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Breczko WJ, Bubak J, Miszczak M. The Importance of Intestinal Microbiota and Dysbiosis in the Context of the Development of Intestinal Lymphoma in Dogs and Cats. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2255. [PMID: 38927960 PMCID: PMC11202240 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16122255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements have significantly enhanced our understanding of the crucial role animal microbiomes play in veterinary medicine. Their importance in the complex intestinal environment spans immune modulation, metabolic homeostasis, and the pathogenesis of chronic diseases. Dysbiosis, a microbial imbalance, can lead to a range of diseases affecting both individual organs and the entire organism. Microbial disruption triggers inflammatory responses in the intestinal mucosa and disturbs immune homeostasis, increasing susceptibility to toxins and their metabolites. These dynamics contribute to the development of intestinal lymphoma, necessitating rigorous investigation into the role of microbiota in tumorigenesis. The principles explored in this study extend beyond veterinary medicine to encompass broader human health concerns. There are remarkable parallels between the subtypes of lymphoproliferative disorders in animals and humans, particularly Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Understanding the etiology of a cancer of the lymphatic system formation is critical for developing both preventive strategies and therapeutic interventions, with the potential to significantly improve patient outcomes. The aim of this study is to discuss the optimal composition of the microbiome in dogs and cats and the potential alterations in the microbiota during the development of intestinal lesions, particularly intestinal lymphoma. Molecular and cellular analyses are also incorporated to detect inflammatory changes and carcinogenesis. A review of the literature on the connections between the gut microbiome and the development of lymphomas in dogs and cats is presented, along with potential diagnostic approaches for these cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioleta Jadwiga Breczko
- EZA Student Science Club, The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Wroclaw, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 31 Norwida St., 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Joanna Bubak
- Department of Pathology, Division of Pathomorphology and Veterinary Forensics, The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Wrocław, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 31 Norwida St., 50-375 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Marta Miszczak
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Division of Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Administration, The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Wroclaw, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Grunwaldzki Sq. 45, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland;
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2
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Rütgen BC, Wolfesberger B, Baumgartner D, Hammer SE, Groiss S, Hittmair KM, Gradner G, Fuchs-Baumgartinger A, Donovan TA, Schwendenwein I. Flowcytometric data of intermediate-large cell gastrointestinal lymphoma presenting a gross mass in 32 cats - "let them glow in the flow". Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1378826. [PMID: 38863454 PMCID: PMC11166079 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1378826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal lymphoma is the most common form of lymphoma in domestic cats. Aggressive phenotypes are much less common but do bear and unfavorable prognosis. Immunophenotyping by flow cytometry (FCM) is not systematically performed in these patients, because of difficulties in the acquisition of suitable sample material from the gastrointestinal tract. A multimodal diagnostic approach is recommended to improve identification of subtypes targeting patient tailored therapeutic strategies. The aim of this prospective study was to present results of multicolor FCM immunophenotyping in surgically removed gastrointestinal mass and relate them with histopathology using the World Health Organization (WHO) classification and clonality PCR testing. Thirty-two patients were included. Eight cats (25%) had gastric, 23 (72%) had intestinal lymphoma and 1 (3%) had gastric/jejunal lymphoma. Intestinal lymphoma sites were represented by 18 small intestinal, 4 ileocaecal, 1 large intestinal. All gastric lymphomas were diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Small intestinal lymphomas were 10 enteropathy associated T-cell lymphoma type I (EATL I), 2 enteropathy associated T-cell lymphoma type II (EATL II), 2 peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL), 3 DLBCL and one DLBCL+EATL II. The most common small intestinal FCM T-cell phenotype was CD3+CD21- CD4-CD8-CD18+ CD5-CD79- in 7/10 EATL I and one EATL II. The most frequent FCM B-cell phenotype was CD3-CD21+ CD4-CD8-CD18+ CD5-CD79+ in 13/17 DLBCL and the DLBCL+EATL II. Clonality PCR results were positive in 87.5% (28/32) of all cases. No cross-lineage rearrangement was observed. IHC and FCM results agreed in 87.5% (28/32) of all cases. When all 3 methods were combined, consistent results were seen in 75% (24/32). This is the first demonstration of a multicolor FCM approach set in context to the gold standard histopathology and clonality testing results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara C. Rütgen
- Clinical Pathology, Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgitt Wolfesberger
- Clinical Unit of Internal Medicine Small Animals, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Baumgartner
