1
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Delgado A, Larson P, Sheridan N, Daly M. Bellactis lux n. sp. (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria: Aiptasiidae), a new sea anemone from the Gulf of Mexico. Zootaxa 2023; 5353:379-392. [PMID: 38220677 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5353.4.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Here we describe a new species of sea anemone from the family Aiptasiidae based on specimens collected from the Gulf of Mexico (USA: Florida & Alabama). Accounts of this species have been known since the early 1990s, primarily from an underwater field guide and hobbyist aquarium literature under the name Lightbulb Anemone. We describe it as a new species from the genus Bellactis based on anatomy, histology, and cnidom. Members of this species are small in size, with a smooth, typically contracted column divided into regions based on color and bearing rows of two or three elevated cinclides in the mid column. Their tentacles are distinctive, translucent, distally inflated and can be bulbous in shape, with sub annular rings. This description synthesizes information about Bellactis and contextualizes what is known about its diversity in light of other members of the Aiptasiidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alonso Delgado
- Department of Evolution; Ecology & Organismal Biology; The Ohio State University; Columbus Ohio USA 43210.
| | - Paul Larson
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission; 100 8 Avenue SE; St. Petersburg; FL 33701; USA.
| | - Nancy Sheridan
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission; 100 8 Avenue SE; St. Petersburg; FL 33701; USA.
| | - Marymegan Daly
- Department of Evolution; Ecology & Organismal Biology; The Ohio State University; Columbus Ohio USA 43210.
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2
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Sheridan NE, Seyoum S, Sharp WC, Titus BM, Daly M, Richards CL, Schrey AW. Conservation genomics of an exploited, popular aquarium trade species: the giant Caribbean sea anemone Condylactis gigantea (Anthozoa: Actiniidae). CONSERV GENET 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-023-01511-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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3
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Titus BM, Daly M. Population genomics for symbiotic anthozoans: can reduced representation approaches be used for taxa without reference genomes? Heredity (Edinb) 2022; 128:338-351. [PMID: 35418670 PMCID: PMC9076904 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-022-00531-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Population genetic studies of symbiotic anthozoans have been historically challenging because their endosymbioses with dinoflagellates have impeded marker development. Genomic approaches like reduced representation sequencing alleviate marker development issues but produce anonymous loci, and without a reference genome, it is unknown which organism is contributing to the observed patterns. Alternative methods such as bait-capture sequencing targeting Ultra-Conserved Elements are now possible but costly. Thus, RADseq remains attractive, but how useful are these methods for symbiotic anthozoan taxa without a reference genome to separate anthozoan from algal sequences? We explore this through a case-study using a double-digest RADseq dataset for the sea anemone Bartholomea annulata. We assembled a holobiont dataset (3854 loci) for 101 individuals, then used a reference genome to create an aposymbiotic dataset (1402 loci). For both datasets, we investigated population structure and used coalescent simulations to estimate demography and population parameters. We demonstrate complete overlap in the spatial patterns of genetic diversity, demographic histories, and population parameter estimates for holobiont and aposymbiotic datasets. We hypothesize that the unique combination of anthozoan biology, diversity of the endosymbionts, and the manner in which assembly programs identify orthologous loci alleviates the need for reference genomes in some circumstances. We explore this hypothesis by assembling an additional 21 datasets using the assembly programs pyRAD and Stacks. We conclude that RADseq methods are more tractable for symbiotic anthozoans without reference genomes than previously realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Titus
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA.
- Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, AL, USA.
