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Ji Y, Yang Y, Wu Z. Programming of metabolic and autoimmune diseases in canine and feline: linkage to the gut microbiome. Microb Pathog 2023; 185:106436. [PMID: 37913827 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic and autoimmune disorders have long represented challenging health problems because of their growing prevalence in companion animals. The gut microbiome, made up of trillions of microorganisms, is implicated in multiple physiological and pathological processes. Similar to human beings, the complicated microbiome harbored in the gut of canines and felines emerges as a key factor determining a wide range of normal and disease conditions. Evidence accumulated from recent findings on canine and feline research uncovered that the gut microbiome is actively involved in host metabolism and immunity. Notably, the composition, abundance, activity, and metabolites of the gut microbiome are all elements that shape clinical outcomes concerning metabolism and immune function. This review highlights the implications of the gut microbiome for metabolic disorders (obesity, diabetes, and hepatic lipidosis) and autoimmune diseases (inflammatory bowel disease, osteoarthritis, asthma, and myasthenia gravis) in canine and feline animals, providing novel strategies and therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of pet diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Liu G, Wang K, Yang Z, Tang X, Chang YF, Dai K, Tang X, Hu B, Zhang Y, Cao S, Huang X, Yan Q, Wu R, Zhao Q, Du S, Wen X, Wen Y. Identification of a Novel Linear B-Cell Epitope of HbpA Protein from Glaesserella parasuis Using Monoclonal Antibody. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:8638. [PMID: 37239984 PMCID: PMC10218323 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaesserella parasuis (G. parasuis.) is the etiological pathogen of Glässer's disease, which causes high economic losses to the pig industry. The heme-binding protein A precursor (HbpA) was a putative virulence-associated factor proposed to be potential subunit vaccine candidate in G. parasuis. In this study, three monoclonal antibodies (mAb) 5D11, 2H81, and 4F2 against recombinant HbpA (rHbpA) of G. parasuis SH0165 (serotype 5) were generated by fusing SP2/0-Ag14 murine myeloma cells and spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized with the rHbpA. Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) demonstrated that the antibody designated 5D11 showed a strong binding affinity with the HbpA protein and was chosen for subsequent experiments. The subtypes of the 5D11 were IgG1/κ chains. Western blot analysis showed that mAb 5D11 could react with all 15 serotype reference strains of G. parasuis. None of the other bacteria tested reacted with 5D11. In addition, a linear B-cell epitope recognized by 5D11 was identified by serial truncations of HbpA protein and then a series of truncated peptides were synthesized to define the minimal region that was required for mAb 5D11 binding. The 5D11 epitope was located on amino acids 324-LPQYEFNLEKAKALLA-339 by testing the 5D11 monoclonal for reactivity with 14 truncations. The minimal epitope 325-PQYEFNLEKAKALLA-339 (designated EP-5D11) was pinpointed by testing the mAb 5D11 for reactivity with a series of synthetic peptides of this region. The epitope was highly conserved among G. parasuis strains, confirmed by alignment analysis. These results indicated that mAb 5D11 and EP-5D11 might potentially be used to develop serological diagnostic tools for G. parasuis. Three-dimensional structural analysis revealed that amino acids of EP-5D11 were in close proximity and may be exposed on the surface of the HbpA protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geyan Liu
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.L.); (K.W.); (Z.Y.); (X.T.); (K.D.); (X.T.); (B.H.); (Y.Z.); (S.C.); (X.H.); (Q.Y.); (R.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.D.); (X.W.)
| | - Kang Wang
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.L.); (K.W.); (Z.Y.); (X.T.); (K.D.); (X.T.); (B.H.); (Y.Z.); (S.C.); (X.H.); (Q.Y.); (R.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.D.); (X.W.)
| | - Zhen Yang
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.L.); (K.W.); (Z.Y.); (X.T.); (K.D.); (X.T.); (B.H.); (Y.Z.); (S.C.); (X.H.); (Q.Y.); (R.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.D.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaoyu Tang
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.L.); (K.W.); (Z.Y.); (X.T.); (K.D.); (X.T.); (B.H.); (Y.Z.); (S.C.); (X.H.); (Q.Y.); (R.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.D.); (X.W.)
| | - Yung-Fu Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 14850, USA;
| | - Ke Dai
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.L.); (K.W.); (Z.Y.); (X.T.); (K.D.); (X.T.); (B.H.); (Y.Z.); (S.C.); (X.H.); (Q.Y.); (R.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.D.); (X.W.)
| | - Xinwei Tang
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.L.); (K.W.); (Z.Y.); (X.T.); (K.D.); (X.T.); (B.H.); (Y.Z.); (S.C.); (X.H.); (Q.Y.); (R.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.D.); (X.W.)
| | - Bangdi Hu
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.L.); (K.W.); (Z.Y.); (X.T.); (K.D.); (X.T.); (B.H.); (Y.Z.); (S.C.); (X.H.); (Q.Y.); (R.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.D.); (X.W.)
