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Fang K, Li S, Lin Y, Zhang Y, Wu J. Economic evaluation of hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance in chronic hepatitis B patients with virological remission. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:2202. [PMID: 39138480 PMCID: PMC11323655 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19670-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subsequent risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) persists in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients with virological remission. We aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of HCC surveillance in those patients and determine appropriate age to commence or discontinue surveillance. METHODS We developed an individual-based state transition model, simulating the advancement of HCC in CHB patients with virological remission. We used this model to compare the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) and long-term health outcomes of biannual or annual HCC surveillance for varying durations with no surveillance. RESULTS For compensated cirrhosis patients with CHB, biannual surveillance was not cost-effective for all age groups, while annual surveillance was cost-effective for patients aged 55 to 70 (ICER USD 28,076 / quality-adjusted life years [QALY] gained), which detected 176 additional early HCC cases in a 100,000-person cohort compared to no surveillance. In CHB patients with advanced fibrosis, annual surveillance for patients aged 40 to 75 was the most cost-effective strategy (ICER USD 4,984/QALY gained), which detected 289 additional early HCC per 100,000 patients. CONCLUSIONS Annual surveillance for patients with compensated cirrhosis or advanced fibrosis was a more cost-effective option that demonstrated substantial economic benefits, being slightly less effective than biannual surveillance at a significantly lower cost, providing insights for professionals in evaluating HCC surveillance among high-risk patients in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailu Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Shuwen Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Yushi Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jie Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
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2
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Liu R, Qiao J, Zhang L, Dou Z. Therapeutic effectiveness analysis of tenofovir alafenamide and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate on the treatment for chronic hepatitis B. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37953. [PMID: 38758884 PMCID: PMC11098221 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
To explore the therapeutic effectiveness of tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) on the treatment for chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Retrospectively analyzing 241 cases of chronic hepatitis B patients admitted to our hospital from January 2020 to December 2021, they were divided into a TAF group of 180 cases and a TDF group of 61 cases. The liver function, serum virus markers, clinical efficacy, adverse reactions and cost-effectiveness ratio (CER) analysis of 2 groups were compared. Two groups of patients had no statistically significant difference in the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and total bilirubin (TBIL) before treatment. After treatment, the levels of ALT, AST and TBIL were lower than before treatment in both groups (P < .05), but the inter-group difference was not statistically significant (P > .05). After treatment, Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) conversion rate and Hepatitis B virus DNA (HBV-DNA) conversion rate in the 2 groups had no statistically significant difference. After treatment, the difference in total clinical cure rate between the 2 groups has no statistical significance (P > .05), adverse reactions rate of TAF group was lower than that of TDF group (P < .05). The drug cost median of TAF group was higher than that of TDF (P < .05), but Cost-effectiveness analysis showed the CER of TAF group was similar of TDF group. TAF or TDF therapy can both improve liver function and promote recovery in patients with CHB, achieving the goal of treatment. TAF have more cost but have similar CER to TDF. Moreover, TAF therapy has a higher safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Nantong Medical University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jin Qiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Nantong Hospital 3 of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Nantong Medical University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhihua Dou
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Nantong Hospital 3 of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
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3
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Congly SE, Syed A, Haylock-Jacobs S, Israelson H, Pinto J, Williams S, Lee SS, Coffin CS. A real-world retrospective single-centre study of the cost-effectiveness and long-term outcomes of pegylated interferon for chronic hepatitis B. CANADIAN LIVER JOURNAL 2023; 6:305-313. [PMID: 38020196 PMCID: PMC10652987 DOI: 10.3138/canlivj-2022-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Pegylated interferon (Peg-IFN) is recommended as first-line therapy for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) but has significant side effects and is rarely used compared to oral nucleos(t)ide analogues (NA). There are limited recent clinical efficacy or economic analysis data comparing approved CHB therapy in North America. Methods This retrospective study examined clinical outcomes, off-treatment durability, and cost-effectiveness of Peg-IFN versus NA for CHB. Demographic (age, sex, ethnicity), clinical data (i.e., liver tests, hepatitis B virus DNA, serology, transient elastography) and documented side effects were collected by retrospective chart review of patients followed in the University of Calgary Liver Unit who received Peg-IFN therapy from January 2007 to December 2020. The cost-effectiveness of Peg-IFN versus NA therapy was modelled over a 10-year time horizon. Results Sixty-eight CHB patients were treated with Peg-IFN (median age 45.65, 74% male, 84% Asian); 50/68 (74%) completed 48 weeks of treatment with a median follow-up of 6.54 years (interquartile range 5.07). At the last known follow-up, 23/68 (34%) have not required NA treatment and one had HBsAg loss; 27 have been started on NA. Predictors of obtaining a sustained virological response included being hepatitis B e antigen-negative at treatment end and a quantitative hepatitis B surface antigen <1000 IU/mL. Economic modelling showed that finite Peg-IFN was not cost-effective versus NA at a 10-year time horizon. Conclusions PEG-IFN remains a potential treatment for CHB although there is a significant intolerance/failure rate. Using PEG-IFN based on patient preference is reasonable and optimal patient selection may improve treatment cost-effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E Congly