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Marymegan Daly
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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4
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Ledoux J, Ghanem R, Horaud M, López‐Sendino P, Romero‐Soriano V, Antunes A, Bensoussan N, Gómez‐Gras D, Linares C, Machordom A, Ocaña O, Templado J, Leblois R, Ben Souissi J, Garrabou J. Gradients of genetic diversity and differentiation across the distribution range of a Mediterranean coral: Patterns, processes and conservation implications. DIVERS DISTRIB 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jean‐Baptiste Ledoux
- CIIMAR/CIMAR Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal
- Institut de Ciències del Mar CSIC Barcelona Spain
| | - Raouia Ghanem
- Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie Université de Carthage Tunis Tunisie
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité, Biotechnologies et Changements Climatiques (LR11ES09) Université Tunis El Manar Tunis Tunisie
| | | | | | | | - Agostinho Antunes
- CIIMAR/CIMAR Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Faculdade de Ciências Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal
| | | | | | - Cristina Linares
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBIO) Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Annie Machordom
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN‐CSIC) Madrid Spain
| | - Oscar Ocaña
- Departamento de Oceanografía Biológica y Biodiversidad Fundación Museo del Mar de Ceuta Ceuta Spain
| | - José Templado
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN‐CSIC) Madrid Spain
| | - Raphaêl Leblois
- CBGP INRAE CIRAD IRD Montpellier SupAgro University of Montpellier Montpellier France
- Institut de Biologie Computationnelle University of Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Jamila Ben Souissi
- Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie Université de Carthage Tunis Tunisie
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité, Biotechnologies et Changements Climatiques (LR11ES09) Université Tunis El Manar Tunis Tunisie
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5
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Edmunds PJ. Recruitment hotspots and bottlenecks mediate the distribution of corals on a Caribbean reef. Biol Lett 2021; 17:20210149. [PMID: 34256581 PMCID: PMC8278041 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2021.0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recruitment hotspots are locations where organisms are added to populations at high rates. On tropical reefs where coral abundance has declined, recruitment hotspots are important because they have the potential to promote population recovery. Around St. John, US Virgin Islands, coral recruitment at five sites revealed a hotspot that has persistent for 14 years. Recruitment created a hotspot in density of juvenile corals that was 600 m southeast of the recruitment hotspot. Neither hotspot led to increased coral cover, thus revealing the stringency of the demographic bottleneck impeding progression of recruits to adult sizes and preventing population growth. Recruitment hotspots in low-density coral populations are valuable targets for conservation and sources of corals for restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Edmunds
- Department of Biology, California State University, 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, CA 91330-8303, USA
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6
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Phylogeography and genetic diversity of the commercially-collected Caribbean blue-legged hermit crab (Clibanarius tricolor). CONSERV GENET 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-021-01348-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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Tracy AM, Weil E, Burge CA. Ecological Factors Mediate Immunity and Parasitic Co-Infection in Sea Fan Octocorals. Front Immunol 2021; 11:608066. [PMID: 33505396 PMCID: PMC7829190 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.608066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The interplay among environment, demography, and host-parasite interactions is a challenging frontier. In the ocean, fundamental changes are occurring due to anthropogenic pressures, including increased disease outbreaks on coral reefs. These outbreaks include multiple parasites, calling into question how host immunity functions in this complex milieu. Our work investigates the interplay of factors influencing co-infection in the Caribbean sea fan octocoral, Gorgonia ventalina, using metrics of the innate immune response: cellular immunity and expression of candidate immune genes. We used existing copepod infections and live pathogen inoculation with the Aspergillus sydowii fungus, detecting increased expression of the immune recognition gene Tachylectin 5A (T5A) in response to both parasites. Cellular immunity increased by 8.16% in copepod infections compared to controls and single Aspergillus infections. We also detected activation of cellular immunity in reef populations, with a 13.6% increase during copepod infections. Cellular immunity was similar in the field and in the lab, increasing with copepod infections and not the fungus. Amoebocyte density and the expression of T5A and a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) gene were also positively correlated across all treatments and colonies, irrespective of parasitic infection. We then assessed the scaling of immune metrics to population-level disease patterns and found random co-occurrence of copepods and fungus across 15 reefs in Puerto Rico. The results suggest immune activation by parasites may not alter parasite co-occurrence if factors other than immunity prevail in structuring parasite infection. We assessed non-immune factors in the field and found that sea fan colony size predicted infection by the copepod parasite. Moreover, the effect of infection on immunity was small relative to that of site differences and live coral cover, and similar to the effect of reproductive status. While additional immune data would shed light on the extent of this pattern, ecological factors may play a larger role than immunity in controlling parasite patterns in the wild. Parsing the effects of immunity and ecological factors in octocoral co-infection shows how disease depends on more than one host and one parasite and explores the application of co-infection research to a colonial marine organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M. Tracy