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.L.); (K.W.); (Z.Y.); (X.T.); (K.D.); (X.T.); (B.H.); (Y.Z.); (S.C.); (X.H.); (Q.Y.); (R.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.D.); (X.W.)
| | - Sanjie Cao
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.L.); (K.W.); (Z.Y.); (X.T.); (K.D.); (X.T.); (B.H.); (Y.Z.); (S.C.); (X.H.); (Q.Y.); (R.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.D.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.L.); (K.W.); (Z.Y.); (X.T.); (K.D.); (X.T.); (B.H.); (Y.Z.); (S.C.); (X.H.); (Q.Y.); (R.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.D.); (X.W.)
| | - Qigui Yan
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.L.); (K.W.); (Z.Y.); (X.T.); (K.D.); (X.T.); (B.H.); (Y.Z.); (S.C.); (X.H.); (Q.Y.); (R.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.D.); (X.W.)
| | - Rui Wu
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.L.); (K.W.); (Z.Y.); (X.T.); (K.D.); (X.T.); (B.H.); (Y.Z.); (S.C.); (X.H.); (Q.Y.); (R.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.D.); (X.W.)
| | - Qin Zhao
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.L.); (K.W.); (Z.Y.); (X.T.); (K.D.); (X.T.); (B.H.); (Y.Z.); (S.C.); (X.H.); (Q.Y.); (R.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.D.); (X.W.)
| | - Senyan Du
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.L.); (K.W.); (Z.Y.); (X.T.); (K.D.); (X.T.); (B.H.); (Y.Z.); (S.C.); (X.H.); (Q.Y.); (R.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.D.); (X.W.)
| | - Xintian Wen
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.L.); (K.W.); (Z.Y.); (X.T.); (K.D.); (X.T.); (B.H.); (Y.Z.); (S.C.); (X.H.); (Q.Y.); (R.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.D.); (X.W.)
| | - Yiping Wen
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (G.L.); (K.W.); (Z.Y.); (X.T.); (K.D.); (X.T.); (B.H.); (Y.Z.); (S.C.); (X.H.); (Q.Y.); (R.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.D.); (X.W.)
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Bond S, McMullen C, Timsit E, Léguillette R. Topography of the respiratory, oral, and guttural pouch bacterial and fungal microbiotas in horses. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:349-360. [PMID: 36607177 PMCID: PMC9889660 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lower respiratory tract microbiota of the horse is different in states of health and disease, but the bacterial and fungal composition of the healthy respiratory tract of the horse has not been studied in detail. HYPOTHESIS The respiratory tract environment contains distinct niche microbiotas, which decrease in species richness at more distal sampling locations. OBJECTIVE Characterize the bacterial and fungal microbiotas along the upper and lower respiratory tract of the horse. ANIMALS Healthy Argentinian Thoroughbred horses (n = 11) from the same client-owned herd. METHODS Prospective cross-sectional study. Eleven upper and lower respiratory tract anatomical locations (bilateral nasal, bilateral deep nasal, nasopharynx, floor of mouth, oropharynx, arytenoids, proximal and distal trachea, guttural pouch) were sampled using a combination of swabs, protected specimen brushes, and saline washes. Total DNA was extracted from each sample and negative control, and the 16S rRNA gene (V4) and ITS2 region were sequenced. Community composition, alpha-diversity, and beta-diversity were compared among sampling locations. RESULTS Fungal species richness and diversity were highest in the nostrils. More spatial heterogeneity was found in bacterial composition than in fungal communities. The pharyngeal microbiota was most similar to the distal tracheal bacterial and fungal microbiota in healthy horses and therefore may serve as the primary source of bacteria and fungi to the lower respiratory tract. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The pharynx is an important location that should be targeted in respiratory microbiota research in horses. Future studies that investigate whether biomarkers of respiratory disease can be reliably detected in nasopharyngeal swab samples are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Bond
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada,School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of QueenslandGattonAustralia
| | - Christopher McMullen
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada,Feedlot Health Management Services, IncOkotoksAlbertaCanada
| | - Edouard Timsit
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada,I&D Pharma DepartementCeva Santé AnimaleLibourneFrance
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Influence of Gallic Acid-Containing Mouth Spray on Dental Health and Oral Microbiota of Healthy Cats—A Pilot Study. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9070313. [PMID: 35878330 PMCID: PMC9325039 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9070313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Periodontal diseases are common dental issues in cats. Oral care supplements were used to prevent diseases and maintain oral health. Moreover, maintaining a healthy oral microbiome is crucial for oral health. Therefore, we have developed a gallic acid-containing mouth spray and studied its effect on oral microbiota and dental health in healthy cats. The results revealed that the gingival and plaque indexes were improved after 42 days of mouth spray treatment in cats. The mouth spray treatment also reduced the abundance of harmful bacterial load and supported the growth of normal oral microbiota. This preliminary study recommended that the gallic acid-containing mouth spray could be an essential oral product to improve the oral hygiene of the cats. Abstract This pilot study aimed to investigate the effects of gallic acid-containing mouth spray on oral microbiota in healthy cat subjects. Forty healthy cats were recruited and randomly allocated to the control (G1; n = 20) and treatment groups (G2; n = 20). The cats were treated with mouth spray twice daily for 42 days. The changes in the gingival index (GI) and plaque index (PI) were measured at baseline (day 0) and end of the study (42nd day). The changes in the oral microbial composition of representative animals (control, n = 9; and treatment, n = 8) were also evaluated at baseline and end of the study. Oral microbial composition was assessed by amplifying the V1–V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene from supragingival dental plaque DNA extracts. The sequences were annotated using the QIIME 2.0. The GI and PI were significantly reduced after 42 days of treatment. The deep sequencing revealed that mouth spray influenced the cats’ oral microbiome and was significantly diverse. About 20 phyla and 59 species were observed after 42 days of mouth spray usage in cats’ oral microbiota. The number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of post-treatment samples (PoTS) of G2 was greatly reduced compared to other samples. Further analysis revealed that mouth spray acts substantially against Desulfomicrobium orale, one of the known pathogens in periodontal disease. The mouth spray efficiently reduced the growth of 22 species and uprooted 17 species. Moreover, the mouth spray supported the growth of normal oral microbiota, including Moraxella and Neisseria species. The preliminary study suggested that the gallic acids-containing mouth spray could be an essential oral product to improve the oral hygiene of the cats. Moreover, further studies are needed to confirm the beneficial effect of mouth spray on cats.