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- O’Brien Institute of Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ahsan Syed
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sarah Haylock-Jacobs
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Heidi Israelson
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jacqueline Pinto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sarah Williams
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Samuel S Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Carla S Coffin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Howell J, Seaman C, Wallace J, Xiao Y, Scott N, Davies J, de Santis T, Adda D, El-Sayed M, Feld JJ, Gane E, Lacombe K, Lesi O, Mohamed R, Silva M, Tu T, Revill P, Hellard ME. Pathway to global elimination of hepatitis B: HBV cure is just the first step. Hepatology 2023; 78:976-990. [PMID: 37125643 PMCID: PMC10442143 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B (HBV) is a major cause of global morbidity and mortality, and the leading cause of liver cancer worldwide. Significant advances have recently been made toward the development of a finite HBV treatment that achieves permanent loss of HBsAg and HBV DNA (so-called "HBV cure"), which could provide the means to eliminate HBV as a public health threat. However, the HBV cure is just one step toward achieving WHO HBV elimination targets by 2030, and much work must be done now to prepare for the successful implementation of the HBV cure. In this review, we describe the required steps to rapidly scale-up future HBV cure equitably. We present key actions required for successful HBV cure implementation, integrated within the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Health Sector Strategy (GHSS) 2022-2030 framework. Finally, we highlight what can be done now to progress toward the 2030 HBV elimination targets using available tools to ensure that we are preparing, but not waiting, for the cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Howell
- Disease Elimination, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department Gastroenterology, St Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chris Seaman
- Disease Elimination, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jack Wallace
- Disease Elimination, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yinzong Xiao
- Disease Elimination, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nick Scott
- Disease Elimination, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jane Davies
- Department Global Health and Infectious diseases, Menzies School of Public Health, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Teresa de Santis
- Department Global Health and Infectious diseases, Menzies School of Public Health, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | | | - Manal El-Sayed
- Department Paediatrics, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Jordan J. Feld
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edward Gane
- Department Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Karine Lacombe
- Sorbonne Université, IPLESP, Saint-Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Olufunmilayo Lesi
- Global HIV, Hepatitis, and STI Programme, World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rosmawati Mohamed
- Department of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Marcelo Silva
- Department Hepatology and Liver Transplantation, Austral University Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Thomas Tu
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- University of Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter Revill
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL), Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Margaret E. Hellard
- Disease Elimination, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department Infectious Diseases, School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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5
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Zhou J, Wang F, Li L, Chen E. Expanding antiviral therapy indications for HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B patients with normal ALT and positive HBV DNA. PRECISION CLINICAL MEDICINE 2022; 5:pbac030. [PMID: 36519139 PMCID: PMC9745772 DOI: 10.1093/pcmedi/pbac030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
With the improved efficacy and accessibility of antiviral agents as well as the concerns about disease progression, there is a hot discussion on whether HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients with normal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and positive HBV DNA should be treated. According to the international guidelines on the stages of the natural history of HBV infection, HBeAg-negative CHB patients with normal ALT and positive HBV DNA can be divided into two groups: one is the well-known "inactive carrier phase", which is defined as serum HBV DNA < 2000 IU/ml and no significant liver inflammation; and the other is the "indeterminate phase", which is defined as serum HBV DNA ≥ 2000 IU/mL regardless of the pathological changes in liver tissue, or HBV DNA < 2000 IU/mL but accompanied by significant pathological changes in the liver. In this minireview, we will expound the disease characteristics, disease progression, and clinical management status of these two groups. Based on the analysis, we propose that HBeAg-negative patients with normal ALT but detectable serum HBV DNA should be treated, regardless of their age, family history of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or the severity of liver necroinflammation. Expanding the indications of antiviral therapy will help improve the survival and quality of life of patients by preventing disease progression, and consequently reduce the risk of HCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Fada Wang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lanqing Li
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Enqiang Chen
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Wallace J, Richmond J, Howell J, Hajarizadeh B, Power J, Treloar C, Revill PA, Cowie B, Wang S, Stoové M, Pedrana A, Hellard M. Exploring the Public Health and Social Implications of Future Curative Hepatitis B Interventions. Viruses 2022; 14:2542. [PMID: 36423153 PMCID: PMC9693003 DOI: 10.3390/v14112542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B is a significant global health issue where the 296 million people estimated to live with the infection risk liver disease or cancer without clinical intervention. The World Health Organization has committed to eliminating viral hepatitis as a public health threat by 2030, with future curative hepatitis B interventions potentially revolutionizing public health responses to hepatitis B, and being essential for viral hepatitis elimination. Understanding the social and public health implications of any cure is imperative for its successful implementation. This exploratory research, using semi-structured qualitative interviews with a broad range of professional stakeholders identifies the public health elements needed to ensure that a hepatitis B cure can be accessed by all people with hepatitis B. Issues highlighted by the experience of hepatitis C cure access include preparatory work to reorientate policy settings, develop resourcing options, and the appropriateness of health service delivery models. While the form and complexity of curative hepatitis B interventions are to be determined, addressing current disparities in cascade of care figures is imperative with implementation models needing to respond to the cultural contexts, social implications, and health needs of people with hepatitis B, with cure endpoints and discourse being contested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Wallace
