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Saasa N, M’kandawire E, Ndebe J, Mwenda M, Chimpukutu F, Mukubesa AN, Njobvu F, Shempela DM, Sikalima J, Chiyesu C, Muvwanga B, Nampokolwe SM, Sulwe C, Khondiwa T, Jennings T, Kamanga A, Simulundu E, Mulube C, Mwasinga W, Mumeka J, Simwanza J, Sakubita P, Kapona O, Mulenga CSA, Chipoya M, Musonda K, Kapata N, Sinyange N, Kapina M, Siwila J, Shawa M, Kajihara M, Takada A, Sawa H, Choonga SA, Chilengi R, Muyunda E, Nalubamba KS, Hang’ombe BM. Detection of Human Adenovirus and Rotavirus in Wastewater in Lusaka, Zambia: Demonstrating the Utility of Environmental Surveillance for the Community. Pathogens 2024; 13:486. [PMID: 38921784 PMCID: PMC11206273 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13060486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Enteric infections due to viral pathogens are a major public health concern. Detecting the risk areas requires a strong surveillance system for pathogenic viruses in sources such as wastewater. Towards building an environmental surveillance system in Zambia, we aimed to identify group A rotavirus (RVA) and human adenovirus (HAdV) in wastewater. Convenient sampling was conducted at four study sites every Tuesday for five consecutive weeks. The research team focused on three different methods of viral concentration to determine the suitability in terms of cost and applicability for a regular surveillance system: the bag-mediated filtration system (BMFS), polyethylene glycol-based (PEG) precipitation, and skimmed milk (SM) flocculation. We screened 20 wastewater samples for HAdV and RVA using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and conventional polymerase chain reaction (cPCR). Of the 20 samples tested using qPCR, 18/20 (90%) tested positive for HAdV and 14/20 (70%) tested positive for RVA. For the genetic sequencing, qPCR positives were subjected to cPCR, of which 12 positives were successfully amplified. The human adenovirus was identified with a nucleotide identity range of 98.48% to 99.53% compared with the reference genome from GenBank. The BMFS and SM flocculation were the most consistent viral concentration methods for HAdV and RVA, respectively. A statistical analysis of the positives showed that viral positivity differed by site (p < 0.001). SM and PEG may be the most appropriate options in resource-limited settings such as Zambia due to the lower costs associated with these concentration methods. The demonstration of HAdV and RVA detection in wastewater suggests the presence of the pathogens in the communities under study and the need to establish a routine wastewater surveillance system for the identification of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngonda Saasa
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (E.M.); (J.N.); (A.N.M.); (B.M.); (S.M.N.); (C.S.); (T.K.); (E.S.); (W.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Ethel M’kandawire
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (E.M.); (J.N.); (A.N.M.); (B.M.); (S.M.N.); (C.S.); (T.K.); (E.S.); (W.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Joseph Ndebe
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (E.M.); (J.N.); (A.N.M.); (B.M.); (S.M.N.); (C.S.); (T.K.); (E.S.); (W.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Mulenga Mwenda
- PATH-Zambia, National Malaria Elimination Centre, Chainama Hospital Grounds, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (M.M.); (F.N.); (C.C.); (T.J.); (A.K.); (C.M.); (E.M.)
| | - Fred Chimpukutu
- Effluents and Pollution Control, Lusaka Water Supply and Sanitation Company, Stand No. 871/2, Katemo Road, Rhodes Park, P.O. Box 50198, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (F.C.); (J.M.)
| | - Andrew Nalishuwa Mukubesa
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (E.M.); (J.N.); (A.N.M.); (B.M.); (S.M.N.); (C.S.); (T.K.); (E.S.); (W.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Fred Njobvu
- PATH-Zambia, National Malaria Elimination Centre, Chainama Hospital Grounds, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (M.M.); (F.N.); (C.C.); (T.J.); (A.K.); (C.M.); (E.M.)
| | - Doreen Mainza Shempela
- Churches Health Association of Zambia (CHAZ), CHAZ Complex, Meanwood Drive (off Great East Road), Plot No. 2882/B/5/10, P.O. Box 34511, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (D.M.S.); (J.S.)
