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Long KM, Rivera-Colón AG, Bennett KFP, Catchen JM, Braun MJ, Brawn JD. Ongoing introgression of a secondary sexual plumage trait in a stable avian hybrid zone. Evolution 2024; 78:1539-1553. [PMID: 38753474 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpae076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Hybrid zones are dynamic systems where natural selection, sexual selection, and other evolutionary forces can act on reshuffled combinations of distinct genomes. The movement of hybrid zones, individual traits, or both are of particular interest for understanding the interplay between selective processes. In a hybrid zone involving two lek-breeding birds, secondary sexual plumage traits of Manacus vitellinus, including bright yellow collar and olive belly color, have introgressed ~50 km asymmetrically across the genomic center of the zone into populations more genetically similar to Manacus candei. Males with yellow collars are preferred by females and are more aggressive than parental M. candei, suggesting that sexual selection was responsible for the introgression of male traits. We assessed the spatial and temporal dynamics of this hybrid zone using historical (1989-1994) and contemporary (2017-2020) transect samples to survey both morphological and genetic variation. Genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism data and several male phenotypic traits show that the genomic center of the zone has remained spatially stable, whereas the olive belly color of male M. vitellinus has continued to introgress over this time period. Our data suggest that sexual selection can continue to shape phenotypes dynamically, independent of a stable genomic transition between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira M Long
- Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Angel G Rivera-Colón
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Kevin F P Bennett
- Behavior, Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Julian M Catchen
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Michael J Braun
- Behavior, Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Brawn
- Department of Natural Resources & Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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2
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Tataru D, De Leon M, Dutton S, Perez FM, Rendahl A, Ferris KG. Fluctuating selection in a Monkeyflower hybrid zone. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.14.599085. [PMID: 38948721 PMCID: PMC11212913 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.14.599085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
While hybridization was viewed as a hindrance to adaptation and speciation by early evolutionary biologists, recent studies have demonstrated the importance of hybridization in facilitating evolutionary processes. However, it is still not well-known what role spatial and temporal variation in natural selection play in the maintenance of naturally occurring hybrid zones. To identify whether hybridization is adaptive between two closely related monkeyflower species, Mimulus guttatus and Mimulus laciniatus, we performed repeated reciprocal transplants between natural hybrid and pure species' populations. We planted parental genotypes along with multiple experimental hybrid generations in a dry (2021) and extremely wet (2023) year in the Sierra Nevada, CA. By taking fine scale environmental measurements, we found that the environment of the hybrid zone is more similar to M. laciniatus's seasonally dry rocky outcrop habitat than M. guttatus's moist meadows. In our transplants hybridization does not appear to be maintained by a consistent fitness advantage of hybrids over parental species in hybrid zones, but rather a lack of strong selection against hybrids. We also found higher fitness of the drought adapted species, M. laciniatus, than M. guttatus in both species' habitats, as well as phenotypic selection for M. laciniatus-like traits in the hybrid habitat in the dry year of our experiment. These findings suggest that in this system hybridization might function to introduce drought-adapted traits and genes from M. laciniatus into M. guttatus, specifically in years with limited soil moisture. However, we also find evidence of genetic incompatibilities in second generation hybrids in the wetter year, which may balance a selective advantage of M. laciniatus introgression. Therefore, we find that hybridization in this system is both potentially adaptive and costly, and that the interaction of positive and negative selection likely determines patterns of gene flow between these Mimulus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Tataru
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
| | - Max De Leon
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
| | - Spencer Dutton
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
| | - Fidel Machado Perez
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
- University of California Merced, Merced, CA
| | - Alexander Rendahl
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
| | - Kathleen G Ferris
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
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3
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Parkin T, Donnellan SC, Parkin B, Shea GM, Rowley JJL. Phylogeography, hybrid zones and contemporary species boundaries in the south-eastern Australian smooth frogs (Anura: Myobatrachidae: Geocrinia). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 189:107934. [PMID: 37769826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Paleo-climatic fluctuations have driven episodic changes in species distributions, providing opportunities for populations to diverge in isolation and hybridise following secondary contact. Studies of phylogeographic diversity and patterns of gene flow across hybrid zones can provide insight into contemporary species boundaries and help to inform taxonomic and conservation inferences. Here we explore geographic diversity within the acoustically divergent yet morphologically conserved south-eastern Australian smooth frog complex and assess gene flow across a narrow hybrid zone using mitochondrial nucleotide sequences and nuclear genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms. Our analyses reveal the presence of an evolutionarily distinct taxon restricted to the Otway Plains and Ranges, Victoria, which forms a narrow (9-30 km wide), spatiotemporally stable (>50 years) hybrid zone with Geocrinia laevis, which we describe herein as a new species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Parkin
- Australian Museum Research Institute, Sydney NSW 2010, Australia.
