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Taylor SD, Hart KA, Vaughn S, Giancola SC, Serpa PBS, Santos AP. Effects of intravenous administration of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) on oxidative status in healthy adult horses. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:460-468. [PMID: 37948618 PMCID: PMC10800205 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ascorbic acid (AA) is an antioxidant that might be beneficial for adjunctive treatment of sepsis in horses. The optimal dose and effects on oxidative status are unknown. HYPOTHESIS Ascorbic acid administration will increase plasma AA concentrations and decrease determinants of reactive oxygen metabolites (dROM), basal and stimulant-induced intraerythrocytic reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentrations, and stimulant-induced neutrophil ROS production, and increase plasma antioxidant capacity (PAC) in a dose-dependent manner. ANIMALS Eight healthy horses. METHODS Randomized placebo-controlled crossover study. Each horse received 4 single-dose IV treatments including AA at 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg and saline (placebo) with each treatment separated by ≥1 week. Blood was collected at baseline, 2 and 6 hours for assessment of plasma dROM and PAC via photometer, intraerythrocytic ROS by flow cytometry, and stimulant-induced neutrophil ROS by a fluorometric assay. Plasma AA concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography/electrochemical detection. RESULTS Ascorbic acid at 100 mg/kg resulted in decreased dROM 2 hours after treatment (P = .03, 95% CI 5.51-121.2, point estimate 63.3). There was no effect of AA on basal or stimulant-induced intraerythrocytic ROS (P = .88, 95% CI -0.156 to 0.081, point estimate -0.037; P = .93, 95% CI -0.123 to 0.112, point estimate -0.006, respectively), basal or stimulant-induced neutrophil ROS (P ≥ .12, 95% CI -644.9 to 56.2, point estimate -294.4), or PAC (P ≥ .64, 95% CI -1567 to 463.4, point estimate -552.0) at any dose or timepoint. Plasma AA concentrations increased in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE High-dose administration of AA might provide antioxidant benefits in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra D. Taylor
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Kelsey A. Hart
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Sarah Vaughn
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Shyla C. Giancola
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Priscila B. S. Serpa
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary MedicinePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
- Present address:
Department of Biomedical Sciences and PathobiologyVirginia‐Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, 205 Duck Pond DriveBlacksburg, Virginia 24061USA
| | - Andrea P. Santos
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary MedicinePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
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Cassano JM, Leonard BC, Martins BC, Vapniarsky N, Morgan JT, Dow SW, Wotman KL, Pezzanite LM. Preliminary evaluation of safety and migration of immune activated mesenchymal stromal cells administered by subconjunctival injection for equine recurrent uveitis. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1293199. [PMID: 38162475 PMCID: PMC10757620 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1293199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU), an immune mediated disease characterized by repeated episodes of intra-ocular inflammation, affects 25% of horses in the USA and is the most common cause of glaucoma, cataracts, and blindness. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have immunomodulatory properties, which are upregulated by preconditioning with toll-like receptor agonists. The objective was to evaluate safety and migration of TLR-3 agonist polyinosinic, polycytidylic acid (pIC)-activated MSCs injected subconjunctivally in healthy horses prior to clinical application in horses with ERU. We hypothesized that activated allogeneic MSCs injected subconjunctivally would not induce ocular or systemic inflammation and would remain in the conjunctiva for >14 days. Methods Bulbar subconjunctiva of two horses was injected with 10 × 106 pIC-activated (10 μg/mL, 2 h) GFP-labeled MSCs from one donor three times at two-week intervals. Vehicle (saline) control was injected in the contralateral conjunctiva. Horses received physical and ophthalmic exams [slit lamp biomicroscopy, rebound tonometry, fundic examination, and semiquantitative preclinical ocular toxicology scoring (SPOTS)] every 1-3 days. Systemic inflammation was assessed via CBC, fibrinogen, and serum amyloid A (SAA). Horses were euthanized 14 days following final injection. Full necropsy and histopathology were performed to examine ocular tissues and 36 systemic organs for MSC presence via IVIS Spectrum. Anti-GFP immunohistochemistry was performed on ocular tissues. Results No change in physical examinations was noted. Bloodwork revealed fibrinogen 100-300 mg/dL (ref 100-400) and SAA 0-25 μg/mL (ref 0-20). Ocular effects of the subjconjucntival injection were similar between MSC and control eyes on SPOTS grading system, with conjunctival hypermia, chemosis and ocular discharge noted bilaterally, which improved without intervention within 14 days. All other ocular parameters were unaffected throughout the study. Necropsy and histopathology revealed no evidence of systemic inflammation. Ocular histopathology was similar between MSC and control eyes. Fluorescent imaging analysis did not locate MSCs. Immunohistochemistry did not identify intact MSCs in the conjunctiva, but GFP-labeled cellular components were present in conjunctival phagocytic cells. Discussion Allogeneic pIC-activated conjunctival MSC injections were well tolerated. GFP-labeled tracking identified MSC components phagocytosed by immune cells subconjunctivally. This preliminary safety and tracking information is critical towards advancing immune conditioned cellular therapies to clinical trials in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Cassano
- Veterinary Institute for Regenerative Cures, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Brian C. Leonard
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Bianca C. Martins
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Natalia Vapniarsky
- Veterinary Institute for Regenerative Cures, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Joshua T. Morgan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Steven W. Dow
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Kathryn L. Wotman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Lynn M. Pezzanite
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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Barrett JG, MacDonald ES. Use of Biologics and Stem Cells in the Treatment of Other Inflammatory Diseases in the Horse. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2023; 39:553-563. [PMID: 37607855 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are powerful immunomodulatory cells that act via multiple mechanisms to coordinate, inhibit, and control the cells of the immune system. MSCs act as rescuers for various damaged or degenerated cells of the body via (1) cytokines, growth factors, and signaling molecules; (2) extracellular vesicle (exosome) signaling; and (3) direct donation of mitochondria. Several studies evaluating the efficacy of MSCs have used MSCs grown using xenogeneic media, which may reduce or eliminate efficacy. Although more research is needed to optimize the anti-inflammatory potential of MSCs, there is ample evidence that MSC therapeutics are worthy of further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer G Barrett
- Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Leesburg, VA, USA.