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The Immune Mechanisms of Severe Equine Asthma-Current Understanding and What Is Missing. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12060744. [PMID: 35327141 PMCID: PMC8944511 DOI: 10.3390/ani12060744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe equine asthma is a chronic respiratory disease of adult horses, occurring when genetically susceptible individuals are exposed to environmental aeroallergens. This results in airway inflammation, mucus accumulation and bronchial constriction. Although several studies aimed at evaluating the genetic and immune pathways associated with the disease, the results reported are inconsistent. Furthermore, the complexity and heterogeneity of this disease bears great similarity to what is described for human asthma. Currently available studies identified two chromosome regions (ECA13 and ECA15) and several genes associated with the disease. The inflammatory response appears to be mediated by T helper cells (Th1, Th2, Th17) and neutrophilic inflammation significantly contributes to the persistence of airway inflammatory status. This review evaluates the reported findings pertaining to the genetical and immunological background of severe equine asthma and reflects on their implications in the pathophysiology of the disease whilst discussing further areas of research interest aiming at advancing treatment and prognosis of affected individuals.
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Payette F, Charlebois A, Fairbrother J, Beauchamp G, Leclere M. Nicoletella semolina in the airways of healthy horses and horses with severe asthma. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:1612-1619. [PMID: 33942932 PMCID: PMC8163135 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nicoletella semolina was identified in the airways of horses and its low prevalence could be because of its difficult differentiation from other Pasteurellaceae. Objectives To develop a molecular method for the identification of N. semolina and to evaluate its prevalence in the mouth and the airways of healthy and severe asthmatic horses. Animals Six healthy and 6 severely asthmatic horses in phase I, 10 severely asthmatic horses in phase II, and 10 healthy horses in phase III. Methods Cohort (phases I and II) and cross‐sectional (phase III) studies. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction primers targeting the sodA gene were optimized. N. semolina was quantified in oral and nasal washes and in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF; phase I, sampled twice), in nasal washes and BALF (phase II, sampled twice), and in nasal washes (phase III). Results N. semolina was found in the nose of 5, 10, and 9 horses in phases I, II, and III, respectively (first sampling for phases I and II). Six BALF from 5 different horses were positive for N. semolina in phase II. In phase I, there was no significant difference in the nasal loads of healthy horses (median (range): 2.04 × 104 copies/mL (0‐2.44 × 105)) and asthmatic horses in exacerbation (3.75 × 102 (0‐4.84 × 106); Wilcoxon's rank sum test, P = .57). Conclusions and Clinical Importance N. semolina is commonly found in the airways of horses. The potential pathogenicity of N. semolina remains to be elucidated, but the molecular technique we developed will facilitate future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavie Payette
- Clinical Sciences Department, Faculté de Médecine VétérinaireUniversité de MontréalMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Audrey Charlebois
- Clinical Sciences Department, Faculté de Médecine VétérinaireUniversité de MontréalMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Julie‐Hélène Fairbrother
- Bacteriology Diagnostic Laboratory, Complexe de Diagnostic et d'Épidémiosurveillance Vétérinaires du Québec, Ministère de l'Agriculture, des Pêcheries et de l'Alimentation du Québec and Faculté de Médecine VétérinaireUniversité de MontréalMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Guy Beauchamp
- Veterinary Biomedicine Department, Faculté de Médecine VétérinaireUniversité de MontréalMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Mathilde Leclere
- Clinical Sciences Department, Faculté de Médecine VétérinaireUniversité de MontréalMontrealQuebecCanada
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