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Song C, Wang Z, Cao J, Dong Y, Chen Y. Neurotoxic mechanisms of mycotoxins: Focus on aflatoxin B1 and T-2 toxin. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 356:124359. [PMID: 38866317 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and T-2 toxin are commonly found in animal feed and stored grain, posing a serious threat to human and animal health. Mycotoxins can penetrate brain tissue by compromising the blood-brain barrier, triggering oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, and leading to oxidative damage and apoptosis of brain cells. The potential neurotoxic mechanisms of AFB1 and T-2 toxin were discussed by summarizing the relevant research reports from the past ten years. AFB1 and T-2 toxin cause neuronal damage in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, leading to synaptic transmission dysfunction, ultimately impairing the nervous system function of the body. The toxic mechanism is related to excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, autophagy, and an exaggerated inflammatory response. After passing through the blood-brain barrier, toxins can directly affect glial cells, alter the activation state of microglia and astrocytes, thereby promoting brain inflammation, disrupting the blood-brain barrier, and influencing the synaptic transmission process. We discussed the diverse effects of various concentrations of toxins and different modes of exposure on neurotoxicity. In addition, toxins can also cross the placental barrier, causing neurotoxic symptoms in offspring, as demonstrated in various species. Our goal is to uncover the underlying mechanisms of the neurotoxicity of AFB1 and T-2 toxin and to provide insights for future research, including investigating the impact of mycotoxins on interactions between microglia and astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zixu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jing Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yulan Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yaoxing Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China.
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2
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Jiang Y, Qian Y, Hong H, Gao X, Liu W, Jin Q, Chen M, Jin Z, Liu Q, Wei Z. Morin protects chicks with T-2 toxin poisoning by decreasing heterophil extracellular traps, oxidative stress and inflammatory response. Br Poult Sci 2023; 64:614-624. [PMID: 37334824 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2023.2226083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
1. Fusarium tritici widely exists in a variety of grain feeds. The T-2 toxin is the main hazardous component produced by Fusarium tritici, making a serious hazard to poultry industry. Morin, belonging to the flavonoid family, can be extracted from mulberry plants and possesses anticancer, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds, but whether morin protects chicks with T-2 toxin poisoning remains unclear. This experiment firstly established a chick model of T-2 toxin poisoning and then investigated the protective effects and mechanism of morin against T-2 toxin in chicks.2. The function of liver and kidney was measured by corresponding alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cre) and uric acid (UA) kits. Histopathological changes were observed by haematoxylin-eosin staining. The status of oxidative stress was measured by MDA, SOD, CAT, GSH and GSH-PX kits. The mRNA levels of TNF-α, COX-2, IL-1β, IL-6, caspase-1, caspase-3 and caspase-11 were measured by quantitative real-time PCR. Heterophil extracellular trap (HET) release was analysed by immunofluorescence and fluorescence microplate.3. The model with T-2 toxin poisoning in chicks was successfully established. Morin significantly decreased T-2 toxin-induced ALT, AST, ALP, BUN, Cre and UA, and improved T-2 toxin-induced liver cell rupture, liver cord disorder and kidney interstitial oedema. Oxidative stress analysis showed that morin ameliorated T-2 toxin-induced damage by reducing malondialdehyde (MDA), increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX). The qRT-PCR analysis showed that morin reduced T-2 toxin-induced mRNA expressions of TNF-α, COX-2, IL-1β, IL-6, caspase-1, caspase-3 and caspase-11. Moreover, morin significantly reduced the release of T-2 toxin-induced HET in vitro and in vivo.4. Morin can protect chicks from T-2 toxin poisoning by decreasing HETs, oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, which make it a useful compound against T-2 toxin poisoning in poultry feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Jiang
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Qian
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - H Hong
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - X Gao
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - W Liu
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Q Jin
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - M Chen