| | - Jay Sikalima
- Churches Health Association of Zambia (CHAZ), CHAZ Complex, Meanwood Drive (off Great East Road), Plot No. 2882/B/5/10, P.O. Box 34511, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (D.M.S.); (J.S.)
| | - Carol Chiyesu
- PATH-Zambia, National Malaria Elimination Centre, Chainama Hospital Grounds, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (M.M.); (F.N.); (C.C.); (T.J.); (A.K.); (C.M.); (E.M.)
| | - Bruce Muvwanga
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (E.M.); (J.N.); (A.N.M.); (B.M.); (S.M.N.); (C.S.); (T.K.); (E.S.); (W.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Sarah M. Nampokolwe
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (E.M.); (J.N.); (A.N.M.); (B.M.); (S.M.N.); (C.S.); (T.K.); (E.S.); (W.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Clement Sulwe
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (E.M.); (J.N.); (A.N.M.); (B.M.); (S.M.N.); (C.S.); (T.K.); (E.S.); (W.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Thokozile Khondiwa
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (E.M.); (J.N.); (A.N.M.); (B.M.); (S.M.N.); (C.S.); (T.K.); (E.S.); (W.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Todd Jennings
- PATH-Zambia, National Malaria Elimination Centre, Chainama Hospital Grounds, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (M.M.); (F.N.); (C.C.); (T.J.); (A.K.); (C.M.); (E.M.)
| | - Ameck Kamanga
- PATH-Zambia, National Malaria Elimination Centre, Chainama Hospital Grounds, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (M.M.); (F.N.); (C.C.); (T.J.); (A.K.); (C.M.); (E.M.)
| | - Edgar Simulundu
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (E.M.); (J.N.); (A.N.M.); (B.M.); (S.M.N.); (C.S.); (T.K.); (E.S.); (W.M.); (A.T.)
- Macha Research Trust, Choma 10101, Zambia
| | - Conceptor Mulube
- PATH-Zambia, National Malaria Elimination Centre, Chainama Hospital Grounds, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (M.M.); (F.N.); (C.C.); (T.J.); (A.K.); (C.M.); (E.M.)
| | - Wizaso Mwasinga
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (E.M.); (J.N.); (A.N.M.); (B.M.); (S.M.N.); (C.S.); (T.K.); (E.S.); (W.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Jalaimo Mumeka
- Effluents and Pollution Control, Lusaka Water Supply and Sanitation Company, Stand No. 871/2, Katemo Road, Rhodes Park, P.O. Box 50198, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (F.C.); (J.M.)
| | - John Simwanza
- Zambia National Public Health Institute, Stand 1186, Corner of Chaholi & Addis Ababa Road, Rhodes Park, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (J.S.); (P.S.); (O.K.); (C.S.A.M.); (M.C.); (K.M.); (N.K.); (N.S.); (M.K.); (R.C.)
| | - Patrick Sakubita
- Zambia National Public Health Institute, Stand 1186, Corner of Chaholi & Addis Ababa Road, Rhodes Park, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (J.S.); (P.S.); (O.K.); (C.S.A.M.); (M.C.); (K.M.); (N.K.); (N.S.); (M.K.); (R.C.)
| | - Otridah Kapona
- Zambia National Public Health Institute, Stand 1186, Corner of Chaholi & Addis Ababa Road, Rhodes Park, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (J.S.); (P.S.); (O.K.); (C.S.A.M.); (M.C.); (K.M.); (N.K.); (N.S.); (M.K.); (R.C.)
| | - Chilufya Susan Aneta Mulenga
- Zambia National Public Health Institute, Stand 1186, Corner of Chaholi & Addis Ababa Road, Rhodes Park, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (J.S.); (P.S.); (O.K.); (C.S.A.M.); (M.C.); (K.M.); (N.K.); (N.S.); (M.K.); (R.C.)
