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Abstract
Some of the most striking polymorphisms in nature are regulated by “supergenes,” which are clusters of tightly linked genes that coordinately control complex phenotypes. Here, we study the evolutionary history of a supergene regulating colony social organization in fire ants. We show that the three inversions constituting the social supergene emerged sequentially during the separation of the ancestral lineages of Solenopsis invicta and Solenopsis richteri. Once completely assembled in S. richteri, the supergene introgressed into multiple closely related species despite recent hybridization being uncommon between several of the species. These findings provide a rare and striking example of how introgression can lead to the rapid spread of a novel variant controlling complex traits. Supergenes are clusters of tightly linked genes that jointly produce complex phenotypes. Although widespread in nature, how such genomic elements are formed and how they spread are in most cases unclear. In the fire ant Solenopsis invicta and closely related species, a “social supergene controls whether a colony maintains one or multiple queens. Here, we show that the three inversions constituting the Social b (Sb) supergene emerged sequentially during the separation of the ancestral lineages of S. invicta and Solenopsis richteri. The two first inversions arose in the ancestral population of both species, while the third one arose in the S. richteri lineage. Once completely assembled in the S. richteri lineage, the supergene first introgressed into S. invicta, and from there into the other species of the socially polymorphic group of South American fire ant species. Surprisingly, the introgression of this large and important genomic element occurred despite recent hybridization being uncommon between several of the species. These results highlight how supergenes can readily move across species boundaries, possibly because of fitness benefits they provide and/or expression of selfish properties favoring their transmission.
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Morris-Drake A, Kennedy P, Braga Goncalves I, Radford AN. Variation between species, populations, groups and individuals in the fitness consequences of out-group conflict. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210148. [PMID: 35369741 PMCID: PMC8977661 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Out-group conflict is rife in the natural world, occurring from primates to ants. Traditionally, research on this aspect of sociality has focused on the interactions between groups and their conspecific rivals, investigating contest function and characteristics, which group members participate and what determines who wins. In recent years, however, there has been increasing interest in the consequences of out-group conflict. In this review, we first set the scene by outlining the fitness consequences that can arise immediately to contest participants, as well as a broader range of delayed, cumulative and third-party effects of out-group conflict on survival and reproductive success. For the majority of the review, we then focus on variation in these fitness consequences of out-group conflict, describing known examples both between species and between populations, groups and individuals of the same species. Throughout, we suggest possible reasons for the variation, provide examples from a diverse array of taxa, and suggest what is needed to advance this burgeoning area of social evolution. This article is part of the theme issue 'Intergroup conflict across taxa'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Morris-Drake
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Patrick Kennedy
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Ines Braga Goncalves
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Andrew N Radford
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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Fontcuberta A, De Gasperin O, Avril A, Dind S, Chapuisat M. Disentangling the mechanisms linking dispersal and sociality in supergene-mediated ant social forms. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210118. [PMID: 33906407 PMCID: PMC8080013 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The coevolution between dispersal and sociality can lead to linked polymorphisms in both traits, which may favour the emergence of supergenes. Supergenes have recently been found to control social organization in several ant lineages. Whether and how these 'social supergenes' also control traits related to dispersal is yet unknown. Our goal here was to get a comprehensive view of the dispersal mechanisms associated with supergene-controlled alternative social forms in the ant Formica selysi. We measured the production and emission of young females and males by single-queen (monogyne) and multiple-queen (polygyne) colonies, the composition of mating aggregations, and the frequency of crosses within and between social forms in the wild. We found that males and females from alternative social forms did not display strong differences in their propensity to leave the nest and disperse, nor in their mating behaviour. Instead, the social forms differed substantially in sex allocation. Monogyne colonies produced 90% of the females flying to swarms, whereas 57% of the males in swarms originated from polygyne colonies. Most crosses were assortative with respect to social form. However, 20% of the monogyne females did mate with polygyne males, which is surprising as this cross has never been found in mature monogyne colonies. We suggest that the polygyny-determining haplotype free rides on monogyne females, who establish independent colonies that later become polygyne. By identifying the steps in dispersal where the social forms differ, this study sheds light on the behavioural and colony-level traits linking dispersal and sociality through supergenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaranta Fontcuberta
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ornela De Gasperin
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Amaury Avril
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sagane Dind
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michel Chapuisat
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Allen ML, Rhoades JH, Sparks ME, Grodowitz MJ. Differential Gene Expression in Red Imported Fire Ant ( Solenopsis invicta) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Larval and Pupal Stages. INSECTS 2018; 9:E185. [PMID: 30563147 PMCID: PMC6315859 DOI: 10.3390/insects9040185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Solenopsis invicta Buren is an invasive ant species that has been introduced to multiple continents. One such area, the southern United States, has a history of multiple control projects using chemical pesticides over varying ranges, often resulting in non-target effects across trophic levels. With the advent of next generation sequencing and RNAi technology, novel investigations and new control methods are possible. A robust genome-guided transcriptome assembly was used to investigate gene expression differences between S. invicta larvae and pupae. These life stages differ in many physiological processes; of special importance is the vital role of S. invicta larvae as the colonies' "communal gut". Differentially expressed transcripts were identified related to many important physiological processes, including digestion, development, cell regulation and hormone signaling. This dataset provides essential developmental knowledge that reveals the dramatic changes in gene expression associated with social insect life stage roles, and can be leveraged using RNAi to develop effective control methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret L Allen
- USDA-ARS Biological Control of Pests Research Unit, National Biological Control Laboratory, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA.