| | | | - Benjamin Parkin
- Australian Museum Research Institute, Sydney NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Glenn M Shea
- Australian Museum Research Institute, Sydney NSW 2010, Australia; Sydney School of Veterinary Science B01, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jodi J L Rowley
- Australian Museum Research Institute, Sydney NSW 2010, Australia; University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
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4
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Tukhbatullin A, Ermakov O, Kapustina S, Starikov V, Tambovtseva V, Titov S, Brandler O. Surrounded by Kindred: Spermophilus major Hybridization with Other Spermophilus Species in Space and Time. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:880. [PMID: 37372163 DOI: 10.3390/biology12060880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Among the numerous described cases of hybridization in mammals, the most intriguing are (a) cases of introgressive hybridization deeply affecting the evolutionary history of species, and (b) models involving not a pair of species but a multi-species complex. Therefore, the hybridization history of the russet ground squirrel Spermophilus major, whose range has repeatedly changed due to climatic fluctuations and now borders the ranges of four related species, is of great interest. The main aims of this study were to determine the direction and intensity of gene introgression, the spatial depth of the infiltration of extraneous genes into the S. major range, and to refine the hypothesis of the hybridogenic replacement of mitochondrial genomes in the studied group. Using phylogenetic analysis of the variability of mitochondrial (CR, cytb) and nuclear (SmcY, BGN, PRKCI, c-myc, i6p53) markers, we determined the contribution of neighboring species to the S. major genome. We showed that 36% of S. major individuals had extraneous alleles. All peripheral species that were in contact with S. major contributed towards its genetic variability. We also proposed a hypothesis for the sequence and localization of serial hybridization events. Our assessment of the S. major genome implications of introgression highlights the importance of implementing conservation measures to protect this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Tukhbatullin
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Str. 26, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Oleg Ermakov
- Faculty of Physics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Belinsky Institute of Teacher Education, Penza State University, Lermontov Str. 37, Penza 440026, Russia
| | - Svetlana Kapustina
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Str. 26, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Vladimir Starikov
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Natural and Technical Sciences, Surgut State University, Lenin Avenue 1, Surgut 628412, Russia
| | - Valentina Tambovtseva
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Str. 26, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Sergey Titov
- Faculty of Physics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Belinsky Institute of Teacher Education, Penza State University, Lermontov Str. 37, Penza 440026, Russia
| | - Oleg Brandler
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Str. 26, Moscow 119334, Russia
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Andersen JC, Havill NP, Boettner GH, Chandler JL, Caccone A, Elkinton JS. Real-time geographic settling of a hybrid zone between the invasive winter moth (Operophtera brumata L.) and the native Bruce spanworm (O. bruceata Hulst). Mol Ecol 2022; 31:6617-6633. [PMID: 35034394 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Hybridization plays an important and underappreciated role in shaping the evolutionary trajectories of species. Following the introduction of a non-native organism to a novel habitat, hybridization with a native congener may affect the probability of establishment of the introduced species. In most documented cases of hybridization between a native and a non-native species, a mosaic hybrid zone is formed, with hybridization occurring heterogeneously across the landscape. In contrast, most naturally occurring hybrid zones are clinal in structure. Here, we report on a long-term microsatellite data set that monitored hybridization between the invasive winter moth, Operophtera brumata (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), and the native Bruce spanworm, O. bruceata, over a 12-year period. Our results document one of the first examples of the real-time formation and geographic settling of a clinal hybrid zone. In addition, by comparing one transect in Massachusetts where extreme winter cold temperatures have been hypothesized to restrict the distribution of winter moth, and one in coastal Connecticut, where winter temperatures are moderated by Long Island Sound, we found that the location of the hybrid zone appeared to be independent of environmental variables and maintained under a tension model wherein the stability of the hybrid zone was constrained by population density, reduced hybrid fitness, and low dispersal rates. Documenting the formation of a contemporary clinal hybrid zone may provide important insights into the factors that shaped other well-established hybrid zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy C Andersen
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nathan P Havill
- Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Hamden, Connecticut, USA