| | - Musole Chipoya
- Zambia National Public Health Institute, Stand 1186, Corner of Chaholi & Addis Ababa Road, Rhodes Park, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (J.S.); (P.S.); (O.K.); (C.S.A.M.); (M.C.); (K.M.); (N.K.); (N.S.); (M.K.); (R.C.)
| | - Kunda Musonda
- Zambia National Public Health Institute, Stand 1186, Corner of Chaholi & Addis Ababa Road, Rhodes Park, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (J.S.); (P.S.); (O.K.); (C.S.A.M.); (M.C.); (K.M.); (N.K.); (N.S.); (M.K.); (R.C.)
| | - Nathan Kapata
- Zambia National Public Health Institute, Stand 1186, Corner of Chaholi & Addis Ababa Road, Rhodes Park, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (J.S.); (P.S.); (O.K.); (C.S.A.M.); (M.C.); (K.M.); (N.K.); (N.S.); (M.K.); (R.C.)
| | - Nyambe Sinyange
- Zambia National Public Health Institute, Stand 1186, Corner of Chaholi & Addis Ababa Road, Rhodes Park, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (J.S.); (P.S.); (O.K.); (C.S.A.M.); (M.C.); (K.M.); (N.K.); (N.S.); (M.K.); (R.C.)
| | - Muzala Kapina
- Zambia National Public Health Institute, Stand 1186, Corner of Chaholi & Addis Ababa Road, Rhodes Park, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (J.S.); (P.S.); (O.K.); (C.S.A.M.); (M.C.); (K.M.); (N.K.); (N.S.); (M.K.); (R.C.)
| | - Joyce Siwila
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (J.S.); (K.S.N.)
| | - Misheck Shawa
- Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (M.S.); (M.K.); (H.S.)
| | - Masahiro Kajihara
- Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (M.S.); (M.K.); (H.S.)
| | - Ayato Takada
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (E.M.); (J.N.); (A.N.M.); (B.M.); (S.M.N.); (C.S.); (T.K.); (E.S.); (W.M.); (A.T.)
- Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (M.S.); (M.K.); (H.S.)
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N20 W10, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sawa
- Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (M.S.); (M.K.); (H.S.)
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
- Division of International Research Promotion, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N20 W10, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development, Hokkaido University, N21 W11, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Simulyamana A. Choonga
- Ministry of Health, Lusaka Provincial Health Office, 3 Saise Road, P.O. Box 32573, Lusaka 10101, Zambia;
| | - Roma Chilengi
- Zambia National Public Health Institute, Stand 1186, Corner of Chaholi & Addis Ababa Road, Rhodes Park, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (J.S.); (P.S.); (O.K.); (C.S.A.M.); (M.C.); (K.M.); (N.K.); (N.S.); (M.K.); (R.C.)
| | - Earnest Muyunda
- PATH-Zambia, National Malaria Elimination Centre, Chainama Hospital Grounds, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (M.M.); (F.N.); (C.C.); (T.J.); (A.K.); (C.M.); (E.M.)
| | - King S. Nalubamba
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (J.S.); (K.S.N.)