- Clinical Pathology, Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine E. Hammer
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandra Groiss
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina M. Hittmair
- Diagnostic Imaging, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabriele Gradner
- Small Animal Hospital Clinic, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Fuchs-Baumgartinger
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Taryn A. Donovan
- The Schwarzman Animal Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ilse Schwendenwein
- Clinical Pathology, Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Heilmann RM, Riggers DS, Trewin I, Köller G, Kathrani A. Treatment success in cats with chronic enteropathy is associated with a decrease in fecal calprotectin concentrations. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1390681. [PMID: 38634105 PMCID: PMC11022500 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1390681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Feline chronic enteropathies (FCE) are challenging to diagnose and monitor for progression and response to treatment. Fecal calprotectin might be a useful non-invasive marker to evaluate clinical endpoints of therapeutic monitoring in FCE. We evaluated fecal calprotectin concentrations in cats with FCE before and after initiation of treatment comprised of immunomodulation and/or dietary intervention. Included were 17 cats with FCE and 18 healthy controls. Clinical investigation of FCE cases included clinical severity grading (feline chronic enteropathy activity index, FCEAI) in all cats, abdominal ultrasonography in 15 cats, and gastrointestinal biopsies in 6 cats. Fecal calprotectin was measured in samples from 12 cats with FCE before treatment, all 17 FCE cats ≥6 weeks after treatment initiation, and all healthy controls. Fecal calprotectin concentrations in FCE cases before treatment (median: 61 μg/g) were significantly higher than after treatment initiation (median: 15 μg/g; p = 0.0098) and compared to controls (median: 6 μg/g; p = 0.0235) and correlated with the FCEAI scores (ρ = 0.54, p = 0.0316). Fecal calprotectin concentrations after treatment initiation were higher with more severe duodenal/proximal jejunal pathology (ρ = 0.83, p = 0.0427) and shorter intervals between sampling time points (ρ = -0.54, p = 0.0250). Relevant decreases in initially increased fecal calprotectin concentrations are seen in cats with FCE on varying treatment strategies that significantly improve or have remission of clinical signs. This supports the utility of fecal calprotectin as a surrogate biomarker to assess disease severity in FCE cases. Further studies need to evaluate fecal calprotectin concentrations longitudinally in relation to mucosal healing vs. clinical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy M Heilmann
- Department for Small Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Denise S Riggers
- Department for Small Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Isla Trewin
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gábor Köller
- Department for Large Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Aarti Kathrani
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
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4
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Chaipoca K, Sirinarumitr T, Srisampan S, Wongsali C, Kovitvadhi A, Jaroensong T. The Expression Levels of CD20 as a Prognostic Value in Feline B-Cell Nasal Lymphoma: A Pilot Study. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1043. [PMID: 38612282 PMCID: PMC11010812 DOI: 10.3390/ani14071043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The effect of the semi-quantitative expression of CD20 in the prognosis of feline nasal lymphoma has not been described. This study investigated the prognostic significance of CD20 expression, clinicopathological characterization, and treatment outcomes in cats with nasal lymphoma. Clinical data from cats diagnosed with nasal lymphoma were retrospectively collected, including signalment, clinical signs, clinicopathological variables, treatment outcomes, and survival times. Using ImageJ software, CD20 expression was semi-quantitatively measured based on the proportion of CD20-positive areas. Correlations between laboratory findings, immunohistochemical expressions, and survival outcomes were investigated. All cats included in the study exhibited the B-cell immunophenotype. During treatment, a reduction in PCV was noted in the cats at the second and sixth weeks (p = 0.01 and p = 0.01, respectively). The cats with low CD20 expression exhibited a significantly shorter MST (91 days; 95% CI, 41-141) than those with high CD20 expression (MST, 214 days; 95% CI, 76-351) (p = 0.01). Stage T1 cats displayed a higher MST (143 days; 95% CI, 144-172) than those in other stages > T1 (120 days, 95% CI, 71-169 days) (p = 0.04). Anemia, a common adverse effect in feline nasal lymphoma, did not impact MST. T1 clinical staging and high CD20 expression showed a trend for better MST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kravee Chaipoca
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Rd., Lat Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Theerapol Sirinarumitr
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Rd., Lat Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Supreeya Srisampan
- Center for Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory-Bangkhen, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Rd., Lat Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (S.S.); (C.W.)
| | - Charuwan Wongsali
- Center for Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory-Bangkhen, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Rd., Lat Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (S.S.); (C.W.)