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Ernesto Weil
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, PR, United States
| | - Colleen A. Burge
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, United States
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8
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Edmunds PJ. High ecological resilience of the sea fan Gorgonia ventalina during two severe hurricanes. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10315. [PMID: 33240641 PMCID: PMC7666550 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since about the turn of the millennium, octocorals have been increasing in abundance on Caribbean reefs. The mechanisms underlying this trend have not been resolved, but the emergent species assemblage appears to be more resilient than the scleractinians they are replacing. The sea fan Gorgonia ventalina is an iconic species in the contemporary octocoral fauna, and here its population dynamics are described from St. John, US Virgin Islands, from 2013 to 2019. Mean densities of G. ventalina at Yawzi Point (9-m depth) varied from 1.4-1.5 colonies m-2, and their mean heights from 24-30 cm; nearby at Tektite (14-m depth), they varied from 0.6-0.8 colonies m-2 and from 25-33 cm. These reefs were impacted by two Category 5 hurricanes in 2017, but neither the density of G. ventalina, the density of their recruits (< 5-cm tall), nor the height of colonies, differed among years, although growth was depressed after the hurricanes. Nevertheless, at Tektite, colony height trended upwards over time, in part because colonies 10.1-20 cm tall were reduced in abundance after the hurricanes. These trends were sustained without density-associated effects mediating recruitment or self-thinning of adults. The dynamics of G. ventalina over seven years reveals the high resilience of this species that will contribute to the persistence of octocorals as a dominant state on Caribbean reefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Edmunds
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, CA, United States of America
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9
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Titus BM, Blischak PD, Daly M. Genomic signatures of sympatric speciation with historical and contemporary gene flow in a tropical anthozoan (Hexacorallia: Actiniaria). Mol Ecol 2019; 28:3572-3586. [PMID: 31233641 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sympatric diversification is recognized to have played an important role in the evolution of biodiversity. However, an in situ sympatric origin for codistributed taxa is difficult to demonstrate because different evolutionary processes can lead to similar biogeographic outcomes, especially in ecosystems that can readily facilitate secondary contact due to a lack of hard barriers to dispersal. Here we use a genomic (ddRADseq), model-based approach to delimit a species complex of tropical sea anemones that are codistributed on coral reefs throughout the Tropical Western Atlantic. We use coalescent simulations in fastsimcoal2 and ordinary differential equations in Moments to test competing diversification scenarios that span the allopatric-sympatric continuum. Our results suggest that the corkscrew sea anemone Bartholomea annulata is a cryptic species complex whose members are codistributed throughout their range. Simulation and model selection analyses from both approaches suggest these lineages experienced historical and contemporary gene flow, supporting a sympatric origin, but an alternative secondary contact model receives appreciable model support in fastsimcoal2. Leveraging the genome of the closely related Exaiptasia diaphana, we identify five loci under divergent selection between cryptic B. annulata lineages that fall within mRNA transcripts or CDS regions. Our study provides a rare empirical, genomic example of sympatric speciation in a tropical anthozoan and the first range-wide molecular study of a tropical sea anemone, underscoring that anemone diversity is under-described in the tropics, and highlighting the need for additional systematic studies into these ecologically and economically important species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Titus
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul D Blischak
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Marymegan Daly
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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10
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Japaud A, Bouchon C, Magalon H, Fauvelot C. Geographic distances and ocean currents influence Caribbean Acropora palmata population connectivity in the Lesser Antilles. CONSERV GENET 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-019-01145-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Onuț-Brännström I, Benjamin M, Scofield DG, Heiðmarsson S, Andersson MGI, Lindström ES, Johannesson H. Sharing of photobionts in sympatric populations of Thamnolia and Cetraria lichens: evidence from high-throughput sequencing. Sci Rep 2018. [PMID: 29535321 PMCID: PMC5849601 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22470-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we explored the diversity of green algal symbionts (photobionts) in sympatric populations of the cosmopolitan lichen-forming fungi Thamnolia and Cetraria. We sequenced with both Sanger and Ion Torrent High-Throughput Sequencing technologies the photobiont ITS-region of 30 lichen thalli from two islands: Iceland and Öland. While Sanger recovered just one photobiont genotype from each thallus, the Ion Torrent data recovered 10-18 OTUs for each pool of 5 lichen thalli, suggesting that individual lichens can contain heterogeneous photobiont populations. Both methods showed evidence for photobiont sharing between Thamnolia and Cetraria on Iceland. In contrast, our data suggest that on Öland the two mycobionts associate with distinct photobiont communities, with few shared OTUs revealed by Ion Torrent sequencing. Furthermore, by comparing our sequences with public data, we identified closely related photobionts from geographically distant localities. Taken together, we suggest that the photobiont composition in Thamnolia and Cetraria results from both photobiont-mycobiont codispersal and local acquisition during mycobiont establishment and/or lichen growth. We hypothesize that this is a successful strategy for lichens to be flexible in the use of the most adapted photobiont for the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Onuț-Brännström