| | - Bernard M. Hang’ombe
- Department of Paraclinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia;
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
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Kumthip K, Khamrin P, Ushijima H, Maneekarn N. Detection of Six Different Human Enteric Viruses Contaminating Environmental Water in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0351222. [PMID: 36533933 PMCID: PMC9927274 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03512-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A 2-year surveillance study into enteric viruses contaminating environmental water samples was conducted in the city of Chang Mai, Thailand. The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of six different human enteric viruses, specifically, adenovirus (AdV), astrovirus (AstV), enteroviruses (EVs), human parechovirus (HPeV), rotavirus (RV), and saffold virus (SAFV), contaminating several types of environmental water using PCR and reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) methods. All targeted viruses were detected with different levels of prevalence. The levels ranged from 0.8 to 4.8% (AdV, 0.8%; AstV, 4.8%; EV, 0.8%; HPeV, 3.2%; RV, 0.8%; SAFV, 3.2%). A wide variety of human enteric virus genotypes, including AdV-41, AstV-MLB1, coxsackievirus A, HPeV1, 5, and 6, RV G4[P8], and SAFV-2 and 3 were detected. The overall picture of the 13 human enteric viruses that were detected in environmental water in Chiang Mai, Thailand, is also summarized in this study. The data and the findings of this study will provide a better understanding of the viral dynamics in environmental water. The detection of these viruses in environmental water indicates there is the potential for human infection from this source. IMPORTANCE Human enteric viruses are a major cause of gastrointestinal illness, and these viruses can be introduced into environmental water through various routes. Viral contamination in water could play a significant role in human health. This study demonstrated the prevalence of six different enteric viruses, adenovirus, astrovirus, enteroviruses, human parechovirus, rotavirus, and saffold virus, contaminating environmental water. We also analyzed the overall prevalence of other enteric viruses that were in this area, and the findings revealed a wide diversity of the enteric viruses contaminating environmental water. The data provide a better understanding of the epidemiologic importance of viral contamination of the water and highlight the need for better management of wastewater disposal and effective environmental water treatment to prevent the human population from infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kattareeya Kumthip
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence (Emerging and Re-emerging Diarrheal Viruses), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pattara Khamrin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence (Emerging and Re-emerging Diarrheal Viruses), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Hiroshi Ushijima
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Niwat Maneekarn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence (Emerging and Re-emerging Diarrheal Viruses), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Kilaru P, Hill D, Anderson K, Collins MB, Green H, Kmush BL, Larsen DA. Wastewater Surveillance for Infectious Disease: A Systematic Review. Am J Epidemiol 2022; 192:305-322. [PMID: 36227259 PMCID: PMC9620728 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwac175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Wastewater surveillance for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been shown to be a valuable source of information regarding SARS-CoV-2 transmission and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases. Although the method has been used for several decades to track other infectious diseases, there has not been a comprehensive review outlining all of the pathogens that have been surveilled through wastewater. Herein we identify the infectious diseases that have been previously studied via wastewater surveillance prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. Infectious diseases and pathogens were identified in 100 studies of wastewater surveillance across 38 countries, as were themes of how wastewater surveillance and other measures of disease transmission were linked. Twenty-five separate pathogen families were identified in the included studies, with the majority of studies examining pathogens from the family Picornaviridae, including polio and nonpolio enteroviruses. Most studies of wastewater surveillance did not link what was found in the wastewater to other measures of disease transmission. Among those studies that did, the value reported varied by study. Wastewater surveillance should be considered as a potential public health tool for many infectious diseases. Wastewater surveillance studies can be improved by incorporating other measures of disease transmission at the population-level including disease incidence and hospitalizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pruthvi Kilaru
- Department of Public Health, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, United States,Des Moines University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines, Iowa, United States
| | - Dustin Hill
- Department of Public Health, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, United States,Graduate Program in Environmental Science, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York, United States
| | - Kathryn Anderson
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States
| | - Mary B Collins
- Department of Environmental Studies, State University of New York College of Environmental Science, Syracuse, New York, United States
| | - Hyatt Green
- Department of Environmental Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science, Syracuse, New York, United States
| | - Brittany L Kmush
- Department of Public Health, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, United States
| | - David A Larsen
- Correspondence to Dr. Dave Larsen, Department of Public Health, Syracuse University, 430C White Hall, Syracuse, NY 13244 ()
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Review of concerned SARS-CoV-2 variants like Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), Delta (B.1.617.2), and Omicron (B.1.1.529), as well as novel methods for reducing and inactivating SARS-CoV-2 mutants in wastewater treatment facilities. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS ADVANCES 2022. [PMID: 37520798 PMCID: PMC9349052 DOI: 10.1016/j.hazadv.2022.100140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus known as COVID-19, which causes pandemics, is causing a global epidemic at a critical stage today. Furthermore, novel mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein have been discovered in an entirely new strain, impacting the clinical and epidemiological features of COVID-19. Variants of these viruses can increase the transmission in wastewater, lead to reinfection, and reduce immunity provided by monoclonal antibodies and vaccinations. According to the research, a large quantity of viral RNA was discovered in wastewater, suggesting that wastewater can be a crucial source of epidemiological data and health hazards. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a few basic concepts regarding wastewater surveillance as a starting point for comprehending COVID-19′s epidemiological aspects. Next, the observation of Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), Delta (B.1.617.2), and Omicron (B.1.1.529) in wastewater is discussed in detail. Secondly, the essential information for the initial, primary, and final treating sewage in SARS-CoV-2 is introduced. Following that, a thorough examination is provided to highlight the newly developed methods for eradicating SARS-CoV-2 using a combination of solar water disinfection (SODIS) and ultraviolet radiation A (UVA (315-400 nm)), ultraviolet radiation B (UVB (280-315 nm)), and ultraviolet radiation C (UVC (100-280 nm)) processes. SARS-CoV-2 eradication requires high temperatures (above 56°C) and UVC. However, SODIS technologies are based on UVA and operate at cooler temperatures (less than 45°C). Hence, it is not appropriate for sewage treatment (or water consumption) to be conducted using SODIS methods in the current pandemic. Finally, SARS-CoV-2 may be discovered in sewage utilizing the wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) monitoring method.