| | - Attawit Kovitvadhi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Rd., Lat Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Tassanee Jaroensong
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Rd., Lat Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
- Feline Unit, Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Rd., Lat Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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5
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Questa M, Weimer BC, Fiehn O, Chow B, Hill SL, Ackermann MR, Lidbury JA, Steiner JM, Suchodolski JS, Marsilio S. Unbiased serum metabolomic analysis in cats with naturally occurring chronic enteropathies before and after medical intervention. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6939. [PMID: 38521833 PMCID: PMC10960826 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic enteropathies (CE) are common disorders in cats and the differentiation between the two main underlying diseases, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and low-grade intestinal T-cell lymphoma (LGITL), can be challenging. Characterization of the serum metabolome could provide further information on alterations of disease-associated metabolic pathways and may identify diagnostic or therapeutic targets. Unbiased metabolomics analysis of serum from 28 cats with CE (14 cats with IBD, 14 cats with LGITL) and 14 healthy controls identified 1,007 named metabolites, of which 129 were significantly different in cats with CE compared to healthy controls at baseline. Random Forest analysis revealed a predictive accuracy of 90% for differentiating controls from cats with chronic enteropathy. Metabolic pathways found to be significantly altered included phospholipids, amino acids, thiamine, and tryptophan metabolism. Several metabolites were found to be significantly different between cats with IBD versus LGITL, including several sphingolipids, phosphatidylcholine 40:7, uridine, pinitol, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, and glucuronic acid. However, random forest analysis revealed a poor group predictive accuracy of 60% for the differentiation of IBD from LGITL. Of 129 compounds found to be significantly different between healthy cats and cats with CE at baseline, 58 remained different following treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Questa
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Bart C Weimer
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, 100K Pathogen Genome Project, University of California School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Betty Chow
- VCA Animal Specialty & Emergency Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steve L Hill
- Veterinary Specialty Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mark R Ackermann
- US Department of Agriculture, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jonathan A Lidbury
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Joerg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Sina Marsilio
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Ii T, Chambers JK, Nakashima K, Goto-Koshino Y, Uchida K. Application of automated machine learning for histological evaluation of feline endoscopic samples. J Vet Med Sci 2024; 86:160-167. [PMID: 38104975 PMCID: PMC10898981 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiating intestinal T-cell lymphoma from chronic enteropathy (CE) in endoscopic samples is often challenging. In the present study, automated machine learning systems were developed to distinguish between the two diseases, predict clonality, and detect prognostic factors of intestinal lymphoma in cats. Four models were created for four experimental conditions: experiment 1 to distinguish between intestinal T-cell lymphoma and CE; experiment 2 to distinguish large cell lymphoma, small cell lymphoma, and CE; experiment 3 to distinguish granzyme B+ lymphoma, granzyme B- lymphoma, and CE; and experiment 4 to distinguish between T-cell receptor (TCR) clonal population and TCR polyclonal population. After each experiment, a pathologist reviewed the test images and scored for lymphocytic infiltration, epitheliotropism, and epithelial injury. The models of experiments 1-4 achieved area under the receiver operating characteristic curve scores of 0.943 (precision, 87.59%; recall, 87.59%), 0.962 (precision, 86.30%; recall, 86.30%), 0.904 (precision, 82.86%; recall, 80%), and 0.904 (precision, 81.25%; recall, 81.25%), respectively. The images predicted as intestinal T-cell lymphoma showed significant infiltration of lymphocytes and epitheliotropism than CE. These models can provide evaluation tools to assist pathologists with differentiating between intestinal T-cell lymphoma and CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhito Ii
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - James K Chambers
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ko Nakashima
- Japan Small Animal Medical Center (JSAMC), Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuko Goto-Koshino