| | - George H Boettner
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer L Chandler
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adalgisa Caccone
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Joseph S Elkinton
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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Chaplin K, Smith Date K, Bray RD, Miller KA, Lutz ML, Razeng E, Thompson MB, Chapple DG. Intraspecific hybridisation of an invasive lizard on Lord Howe Island. AUST J ZOOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1071/zo21045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Human-mediated dispersal of animals often acts to bring populations that have been separated for substantial periods of evolutionary time (e.g. millions of years) in their native range into contact in their introduced range. Whether these taxa successfully interbreed in the introduced range provides information on the strength of reproductive isolation amongst them. The invasive delicate skink (Lampropholis delicata) has been accidentally introduced to Lord Howe Island from four genetically divergent (>2 million years) regions of the species’ native range in eastern Australia. We used mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite data to investigate whether the individuals from four of the native-range source regions are interbreeding on Lord Howe Island. Our analyses indicate that intraspecific hybridisation among individuals from all four native-range source regions is occurring. Although there is little evidence for hybrids in the northern end of Lord Howe Island (proportion of hybrids: 0–0.02; n = 31), there is a high proportion of hybrids in the central (0.33–0.69; n = 59) and southern regions (0.38–0.75; n = 8) of the island. Given the strong evidence for interbreeding among all four native-range source regions examined, and the relatively minor morphological, life-history and phenotypic variation among them, we suggest that the delicate skink should continue to be treated as a single, widespread, but variable species.
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7
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Zheng W, Yan LJ, Burgess KS, Luo YH, Zou JY, Qin HT, Wang JH, Gao LM. Natural hybridization among three Rhododendron species (Ericaceae) revealed by morphological and genomic evidence. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:529. [PMID: 34763662 PMCID: PMC8582147 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03312-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural hybridization can influence the adaptive response to selection and accelerate species diversification. Understanding the composition and structure of hybrid zones may elucidate patterns of hybridization processes that are important to the formation and maintenance of species, especially for taxa that have experienced rapidly adaptive radiation. Here, we used morphological traits, ddRAD-seq and plastid DNA sequence data to investigate the structure of a Rhododendron hybrid zone and uncover the hybridization patterns among three sympatric and closely related species. RESULTS Our results show that the hybrid zone is complex, where bi-directional hybridization takes place among the three sympatric parental species: R. spinuliferum, R. scabrifolium, and R. spiciferum. Hybrids between R. spinuliferum and R. spiciferum (R. ×duclouxii) comprise multiple hybrid classes and a high proportion of F1 generation hybrids, while a novel hybrid taxon between R. spinuliferum and R. scabrifolium dominated the F2 generation, but no backcross individuals were detected. The hybrid zone showed basically coincident patterns of population structure between genomic and morphological data. CONCLUSIONS Natural hybridization exists among the three Rhododendron species in the hybrid zone, although patterns of hybrid formation vary between hybrid taxa, which may result in different evolutionary outcomes. This study represents a unique opportunity to dissect the ecological and evolutionary mechanisms associated with adaptive radiation of Rhododendron species in a biodiversity hotspot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650201, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 10049, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Jun Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650201, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 10049, Beijing, China
- College of Vocational and Technical Education, Yunnan Normal University, 650092, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Kevin S Burgess
- Department of Biology, Columbus State University, University System of Georgia, 31907-5645, Columbus, GA, USA
| | - Ya-Huang Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650201, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jia-Yun Zou
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650201, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 10049, Beijing, China
| | - Han-Tao Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650201, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 10049, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Hua Wang
- The Flower Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 650205, Kunming, China.
| | - Lian-Ming Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650201, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
- Lijiang Forest Biodiversity National Observation and Research Station, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 674100, Lijiang, Yunnan, China.