- Systematic Biology, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mitchell Benjamin
- Systematic Biology, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Douglas G Scofield
- Evolutionary Biology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Uppsala Multidisciplinary Center for Advanced Computational Science (UPPMAX), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Starri Heiðmarsson
- Icelandic Institute of Natural History, Akureyri Division, Borgir Nordurslod, Iceland
| | - Martin G I Andersson
- Limnology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eva S Lindström
- Limnology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hanna Johannesson
- Systematic Biology, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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12
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Kennedy EV, Tonk L, Foster NL, Chollett I, Ortiz JC, Dove S, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Mumby PJ, Stevens JR. Symbiodinium biogeography tracks environmental patterns rather than host genetics in a key Caribbean reef-builder, Orbicella annularis. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.1938. [PMID: 27807263 PMCID: PMC5124097 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.1938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological performance of a reef-building coral is a combined outcome of both the coral host and its algal endosymbionts, Symbiodinium. While Orbicella annularis—a dominant reef-building coral in the Wider Caribbean—is known to be a flexible host in terms of the diversity of Symbiodinium types it can associate with, it is uncertain how this diversity varies across the Caribbean, and whether spatial variability in the symbiont community is related to either O. annularis genotype or environment. Here, we target the Symbiodinium-ITS2 gene to characterize and map dominant Symbiodinium hosted by O. annularis at an unprecedented spatial scale. We reveal northwest–southeast partitioning across the Caribbean, both in terms of the dominant symbiont taxa hosted and in assemblage diversity. Multivariate regression analyses incorporating a suite of environmental and genetic factors reveal that observed spatial patterns are predominantly explained by chronic thermal stress (summer temperatures) and are unrelated to host genotype. Furthermore, we were able to associate the presence of specific Symbiodinium types with local environmental drivers (for example, Symbiodinium C7 with areas experiencing cooler summers, B1j with nutrient loading and B17 with turbidity), associations that have not previously been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma V Kennedy
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK .,Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111 Queensland, Australia
| | - Linda Tonk
- Coral Reef Ecosystems Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072 Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicola L Foster
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.,School of Marine Science and Engineering, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Iliana Chollett
- Smithsonian Marine Station, Smithsonian Institution, Fort Pierce, FL 34949, USA
| | - Juan-Carlos Ortiz
- Marine Spatial Ecology Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072 Queensland, Australia
| | - Sophie Dove
- Coral Reef Ecosystems Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072 Queensland, Australia
| | - Ove Hoegh-Guldberg
- Coral Reef Ecosystems Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072 Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter J Mumby
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.,Marine Spatial Ecology Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072 Queensland, Australia
| | - Jamie R Stevens
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
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13
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Jossart Q, De Ridder C, Lessios HA, Bauwens M, Motreuil S, Rigaud T, Wattier RA, David B. Highly contrasted population genetic structures in a host-parasite pair in the Caribbean Sea. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:9267-9280. [PMID: 29187967 PMCID: PMC5696394 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Evolution and population genetic structure of marine species across the Caribbean Sea are shaped by two complex factors: the geological history and the present pattern of marine currents. Characterizing and comparing the genetic structures of codistributed species, such as host-parasite associations, allow discriminating the relative importance of environmental factors and life history traits that influenced gene flow and demographic events. Using microsatellite and Cytochrome Oxidase I markers, we investigated if a host-parasite pair (the heart urchin Meoma ventricosa and its parasitic pea crab Dissodactylus primitivus) exhibits comparable population genetic structures in the Caribbean Sea and how the observed patterns match connectivity regions from predictive models and other taxa. Highly contrasting patterns were found: the host showed genetic homogeneity across the whole studied area, whereas the parasite displayed significant differentiation at regional and local scales. The genetic diversity of the parasitic crabs (both in microsatellites and COI) was distributed in two main groups, Panama-Jamaica-St Croix on the one hand, and the South-Eastern Caribbean on the other. At a smaller geographical scale, Panamanian and Jamaican parasite populations were genetically more similar, while more genetic differentiation was found within the Lesser Antilles. Both species showed a signature of population expansion during the Quaternary. Some results match predictive models or data from previous studies (e.g., the Western-Eastern dichotomy in the parasite) while others do not (e.g., genetic differentiation within the Lesser Antilles). The sharp dissimilarity of genetic structure of these codistributed species outlines the importance of population expansion events and/or contrasted patterns of gene flow. This might be linked to differences in several life history traits such as fecundity (higher for the host), swimming capacity of larval stages (higher for the parasite), and habitat availability (higher for the host).