- Veterinary Medical Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Barko PC, Williams DA, Wu YA, Steiner JM, Suchodolski JS, Gal A, Marsilio S. Chronic Inflammatory Enteropathy and Low-Grade Intestinal T-Cell Lymphoma Are Associated with Altered Microbial Tryptophan Catabolism in Cats. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:67. [PMID: 38200798 PMCID: PMC10777963 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CIE) and low-grade intestinal T-cell lymphoma (LGITL) are common chronic enteropathies (CE) in cats. Enteric microbiota dysbiosis is implicated in the pathogenesis of CE; however, the mechanisms of host-microbiome interactions are poorly understood in cats. Microbial indole catabolites of tryptophan (MICT) are gut bacterial catabolites of tryptophan that are hypothesized to regulate intestinal inflammation and mucosal barrier function. MICTs are decreased in the sera of humans with inflammatory bowel disease and previous studies identified altered tryptophan metabolism in cats with CE. We sought to determine whether MICTs were decreased in cats with CE using archived serum samples from cats with CIE (n = 44) or LGITL (n = 31) and healthy controls (n = 26). Quantitative LC-MS/MS was used to measure serum concentrations of tryptophan, its endogenous catabolites (kynurenine, kynurenate, serotonin) and MICTs (indolepyruvate, indolealdehyde, indoleacrylate, indoleacetamide, indoleacetate, indolelactate, indolepropionate, tryptamine). Serum concentrations of tryptophan, indolepropionate, indoleacrylate, indolealdehyde, indolepyruvate, indolelactate were significantly decreased in the CIE and LGITL groups compared to those in healthy controls. Indolelactate concentrations were significantly lower in cats with LGITL compared to CIE (p = 0.006). Significant correlations were detected among serum MICTs and cobalamin, folate, fPLI, and fTLI. Our findings suggest that MICTs are promising biomarkers to investigate the role of gut bacteria in the pathobiology of chronic enteropathies in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C. Barko
- Departments of Veterinary Clinical Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - David A. Williams
- Departments of Veterinary Clinical Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Yu-An Wu
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Joerg M. Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Arnon Gal
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Sina Marsilio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Riggers DS, Xenoulis PG, Karra DA, Enderle LL, Köller G, Böttcher D, Steiner JM, Heilmann RM. Fecal Calprotectin Concentrations in Cats with Chronic Enteropathies. Vet Sci 2023; 10:419. [PMID: 37505825 PMCID: PMC10385529 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10070419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diagnosis of feline chronic inflammatory enteropathies (CIE) and the differentiation from small cell intestinal lymphoma (SCL) can be challenging. Intestinally expressed calprotectin (S100A8/A9 protein complex) appears to be part of the complex pathogenesis of feline chronic enteropathies (FCE). Fecal calprotectin is a non-invasive biomarker for intestinal inflammation in humans and dogs but has not yet been evaluated in cats. We hypothesized that fecal calprotectin (fCal) concentrations are increased in FCE, correlate with clinical and/or histologic disease severity, and distinguish cases of CIE from SCL. This case-control study included fecal samples and patient data from cats with CIE (n = 34), SCL (n = 17), other gastrointestinal (GI) diseases (n = 16), and cats with no clinical signs of GI disease (n = 32). fCal concentrations were measured using the immunoturbidimetric fCal turbo assay (Bühlmann Laboratories). Compared to healthy cats, fCal concentrations were significantly increased in CIE, SCL, and other diseases (all p < 0.0001), but were not different between these three groups (all p > 0.05), or between cats with extra-GI diseases and healthy controls. These findings suggest that fCal may have utility as a clinical biomarker for FCE but not for intestinal disease differentiation. It further supports the role of calprotectin in the pathogenesis of the spectrum of FCE, which includes CIE and SCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise S Riggers
- Department for Small Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Panagiotis G Xenoulis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Trikalon 224, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Dimitra A Karra
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Trikalon 224, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Lena L Enderle
- Department for Small Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gabor Köller
- Department for Large Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Denny Böttcher
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joerg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| | - Romy M Heilmann
- Department for Small Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Marsilio S, Freiche V, Johnson E, Leo C, Langerak AW, Peters I, Ackermann MR. ACVIM consensus statement guidelines on diagnosing and distinguishing low-grade neoplastic from inflammatory lymphocytic chronic enteropathies in cats. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:794-816. [PMID: 37130034 PMCID: PMC10229359 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphoplasmacytic enteritis (LPE) and low-grade intestinal T cell lymphoma (LGITL) are common diseases in older cats, but their diagnosis and differentiation remain challenging. OBJECTIVES To summarize the current literature on etiopathogenesis and diagnosis of LPE and LGITL in cats and provide guidance on the differentiation between LPE and LGITL in cats. To provide statements established using evidence-based approaches or where such evidence is lacking, statements based on consensus of experts in the field. ANIMALS None. METHODS A panel of 6 experts in the field (2 internists, 1 radiologist, 1 anatomic pathologist, 1 clonality expert, 1 oncologist) with the support of a human medical immunologist, was formed to assess and summarize evidence in the peer-reviewed literature and complement it with consensus recommendations. RESULTS Despite increasing interest on the topic for clinicians and pathologists, few prospective studies were available, and interpretation of the pertinent literature often was challenging because of the heterogeneity of the cases. Most recommendations by the panel were supported by a moderate or low level of evidence. Several understudied areas were identified, including cellular markers using immunohistochemistry, genomics, and transcriptomic studies. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE To date, no single diagnostic criterion or known biomarker reliably differentiates inflammatory lesions from neoplastic lymphoproliferations in the intestinal tract of cats and a diagnosis currently is established by integrating all available clinical and diagnostic data. Histopathology remains the mainstay to better differentiate LPE from LGITL in cats with chronic enteropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Marsilio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and EpidemiologyUC Davis School of Veterinary MedicineDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Valerie Freiche
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'AlfortCHUVA, Unité de Médecine InterneMaisons‐AlfortFrance
| | - Eric Johnson
- Department of Surgical & Radiological SciencesUC Davis School of Veterinary MedicineDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Chiara Leo
- Anicura Istituto Veterinario NovaraNovaraItaly
| | | | | | - Mark R. Ackermann
- Oregon Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Oregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
- Present address:
US Department of AgricultureNational Animal Disease CenterAmesIowaUSA
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10
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Bandara Y, Priestnall SL, Chang YM, Kathrani A. Characterization of intestinal fibrosis in cats with chronic inflammatory enteropathy. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:936-947. [PMID: 37052621 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal fibrosis (IF) is commonly identified on histopathology of intestinal biopsy specimens (IBSp) from cats with chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CIE) however, its clinical relevance is unknown. OBJECTIVES Characterize and determine the clinical relevance of IF in cats with CIE. ANIMALS Sixty-five client-owned cats diagnosed with CIE after gastrointestinal histopathology from a single referral hospital in the United Kingdom. METHODS Medical records were retrospectively searched for cases of CIE on the basis of histopathology of IBSp. The IBSp from eligible cats were re-reviewed by a single board-certified veterinary pathologist for inclusion. Masson's trichrome (MT) stain and immunohistochemical labeling using antivimentin and anticollagen I antibodies to identify IF. For each case, various variables at the time of diagnostic investigation were recorded and referring veterinarians were contacted for follow-up information. RESULTS Mucosal fibrosis was identified in 51% of duodenal and 76% of colonic hematoxylin and eosin (HE)-stained IBSp. Vimentin labeling and MT staining identified additional cases of IF in 65% and 58% of the duodenal biopsy specimens, respectively. Vimentin labeling detected IF in 79% of the colonic biopsy specimens. Positive vimentin labeling and MT staining of the colonic mucosa were associated with decreased likelihood of attaining clinical remission and increased risk of death because of CIE (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Additional stains at initial histopathologic examination of IBSp allow for better identification of IF compared to routine HE staining. Identification of IF in colonic biopsy specimens by vimentin immunolabeling and MT staining may provide prognostic information in cats with CIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuvani Bandara
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Yu-Mei Chang
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Aarti Kathrani
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
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Au Yeung S, Giaretta P, Morningstar T, Masuda E, Questa M, Fereidouni F, Levenson RM, Marsilio S. Utility of fluorescence imitating brightfield imaging microscopy for the diagnosis of feline chronic enteropathy. Vet Pathol 2023; 60:52-59. [PMID: 36286074 PMCID: PMC9827481 DOI: 10.1177/03009858221131363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence imitating brightfield imaging (FIBI) is a novel microscopy method that allows for real-time, nondestructive, slide-free tissue imaging of fresh, formalin-fixed, or paraffin-embedded tissue. The nondestructive nature of the technology permits tissue preservation for downstream analyses. The objective of this observational study was to assess the utility of FIBI compared with conventional hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained histology slides in feline gastrointestinal histopathology. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded full-thickness small intestinal tissue specimens from 50 cases of feline chronic enteropathy were evaluated. The ability of FIBI to evaluate predetermined morphological features (epithelium, villi, crypts, lacteals, fibrosis, submucosa, and muscularis propria) and inflammatory cells was assessed on a 3-point scale (0 = FIBI cannot identify the feature; 1 = FIBI can identify the feature; 2 = FIBI can identify the feature with more certainty than H&E). H&E and FIBI images were also scored according to World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) Gastrointestinal Standardization Group guidelines. FIBI identified morphological features with similar or, in some cases, higher confidence compared with H&E images. The identification of inflammatory cells was less consistent. FIBI and H&E images showed an overall poor agreement with regard to the assigned WSAVA scores. While FIBI showed an equal or better ability to identify morphological features in intestinal biopsies, its ability to identify inflammatory cells is currently inferior compared with H&E-based imaging. Future studies on the utility of FIBI as a diagnostic tool for noninflammatory histopathologic lesions are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paula Giaretta