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Moran BM, Payne C, Langdon Q, Powell DL, Brandvain Y, Schumer M. The genomic consequences of hybridization. eLife 2021; 10:e69016. [PMID: 34346866 PMCID: PMC8337078 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, advances in genome sequencing have allowed researchers to uncover the history of hybridization in diverse groups of species, including our own. Although the field has made impressive progress in documenting the extent of natural hybridization, both historical and recent, there are still many unanswered questions about its genetic and evolutionary consequences. Recent work has suggested that the outcomes of hybridization in the genome may be in part predictable, but many open questions about the nature of selection on hybrids and the biological variables that shape such selection have hampered progress in this area. We synthesize what is known about the mechanisms that drive changes in ancestry in the genome after hybridization, highlight major unresolved questions, and discuss their implications for the predictability of genome evolution after hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Moran
- Department of Biology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas de las Huastecas “Aguazarca”HidalgoMexico
| | - Cheyenne Payne
- Department of Biology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas de las Huastecas “Aguazarca”HidalgoMexico
| | - Quinn Langdon
- Department of Biology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Daniel L Powell
- Department of Biology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas de las Huastecas “Aguazarca”HidalgoMexico
| | - Yaniv Brandvain
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Behavior and Plant and Microbial Biology, University of MinnesotaMinneapolisUnited States
| | - Molly Schumer
- Department of Biology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas de las Huastecas “Aguazarca”HidalgoMexico
- Hanna H. Gray Fellow, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteStanfordUnited States
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9
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McEntee JP, Burleigh JG, Singhal S. Dispersal Predicts Hybrid Zone Widths across Animal Diversity: Implications for Species Borders under Incomplete Reproductive Isolation. Am Nat 2020; 196:9-28. [PMID: 32552108 DOI: 10.1086/709109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid zones occur as range boundaries for many animal taxa. One model for how hybrid zones form and stabilize is the tension zone model, a version of which predicts that hybrid zone widths are determined by a balance between random dispersal into hybrid zones and selection against hybrids. Here, we examine whether random dispersal and proxies for selection against hybrids (genetic distances between hybridizing pairs) can explain variation in hybrid zone widths across 131 hybridizing pairs of animals. We show that these factors alone can explain ∼40% of the variation in zone width among animal hybrid zones, with dispersal explaining far more of the variation than genetic distances. Patterns within clades were idiosyncratic. Genetic distances predicted hybrid zone widths particularly well for reptiles, while this relationship was opposite tension zone predictions in birds. Last, the data suggest that dispersal and molecular divergence set lower bounds on hybrid zone widths in animals, indicating that there are geographic restrictions on hybrid zone formation. Overall, our analyses reinforce the fundamental importance of dispersal in hybrid zone formation and more generally in the ecology of range boundaries.
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10
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Ortiz DA, Lima AP, Werneck FP. Environmental transition zone and rivers shape intraspecific population structure and genetic diversity of an Amazonian rain forest tree frog. Evol Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-018-9939-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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11
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Melville J, Haines ML, Boysen K, Hodkinson L, Kilian A, Smith Date KL, Potvin DA, Parris KM. Identifying hybridization and admixture using SNPs: application of the DArTseq platform in phylogeographic research on vertebrates. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:161061. [PMID: 28791133 PMCID: PMC5541528 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.161061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) approaches are increasingly being used to generate multi-locus data for phylogeographic and evolutionary genetics research. We detail the applicability of a restriction enzyme-mediated genome complexity reduction approach with subsequent NGS (DArTseq) in vertebrate study systems at different evolutionary and geographical scales. We present two case studies using SNP data from the DArTseq molecular marker platform. First, we used DArTseq in a large phylogeographic study of the agamid lizard Ctenophorus caudicinctus, including 91 individuals and spanning the geographical range of this species across arid Australia. A low-density DArTseq assay resulted in 28 960 SNPs, with low density referring to a comparably reduced set of identified and sequenced markers as a cost-effective approach. Second, we applied this approach to an evolutionary genetics study of a classic frog hybrid zone (Litoria ewingii-Litoria paraewingi) across 93 individuals, which resulted in 48 117 and 67 060 SNPs for a low- and high-density assay, respectively. We provide a docker-based workflow to facilitate data preparation and analysis, then analyse SNP data using multiple methods including Bayesian model-based clustering and conditional likelihood approaches. Based on comparison of results from the DArTseq platform and traditional molecular approaches, we conclude that DArTseq can be used successfully in vertebrates and will be of particular interest to researchers working at the interface between population genetics and phylogenetics, exploring species boundaries, gene exchange and hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Melville
- Department of Sciences, Museum Victoria, Carlton, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Author for correspondence: Jane Melville e-mail:
| | - Margaret L. Haines
- Department of Sciences, Museum Victoria, Carlton, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Katja Boysen
- Department of Sciences, Museum Victoria, Carlton, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Luke Hodkinson
- Department of Sciences, Museum Victoria, Carlton, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Andrzej Kilian
- Diversity Arrays Technology, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory 2617, Australia
| | | | | | - Kirsten M. Parris
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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12
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Oatley G, De Swardt DH, Nuttall RJ, Crowe TM, Bowie RCK. Phenotypic and genotypic variation across a stable white-eye (Zosterops sp.) hybrid zone in central South Africa. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blx012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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13
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Potvin DA, Parris KM, Smith Date KL, Keely CC, Bray RD, Hale J, Hunjan S, Austin JJ, Melville J. Genetic erosion and escalating extinction risk in frogs with increasing wildfire frequency. J Appl Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kirsten M. Parris
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. 3010 Australia
| | | | - Claire C. Keely
- Sciences Department Museum Victoria Melbourne Vic. 3010 Australia
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. 3010 Australia
| | - Rebecca D. Bray
- Sciences Department Museum Victoria Melbourne Vic. 3010 Australia
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton Vic. 3800 Australia
| | - Joshua Hale
- Sciences Department Museum Victoria Melbourne Vic. 3010 Australia
| | - Sumitha Hunjan
- Sciences Department Museum Victoria Melbourne Vic. 3010 Australia
| | - Jeremy J. Austin
- Sciences Department Museum Victoria Melbourne Vic. 3010 Australia
- Australian Centre for Ancient DNA School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Environment Institute University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | - Jane Melville
- Sciences Department Museum Victoria Melbourne Vic. 3010 Australia
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14
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Engebretsen KN, Barrow LN, Rittmeyer EN, Brown JM, Moriarty Lemmon E. Quantifying the spatiotemporal dynamics in a chorus frog (Pseudacris) hybrid zone over 30 years. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:5013-31. [PMID: 27547330 PMCID: PMC4979724 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although theory suggests that hybrid zones can move or change structure over time, studies supported by direct empirical evidence for these changes are relatively limited. We present a spatiotemporal genetic study of a hybrid zone between Pseudacris nigrita and P. fouquettei across the Pearl River between Louisiana and Mississippi. This hybrid zone was initially characterized in 1980 as a narrow and steep “tension zone,” in which hybrid populations were inferior to parentals and were maintained through a balance between selection and dispersal. We reanalyzed historical tissue samples and compared them to samples of recently collected individuals using microsatellites. Clinal analyses indicate that the cline has not shifted in roughly 30 years but has widened significantly. Anthropogenic and natural changes may have affected selective pressure or dispersal, and our results suggest that the zone may no longer best be described as a tension zone. To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first evidence of significant widening of a hybrid cline but stasis of its center. Continued empirical study of dynamic hybrid zones will provide insight into the forces shaping their structure and the evolutionary potential they possess for the elimination or generation of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin N Engebretsen
- Department of Biological Science Florida State University 319 Stadium Drive Tallahassee Florida 32306
| | - Lisa N Barrow
- Department of Biological Science Florida State University 319 Stadium Drive Tallahassee Florida 32306
| | - Eric N Rittmeyer
- Department of Biological Sciences Museum of Natural Science Louisiana State University 202 Life Sciences Building Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803; Research School of Biology The Australian National University Gould Building 116 Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Jeremy M Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences Museum of Natural Science Louisiana State University 202 Life Sciences Building Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803
| | - Emily Moriarty Lemmon
- Department of Biological Science Florida State University 319 Stadium Drive Tallahassee Florida 32306
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15
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Johnson BB, White TA, Phillips CA, Zamudio KR. Asymmetric Introgression in a Spotted Salamander Hybrid Zone. J Hered 2015; 106:608-17. [DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esv042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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16
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Plenderleith TL, Smith KL, Donnellan SC, Reina RD, Chapple DG. Human-assisted invasions of pacific islands by litoria frogs: a case study of the bleating tree frog on Lord Howe Island. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126287. [PMID: 25962141 PMCID: PMC4427294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There are substantial differences among taxonomic groups in their capacity to reach remote oceanic islands via long-distance overwater dispersal from mainland regions. Due to their permeable skin and intolerance of saltwater, amphibians generally require human-assisted dispersal to reach oceanic islands. Several Litoria frog species have been introduced to remote islands throughout the Pacific Ocean region. Lord Howe Island (LHI) is an oceanic island that lies approximately 600 km east of the Australian mainland and has a diverse, endemic biota. The bleating tree frog (Litoria dentata) is native to mainland eastern Australia, but was accidentally introduced to LHI in the 1990s, yet its ecology and potential impact on LHI has remained unstudied. We used a mitochondrial phylogeographical approach to determine that L. dentata was introduced from the Ballina region in northeastern New South Wales. The founding population was likely accidentally introduced with cargo shipped from the mainland. We also completed the first detailed investigation of the distribution, ecology and habitat use of L. dentata on LHI. The species is widespread on LHI and is prevalent in human habitat, cattle pasture and undisturbed forest. We discuss the potential impact of introduced Litoria species on Pacific islands and outline what biosecurity protocols could be implemented to prevent the introduction of further amphibian species to the ecologically sensitive oceanic area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katie L. Smith