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Razizadeh MH, Khatami A, Zarei M. Global Status of Bufavirus, Cosavirus, and Saffold Virus in Gastroenteritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:775698. [PMID: 35096871 PMCID: PMC8792846 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.775698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Bufavirus (BuV), Human Cosavirus (HCoSV), and Saffold (SAFV) virus are three newly discovered viruses and have been suggested as possible causes of gastroenteritis (GE) in some studies. The aim of the present study was to estimate the overall prevalence of viruses and their association with GE. Methods: A comprehensive systematic search was conducted in Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google scholar between 2007 and 2021 to find studies on the prevalence of BuV, HCoSV, and SAFV viruses. Result: Meta-analysis of the 46 included studies showed the low prevalence of BuV (1.%, 95% CI 0.6-1.5%), HCoSV (0.8%, 95% CI 0.4-1.5%), and SAFV (1.9%, 95% CI 1.1-3.1%) worldwide. Also, no significant association between these viruses and GE was observed. BuV was isolated from patients with GE in Africa, while SAFV was more common in Europe. BuV1 and BuV2 have the same prevalence between the three identified genotypes of BuV. HCoSV-C was the most prevalent genotype of HCoSV, and SAFV2 was the commonest genotype of SAFV. All of these viruses were more prevalent in children older than 5 years of age. Conclusion: This was the first meta-analysis on the prevalence and association of BuV, HCoSV, and SAFV with GE. While no significant association was found between infection with these viruses and GE, we suggest more studies, especially with case-control design and from different geographical regions in order to enhance our knowledge of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alireza Khatami
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Virology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zarei
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
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Barrios RE, Lim C, Kelley MS, Li X. SARS-CoV-2 concentrations in a wastewater collection system indicated potential COVID-19 hotspots at the zip code level. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 800:149480. [PMID: 34392211 PMCID: PMC8330136 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater based epidemiology (WBE) has been successfully applied for SARS-CoV-2 surveillance at the city and building levels. However, sampling at the city level does not provide sufficient spatial granularity to identify COVID-19 hotspots, while data from building-level sampling are too narrow in scope for broader public health application. The objective of this study was to examine the feasibility of using wastewater from wastewater collection systems (WCSs) to monitor COVID-19 hotspots at the zip code level. In this study, 24-h composite wastewater samples were collected from five manholes and two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the City of Lincoln, Nebraska. By comparing to the reported weekly COVID-19 case numbers, we identified different hotspots responsible for two COVID-19 surges during the study period. One zip code was the only sampling locations that was consistently tested positive during the first COVID-19 surge. In comparison, nearly all the zip codes tested exhibited virus concentration increases that overlapped with the second COVID-19 surge, suggesting broader spread of the virus at that time. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of using WBE to monitor COVID-19 at the zip code level. Highly localized disease surveillance methods can improve public health prevention and mitigation measures at the community level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renys E Barrios
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States
| | - Chin Lim
- City of Lincoln Transportation and Utilities, Lincoln, NE 68521, United States
| | - Megan S Kelley
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 68583, United States.