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais,
Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria Questa
- UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine,
Davis, CA
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12
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Pathological Findings in Gastrointestinal Neoplasms and Polyps in 860 Cats and a Pilot Study on miRNA Analyses. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9090477. [PMID: 36136693 PMCID: PMC9500658 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9090477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Gastrointestinal masses in cats are of clinical relevance, but pathological studies with larger case numbers are lacking. Biomarkers such as miRNA have not yet been investigated in feline intestinal neoplasms. Methods: A retrospective analysis of pathology reports included 860 feline gastrointestinal masses. Immunohistochemistry was performed on 91 lymphomas, 10 sarcomas and 7 mast cell tumours (MCT). Analyses of miRNA-20b and miRNA-192 were performed on 11 lymphomas, 5 carcinomas and 5 control tissues by ddPCR. Results: The pathological diagnosis identified 679 lymphomas, 122 carcinomas, 28 sarcomas, 23 polyps, 7 MCT and 1 leiomyoma. Carcinomas and polyps were most commonly found in the large intestine, lymphomas were most commonly found in the stomach and small intestine and MCT only occurred in the small intestine. Besides the well-described small-cell, mitotic count <2 T-cell lymphomas and the large-cell B-cell lymphomas with a high mitotic count, several variants of lymphomas were identified. The values of miRNA-20b were found to be up-regulated in samples of all types of cancer, whereas miRNA-192 was only up-regulated in carcinomas and B-cell lymphomas. Conclusions: The histopathological and immunohistochemical (sub-)classification of feline intestinal masses confirmed the occurrence of different tumour types, with lymphoma being the most frequent neoplasm. Novel biomarkers such as miRNA-20b and miRNA-192 might have diagnostic potential in feline intestinal neoplasms and should be further investigated.
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13
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Ii T, Chambers JK, Nakashima K, Goto-Koshino Y, Mizuno T, Uchida K. Intraepithelial cytotoxic lymphocytes are associated with a poor prognosis in feline intestinal T-cell lymphoma. Vet Pathol 2022; 59:931-939. [PMID: 36052863 DOI: 10.1177/03009858221120010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The expression of cytotoxic molecules in feline intestinal T-cell lymphoma cells was examined immunohistochemically using endoscopic samples of 50 cases. Cases included 14 large-cell lymphomas (LCLs) and 36 small-cell lymphomas (SCLs). Most LCL and some SCL exhibited marked erosion and villous atrophy. Clonal T-cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangement was detected in 10/14 (71%) LCL cases and 33/36 (92%) SCL cases. No clonal immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) gene rearrangement was detected. Immunohistochemically, all cases were positive for CD3 and negative for CD79α, CD30, CD56, and Foxp3. LCLs were positive for CD8 in 13/14 cases (93%), T-cell intracellular antigen 1 (TIA1) in 14/14 cases (100%), and granzyme B in 6/14 cases (43%). SCLs were positive for CD8 in 28/36 cases (78%), TIA1 in 33/36 cases (92%), and granzyme B in 2/36 cases (6%). TIA1- and granzyme B-positive neoplastic lymphocytes were predominantly observed in the mucosal epithelium of 10/50 cases (20%) and 6/50 cases (12%), respectively. No significant differences in survival time were found based on cell size or epitheliotropism. However, cases with TIA1+ and/or granzyme B+ neoplastic lymphocytes predominantly in the mucosal epithelium had significantly shorter survival times (P < .05), suggesting that mucosal epithelium infiltration of neoplastic cells with a cytotoxic immunophenotype is a negative prognostic factor. Therefore, intraepithelial cytotoxic lymphocytes may be associated with mucosal injury and impaired intestinal function, leading to a poor prognosis in cats with intestinal T-cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ko Nakashima
- Japan Small Animal Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
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14
