Intention-to-treat analysis of liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: The impact of pre-existing diabetes mellitus

Impact of donor diabetes mellitus status on liver transplant outcomes in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure

BACKGROUND

Liver transplantation (LT) is the most effective way to save patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). However, the impact of donor diabetes mellitus (DM) on LT outcomes in patients with ACLF has not been fully investigated.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed data from the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR) between Janunary 1^st, 2008 to December 31^st, 2017 in this study. All the patients were divided into donors with DM and without DM group (DM: 1,394; non-DM: 11,138). We compared the overall survival (OS) and graft survival (GS) across different estimated ACLF (estACLF) grades between two groups.

RESULTS

There were 25.10% estACLF-3 patients in the entire cohort. And in estACLF-3 patients, 318 patients had DM donors. The estACLF-3 associated 5-year OS rate in the non-DM group was 74.6%, significantly better than that in the DM group, with corresponding survival rate at 64.9% (P < 0.001). Donor DM was an independent predictor for OS in the entire cohort as well as in estACLF-3 patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Donor DM was associated with inferior outcomes of LT in patients with estACLF-3. However, the differences were not obvious in recipients with other estACLF grades.

Outcomes in liver transplant recipients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-related HCC: results from the US multicenter HCC transplant consortium

NAFLD will soon be the most common indication for liver transplantation (LT). In NAFLD, HCC may occur at earlier stages of fibrosis and present with more advanced tumor stage, raising concern for aggressive disease. Thus, adult LT recipients with HCC from 20 US centers transplanted between 2002 and 2013 were analyzed to determine whether NAFLD impacts recurrence-free post-LT survival. Five hundred and thirty-eight (10.8%) of 4981 total patients had NAFLD. Patients with NAFLD were significantly older (63 vs. 58, p<0.001), had higher body mass index (30.5 vs. 27.4, p<0.001), and were more likely to have diabetes (57.3% vs. 28.8%, p<0.001). Patients with NAFLD were less likely to receive pre-LT locoregional therapy (63.6% vs. 72.9%, p<0.001), had higher median lab MELD (15 vs. 13, p<0.001) and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (3.8 vs. 2.9, p<0.001), and were more likely to have their maximum pre-LT alpha fetoprotein at time of LT (44.1% vs. 36.1%, p<0.001). NAFLD patients were more likely to have an incidental HCC on explant (19.4% vs. 10.4%, p<0.001); however, explant characteristics including tumor differentiation and vascular invasion were not different between groups. Comparing NAFLD and non-NAFLD patients, the 1, 3, and 5-year cumulative incidence of recurrence (3.1%, 9.1%, 11.5% vs. 4.9%, 10.1%, 12.6%, p=0.36) and recurrence-free survival rates (87%, 76%, and 67% vs. 87%, 75%, and 67%, p=0.97) were not different. In competing risks analysis, NAFLD did not significantly impact recurrence in univariable (HR: 0.88, p=0.36) nor in adjusted analysis (HR: 0.91, p=0.49). With NAFLD among the most common causes of HCC and poised to become the leading indication for LT, a better understanding of disease-specific models to predict recurrence is needed. In this NAFLD cohort, incidental HCCs were common, raising concerns about early detection. However, despite less locoregional therapy and high neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, explant tumor characteristics and post-transplant recurrence-free survival were not different compared to non-NAFLD patients.

The prognostic role of diabetes mellitus type 2 in the setting of hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis

AIM

To evaluate the effect of diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) on the outcomes after treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

METHODS

PubMed and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials Databases were systematically searched. Three HCC clinical outcomes were explored: death, progressive disease after locoregional therapies, and recurrence. Sub-analysis was performed according to the use of potentially curative (resection, transplantation, termo-ablation) or non-curative therapies. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to compare the pooled data between T2DM and non-T2DM groups.

RESULTS

A total of 27 studies were analyzed. Overall, 85.2% of articles were from Asia. T2MD was associated with an increased risk of death (OR 3.60; 95%CI 2.18-5.95; P<0.001), irrespective of the treatment approach: curative (OR 1.30 95%CI 1.09-1.54; P=0.003) or non-curative (OR 1.05; 95%CI 1.00-1.10; P=0.045), increased HCC recurrence (OR 1.30; 95%CI 1.03-1.63; P=0.03), and increased disease progressiveness (OR 1.24; 95%CI 1.09-1.41; P=0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Current data provide strong evidence that T2DM unfavorably affects HCC progression and recurrence, and patients' survival after treatment, irrespective of the approach used.