| | - Joshua H Rhoades
- USDA-ARS Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | - Michael E Sparks
- USDA-ARS Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | - Michael J Grodowitz
- USDA-ARS Biological Control of Pests Research Unit, National Biological Control Laboratory, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA.
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5
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Ross KG, Shoemaker D. Unexpected patterns of segregation distortion at a selfish supergene in the fire ant Solenopsis invicta. BMC Genet 2018; 19:101. [PMID: 30404617 PMCID: PMC6223060 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-018-0685-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Sb supergene in the fire ant Solenopsis invicta determines the form of colony social organization, with colonies whose inhabitants bear the element containing multiple reproductive queens and colonies lacking it containing only a single queen. Several features of this supergene - including suppressed recombination, presence of deleterious mutations, association with a large centromere, and "green-beard" behavior - suggest that it may be a selfish genetic element that engages in transmission ratio distortion (TRD), defined as significant departures in progeny allele frequencies from Mendelian inheritance ratios. We tested this possibility by surveying segregation ratios in embryo progenies of 101 queens of the "polygyne" social form (3512 embryos) using three supergene-linked markers and twelve markers outside the supergene. RESULTS Significant departures from Mendelian ratios were observed at the supergene loci in 3-5 times more progenies than expected in the absence of TRD and than found, on average, among non-supergene loci. Also, supergene loci displayed the greatest mean deviations from Mendelian ratios among all study loci, although these typically were modest. A surprising feature of the observed inter-progeny variation in TRD was that significant deviations involved not only excesses of supergene alleles but also similarly frequent excesses of the alternate alleles on the homologous chromosome. As expected given the common occurrence of such "drive reversal" in this system, alleles associated with the supergene gain no consistent transmission advantage over their alternate alleles at the population level. Finally, we observed low levels of recombination and incomplete gametic disequilibrium across the supergene, including between adjacent markers within a single inversion. CONCLUSIONS Our data confirm the prediction that the Sb supergene is a selfish genetic element capable of biasing its own transmission during reproduction, yet counterselection for suppressor loci evidently has produced an evolutionary stalemate in TRD between the variant homologous haplotypes on the "social chromosome". Evidence implicates prezygotic segregation distortion as responsible for the TRD we document, with "true" meiotic drive the most likely mechanism. Low levels of recombination and incomplete gametic disequilibrium across the supergene suggest that selection does not preserve a single uniform supergene haplotype responsible for inducing polygyny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth G. Ross
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
| | - DeWayne Shoemaker
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN USA
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Hu L, Balusu RR, Zhang WQ, Ajayi OS, Lu YY, Zeng RS, Fadamiro HY, Chen L. Intra- and inter-specific variation in alarm pheromone produced by Solenopsis fire ants. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2018; 108:667-673. [PMID: 29223179 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485317001201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Some fire ants of the genus Solenopsis have become invasive species in the southern United States displacing native species by competition. Although the displacement pattern seems clear, the mechanisms underlying competitive advantage remain unclear. The ability of ant workers to produce relatively larger amount of alarm pheromone may correspond to relative greater fitness among sympatric fire ant species. Here we report on quantitative intra-specific (i.e. inter-caste) and inter-specific differences of alarm pheromone component, 2-ethyl-3,6-dimethylpyrazine (2E36DMP), for several fire ant species. The alarm pheromone component was extracted by soaking ants in hexane for 48 h and subsequently quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry at single ion monitoring mode. Solenopsis invicta workers had more 2E36DMP than male or female alates by relative weight; individual workers, however, contained significantly less pyrazine. We thus believe that alarm pheromones may serve additional roles in alates. Workers of Solenopsis richteri, S. invicta, and hybrid (S. richteri × S. invicta) had significantly more 2E36DMP than a native fire ant species, Solenopsis geminata. The hybrid fire ant had significantly less 2E36DMP than the two parent species, S. richteri and S. invicta. It seems likely that higher alarm pheromone content may have favored invasion success of exotic fire ants over native species. We discuss the potential role of inter-specific variation in pyrazine content for the relationship between the observed shifts in the spatial distributions of the three exotic fire ant species in southern United States and the displacement of native fire ant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents,Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,PR China