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Riggers DS, Gurtner C, Protschka M, Böttcher D, von Bomhard W, Alber G, Winter K, Steiner JM, Heilmann RM. Intestinal S100/Calgranulin Expression in Cats with Chronic Inflammatory Enteropathy and Intestinal Lymphoma. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162044. [PMID: 36009635 PMCID: PMC9404432 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Intestinal diseases in cats are complicated diseases in which intestinal inflammation is difficult to distinguish from lymphoma, which is a neoplasm. In this study, the expression of the proteins S100A8/A9 and S100A12 (also called calgranulins) in the intestine is investigated in both diseases and for potential correlations with microscopically visible changes in the intestine or the clinical severity of the disease. Only small differences were seen between healthy and diseased animals, and there were no differences between cats with intestinal inflammation and lymphoma. However, several correlations of cells staining positive for calgranulins and inflammatory changes at the microscopic level and clinical disease severity were shown. This indicates that calgranulins play a role in both gastrointestinal lymphoma and inflammation and would support the recent theory that these two diseases might not be separate disease entities but instead are related. Further insights into the role of the calgranulins in these feline diseases will lead to a better understanding of the disease pathogenesis and, thus, potentially novel diagnostics and treatment avenues. Abstract Diagnosing chronic inflammatory enteropathies (CIE) in cats and differentiation from intestinal lymphoma (IL) using currently available diagnostics is challenging. Intestinally expressed S100/calgranulins, measured in fecal samples, appear to be useful non-invasive biomarkers for canine CIE but have not been evaluated in cats. We hypothesized S100/calgranulins to play a role in the pathogenesis of feline chronic enteropathies (FCE) and to correlate with clinical and/or histologic disease severity. This retrospective case-control study included patient data and gastrointestinal (GI) tissues from 16 cats with CIE, 8 cats with IL, and 16 controls with no clinical signs of GI disease. GI tissue biopsies were immunohistochemically stained using polyclonal α-S100A8/A9 and α-S100A12 antibodies. S100A8/A9+ and S100A12+ cells were detected in all GI segments, with few significant differences between CIE, IL, and controls and no difference between diseased groups. Segmental inflammatory lesions were moderately to strongly correlated with increased S100/calgranulin-positive cell counts. Clinical disease severity correlated with S100A12+ cell counts in cats with IL (ρ = 0.69, p = 0.042) and more severe diarrhea with colonic lamina propria S100A12+ cells with CIE (ρ = 0.78, p = 0.021) and duodenal S100A8/A9+ cells with IL (ρ = 0.71, p = 0.032). These findings suggest a role of the S100/calgranulins in the pathogenesis of the spectrum of FCE, including CIE and IL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise S. Riggers
- Small Animals Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Corinne Gurtner
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martina Protschka
- Institute of Immunology/Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Denny Böttcher
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Gottfried Alber
- Institute of Immunology/Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karsten Winter
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joerg M. Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Romy M. Heilmann
- Small Animals Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Sung CH, Marsilio S, Chow B, Zornow KA, Slovak JE, Pilla R, Lidbury JA, Steiner JM, Park SY, Hong MP, Hill SL, Suchodolski JS. Dysbiosis index to evaluate the fecal microbiota in healthy cats and cats with chronic enteropathies. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:e1-e12. [PMID: 35266809 PMCID: PMC9160961 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221077876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous studies have identified various bacterial taxa that are altered in cats with chronic enteropathies (CE) vs healthy cats. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a targeted quantitative molecular method to evaluate the fecal microbiota of cats. METHODS Fecal samples from 80 client-owned healthy cats and 68 cats with CE were retrospectively evaluated. A panel of quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays was used to measure the fecal abundance of total bacteria and seven bacterial taxa: Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium hiranonis, Escherichia coli, Faecalibacterium, Streptococcus and Turicibacter. The nearest centroid classifier algorithm was used to calculate a dysbiosis index (DI) based on these qPCR abundances. RESULTS The abundances of total bacteria, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, C hiranonis, Faecalibacterium and Turicibacter were significantly decreased, while those of E coli and Streptococcus were significantly increased in cats with CE (P <0.027 for all). The DI in cats with CE was significantly higher compared with healthy cats (P <0.001). When the cut-off value of the DI was set at 0, it provided 77% (95% confidence interval [CI] 66-85) sensitivity and 96% (95% CI 89-99) specificity to differentiate the microbiota of cats with CE from those of healthy cats. Fifty-two of 68 cats with CE had a DI >0. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE A qPCR-based DI for assessing the fecal microbiota of cats was established. The results showed that a large proportion of cats with CE had an altered fecal microbiota as evidenced by an increased DI. Prospective studies are warranted to evaluate the utility of this assay for clinical assessment of feline CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hsuan Sung
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Sina Marsilio
- UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Betty Chow
- Veterinary Specialty Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA
- VCA Animal Specialty and Emergency Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Rachel Pilla