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Jossart
- Département de Biologie des OrganismesLaboratoire de Biologie MarineUniversité Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)BrusselsBelgium
- BiogéosciencesUMR CNRS 6282Université de Bourgogne Franche‐Comté (UBFC)DijonFrance
| | - Chantal De Ridder
- Département de Biologie des OrganismesLaboratoire de Biologie MarineUniversité Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)BrusselsBelgium
| | | | - Mathieu Bauwens
- Département de Biologie des OrganismesLaboratoire de Biologie MarineUniversité Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)BrusselsBelgium
| | - Sébastien Motreuil
- BiogéosciencesUMR CNRS 6282Université de Bourgogne Franche‐Comté (UBFC)DijonFrance
| | - Thierry Rigaud
- BiogéosciencesUMR CNRS 6282Université de Bourgogne Franche‐Comté (UBFC)DijonFrance
| | - Rémi A. Wattier
- BiogéosciencesUMR CNRS 6282Université de Bourgogne Franche‐Comté (UBFC)DijonFrance
| | - Bruno David
- BiogéosciencesUMR CNRS 6282Université de Bourgogne Franche‐Comté (UBFC)DijonFrance
- Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN)ParisFrance
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14
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Rippe JP, Matz MV, Green EA, Medina M, Khawaja NZ, Pongwarin T, Pinzón C JH, Castillo KD, Davies SW. Population structure and connectivity of the mountainous star coral, Orbicella faveolata, throughout the wider Caribbean region. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:9234-9246. [PMID: 29187964 PMCID: PMC5696396 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
As coral reefs continue to decline worldwide, it becomes ever more necessary to understand the connectivity between coral populations to develop efficient management strategies facilitating survival and adaptation of coral reefs in the future. Orbicella faveolata is one of the most important reef-building corals in the Caribbean and has recently experienced severe population reductions. Here, we utilize a panel of nine microsatellite loci to evaluate the genetic structure of O. faveolata and to infer connectivity across ten sites spanning the wider Caribbean region. Populations are generally well-mixed throughout the basin (FST = 0.038), although notable patterns of substructure arise at local and regional scales. Eastern and western populations appear segregated with a genetic break around the Mona Passage in the north, as has been shown previously in other species; however, we find evidence for significant connectivity between Curaçao and Mexico, suggesting that the southern margin of this barrier is permeable to dispersal. Our results also identify a strong genetic break within the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System associated with complex oceanographic patterns that promote larval retention in southern Belize. Additionally, the diverse genetic signature at Flower Garden Banks suggests its possible function as a downstream genetic sink. The findings reported here are relevant to the ongoing conservation efforts for this important and threatened species, and contribute to the growing understanding of large-scale coral reef connectivity throughout the wider Caribbean.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Rippe
- Department of Marine Sciences University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC USA
| | - Mikhail V Matz
- Department of Integrative Biology University of Texas at Austin Austin TX USA
| | - Elizabeth A Green
- Quantitative and Systems Biology University of California Merced CA USA
| | - Mónica Medina
- Department of Biology Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Smithsonian Institution Washington DC USA
| | - Nida Z Khawaja
- Department of Integrative Biology University of Texas at Austin Austin TX USA
| | - Thanapat Pongwarin
- Department of Integrative Biology University of Texas at Austin Austin TX USA
| | - Jorge H Pinzón C
- Department of Molecular Biology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Karl D Castillo
- Department of Marine Sciences University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC USA
| | - Sarah W Davies
- Department of Marine Sciences University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC USA.,Department of Integrative Biology University of Texas at Austin Austin TX USA.,Department of Biology Boston University Boston MA USA
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15
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Hiller A, Lessios HA. Phylogeography of Petrolisthes armatus, an invasive species with low dispersal ability. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3359. [PMID: 28611408 PMCID: PMC5469764 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03410-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Theoretically, species with high population structure are likely to expand their range, because marginal populations are free to adapt to local conditions; however, meta-analyses have found a negative relation between structure and invasiveness. The crab Petrolisthes armatus has a wide native range, which has expanded in the last three decades. We sequenced 1718 bp of mitochondrial DNA from native and recently established populations to determine the population structure of the former and the origin of the latter. There was phylogenetic separation between Atlantic and eastern Pacific populations, and between east and west Atlantic ones. Haplotypes on the coast of Florida and newly established populations in Georgia and South Carolina belong to a different clade from those from Yucatán to Brazil, though a few haplotypes are shared. In the Pacific, populations from Colombia and Ecuador are highly divergent from those from Panamá and the Sea of Cortez. In general, populations were separated hundreds to million years ago with little subsequent gene flow. High genetic diversity in the newly established populations shows that they were founded by many individuals. Range expansion appears to have been limited by low dispersal rather than lack of ability of marginal populations to adapt to extreme conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Hiller
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Panama.
| | - Harilaos A Lessios
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Panama.