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Museum Victoria, Division of Sciences, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Richard D. Reina
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - David G. Chapple
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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17
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Edwards T, Berry KH, Inman RD, Esque TC, Nussear KE, Jones CA, Culver M. Testing Taxon Tenacity of Tortoises: evidence for a geographical selection gradient at a secondary contact zone. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:2095-114. [PMID: 26045959 PMCID: PMC4449762 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined a secondary contact zone between two species of desert tortoise, Gopherus agassizii and G. morafkai. The taxa were isolated from a common ancestor during the formation of the Colorado River (4–8 mya) and are a classic example of allopatric speciation. However, an anomalous population of G. agassizii comes into secondary contact with G. morafkai east of the Colorado River in the Black Mountains of Arizona and provides an opportunity to examine reinforcement of species' boundaries under natural conditions. We sampled 234 tortoises representing G. agassizii in California (n - 103), G. morafkai in Arizona (n - 78), and 53 individuals of undetermined assignment in the contact zone including and surrounding the Black Mountains. We genotyped individuals for 25 STR loci and determined maternal lineage using mtDNA sequence data. We performed multilocus genetic clustering analyses and used multiple statistical methods to detect levels of hybridization. We tested hypotheses about habitat use between G. agassizii and G. morafkai in the region where they co-occur using habitat suitability models. Gopherus agassizii and G. morafkai maintain independent taxonomic identities likely due to ecological niche partitioning, and the maintenance of the hybrid zone is best described by a geographical selection gradient model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Edwards
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, The University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, 85721 ; University of Arizona Genetics Core, University of Arizona 1657 E. Helen Street, Tucson, Arizona, 85721
| | - Kristin H Berry
- Western Ecological Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey Falcon Business Park, 21803 Cactus Avenue, Suite F, Riverside, California, 92518
| | - Richard D Inman
- Western Ecological Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey 160 North Stephanie St., Henderson, Nevada, 89074
| | - Todd C Esque
- Western Ecological Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey 160 North Stephanie St., Henderson, Nevada, 89074
| | - Kenneth E Nussear
- Western Ecological Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey 160 North Stephanie St., Henderson, Nevada, 89074
| | - Cristina A Jones
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, The University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, 85721 ; Arizona Game and Fish Department, Nongame Wildlife Branch Phoenix, Arizona, 85086
| | - Melanie Culver
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, The University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, 85721 ; Arizona Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, U.S. Geological Survey, University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, 85721
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18
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Zielske S, Haase M. Molecular phylogeny and a modified approach of character-based barcoding refining the taxonomy of New Caledonian freshwater gastropods (Caenogastropoda, Truncatelloidea, Tateidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2015; 89:171-81. [PMID: 25929789 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The islands of New Caledonia represent one of the world's biodiversity hotspots with many endemic species including freshwater gastropods of the family Tateidae. A phylogenetic analysis based on the mitochondrial COI and 16S rRNA and the nuclear ITS2 genes revealed two cryptic genera, Crosseana gen. n. and Novacaledonia gen. n. In order to provide character-based diagnoses we modified a DNA barcoding approach identifying strings of pairwise diagnostic characters, i.e. alignment positions, at which two genera are alternatively fixed for different nucleotides. The combination or string of all pairwise diagnostic characters was unique for each genus. Inconsistent mitochondrial and nuclear topologies suggest that Hemistomia cockerelli Haase and Bouchet, 1998 and H. fabrorum Haase and Bouchet, 1998, two morphologically well-defined species, hybridize. The age of the most recent common ancestor of the New Caledonian radiation of Tateidae was estimated at 24.6±9.5 MY. These findings are in line with the notion that New Caledonia is rather a Darwinian island that was colonized after an extended phase of submergence - in case of the tateids probably from Australia - despite being a fragment of Gondwanaland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Zielske
- Vogelwarte, Zoological Institute and Museum, Greifswald University, Soldmannstr. 23, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Martin Haase
- Vogelwarte, Zoological Institute and Museum, Greifswald University, Soldmannstr. 23, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.