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Z Jin
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Q Liu
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Z Wei
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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3
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Stefanović D, Marinković D, Trailović S, Vasiljević M, Farkaš H, Raj J, Tolimir N, Radulović S, Nešić V, Trailović JN, Petrujkić B. Evaluation of Effectiveness of a Novel Multicomponent Mycotoxins Detoxification Agent in the Presence of AFB1 and T-2 Toxin on Broiler Chicks. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030574. [PMID: 36985148 PMCID: PMC10051569 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This experimental study was conducted to determine the ability of a novel mycotoxins detoxification agent (MR) at a concentration of 0.2% to reduce the toxicity of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) or T-2 toxin, alone or in combination, and to examine its effect on performance, pathohistological changes (PH) and the residue of these toxins in the tissues of broiler chicks. A total of 96 broiler chicks were divided into eight equal groups: group C, which served as control (without any additives); group MR, which received the novel detoxification agent (supplemented with 0.2%); group E-I (0.1 mg AFB1/kg of diet); group E-II (0.1 mg AFB1/kg of diet + MR 0.2%); group E-III (0.5 mg T-2 toxin/kg of diet); group E-IV (0.5 mg T-2 toxin/kg of diet + 0.2% MR); group E-V (combination of 0.1 mg AFB1/kg, 0.5 mg T-2 toxin/kg of diet); and group E-VI (combination of 0.1 mg AFB1/kg, 0.5 mg T-2 toxin + 0.2% MR). Results indicate that feeds containing AFB1 and T-2 toxin, alone or in combination, adversely affected the health and performance of poultry. However, the addition of MR to diets containing AFB1 and T-2 toxin singly and in combination exerted a positive effect on body weight, feed intake, weight gain, feed efficiency and microscopic lesions in visceral organs. Residual concentration of AFB1 in liver samples was significantly (p < 0.05) decreased when chicks were fed diets supplemented with 0.2% of MR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darko Stefanović
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Darko Marinković
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Saša Trailović
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Hunor Farkaš
- Patent Co., DOO, Vlade Ćetkovića 1A, 24211 Mišićevo, Serbia
| | - Jog Raj
- Patent Co., DOO, Vlade Ćetkovića 1A, 24211 Mišićevo, Serbia
| | - Nataša Tolimir
- Institute for Science Application in Agriculture, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Stamen Radulović
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Nešić
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Nedeljković Trailović
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +381-113615436
| | - Branko Petrujkić
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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4
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Li SJ, Zhang G, Xue B, Ding Q, Han L, Huang JC, Wu F, Li C, Yang C. Toxicity and detoxification of T-2 toxin in poultry. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 169:113392. [PMID: 36044934 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the updated knowledge on the toxicity of T-2 on poultry, followed by potential strategies for detoxification of T-2 in poultry diet. The toxic effects of T-2 on poultry include cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, metabolism modulation, immunotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, gastrointestinal toxicity, skeletal toxicity, nephrotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, neurotoxicity, etc. Cytotoxicity is the primary toxicity of T-2, characterized by inhibiting protein and nucleic acid synthesis, altering the cell cycle, inducing oxidative stress, apoptosis and necrosis, which lead to damages of immune organs, liver, digestive tract, bone, kidney, etc., resulting in pathological changes and impaired physiological functions of these organs. Glutathione redox system, superoxide dismutase, catalase and autophagy are protective mechanisms against oxidative stress and apoptosis, and can compensate the pathological changes and physiological functions impaired by T-2 to some degree. T-2 detoxifying agents for poultry feeds include adsorbing agents (e.g., aluminosilicate-based clays and microbial cell wall), biotransforming agents (e.g., Eubacterium sp. BBSH 797 strain), and indirect detoxifying agents (e.g., plant-derived antioxidants). These T-2 detoxifying agents could alleviate different pathological changes to different degrees, and multi-component T-2 detoxifying agents can likely provide more comprehensive protection against the toxicity of T-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Ji Li
- School of Engineering, Guangzhou College of Technology and Business, Guangzhou, 510850, China.