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16
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Miller KJ, Gunasekera RM. A comparison of genetic connectivity in two deep sea corals to examine whether seamounts are isolated islands or stepping stones for dispersal. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46103. [PMID: 28393887 PMCID: PMC5385499 DOI: 10.1038/srep46103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological processes in the deep sea are poorly understood due to the logistical constraints of sampling thousands of metres below the ocean’s surface and remote from most land masses. Under such circumstances, genetic data provides unparalleled insight into biological and ecological relationships. We use microsatellite DNA to compare the population structure, reproductive mode and dispersal capacity in two deep sea corals from seamounts in the Southern Ocean. The solitary coral Desmophyllum dianthus has widespread dispersal consistent with its global distribution and resilience to disturbance. In contrast, for the matrix-forming colonial coral Solenosmilia variabilis asexual reproduction is important and the dispersal of sexually produced larvae is negligible, resulting in isolated populations. Interestingly, despite the recognised impacts of fishing on seamount communities, genetic diversity on fished and unfished seamounts was similar for both species, suggesting that evolutionary resilience remains despite reductions in biomass. Our results provide empirical evidence that a group of seamounts can function either as isolated islands or stepping stones for dispersal for different taxa. Furthermore different strategies will be required to protect the two sympatric corals and consequently the recently declared marine reserves in this region may function as a network for D. dianthus, but not for S. variabilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Miller
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, The University of Western Australia (MO96), 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
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17
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Malé PJG, Leroy C, Humblot P, Dejean A, Quilichini A, Orivel J. Limited gene dispersal and spatial genetic structure as stabilizing factors in an ant-plant mutualism. J Evol Biol 2016; 29:2519-2529. [PMID: 27654029 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Comparative studies of the population genetics of closely associated species are necessary to properly understand the evolution of these relationships because gene flow between populations affects the partners' evolutionary potential at the local scale. As a consequence (at least for antagonistic interactions), asymmetries in the strength of the genetic structures of the partner populations can result in one partner having a co-evolutionary advantage. Here, we assess the population genetic structure of partners engaged in a species-specific and obligatory mutualism: the Neotropical ant-plant, Hirtella physophora, and its ant associate, Allomerus decemarticulatus. Although the ant cannot complete its life cycle elsewhere than on H. physophora and the plant cannot live for long without the protection provided by A. decemarticulatus, these species also have antagonistic interactions: the ants have been shown to benefit from castrating their host plant and the plant is able to retaliate against too virulent ant colonies. We found similar short dispersal distances for both partners, resulting in the local transmission of the association and, thus, inbred populations in which too virulent castrating ants face the risk of local extinction due to the absence of H. physophora offspring. On the other hand, we show that the plant populations probably experienced greater gene flow than did the ant populations, thus enhancing the evolutionary potential of the plants. We conclude that such levels of spatial structure in the partners' populations can increase the stability of the mutualistic relationship. Indeed, the local transmission of the association enables partial alignments of the partners' interests, and population connectivity allows the plant retaliation mechanisms to be locally adapted to the castration behaviour of their symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- P-J G Malé
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - C Leroy
- IRD, AMAP (botAnique et bioinforMatique de l'Architecture des Plantes), Montpellier Cedex, France.,CNRS, UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane, Kourou Cedex, France
| | - P Humblot
- CNRS, EDB (Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique), Toulouse Cedex, France.,Université de Toulouse, EDB, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - A Dejean
- CNRS, UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane, Kourou Cedex, France.,Université de Toulouse, UMR Ecolab (Laboratoire d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement), Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - A Quilichini
- CNRS, UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane, Kourou Cedex, France.,Université de Toulouse, UMR Ecolab (Laboratoire d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement), Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - J Orivel
- CNRS, UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane, Kourou Cedex, France
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18
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Mège P, Schizas NV, Reyes JG, Hrbek T. Genetic seascape of the threatened Caribbean elkhorn coral, Acropora palmata, on the Puerto Rico Shelf. MARINE ECOLOGY (BERLIN, GERMANY) 2015; 36:195-209. [PMID: 26085704 PMCID: PMC4465847 DOI: 10.1111/maec.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