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19
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van Loo M, Hintsteiner W, Pötzelsberger E, Schüler S, Hasenauer H. Intervarietal and intravarietal genetic structure in Douglas-fir: nuclear SSRs bring novel insights into past population demographic processes, phylogeography, and intervarietal hybridization. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:1802-17. [PMID: 26140197 PMCID: PMC4485962 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) is one of numerous wide-range forest tree species represented by subspecies/varieties, which hybridize in contact zones. This study examined the genetic structure of this North American conifer and its two hybridizing varieties, coastal and Rocky Mountain, at intervarietal and intravarietal level. The genetic structure was subsequently associated with the Pleistocene refugial history, postglacial migration and intervarietal hybridization/introgression. Thirty-eight populations from the USA and Canada were genotyped for 13 nuclear SSRs and analyzed with simulations and traditional population genetic structuring methods. Eight genetic clusters were identified. The coastal clusters embodied five refugial populations originating from five distinct refugia. Four coastal refugial populations, three from California and one from western Canada, diverged during the Pleistocene (56.9–40.1 ka). The three Rocky Mountain clusters reflected distinct refugial populations of three glacial refugia. For Canada, ice covered during the Last Glacial Maximum, we present the following three findings. (1) One refugial population of each variety was revealed in the north of the distribution range. Additional research including paleodata is required to support and determine whether both northern populations originated from cryptic refugia situated south or north of the ice-covered area. (2) An interplay between intravarietal gene flow of different refugial populations and intervarietal gene flow by hybridization and introgression was identified. (3) The Canadian hybrid zone displayed predominantly introgressants of the Rocky Mountain into the coastal variety. This study provides new insights into the complex Quaternary dynamics of this conifer essential for understanding its evolution (outside and inside the native range), adaptation to future climates and for forest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela van Loo
- Institute of Silviculture, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Peter Jordan Straße 82, 1190, Wien, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Hintsteiner
- Institute of Silviculture, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Peter Jordan Straße 82, 1190, Wien, Austria ; alpS-GmbH Grabenweg 68, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Pötzelsberger
- Institute of Silviculture, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Peter Jordan Straße 82, 1190, Wien, Austria
| | - Silvio Schüler
- Department of Forest Genetics, Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscapes Hauptstr. 7, 1140, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hubert Hasenauer
- Institute of Silviculture, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Peter Jordan Straße 82, 1190, Wien, Austria
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Burridge CP, Peucker AJ, Valautham SK, Styan CA, Dann P. Nonequilibrium Conditions Explain Spatial Variability in Genetic Structuring of Little Penguin (Eudyptula minor). J Hered 2015; 106:228-37. [PMID: 25833231 PMCID: PMC4406270 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esv009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Factors responsible for spatial structuring of population genetic variation are varied, and in many instances there may be no obvious explanations for genetic structuring observed, or those invoked may reflect spurious correlations. A study of little penguins (Eudyptula minor) in southeast Australia documented low spatial structuring of genetic variation with the exception of colonies at the western limit of sampling, and this distinction was attributed to an intervening oceanographic feature (Bonney Upwelling), differences in breeding phenology, or sea level change. Here, we conducted sampling across the entire Australian range, employing additional markers (12 microsatellites and mitochondrial DNA, 697 individuals, 17 colonies). The zone of elevated genetic structuring previously observed actually represents the eastern half of a genetic cline, within which structuring exists over much shorter spatial scales than elsewhere. Colonies separated by as little as 27 km in the zone are genetically distinguishable, while outside the zone, homogeneity cannot be rejected at scales of up to 1400 km. Given a lack of additional physical or environmental barriers to gene flow, the zone of elevated genetic structuring may reflect secondary contact of lineages (with or without selection against interbreeding), or recent colonization and expansion from this region. This study highlights the importance of sampling scale to reveal the cause of genetic structuring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Burridge
- From the School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia (Burridge and Valautham); the School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Warrnambool, Victoria 3280, Australia (Peucker and Styan); the School of Energy and Resources, UCL Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia (Styan); and the Research Department, Phillip Island Nature Parks, Cowes, Victoria 3922, Australia (Dann).