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society, Latrobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- Centre for Social Research in Health, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | | | - Jessica Howell
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | | | - Jennifer Power
- Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society, Latrobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Carla Treloar
- Centre for Social Research in Health, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Peter A. Revill
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Benjamin Cowie
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Viral Hepatitis, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Su Wang
- Center for Asian Health, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, RWJBarnabas-Rutgers Medical Group, Florham Park, NJ 07039, USA
| | - Mark Stoové
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | | | - Margaret Hellard
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health & Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
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7
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Sheng Q, Wang N, Zhang C, Fan Y, Li Y, Han C, Wang Z, Wei S, Dou X, Ding Y. HBeAg-negative Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Normal Alanine Aminotransferase: Wait or Treat? J Clin Transl Hepatol 2022; 10:972-978. [PMID: 36304490 PMCID: PMC9547271 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2021.00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is a common clinical indicator of liver inflammation. The current Chinese guidelines for the management of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) recommend antiviral treatment for patients with detectable hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA and persistent ALT levels (ALTs) exceeding the upper limit of normal. However, it has been recently reported that patients with chronic HBV infection, especially HBeAg-negative patients with persistently normal ALTs, may have liver biopsy findings of significant inflammation and fibrosis. For HBeAg-negative patients with chronic HBV infection and normal ALTs, many controversial questions have been asked. To treat or not? When to initiate the treatment? Which drug is appropriate? In this review, we summarize the available data on the management of HBeAg-negative patients with chronic HBV infection and normal ALTs with the aim of improving the current clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaoguang Dou
- Correspondence to: Xiaoguang Dou and Yang Ding, Department of Infectious Diseases, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 39 HuaXiang Road, TieXi District,Shenyang, Liaoning 110022, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1856-7331 (XGD), https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7066-2865 (YD). Tel: +86-18940251121 (XGD), +86-13332434847 (YD), Fax: +86-24-25998744, E-mail: (XGD), (YD)
| | - Yang Ding
- Correspondence to: Xiaoguang Dou and Yang Ding, Department of Infectious Diseases, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 39 HuaXiang Road, TieXi District,Shenyang, Liaoning 110022, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1856-7331 (XGD), https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7066-2865 (YD). Tel: +86-18940251121 (XGD), +86-13332434847 (YD), Fax: +86-24-25998744, E-mail: (XGD), (YD)
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8
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Sadiea RZ, Sultana S, Chaki BM, Islam T, Dash S, Akter S, Islam MS, Kazi T, Nagata A, Spagnuolo R, Mancina RM, Hossain MG. Phytomedicines to Target Hepatitis B Virus DNA Replication: Current Limitations and Future Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031617. [PMID: 35163539 PMCID: PMC8836293 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus infection (HBV) is one of the most common causes of hepatitis, and may lead to cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 296 million people worldwide are carriers of the hepatitis B virus. Various nucleos(t)ide analogs, which specifically suppress viral replication, are the main treatment agents for HBV infection. However, the development of drug-resistant HBV strains due to viral genomic mutations in genes encoding the polymerase protein is a major obstacle to HBV treatment. In addition, adverse effects can occur in patients treated with nucleos(t)ide analogs. Thus, alternative anti-HBV drugs of plant origin are being investigated as they exhibit excellent safety profiles and have few or no side effects. In this study, phytomedicines/phytochemicals exerting significant inhibitory effects on HBV by interfering with its replication were reviewed based on different compound groups. In addition, the chemical structures of these compounds were developed. This will facilitate their commercial synthesis and further investigation of the molecular mechanisms underlying their effects. The limitations of compounds previously screened for their anti-HBV effect, as well as future approaches to anti-HBV research, have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahila Zannat Sadiea
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (R.Z.S.); (S.S.); (T.I.)
| | - Shahnaj Sultana
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (R.Z.S.); (S.S.); (T.I.)
| | - Bijan Mohon Chaki
- Department of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry Division), Begum Rokeya University, Rangpur 5400, Bangladesh;
| | - Tasnim Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (R.Z.S.); (S.S.); (T.I.)
| | - Sharmy Dash
- Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh;
| | - Sharmin Akter
- Department of Physiology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh;
| | - Md Sayeedul Islam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka 560-0043, Japan;
| | - Taheruzzaman Kazi
- Department of Regenerative Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; (T.K.); (A.N.)
| | - Abir Nagata
- Department of Regenerative Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; (T.K.); (A.N.)
| | - Rocco Spagnuolo
- Experimental and Clinical Medicine Department, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | | | - Md Golzar Hossain
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (R.Z.S.); (S.S.); (T.I.)
- Correspondence:
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