| | - Guangzhi Zhang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Bin Xue
- School of Engineering, Guangzhou College of Technology and Business, Guangzhou, 510850, China
| | - Qiaoling Ding
- School of Engineering, Guangzhou College of Technology and Business, Guangzhou, 510850, China
| | - Lu Han
- School of Engineering, Guangzhou College of Technology and Business, Guangzhou, 510850, China
| | - Jian-Chu Huang
- School of Engineering, Guangzhou College of Technology and Business, Guangzhou, 510850, China
| | - Fuhai Wu
- School of Engineering, Guangzhou College of Technology and Business, Guangzhou, 510850, China
| | - Chonggao Li
- School of Engineering, Guangzhou College of Technology and Business, Guangzhou, 510850, China
| | - Chunmin Yang
- School of Engineering, Guangzhou College of Technology and Business, Guangzhou, 510850, China.
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5
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Yang L, Tu D, Wu Y, Liu W, Hu Y, Liu T, Tan L, Li Y, Lei H, Zhan Y, Wang N, Deng Z, Guo S, Wang A. Distribution and persistence of residual T-2 and HT-2 toxins from moldy feed in broiler chickens. Toxicon 2020; 178:82-91. [PMID: 32135197 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
T-2 and HT-2 widely found in food products can seriously affect human and animal health. In this study, sterilized corn was inoculated with F. poae and incubated to allow fungal growth before being examined via liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) to determine the concentrations of T-2/HT-2. Broilers were then fed with a mix of moldy corn and normal feed at different ratios to obtain different toxin doses. After 35 days, the contaminated feed was replaced with mycotoxin-free feed and the distribution and concentration of residual toxins in the tissues and organs of the chickens were examined at different time points. The results showed that at the time of feed replacement (0 h), T-2 residue was present at significantly higher concentrations in the lungs and small intestines than in other tissues (P < 0.05). In addition, T-2 concentrations increased in a dose-dependent manner in the tissues of chickens in the low-, medium-, and high-dose groups; however, the differences in concentration between the groups were not statistically significant. The HT-2 content (0 h) in the livers and small intestines was significantly higher than that in other tissues (P < 0.05). At 48 h post-feed replacement, the concentration of T-2 dropped below detectable levels in all tissues while HT-2 could still be detected at 192 h post-feed replacement. Thus, this study reveals the distribution and persistence of residual T-2/HT-2 from moldy feed in broilers, providing a reference for the detection of these toxins in animal-derived food products and a theoretical basis for formulating food-safety and quality standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingchen Yang
- Lab of Animal Models and Functional Genomics (LAMFG), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Di Tu
- Lab of Animal Models and Functional Genomics (LAMFG), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Yingxin Wu
- Lab of Animal Models and Functional Genomics (LAMFG), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Lab of Animal Models and Functional Genomics (LAMFG), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Yi Hu
- Lab of Animal Models and Functional Genomics (LAMFG), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Tanbin Liu
- Lab of Animal Models and Functional Genomics (LAMFG), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Lei Tan
- Lab of Animal Models and Functional Genomics (LAMFG), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Yalan Li
- Lab of Animal Models and Functional Genomics (LAMFG), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Hongyu Lei
- Lab of Animal Models and Functional Genomics (LAMFG), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Yang Zhan
- Lab of Functional Proteomics (LFP), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, HUNAU, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Naidong Wang
- Lab of Functional Proteomics (LFP), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, HUNAU, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Zhibang Deng
- Lab of Functional Proteomics (LFP), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, HUNAU, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Shiyin Guo
- College of Food Science and Technology, HUNAU, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China.
| | - Aibing Wang
- Lab of Animal Models and Functional Genomics (LAMFG), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China.