| | - Amanda J Peucker
- From the School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia (Burridge and Valautham); the School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Warrnambool, Victoria 3280, Australia (Peucker and Styan); the School of Energy and Resources, UCL Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia (Styan); and the Research Department, Phillip Island Nature Parks, Cowes, Victoria 3922, Australia (Dann)
| | - Sureen K Valautham
- From the School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia (Burridge and Valautham); the School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Warrnambool, Victoria 3280, Australia (Peucker and Styan); the School of Energy and Resources, UCL Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia (Styan); and the Research Department, Phillip Island Nature Parks, Cowes, Victoria 3922, Australia (Dann)
| | - Craig A Styan
- From the School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia (Burridge and Valautham); the School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Warrnambool, Victoria 3280, Australia (Peucker and Styan); the School of Energy and Resources, UCL Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia (Styan); and the Research Department, Phillip Island Nature Parks, Cowes, Victoria 3922, Australia (Dann)
| | - Peter Dann
- From the School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia (Burridge and Valautham); the School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Warrnambool, Victoria 3280, Australia (Peucker and Styan); the School of Energy and Resources, UCL Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia (Styan); and the Research Department, Phillip Island Nature Parks, Cowes, Victoria 3922, Australia (Dann)
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Qi Y, Lu B, Gao H, Hu P, Fu J. Hybridization and mitochondrial genome introgression between Rana chensinensis and R. kukunoris. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:5575-88. [PMID: 25308955 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial genome (mito-genome) introgression among metazoans is commonplace, and several biological processes may promote such introgression. We examined two proposed processes for the mito-genome introgression between Rana chensinensis and R. kukunoris: natural hybridization and sex-biased dispersal. We sampled 477 individuals from 28 sites in the potential hybrid zone in the western Tsinling Mountains. Mitochondrial gene (cyt-b) trees were used to examine the introgression events. Microsatellite DNA loci, cyt-b and morphological data were used to identify hybrids and to examine the extent of natural hybridization. We detected rampant bidirectional introgressions, both ancient and recent, between the two species. Furthermore, we found a wide hybrid zone, and frequent and asymmetric hybridization. The hybrid zone cline analysis revealed a clear mitochondrial-nuclear discordance; while most nuclear markers displayed similar and steep clines, cyt-b had a displaced cline centre and a more gradual and wider cline. We also detected strong and asymmetric historical maternal gene flow across the hybrid zone. This widespread hybridization and detected low mito-nuclear conflicts may, at least partially, explain the high frequency of introgression. Lastly, microsatellite data and population genetic methods were used to assess sex-biased dispersal. A weak pattern of female-biased dispersal was detected in both species, suggesting it may not play an important role in the observed introgression. Our data are consistent with the hybridization hypothesis, but support for the sex-biased dispersal hypothesis is weak. We further suggest that selective advantages of the R. kukunoris-type mito-genome in thermal adaptation may also contribute to the introgression between the two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Qi
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
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Smith KL, Hale JM, Gay L, Kearney M, Austin JJ, Parris KM, Melville J. SPATIO-TEMPORAL CHANGES IN THE STRUCTURE OF AN AUSTRALIAN FROG HYBRID ZONE: A 40-YEAR PERSPECTIVE. Evolution 2013; 67:3442-54. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katie L. Smith
- Sciences Department; Museum Victoria; Melbourne VIC 3001 Australia
- Department of Zoology; University of Melbourne; VIC 3010 Australia
- Department of Botany; University of Melbourne; VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Joshua M. Hale
- Sciences Department; Museum Victoria; Melbourne VIC 3001 Australia
- Department of Zoology; University of Melbourne; VIC 3010 Australia
- Department of Botany; University of Melbourne; VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Laurène Gay
- Diversity and Adaptation of Mediterranean Species; UMR AGAP 1334, 2 place Pierre Viala; 34060 Montpellier France
| | - Michael Kearney
- Department of Zoology; University of Melbourne; VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Jeremy J. Austin
- Sciences Department; Museum Victoria; Melbourne VIC 3001 Australia
- Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences; University of Adelaide, North Terrace; Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | | | - Jane Melville
- Sciences Department; Museum Victoria; Melbourne VIC 3001 Australia
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