ALBI grade in dialysis patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: prognostic impact and staging strategy

BACKGROUND

Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) may develop end-stage renal disease and receive dialysis, but the impact of dialysis on the prognosis is unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the outcome of dialysis HCC patients and the prognostic role of albumin-bilirubin (ALBI) grade in these patients.

METHODS

Among the consecutive 3,794 HCC patients between 2002-2017, 43 patients undergoing dialysis, and 129 age, sex-matched controls were analyzed. Multivariate Cox hazards model was used to identify independent prognostic predictors.

RESULTS

Dialysis patients had decreased overall survival when compared with non-dialysis patients (n=3,751) and matched controls (n=129; each P=0.004). Patients with ALBI grade 1 had the best survival in the pooled cohort of dialysis and matched controls (n=172). In the Cox model, total tumor volume >33 cm3 [hazard ratio (HR): 6.763, P<0.001], presence of ascites (HR: 6.168, P<0.001), dialysis duration less than 24 months (HR: 3.144, P=0.006), diabetes-related dialysis (HR: 9.366, P=0.001) and non-curative treatments (HR: 9.220, P<0.001) were poor prognosis factors associated with increase mortality among dialysis patients. Of the 9 currently-used HCC staging systems, the CLIP score was the optimal cancer staging for dialysis patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients receiving dialysis had decreased overall survival compared with non-dialysis patients. Longer duration of dialysis, non-diabetes related dialysis, absence of ascites, and curative treatments were associated with improved survival in these patients. The ALBI grade is a feasible prognostic model to evaluate liver functional reserve, and the CLIP model is the best staging system for dialysis patients with HCC.

Life Expectancy After Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma With Cirrhosis

BACKGROUND

Hepatocelluar carcinoma, the most common primary liver cancer, has a historically dire prognosis. For hepatic cancer patients with cirrhosis who underwent liver transplantation, we sought to calculate life expectancies both at time of transplant and several years later, stratified by some key variables, and to determine if survival has improved in recent years.

METHODS

Data on 13,797 hepatic cancer patients with cirrhosis who underwent liver transplantation in the MELD era (2002-2018) from the US Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network database were analyzed using the Cox proportional hazards regression model and life table methods.

RESULTS

The major factors related to survival were age, donor age, transplant year, diabetes, functional status, and the presence of severe hepatic encephalopathy. Survival was significantly worse with increasing age and decreasing functional status level. There was no significant difference in survival between males and females. Survival improved over the study period, at 5% per calendar year during the first 5 years post transplant, and 1% per year thereafter.

CONCLUSIONS

Life expectancies were markedly reduced from normal, even among 5-year survivors with the most favorable characteristics. Survival improved modestly over the years 2002-2018.

Differential Survival Impact of Diabetes Mellitus on Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Role of Staging Determinants

BACKGROUND

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is common in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and may impact survival. Very few studies focused on the influence of DM in different clinical scenarios. We evaluated the prognostic impact of DM on HCC patients stratified by liver dysfunction, Milan criteria, and performance status defined in the Barcelona Clínic Liver Cancer staging parameters.

METHODS

A prospective dataset of 3573 HCC patients between 2002 and 2016 was retrospectively analyzed. The multivariate Cox proportional hazards model was used to identify independent prognostic predictors. The Kaplan-Meier method with a log-rank test was applied to compare the survival distributions between different patient groups.

RESULTS

Among all, DM was not an independent prognostic predictor in the Cox multivariate analysis (p = 0.1044). In the subgroup analysis, DM was not a significant prognostic predictor in Child-Turcotte-Pugh class A or class B/C patients. However, DM was associated with a decreased survival in patients within the Milan criteria (hazard ratio [HR] 1.36, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.155-1.601, p = 0.0002) and in those with the performance status 0 (HR 1.213, 95% CI 1.055-1.394, p = 0.0067) in the multivariate Cox analysis, but not in those beyond the Milan criteria and poor performance status.

CONCLUSIONS

DM is highly prevalent in HCC patients and has a distinct survival impact. DM is an independent survival predictor among patients within the Milan criteria and good performance status. These high-risk patients should be closely monitored, and aggressive anticancer treatment should be considered.