions due to a very high relative abundance of Sarcina (up to 92.4 %) in two horses with EGGD. We were unable to comment on the stability of the glandular gastric microbiota over time. MAIN LIMITATIONS Small sample population. None of the horses examined had grossly normal gastric mucosa. CONCLUSIONS The gastric microbiota appears altered in EGGD, although we are unable to demonstrate a causative effect. Sarcina was particularly increased in abundance in EGGD and may be a useful biomarker of disease. Sheathed cytology brushes were an effective method for sampling the gastric mucosa.
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Equine gastric ulcer syndrome in adult horses. Vet J 2022; 283-284:105830. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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OHMURA H, HIRAGA A. Effect of restraint inside the transport vehicle on heart rate and heart rate variability in Thoroughbred horses. J Equine Sci 2022; 33:13-17. [PMID: 35510074 PMCID: PMC9018462 DOI: 10.1294/jes.33.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of transportation and restraint in a van on
heart rate (HR) and HR variability in Thoroughbreds. Eight healthy Thoroughbreds were
exposed to four conditions, each for a duration of 30 min: stall rest (REST), restraint
inside a van (VAN), restraint inside a van with the engine running (V + E), and road
transportation (TRANS). Electrocardiograms were recorded to determine HR, low-frequency
(LF) power, high-frequency (HF) power, and LF/HF ratio. During TRANS, HR was significantly
greater than during REST and V + E. There was a significant increase during VAN compared
with REST. These results demonstrated that restraint inside the transport vehicle was one
of the major stressors that may cause physiological changes during transportation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime OHMURA
- Sports Science Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Atsushi HIRAGA
- Sports Science Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
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Sasaki N, Nishi Y, Fujiwara Y, Takeyama T, Kumagai H, Senarathna S, Ushiya S, Tokuyama T, Tokuyama T, Tokuyama T, Mii T, Ayaki S, Matsuno K, Nakagawa Y, Nishihara Y, Taura Y. Effect of a novel rice fermented extract on gastric ulcers in horses. J Equine Sci 2021; 32:27-30. [PMID: 34220268 PMCID: PMC8240527 DOI: 10.1294/jes.32.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric ulcers cause appetite loss, poor body condition, and colic in horses. This study
investigated the protective effect of a rice fermented extract on the gastric mucosa in 17
healthy Thoroughbreds. For one month, horses in the rice fermented extract (nine horses)
and control (eight horses) groups were orally administered a rice fermented extract (100%;
0.2 ml/kg, SID) and tap water (0.2 ml/kg), respectively. Gastric endoscopic images were
obtained before and one month after rice fermented extract administration. The gastric
ulcer score was lower after administration (median, 1; maximum, 2; minimum, 1) than before
administration (median, 4; maximum, 4; minimum, 3) in the rice fermented extract group
(P<0.05). In conclusion, the administration of a rice fermented extract for one month
improves gastric mucosal lesions in Thoroughbreds with gastric ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Sasaki
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Nishi
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Yumi Fujiwara
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Takeyama
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Hayata Kumagai
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Samantha Senarathna
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yasuho Taura
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
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Xu B, Cui X, Xu K, Lin L, Zhou Y. Effect of water immersion restraint stress on gastric mucosa in rats with removed salivary glands. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2020; 13:2853-2859. [PMID: 33284885 PMCID: PMC7716124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the effect of salivary gland removal on water immersion restraint stress (WIRS)-induced gastric mucosal injury (GMI) in rats. METHODS Eighty male WISTAR rats were allocated into sham operation (sham) group, sham + WIRS group, salivary gland removal group, and salivary gland removal + WIRS group, with 20 rats in each group. In the sham group, skin and subcutaneous tissues were cut to expose glands. The rats in other three groups were subjected to a total salivary gland resection, and all their submandibular glands and sublingual glands and part of the parotid glands were removed, and the parotid duct was ligated. Afterwards, rats were exposed to WIRS for one and a half months and sacrificed. The severity of GMI was scored, and any histologic and ultrastructural changes were monitored. RESULTS There were differences in the Guth index (GMI evaluation) scores among the four groups (P=0.000), which were higher in salivary gland removal + WIRS group than those in the other three groups (all P<0.001), and were higher in the sham + WIRS group and salivary gland removal group than those in the sham group (all P=0.000). Compared with other groups, the gastric mucosa was severely injured in the salivary gland removal + WIRS group, with obvious congestion, edema, inflammatory cell infiltrate, mucosal shedding, bleeding ulcers, enlarged intercellular spaces, and damaged organelles. CONCLUSION Salivary gland removal aggravates WIRS-induced GMI to a certain extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Red Cross Central Hospital of HarbinHarbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xiao Cui