| | - Elizabeth S MacDonald
- Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Leesburg, VA, USA
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Gugjoo MB, Sakeena Q, Wani MY, Abdel-Baset Ismail A, Ahmad SM, Shah RA. Mesenchymal stem cells: A promising antimicrobial therapy in veterinary medicine. Microb Pathog 2023; 182:106234. [PMID: 37442216 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Growing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a threat to human and animal populations citing the limited available options. Alternative antimicrobial options or functional enhancement of currently available antimicrobials remains only options. One of the potential options seems stem cells especially the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that show antimicrobial properties. These cells additionally have pro-healing effects that may plausibly improve healing outcomes. MSCs antimicrobial actions are mediated either through direct cell-cell contact or their secretome that enhances innate immune mediated antimicrobial activities. These cells synergistically enhance efficacy of currently available antimicrobials especially against the biofilms. Reciprocal action from antimicrobials on the MSCs functionality remains poorly understood. Currently, the main limitation with MSCs based therapy is their limited efficacy. This demands further understanding and can be enhanced through biotechnological interventions. One of the interventional options is the 'priming' to enhance MSCs resistance and specific expression potential. The available literature shows potential antimicrobial actions of MSCs both ex vivo as well as in vivo. The studies on veterinary species are very promising although limited by number and extensiveness in details for their utility as standard therapeutic agents. The current review aims to discuss the role of animals in AMR and the potential antimicrobial actions of MSCs in veterinary medicine. The review also discusses the limitations in their utilization as standard therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qumaila Sakeena
- Division of Veterinary Surgery & Radiology, FVSc & AH, Shuhama, J&K, 190006, India
| | - Mohd Yaqoob Wani
- Directorate of Extension Education, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, J&K, 190025, India
| | - Ahmed Abdel-Baset Ismail
- Department of Surgery, Anaesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, 44511, Egypt
| | - Syed Mudasir Ahmad
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, FVSc & AH, Shuhama, J&K, 190006, India
| | - Riaz Ahmad Shah
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, FVSc & AH, Shuhama, J&K, 190006, India
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TLR4 and MD2 variation among horses with differential TNFα baseline concentrations and response to intravenous lipopolysaccharide infusion. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1486. [PMID: 36707633 PMCID: PMC9883502 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27956-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative bacterial septicemia is mediated through binding of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to mammalian toll-like receptor protein 4 (TLR4). TLR4 and its cognate protein, myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD2) form a heterodimeric complex after binding LPS. This complex induces a cascade of reactions that results in increased proinflammatory cytokine gene expression, including TNFα, which leads to activation of innate immunity. In horses, the immune response to LPS varies widely. To determine if this variation is due to differences in TLR4 or MD2, DNA from 15 healthy adult horses with different TNFα dynamics after experimental intravenous LPS infusion was sequenced across exons of TLR4 and MD2. Haplotypes were constructed for both genes using all identified variants. Four haplotypes were observed for each gene. No significant associations were found between either TNFα baseline concentrations or response to LPS and haplotype; however, there was a significant association (P value = 0.0460) between the baseline TNFα concentration and one MD2 missense variant. Three-dimensional structures of the equine TLR4-MD2-LPS complex were built according to haplotype combinations observed in the study horses, and the implications of missense variants on LPS binding were modeled. Although the sample size was small, there was no evidence that variation in TLR4 or MD2 explains the variability in TNFα response observed after LPS exposure in horses.
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