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States.
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Maan HS, Chaurasia D, Kapoor G, Dave L, Siddiqui A, Pal S, Singh HO, Biswas D, Chowdhary R. Intestinal viral infections of nSARS-CoV2 in the Indian community: Risk of virus spread in India. J Med Virol 2021; 94:1315-1329. [PMID: 34825708 PMCID: PMC9015588 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In December 2019, novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (nSARS‐CoV‐2) virus outbreaks emerged from Wuhan, China, and spread all over the world, including India. Molecular diagnosis of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID) 19 for densely and highly populated countries like India is time‐consuming. A few reports have described the successful diagnosis of nSARS‐CoV‐2 virus from sewage and wastewater samples contaminated with fecal matter, suggesting the diagnosis of COVID 19 from the same to raise an alarm about the community transmission of virus for implementation of evacuation and lockdown strategies. So far, the association between the detection of virus and its concentration in stool samples with severity of the disease and the presence or absence of gastrointestinal symptoms have been rarely reported. We led the search utilizing multiple databases, specifically PubMed (Medline), EMBASE, and Google Scholar. We conducted a literature survey on gastrointestinal infection and the spread of this virus through fecal–oral transmission. Reports suggested that the existence and persistence of nSARS‐CoV‐2 in anal/rectal swabs and stool specimens for a longer period of time than in nasopharyngeal swabs provides a strong tenable outcome of gastrointestinal contamination and dissemination of this infection via potential fecal–oral transmission. This review may be helpful to conduct further studies to address the enteric involvement and excretion of nSARS‐CoV‐2 RNA in feces and control the community spread in both COVID‐19 patients ahead of the onset of symptoms and in asymptomatic individuals through wastewater and sewage surveillance as an early indication of infection. The existence of the viral genome and active viral particle actively participate in genomic variations. Hence, we comprehended the enteric spread of different viruses amongst communities with special reference to nSARS‐CoV‐2. The study concludes here that the faecal route of nSARS‐CoV2 not only enhances risk of infection and COVID19 cases but also contaminate water resources. The hospital and intensive care units (ICU) were reported with higher viral load and risk of nSARS‐CoV2 infections. These cases are not only due to aerosol‐based infections in contained area but also faecal material based infections as well. Poor hygiene and sanitation as primary concerns in low‐income nations are associated with higher risk of nSARS‐CoV2 infections and COVID19 cases. The faecal material provides an ideal habitat for viruses, including nSARS‐CoV2 for genetic variations and maturations that are associated with higher infections and pathogenecity. The water treatment strategies and approaches could be next level preventive measures to tackle spread of nSARS‐CoV2. Low income countries require much effort to control spread of nSARS‐CoV2 from faecal material and sewage water system driven infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harjeet S Maan
- State Virology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Deepti Chaurasia
- Department of Microbiology, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Garima Kapoor
- Department of Microbiology, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Lokendra Dave
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Arshi Siddiqui
- Department of Biotechnology, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Savita Pal
- Department of Biochemistry, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Hari O Singh
- Division of Molecular Biology, Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Debasis Biswas
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Rashmi Chowdhary
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Vandesande H, Edman K, Rondahl E, Falkeborn T, Serrander L, Lindberg AM. Saffold virus infection in elderly people with acute gastroenteritis in Sweden. J Med Virol 2021; 93:3980-3984. [PMID: 32827319 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Viral gastroenteritis is a major source of morbidity and mortality, predominantly caused by so-called NOROAD viruses (norovirus, rotavirus, and adenovirus). In approximately onethird of all cases, however, the exact etiology is unknown. The in 2007 discovered human cardiovirus Saffold virus (SAFV) may prove to be a plausible candidate to explain this diagnostic gap. This virus, a member of the Picornaviridae family which is closely related to the murine viruses Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus and Theravirus, is a widespread pathogen and causes infection early in life. Screening of 238 fecal or vomitus samples obtained from NOROAD-negative, elderly patients with acute gastroenteritis at the University Hospital of Linköping showed that SAFV is present in low abundance (4.6%). Phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 gene revealed a Swedish isolate belonging to the highly common and in Europe widespread SAFV-3 genotype. This genotype is also related to previously reported Asian strains. This study describes the first molecular typing of a Swedish SAFV isolate and is the first report to document the circulation of SAFV among elderly people. The pathogenicity of SAFV is, as of yet, still under debate; further studies are necessary to determine its role in the development of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Vandesande