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6
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Battilani P, Palumbo R, Giorni P, Dall’Asta C, Dellafiora L, Gkrillas A, Toscano P, Crisci A, Brera C, De Santis B, Rosanna Cammarano R, Della Seta M, Campbell K, Elliot C, Venancio A, Lima N, Gonçalves A, Terciolo C, Oswald IP. Mycotoxin mixtures in food and feed: holistic, innovative, flexible risk assessment modelling approach:. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.en-1757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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7
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Lauwers M, De Baere S, Letor B, Rychlik M, Croubels S, Devreese M. Multi LC-MS/MS and LC-HRMS Methods for Determination of 24 Mycotoxins including Major Phase I and II Biomarker Metabolites in Biological Matrices from Pigs and Broiler Chickens. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11030171. [PMID: 30893895 PMCID: PMC6468661 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11030171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A reliable and practical multi-method was developed for the quantification of mycotoxins in plasma, urine, and feces of pigs, and plasma and excreta of broiler chickens using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The targeted mycotoxins belong to the regulated groups, i.e., aflatoxins, ochratoxin A and Fusarium mycotoxins, and to two groups of emerging mycotoxins, i.e., Alternaria mycotoxins and enniatins. In addition, the developed method was transferred to a LC-high resolution mass spectrometry instrument to qualitatively determine phase I and II metabolites, for which analytical standards are not always commercially available. Sample preparation of plasma was simple and generic and was accomplished by precipitation of proteins alone (pig) or in combination with removal of phospholipids (chicken). A more intensive sample clean-up of the other matrices was needed and consisted of a pH-dependent liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) using ethyl acetate (pig urine), methanol/ethyl acetate/formic acid (75/24/1, v/v/v) (pig feces) or acetonitrile (chicken excreta). For the extraction of pig feces, additionally a combination of LLE using acetone and filtration of the supernatant on a HybridSPE-phospholipid cartridge was applied. The LC-MS/MS method was in-house validated according to guidelines defined by the European and international community. Finally, the multi-methods were successfully applied in a specific toxicokinetic study and a screening study to monitor the exposure of individual animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Lauwers
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
- Innovad, Postbaan 69, 2910 Essen, Belgium.
| | - Siegrid De Baere
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Ben Letor
- Innovad, Postbaan 69, 2910 Essen, Belgium.
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Mathias Devreese
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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8
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Zeng D, Lin Z, Zeng Z, Fang B, Li M, Cheng YH, Sun Y. Assessing Global Human Exposure to T-2 Toxin via Poultry Meat Consumption Using a Lifetime Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:1563-1571. [PMID: 30633497 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b07133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Residue depletion of T-2 toxin in chickens after oral gavage at 2.0 mg/kg twice daily for 2 days was determined in this study. A flow-limited physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed for lifetime exposure assessment in chickens. The model was calibrated with data from the residue depletion study and then validated with independent data. A local sensitivity analysis was performed, and 16 sensitive parameters were subjected to Monte Carlo analysis. The population PBPK model was applied to estimate daily intake values of T-2 toxin in different countries based on reported consumption factors and the guidance value of 0.25 mg/kg in feed for chickens by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The predicted daily intakes in different countries were all lower than the EFSA's total daily intake, suggesting that the EFSA's guidance value has minimal risk. This model provides a foundation for scaling to other mycotoxins and other food animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongping Zeng
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU), Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510640 , China
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Kansas State University , Manhattan , Kansas 66506 , United States
| | - Zhoumeng Lin
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Kansas State University , Manhattan , Kansas 66506 , United States
| | - Zhenling Zeng
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU), Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Binghu Fang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU), Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Miao Li
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Kansas State University , Manhattan , Kansas 66506 , United States
| | - Yi-Hsien Cheng
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Kansas State University , Manhattan , Kansas 66506 , United States
| | - Yongxue Sun
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU), Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510640 , China
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9