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan A Lidbury
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jörg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - So Young Park
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Min-Pyo Hong
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Steve L Hill
- Veterinary Specialty Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA
- Flagstaff Veterinary Internal Medicine Consulting, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Bcl-2 Immunoexpression in Feline Epitheliotropic Intestinal T-Cell Lymphomas. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9040168. [PMID: 35448666 PMCID: PMC9028225 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9040168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphoma is the most common malignant hematopoietic neoplasm in domestic felines. Twenty-two cases of feline epitheliotropic duodenal T-cell lymphoma were characterized morphologically and immunohistochemically (CD3, Pax5, Ki-67), and Bcl-2 immunoexpression was established. Most cases were in domestic shorthair cats (88.2%), with a mean age of 11.2 years. All lymphomas were CD3+, with a low-to-moderate expression of Ki-67 (<30%). A correlation between the tumoral pattern of infiltration in the lamina propria and the intraepithelial distribution of the neoplastic lymphocytes was established (p = 0.0155). Intraepithelial nests of neoplastic lymphocytes were predominantly observed in lymphomas with a patchy distribution in the lamina propria, whereas intraepithelial plaques were seen in lymphomas with an obliteration pattern. Bcl-2 was expressed in neoplastic cells in all cases, and a higher expression was associated with increased villous stunting (p = 0.0221), and tended to be present in those cases with increased epithelial damage. The expression of Bcl-2 and the degree of epitheliotropism were correlated with neoplastic progression in epitheliotropic intestinal T-cell lymphomas; those displaying high Bcl-2 immunoexpression showed increased villous stunting and epithelial damage, suggesting that Bcl-2 is overexpressed in advanced tumor stages, and may be used as a predictor of tumoral behavior in feline epitheliotropic intestinal T-cell lymphomas. This entity showed many similarities with human MEITL, so the latter entity should be considered in further lymphoma classifications of domestic animals.
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17
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Freiche V, Fages J, Paulin MV, Bruneau J, Couronné L, German AJ, Penninck D, Hermine O. Clinical, laboratory and ultrasonographic findings differentiating low-grade intestinal T-cell lymphoma from lymphoplasmacytic enteritis in cats. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:2685-2696. [PMID: 34687072 PMCID: PMC8692195 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Low‐grade intestinal T‐cell lymphoma (LGITL) is the most common intestinal neoplasm in cats. Differentiating LGITL from lymphoplasmacytic enteritis (LPE) is challenging because clinical signs, laboratory results, diagnostic imaging findings, histology, immunohistochemistry, and clonality features may overlap. Objectives To evaluate possible discriminatory clinical, laboratory and ultrasonographic features to differentiate LGITL from LPE. Animals Twenty‐two cats diagnosed with LGITL and 22 cats with LPE based upon histology, immunohistochemistry, and lymphoid clonality. Methods Prospective, cohort study. Cats presented with clinical signs consistent with LGITL or LPE were enrolled prospectively. All data contributing to the diagnostic evaluation was recorded. Results A 3‐variable model (P < .001) consisting of male sex (P = .01), duration of clinical signs (P = .01), and polyphagia (P = .03) and a 2‐variable model (P < .001) including a rounded jejunal lymph node (P < .001) and ultrasonographic abdominal effusion (P = .04) were both helpful to differentiate LGITL from LPE. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Most clinical signs and laboratory results are similar between cats diagnosed with LGITL and LPE. However, male sex, a longer duration of clinical signs and polyphagia might help clinicians distinguish LGITL from LPE. On ultrasonography, a rounded jejunal lymph node, and the presence of (albeit small volume) abdominal effusion tended to be more prevalent in cats with LGITL. However, a definitive diagnosis requires comprehensive histopathologic and phenotypic assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Freiche
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, CHUVA, Unité de Médecine Interne, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Mathieu Victor Paulin
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine-University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Julie Bruneau
- Pathology Department, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutical Implications, INSERM U1163, Imagine Institute, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Lucile Couronné
- Cytogenetics Department, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutical Implications, INSERM U1163, Imagine Institute, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Alexander J German
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom
| | - Dominique Penninck
- Diagnostic Imaging Section, Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Olivier Hermine
- Hematology Department, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP); Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutical Implications, INSERM U1163, Imagine Institute, University of Paris, Paris, France
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