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Kjell Edman
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Elin Rondahl
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Tina Falkeborn
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Lena Serrander
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - A Michael Lindberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
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Tiwari SB, Gahlot P, Tyagi VK, Zhang L, Zhou Y, Kazmi AA, Kumar M. Surveillance of Wastewater for Early Epidemic Prediction (SWEEP): Environmental and health security perspectives in the post COVID-19 Anthropocene. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 195:110831. [PMID: 33587948 PMCID: PMC7879813 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The present work summarizes the major research findings related to wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) study of COVID-19 and puts forward a conceptual framework, termed as "Surveillance of Wastewater for Early Epidemic Prediction (SWEEP)" for implementation of WBE. SWEEP framework is likely to tackle few practical issues related to WBE and simultaneously proposes refinements to the approach for better outcome and efficiency to save precious lives around the globe. It is observed that the present pandemic offers an opportunity for SWEEP to get included in routine urban water management to put the humankind at front to stop such pandemic in future or at least be prepared to fight against it. With global collaboration, SWEEP can be fine-tuned to meet diverse needs, making the present and future generations resilient to future viral outbreaks. Recent WBE studies conducted to check for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater revealed that raw sewage samples tested positive to PCR-based assays while the treated samples showed absence of viral titers. Moreover, the lockdown had a positive impact on decreasing the viral loading in sewage. The proposed SWEEP protocol has an advantage over testifying individuals for predicting the stage of pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Brat Tiwari
- Environmental Biotechnology Group (EBiTG), Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Pallavi Gahlot
- Environmental Biotechnology Group (EBiTG), Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Vinay Kumar Tyagi
- Environmental Biotechnology Group (EBiTG), Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India.
| | - Liang Zhang
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yan Zhou
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - A A Kazmi
- Environmental Biotechnology Group (EBiTG), Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Discipline of Earth Science, Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382-355, India
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Unveiling Viruses Associated with Gastroenteritis Using a Metagenomics Approach. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121432. [PMID: 33322135 PMCID: PMC7764520 DOI: 10.3390/v12121432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute infectious gastroenteritis is an important illness worldwide, especially on children, with viruses accounting for approximately 70% of the acute cases. A high number of these cases have an unknown etiological agent and the rise of next generation sequencing technologies has opened new opportunities for viral pathogen detection and discovery. Viral metagenomics in routine clinical settings has the potential to identify unexpected or novel variants of viral pathogens that cause gastroenteritis. In this study, 124 samples from acute gastroenteritis patients from 2012–2014 previously tested negative for common gastroenteritis pathogens were pooled by age and analyzed by next generation sequencing (NGS) to elucidate unidentified viral infections. The most abundant sequences detected potentially associated to acute gastroenteritis were from Astroviridae and Caliciviridae families, with the detection of norovirus GIV and sapoviruses. Lower number of contigs associated to rotaviruses were detected. As expected, other viruses that may be associated to gastroenteritis but also produce persistent infections in the gut were identified including several Picornaviridae members (EV, parechoviruses, cardioviruses) and adenoviruses. According to the sequencing data, astroviruses, sapoviruses and NoV GIV should be added to the list of viral pathogens screened in routine clinical analysis.