It has been proposed that the elkhorn coral, Acropora palmata, is genetically separated into two distinct provinces in the Caribbean, an Eastern and a Western population admixing in western Puerto Rico and around the Mona Passage. In this study, the genetic structure of A. palmata sampled at 11 Puerto Rican localities and localities from Curaçao, the Bahamas and Guadeloupe were examined. Analyses using five microsatellite markers showed that 75% of sampled colonies had unique genotypes, the rest being clone mates. Genetic diversity among genets was high (HE = 0.761) and consistent across localities (0.685 to 0.844). FST ranged from -0.011 to 0.047 supporting low but significant genetic differentiation between localities within the previously reported Eastern and Western genetic provinces. Plots of genetic per geographic distances and significant Mantel tests supported isolation-by-distance (IBD) within Puerto Rico. Analysis with the software Structure favored a scenario with weak differentiation between two populations, assigning eastern Puerto Rican locations (Fajardo and Culebra), Guadeloupe and Curaçao to the Caribbean Eastern population and western Puerto Rican locations (west of Vega Baja and Ponce), Mona and the Bahamas to the Caribbean Western population. Vieques and San Juan area harbored admixed profiles. Standardized FSTs per 1,000 km unit further supported higher differentiation between localities belonging to different Structure populations, with IBD being stronger within Puerto Rico than on larger regional scales. This stronger genetic transition seems to separate localities between putative Eastern and Western provinces in the eastern Puerto Rican region, not around the Mona Passage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Mège
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Nikolaos V. Schizas
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico-Mayagüez, Call Box 9000, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
| | - Joselyd García Reyes
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico-Mayagüez, Call Box 9000, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
| | - Tomas Hrbek
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- Laboratório de Evolução e Genética Animal, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
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19
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Tracy AM, Koren O, Douglas N, Weil E, Harvell CD. Persistent shifts in Caribbean coral microbiota are linked to the 2010 warm thermal anomaly. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2015; 7:471-479. [PMID: 25683053 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The response of corals to warm temperature anomalies includes changes in coral bacterial assemblages. There are clear differences between the microbiota of bleached and healthy corals. However, few studies have tracked the microbiota of individual colonies throughout a warming event. We used 454 pyrosequencing and repeated measures to characterize bacterial assemblages in 15 Gorgonia ventalina colonies before, during, 4 months after, and 1 year after the 2010 Caribbean warm thermal anomaly. In the latter three sampling times, the G. ventalina microbiota differed significantly from the microbiota of Orbicella faveolata colonies, which were sampled only at these three times. O. faveolata microbiota did not exhibit coordinated shifts through time. Notably, the microbiota of the repeatedly sampled G. ventalina colonies shifted persistently from before to during, after, and long after the warming event. The same pattern emerges from the norm of reaction for the individual G. ventalina colonies. This is the first study to show persistent shifts in coral microbiota in association with a warm thermal anomaly. Whether shifting microbiota is adaptive or maladaptive, the lasting change in bacterial assemblages following this warming event identifies a new way that coral microbiota shape the response of coral colonies under thermal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Tracy
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Omry Koren
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Nancy Douglas
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Ernesto Weil
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - C Drew Harvell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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20
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Piñeros VJ, Rios-Cardenas O, Gutiérrez-Rodríguez C, Mendoza-Cuenca L. Morphological Differentiation in the Damselfish Abudefduf saxatilis Along the Mexican Atlantic Coast is Associated with Environmental Factors and High Connectivity. Evol Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-015-9314-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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21
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Chaves-Fonnegra A, Feldheim KA, Secord J, Lopez JV. Population structure and dispersal of the coral-excavating spongeCliona delitrix. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:1447-66. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andia Chaves-Fonnegra
- Nova Southeastern University; Oceanographic Center; 8000 North Ocean Drive Dania Beach FL 33004 USA
| | - Kevin A. Feldheim
- Pritzker Laboratory for Molecular Systematics and Evolution; Field Museum of Natural History; 1400 S Lake Shore Drive Chicago IL 60605 USA
| | - Jesse Secord
- Nova Southeastern University; Oceanographic Center; 8000 North Ocean Drive Dania Beach FL 33004 USA
| | - Jose V. Lopez
- Nova Southeastern University; Oceanographic Center; 8000 North Ocean Drive Dania Beach FL 33004 USA
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22
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Davies SW, Treml EA, Kenkel CD, Matz MV. Exploring the role of Micronesian islands in the maintenance of coral genetic diversity in the Pacific Ocean. Mol Ecol 2014; 24:70-82. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. W. Davies
- Department of Integrative Biology; The University of Texas at Austin; 1 University Station C0990 Austin TX 78712 USA
| | - E. A. Treml
- Department of Zoology; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Vic. 3010 Australia
| | - C. D. Kenkel
- Department of Integrative Biology; The University of Texas at Austin; 1 University Station C0990 Austin TX 78712 USA
| | - M. V. Matz
- Department of Integrative Biology; The University of Texas at Austin; 1 University Station C0990 Austin TX 78712 USA
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23