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Yang S, Zhang H, De Boevre M, Zhang J, Li Y, Zhang S, De Saeger S, Zhou J, Li Y, Sun F. Toxicokinetics of HT-2 Toxin in Rats and Its Metabolic Profile in Livestock and Human Liver Microsomes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:8160-8168. [PMID: 29996643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The lack of information on HT-2 toxin leads to inaccurate hazard evaluations. In the present study, toxicokinetic studies of HT-2 toxin were investigated following intravenous (iv) and oral administration to rats at dosages of 1.0 mg per kilogram of body weight. After oral administration, HT-2 toxin was not detected in plasma, whereas its hydroxylated metabolite, 3'-OH HT-2 was identified. Following iv administration, HT-2 toxin; its 3'-hydroxylated product; and its glucuronide derivative, 3-GlcA HT-2, were observed in plasma, and the glucuronide conjugate was the predominant metabolite. To explore the missing HT-2 toxin in plasma, metabolic studies of HT-2 toxin in liver microsomes were conducted. Consequently, eight phase I and three phase II metabolites were identified. Hydroxylation, hydrolysis, and glucuronidation were the main metabolic pathways, among which hydroxylation was the predominant one, mediated by 3A4, a cytochrome P450 enzyme. Additionally, significant interspecies metabolic differences were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shupeng Yang
- Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Centre, Ministry of Agriculture; Institute of Apicultural Research, Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100093 , People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460 , Ghent 9000 , Belgium
- College of Veterinary Medicine , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
| | - Huiyan Zhang
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460 , Ghent 9000 , Belgium
- College of Veterinary Medicine , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460 , Ghent 9000 , Belgium
| | - Jinzhen Zhang
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460 , Ghent 9000 , Belgium
| | - Yanshen Li
- College of Life Science , Yantai University , Yantai , Shandong 264005 , People's Republic of China
| | - Suxia Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460 , Ghent 9000 , Belgium
| | - Jinhui Zhou
- Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Centre, Ministry of Agriculture; Institute of Apicultural Research, Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100093 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Li
- Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Centre, Ministry of Agriculture; Institute of Apicultural Research, Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100093 , People's Republic of China
| | - Feifei Sun
- Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Centre, Ministry of Agriculture; Institute of Apicultural Research, Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100093 , People's Republic of China
- College of Veterinary Medicine , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
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10
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Vidal A, Mengelers M, Yang S, De Saeger S, De Boevre M. Mycotoxin Biomarkers of Exposure: A Comprehensive Review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17:1127-1155. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arnau Vidal
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Dept. of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Ghent Univ.; Ghent Belgium
| | - Marcel Mengelers
- Dept. of Food Safety; National Inst. of Public Health and the Environment; Bilthoven The Netherlands
| | - Shupeng Yang
- Inst. of Apicultural Research, Chinese Acad. of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control, Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Bee Products; Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center; Ministry of Agriculture Beijing 100093 People's Republic of China
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Dept. of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Ghent Univ.; Ghent Belgium
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Dept. of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Ghent Univ.; Ghent Belgium
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11
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Deyu H, Luqing C, Xianglian L, Pu G, Qirong L, Xu W, Zonghui Y. Protective mechanisms involving enhanced mitochondrial functions and mitophagy against T-2 toxin-induced toxicities in GH3 cells. Toxicol Lett 2018; 295:41-53. [PMID: 29870751 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
T-2 toxin is the most toxic member of trichothecene mycotoxin. So far, the mechanism of mitochondrial toxicity and protective mechanism in mammalian cells against T-2 toxin are not fully understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the cellular and mitochondrial toxicity of T-2 toxin, and the cellular protective mechanisms in rat pituitary GH3 cells. We showed that T-2 toxin significantly increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA damage and caused apoptosis in GH3 cells. T-2 toxin induced abnormal cell morphology, cytoplasm and nuclear shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation and formation of apoptotic bodies and autophagosomes. The mitochondrial degradative morphologies included local or total cristae collapse and small condensed mitochondria. T-2 toxin decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential. However, T-2 toxin significantly increased the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and expression of antioxidant genes glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx-1), catalase (CAT), mitochondria-specific SOD-2 and mitochondrial uncoupling protein-1, -2 and -3 (UCP-1, 2 and 3). Interestingly, T-2 toxin increased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels and mitochondrial complex I activity, and increased the expression of most of mitochondrial electron transport chain subunits tested and critical transcription factors controlling mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial DNA transcription and replication. T-2 toxin increased mitophagic activity by increasing the expression of mitophagy-specific proteins NIP-like protein X (NIX), PTEN-induced putative kinase protein 1 (PINK1) and E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin. T-2 toxin activated the protective protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway, which activated the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2)/PINK1/Parkin pathway to mediate mitophagy. Taken together, our results suggested that the mammalian cells could increase their resistance against T-2 toxin by increasing the antioxidant activity, mitophagy and mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Deyu