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Kitajima M, Ahmed W, Bibby K, Carducci A, Gerba CP, Hamilton KA, Haramoto E, Rose JB. SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater: State of the knowledge and research needs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 739:139076. [PMID: 32758929 PMCID: PMC7191289 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 475] [Impact Index Per Article: 118.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been a Public Health Emergency of International Concern, which was officially declared by the World Health Organization. SARS-CoV-2 is a member of the family Coronaviridae that consists of a group of enveloped viruses with single-stranded RNA genome, which cause diseases ranging from common colds to acute respiratory distress syndrome. Although the major transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 are inhalation of aerosol/droplet and person-to-person contact, currently available evidence indicates that the viral RNA is present in wastewater, suggesting the need to better understand wastewater as potential sources of epidemiological data and human health risks. Here, we review the current knowledge related to the potential of wastewater surveillance to understand the epidemiology of COVID-19, methodologies for the detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater, and information relevant for human health risk assessment of SARS-CoV-2. There has been growing evidence of gastrointestinal symptoms caused by SARS-CoV-2 infections and the presence of viral RNA not only in feces of infected individuals but also in wastewater. One of the major challenges in SARS-CoV-2 detection/quantification in wastewater samples is the lack of an optimized and standardized protocol. Currently available data are also limited for conducting a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) for SARS-CoV-2 exposure pathways. However, modeling-based approaches have a potential role to play in reducing the impact of the ongoing COVID-19 outbreak. Furthermore, QMRA parameters obtained from previous studies on relevant respiratory viruses help to inform risk assessments of SARS-CoV-2. Our understanding on the potential role of wastewater in SARS-CoV-2 transmission is largely limited by knowledge gaps in its occurrence, persistence, and removal in wastewater. There is an urgent need for further research to establish methodologies for wastewater surveillance and understand the implications of the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Kitajima
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan.
| | - Warish Ahmed
- CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Kyle Bibby
- Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 156 Fitzpatrick Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Annalaura Carducci
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno, 35-39, I-56123 Pisa, Italy
| | - Charles P Gerba
- Department of Environmental Science and Water & Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, The University of Arizona, 2959 W Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA
| | - Kerry A Hamilton
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment and The Biodesign Institute Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Eiji Haramoto
- Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
| | - Joan B Rose
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, 480 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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McCall C, Wu H, Miyani B, Xagoraraki I. Identification of multiple potential viral diseases in a large urban center using wastewater surveillance. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 184:116160. [PMID: 32738707 PMCID: PMC7342010 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are linked to a multitude of human illnesses and can disseminate widely in urbanized environments causing global adverse impacts on communities and healthcare infrastructures. Wastewater-based epidemiology was employed using metagenomics and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays to identify enteric and non-enteric viruses collected from a large urban area for potential public health monitoring and outbreak analysis. Untreated wastewater samples were collected from November 2017 to February 2018 (n = 54) to evaluate the diversity of human viral pathogens in collected samples. Viruses were classified into virus types based on primary transmission routes and reviewed against viral associated diseases reported in the catchment area. Metagenomics detected the presence of viral pathogens that cause clinically significant diseases reported within the study area during the sampling year. Detected viruses belong to the Adenoviridae, Astroviridae, Caliciviridae, Coronaviridae, Flaviviridae, Hepeviridae, Herpesviridae, Matonaviridae, Papillomaviridae, Parvoviridae, Picornaviridae, Poxviridae, Retroviridae, and Togaviridae families. Furthermore, concentrations of adenovirus, norovirus GII, sapovirus, hepatitis A virus, human herpesvirus 6, and human herpesvirus 8 were measured in wastewater samples and compared to metagenomic findings to confirm detected viral genus. Hepatitis A virus obtained the greatest average viral load (1.86 × 107 genome copies/L) in wastewater samples compared to other viruses quantified using qPCR with a 100% detection rate in metagenomic samples. Average concentration of sapovirus (1.36 × 106 genome copies/L) was significantly greater than norovirus GII (2.94 × 104 genome copies/L) indicating a higher burden within the study area. Findings obtained from this study aid in evaluating the utility of wastewater-based epidemiology for identification and routine monitoring of various viruses in large communities. This methodology has the potential to improve public health responses to large scale outbreaks and viral pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille McCall
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Huiyun Wu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Brijen Miyani
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Irene Xagoraraki
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA.
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