- Department of General Surgery, Red Cross Central Hospital of HarbinHarbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Kui Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Red Cross Central Hospital of HarbinHarbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Red Cross Central Hospital of HarbinHarbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yanbing Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdao, Shandong Province, China
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Padalino B, Davis GL, Raidal SL. Effects of transportation on gastric pH and gastric ulceration in mares. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:922-932. [PMID: 32009244 PMCID: PMC7096603 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Transportation has been suggested as a risk factor for gastric ulceration in horses, but limited evidence supports this assumption. Animals Twenty‐six Standardbred, Thoroughbred, and Warmblood mares from a university teaching herd. Methods Twelve mares were confined for 12 hours, overnight, in reproductive stocks with indwelling nasogastric tubes (NGTs) to assess pH of gastric fluid (GF). Gastric ulceration was assessed endoscopically before and after confinement. Subsequently, 26 horses were transported for 12 hours, overnight, in 2 consignments. During transportation, GF was aspirated from indwelling NGT placed in the same 12 mares used in the confinement study, and gastric ulceration was assessed endoscopically before and after transportation in all horses. Results The median pH of GF in confined horses was 1.70‐2.49 at each sampling point, and there was no apparent effect on gastric squamous ulcer scores. The median pH of GF from the same 12 horses at corresponding sampling times during transportation was 6.82‐7.22. Transportation was associated with increased gastric squamous ulcer scores, particularly in horses fasted for gastroscopy and NGT placement immediately before departure. Gastric emptying appeared delayed after transportation in horses fed before departure. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Transportation is associated with increased gastric squamous ulceration and with increased pH of GF. These findings may be a consequence of impaired gastric emptying and reflux of alkaline small intestinal content, with factors such as duodenal bile salts and short‐chain fatty acids mediating mucosal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Padalino
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Division of Animal Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Georgina L Davis
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sharanne L Raidal
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
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16
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Padalino B, Raidal SL. Effects of Transport Conditions on Behavioural and Physiological Responses of Horses. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10010160. [PMID: 31963529 PMCID: PMC7022509 DOI: 10.3390/ani10010160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulations for minimal space and direction of travel for land transport in horses vary worldwide and there is currently no definitive guidance to promote equine health and welfare. This study evaluated the effects of bay size and direction of travel (forwards/backwards) in horses by comparing the behavioural, physiological, laboratory and gastroscopy parameters between transported and confined horses. A total of twenty-six mares took part in the study; 12 horses were confined for 12 h, and all mares underwent 12 hours' transportation, travelling in single (n = 18) or wide bays (n = 8), and forward (n = 10) or rear (n = 16) facing. Behaviour was recorded during confinement/transportation and analysed using a behaviour sampling ethogram. Clinical examination, blood samples and gastroscopy were conducted before and after confinement/transportation. The frequency of behaviours relating to stress and balance increased during transport, and horses transported in a rear-facing position and in a wider bay size showed fewer balance-related behaviours. Balance behaviours, particularly loss of balance, were positively associated with the severity of gastric ulceration after transportation and elevated muscle enzymes, while increased stress behaviours correlated with decreased gastrointestinal sounds. Heart rate and rectal temperature after transportation were positively associated with balance and stress behaviours, and with squamous gastric ulcer scores. Transportation was associated with expected increases in cortisol and muscle enzymes, but positioning and space allowance had minimal effects on these analytes. Findings suggest that transportation in a rear-facing position and in wider bays might reduce the impact of transport on horse health and welfare, and monitoring behaviour in transit and physiological measurements after transportation should be recommended. Behavioural and physiological parameters were more sensitive than haematological, biochemical or endocrine analytes to identify horses suffering from transport stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Padalino
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-051-2096023
| | - Sharanne L Raidal
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Stuart University, Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia;
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