- Department of Animal Sciences & Technology, Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Cui Luqing
- Department of Animal Sciences & Technology, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Liu Xianglian
- Department of Animal Sciences & Technology, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Guo Pu
- Department of Animal Sciences & Technology, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Lu Qirong
- Department of Animal Sciences & Technology, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Wang Xu
- Department of Animal Sciences & Technology, Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Department of Animal Sciences & Technology, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
| | - Yuan Zonghui
- Department of Animal Sciences & Technology, Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Department of Animal Sciences & Technology, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
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12
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Yang S, De Boevre M, Zhang H, De Ruyck K, Sun F, Zhang J, Jin Y, Li Y, Wang Z, Zhang S, Zhou J, Li Y, De Saeger S. Metabolism of T-2 Toxin in Farm Animals and Human In Vitro and in Chickens In Vivo Using Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography- Quadrupole/Time-of-Flight Hybrid Mass Spectrometry Along with Online Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Technique. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:7217-7227. [PMID: 28737905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
After being incubated with animal and human liver microsomes, metabolites of phase I and II were investigated. A comparison was performed by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time-of-flight coupled to mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q/TOF). Consequently, a total of four phase I metabolites and three glucuronide binding metabolites of T-2 toxin were discovered. Although a significant metabolic difference was observed among six species, HT-2 toxin was the major product in all species. In addition, the in vivo metabolism of T-2 toxin after oral administration was also investigated in chickens, In total, 18 metabolites were detected, of which 13 were novel, to our knowledge, and reported for the first time. To elucidate the structures of these metabolites, besides accurate mass data from their MS and MS2 spectra, online hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange technique was also carried out. These new metabolites were regarded as 3'-hydroxy-T-2 3-sulfate, 3'-hydroxy-HT-2 3-sulfate, 4'-hydroxy-HT-2, 3',4'-dihydroxy-HT-2, 4'-carboxyl-T-2, 4'-carboxyl-HT-2, 4'-carboxyl-4'-hydroxy-T-2, and their isomers, implying that T-2 toxin was metabolized more extensively in animals than previously thought. Furthermore, 3'-hydroxy-HT-2, 4'-carboxyl-T-2, 3'-hydroxy-T-2, HT-2 toxin, and neosolaniol were identified to be the major metabolites of T-2 toxin in chickens. The present study expands existing knowledge about T-2 toxin metabolism, informing assessments of the impact T-2 toxin exposure and metabolism on health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shupeng Yang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control; Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Bee Products; Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center, Beijing 100093, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University , Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Huiyan Zhang
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University , Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Karl De Ruyck
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Feifei Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University , Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinzhen Zhang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control; Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Bee Products; Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center, Beijing 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Jin
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control; Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Bee Products; Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center, Beijing 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanshen Li
- College of Life Science, Yantai University , Yantai, Shandong 264005, P. R. China
| | - Zhanhui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University , Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Suxia Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University , Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhui Zhou
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control; Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Bee Products; Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center, Beijing 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Li
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control; Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Bee Products; Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center, Beijing 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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13