| | - R R Balusu
- Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology,Auburn University,Auburn, Alabama 36849,USA
| | - W-Q Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents,Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,PR China
| | - O S Ajayi
- Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology,Auburn University,Auburn, Alabama 36849,USA
| | - Y-Y Lu
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University,Guangzhou 510642,PR China
| | - R-S Zeng
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University,Guangzhou 510642,PR China
| | - H Y Fadamiro
- Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology,Auburn University,Auburn, Alabama 36849,USA
| | - L Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents,Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,PR China
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Kennedy P, Baron G, Qiu B, Freitak D, Helanterä H, Hunt ER, Manfredini F, O'Shea-Wheller T, Patalano S, Pull CD, Sasaki T, Taylor D, Wyatt CDR, Sumner S. Deconstructing Superorganisms and Societies to Address Big Questions in Biology. Trends Ecol Evol 2017; 32:861-872. [PMID: 28899581 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Social insect societies are long-standing models for understanding social behaviour and evolution. Unlike other advanced biological societies (such as the multicellular body), the component parts of social insect societies can be easily deconstructed and manipulated. Recent methodological and theoretical innovations have exploited this trait to address an expanded range of biological questions. We illustrate the broadening range of biological insight coming from social insect biology with four examples. These new frontiers promote open-minded, interdisciplinary exploration of one of the richest and most complex of biological phenomena: sociality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Kennedy
- Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma Baron
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
| | - Bitao Qiu
- Centre for Social Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dalial Freitak
- Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, P.O. Box 65, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Helanterä
- Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, P.O. Box 65, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Edmund R Hunt
- Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom
| | - Fabio Manfredini
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas O'Shea-Wheller
- Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Christopher D Pull
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, United Kingdom; IST Austria (Institute of Science and Technology Austria), Am Campus 1, A-3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Takao Sasaki
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Tinbergen Building, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom
| | - Daisy Taylor
- Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher D R Wyatt
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Seirian Sumner
- Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom; Current address: Centre for Biodiversity & Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
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Pracana R, Levantis I, Martínez‐Ruiz C, Stolle E, Priyam A, Wurm Y. Fire ant social chromosomes: Differences in number, sequence and expression of odorant binding proteins. Evol Lett 2017; 1:199-210. [PMID: 30283649 PMCID: PMC6121795 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Variation in social behavior is common yet our knowledge of the mechanisms underpinning its evolution is limited. The fire ant Solenopsis invicta provides a textbook example of a Mendelian element controlling social organization: alternate alleles of a genetic element first identified as encoding an odorant binding protein (OBP) named Gp-9 determine whether a colony accepts one or multiple queens. The potential roles of such a protein in perceiving olfactory cues and evidence of positive selection on its amino acid sequence made it an appealing candidate gene. However, we recently showed that recombination is suppressed between Gp-9 and hundreds of other genes as part of a >19 Mb supergene-like region carried by a pair of social chromosomes. This finding raises the need to reassess the potential role of Gp-9. We identify 23 OBPs in the fire ant genome assembly, including nine located in the region of suppressed recombination with Gp-9. For six of these, the alleles carried by the two variants of the supergene-like region differ in protein-coding sequence and thus likely in function, with Gp-9 showing the strongest evidence of positive selection. We identify an additional OBP specific to the Sb variant of the region. Finally, we find that 14 OBPs are differentially expressed between single- and multiple-queen colonies. These results are consistent with multiple OBPs playing a role in determining social structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Pracana
- School of Biological and Chemical SciencesQueen Mary University of LondonE1 4NSLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Ilya Levantis
- School of Biological and Chemical SciencesQueen Mary University of LondonE1 4NSLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Carlos Martínez‐Ruiz
- School of Biological and Chemical SciencesQueen Mary University of LondonE1 4NSLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Eckart Stolle