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Parkinson JE, Baums IB. The extended phenotypes of marine symbioses: ecological and evolutionary consequences of intraspecific genetic diversity in coral-algal associations. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:445. [PMID: 25202306 PMCID: PMC4142987 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reef-building corals owe much of their success to a symbiosis with dinoflagellate microalgae in the genus Symbiodinium. In this association, the performance of each organism is tied to that of its partner, and together the partners form a holobiont that can be subject to selection. Climate change affects coral reefs, which are declining globally as a result. Yet the extent to which coral holobionts will be able to acclimate or evolve to handle climate change and other stressors remains unclear. Selection acts on individuals and evidence from terrestrial systems demonstrates that intraspecific genetic diversity plays a significant role in symbiosis ecology and evolution. However, we have a limited understanding of the effects of such diversity in corals. As molecular methods have advanced, so too has our recognition of the taxonomic and functional diversity of holobiont partners. Resolving the major components of the holobiont to the level of the individual will help us assess the importance of intraspecific diversity and partner interactions in coral-algal symbioses. Here, we hypothesize that unique combinations of coral and algal individuals yield functional diversity that affects not only the ecology and evolution of the coral holobiont, but associated communities as well. Our synthesis is derived from reviewing existing evidence and presenting novel data. By incorporating the effects of holobiont extended phenotypes into predictive models, we may refine our understanding of the evolutionary trajectory of corals and reef communities responding to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iliana B. Baums
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University ParkPA, USA
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24
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Baums IB, Devlin-Durante MK, LaJeunesse TC. New insights into the dynamics between reef corals and their associated dinoflagellate endosymbionts from population genetic studies. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:4203-15. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Iliana B. Baums
- Department of Biology; The Pennsylvania State University; 208 Mueller Laboratory University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Meghann K. Devlin-Durante
- Department of Biology; The Pennsylvania State University; 208 Mueller Laboratory University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Todd C. LaJeunesse
- Department of Biology; The Pennsylvania State University; 208 Mueller Laboratory University Park PA 16802 USA
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25
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Wirshing HH, Feldheim KA, Baker AC. Vectored dispersal of Symbiodinium by larvae of a Caribbean gorgonian octocoral. Mol Ecol 2014; 22:4413-32. [PMID: 23980762 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ability of coral reefs to recover from natural and anthropogenic disturbance is difficult to predict, in part due to uncertainty regarding the dispersal capabilities and connectivity of their reef inhabitants. We developed microsatellite markers for the broadcast spawning gorgonian octocoral Eunicea (Plexaura) flexuosa (four markers) and its dinoflagellate symbiont, Symbiodinium B1 (five markers), and used them to assess genetic connectivity, specificity and directionality of gene flow among sites in Florida, Panama, Saba and the Dominican Republic. Bayesian analyses found that most E. flexuosa from the Florida reef tract, Saba and the Dominican Republic were strongly differentiated from many E. flexuosa in Panama, with the exception of five colonies from Key West that clustered with colonies from Panama. In contrast, Symbiodinium B1 was more highly structured. At least seven populations were detected that showed patterns of isolation by distance. The symbionts in the five unusual Key West colonies also clustered with symbionts from Panama, suggesting these colonies are the result of long-distance dispersal. Migration rate tests indicated a weak signal of northward immigration from the Panama population into the lower Florida Keys. As E. flexuosa clonemates only rarely associated with the same Symbiodinium B1 genotype (and vice versa), these data suggest a dynamic host-symbiont relationship in which E. flexuosa is relatively well dispersed but likely acquires Symbiodinium B1 from highly structured natal areas prior to dispersal. Once vectored by host larvae, these symbionts may then spread through the local population, and/or host colonies may acquire different local symbiont genotypes over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman H Wirshing
- Division of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbaker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA.
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26
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Ni G, Li QI, Kong L, Yu H. Comparative phylogeography in marginal seas of the northwestern Pacific. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:534-48. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Ni
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture; Ministry of Education; Ocean University of China; Yushan Road 5 Qingdao 266003 China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution; Kunming Institute of Zoology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; No. 32 Jiaochang Donglu Kunming 650223 China
| | - QI Li
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture; Ministry of Education; Ocean University of China; Yushan Road 5 Qingdao 266003 China
| | - Lingfeng Kong
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture; Ministry of Education; Ocean University of China; Yushan Road 5 Qingdao 266003 China
| | - Hong Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture; Ministry of Education; Ocean University of China; Yushan Road 5 Qingdao 266003 China
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