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Broekaert N, Devreese M, De Boevre M, De Saeger S, Croubels S. T-2 Toxin-3α-glucoside in Broiler Chickens: Toxicokinetics, Absolute Oral Bioavailability, and in Vivo Hydrolysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:4797-4803. [PMID: 28520442 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to the lack of information on bioavailability and toxicity of modified mycotoxins, current risk assessment on these modified forms assumes an identical toxicity of the modified form to their respective unmodified counterparts. Crossover animal trials were performed with intravenous and oral administration of T-2 toxin (T-2) and T-2 toxin-3α-glucoside (T2-G) to broiler chickens. Plasma concentrations of T2-G, T-2, and main phase I metabolites were quantified using a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method with a limit of quantitation for all compounds of 0.1 ng/mL. Resulting plasma concentration-time profiles were processed via two-compartmental toxicokinetic models. No T-2 triol and only traces of HT-2 were detected in the plasma samples after both intravenous and oral administration. The results indicate that T-2 has a low absolute oral bioavailability of 2.17 ± 1.80%. For T2-G, an absorbed fraction of the dose and absolute oral bioavailability of 10.4 ± 8.7% and 10.1 ± 8.5% were observed, respectively. This slight difference is caused by a minimal (and neglectable) presystemic hydrolysis of T2-G to T-2, that is, 3.49 ± 1.19%. Although low, the absorbed fraction of T2-G is 5 times higher than that of T-2. These differences in toxicokinetics parameters between T-2 and T2-G clearly indicate the flaw in assuming equal bioavailability and/or toxicity of modified and free mycotoxins in current risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Broekaert
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Ghent University , Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Mathias Devreese
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Ghent University , Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Bioanalysis, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Bioanalysis, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Siska Croubels
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Ghent University , Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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14
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Tsubone H, Hanafusa M. An overview of toxicity of trichothecene mycotoxins, T-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol: Involvements of their oxidative stress and apoptosis effects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.2520/myco.66.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Tsubone
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Masakazu Hanafusa
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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15
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Kongkapan J, Giorgi M, Poapolathep S, Isariyodom S, Poapolathep A. Toxicokinetics and tissue distribution of nivalenol in broiler chickens. Toxicon 2015; 111:31-6. [PMID: 26739759 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nivalenol (NIV), a type B trichothecene mycotoxin, is mainly produced by the fungi of Fusarium genus, which naturally occurs in agricultural commodities. Consumers are particularly concerned over the toxicity and safety of NIV in food animal products. To evaluate the toxicokinetics and persistence of residues of NIV, NIV was administered intravenously (iv) or orally (po) to broiler chickens at a dosage of 0.8 mg/kg body weight. The concentration of NIV in the plasma and various tissues was detected using liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry. The plasma concentration of NIV in broilers could be measured up to 24 h and 12 h after iv and po administration, respectively. The value of elimination half-life of NIV was 5.27 ± 0.82 h and 2.51 ± 0.88 h after iv and po administration, respectively. The absolute oral bioavailability was 3.98 ± 0.08%. NIV was detected in the intestine, kidney, muscle, heart and liver after po administration. Regarding tissue residues, largest quantities of NIV were found in the small intestine. These results suggest that NIV is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract with low bioavailability and it has the ability to diffuse into various tissues of broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutamart Kongkapan
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Agricultural Biotechnology, Graduate School, Kasetsart University, KamphaengSaen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese, (lato monte), San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Saranya Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Supaporn Isariyodom
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Amnart Poapolathep
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Agricultural Biotechnology, Graduate School, Kasetsart University, KamphaengSaen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
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16
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Fusariotoxins in Avian Species: Toxicokinetics, Metabolism and Persistence in Tissues. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:2289-305. [PMID: 26110506 PMCID: PMC4488703 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7062289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusariotoxins are mycotoxins produced by different species of the genus Fusarium whose occurrence and toxicity vary considerably. Despite the fact avian species are highly exposed to fusariotoxins, the avian species are considered as resistant to their toxic effects, partly because of low absorption and rapid elimination, thereby reducing the risk of persistence of residues in tissues destined for human consumption. This review focuses on the main fusariotoxins deoxynivalenol, T-2 and HT-2 toxins, zearalenone and fumonisin B1 and B2. The key parameters used in the toxicokinetic studies are presented along with the factors responsible for their variations. Then, each toxin is analyzed separately. Results of studies conducted with radiolabelled toxins are compared with the more recent data obtained with HPLC/MS-MS detection. The metabolic pathways of deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, and zearalenone are described, with attention paid to the differences among the avian species. Although no metabolite of fumonisins has been reported in avian species, some differences in toxicokinetics have been observed. All the data reviewed suggest that the toxicokinetics of fusariotoxins in avian species differs from those in mammals, and that variations among the avian species themselves should be assessed.
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