- School of Biological and Chemical SciencesQueen Mary University of LondonE1 4NSLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Anurag Priyam
- School of Biological and Chemical SciencesQueen Mary University of LondonE1 4NSLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Yannick Wurm
- School of Biological and Chemical SciencesQueen Mary University of LondonE1 4NSLondonUnited Kingdom
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Pracana R, Priyam A, Levantis I, Nichols RA, Wurm Y. The fire ant social chromosome supergene variant Sb shows low diversity but high divergence from SB. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:2864-2879. [PMID: 28220980 PMCID: PMC5485014 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Variation in social behaviour is common, yet little is known about the genetic architectures underpinning its evolution. A rare exception is in the fire ant Solenopsis invicta: Alternative variants of a supergene region determine whether a colony will have exactly one or up to dozens of queens. The two variants of this region are carried by a pair of 'social chromosomes', SB and Sb, which resemble a pair of sex chromosomes. Recombination is suppressed between the two chromosomes in the supergene region. While the X-like SB can recombine with itself in SB/SB queens, recombination is effectively absent in the Y-like Sb because Sb/Sb queens die before reproducing. Here, we analyse whole-genome sequences of eight haploid SB males and eight haploid Sb males. We find extensive SB-Sb differentiation throughout the >19-Mb-long supergene region. We find no evidence of 'evolutionary strata' with different levels of divergence comparable to those reported in several sex chromosomes. A high proportion of substitutions between the SB and Sb haplotypes are nonsynonymous, suggesting inefficacy of purifying selection in Sb sequences, similar to that for Y-linked sequences in XY systems. Finally, we show that the Sb haplotype of the supergene region has 635-fold less nucleotide diversity than the rest of the genome. We discuss how this reduction could be due to a recent selective sweep affecting Sb specifically or associated with a population bottleneck during the invasion of North America by the sampled population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Pracana
- School of Biological and Chemical SciencesQueen Mary University of LondonMile End RoadLondonE1 4NSUK
| | - Anurag Priyam
- School of Biological and Chemical SciencesQueen Mary University of LondonMile End RoadLondonE1 4NSUK
| | - Ilya Levantis
- School of Biological and Chemical SciencesQueen Mary University of LondonMile End RoadLondonE1 4NSUK
| | - Richard A. Nichols
- School of Biological and Chemical SciencesQueen Mary University of LondonMile End RoadLondonE1 4NSUK
| | - Yannick Wurm
- School of Biological and Chemical SciencesQueen Mary University of LondonMile End RoadLondonE1 4NSUK
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10
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Trible W, Ross KG. Chemical communication of queen supergene status in an ant. J Evol Biol 2015; 29:502-13. [PMID: 26644320 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Traits of interest to evolutionary biologists often have complex genetic architectures, the nature of which can confound traditional experimental study at single levels of analysis. In the fire ant Solenopsis invicta, the presence of a Mendelian 'supergene' is both necessary and sufficient to induce a shift in a fundamental property of social organization, from single-queen (monogyne) to multiple-queen (polygyne) colonies. This selfish genetic element, termed the Social b (Sb) supergene, contains > 600 genes that collectively promote its fitness by inducing the characteristic polygyne syndrome, in part by causing polygyne workers to accept only queens bearing the Sb element (a behaviour termed 'worker Sb discrimination'). Here, we employ a newly developed behavioural assay to reveal that polygyne workers, many of which bear the Sb element, employ chemical cues on the cuticle of queens to achieve worker Sb discrimination, but we found no evidence for such pheromonally mediated worker Sb discrimination in monogyne workers, which universally lack the Sb element. This polygyne worker Sb discrimination was then verified through a 'green beard' effect previously described in this system. We thus have demonstrated that the Sb element is required both for production of relevant chemical cues of queens and for expression of the behaviours of workers that collectively result in worker Sb discrimination. This information fills a critical gap in the map between genotype and complex phenotype in S. invicta by restricting the search for candidate genes and molecules involved in producing this complex social trait to factors associated with the Sb element itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Trible
- The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - K G Ross
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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11
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Wurm Y. Arthropod genomics beyond fruit flies: bridging the gap between proximate and ultimate causation. Brief Funct Genomics 2015; 14:381-3. [PMID: 26586720 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elv034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Wurm
- Organismal Biology Department, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, E1 4NS London, UK
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