1
|
Damayo JE, McKee RC, Buchmann G, Norton AM, Ashe A, Remnant EJ. Virus replication in the honey bee parasite, Varroa destructor. J Virol 2023; 97:e0114923. [PMID: 37966226 PMCID: PMC10746231 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01149-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The parasitic mite Varroa destructor is a significant driver of worldwide colony losses of our most important commercial pollinator, the Western honey bee Apis mellifera. Declines in honey bee health are frequently attributed to the viruses that mites vector to honey bees, yet whether mites passively transmit viruses as a mechanical vector or actively participate in viral amplification and facilitate replication of honey bee viruses is debated. Our work investigating the antiviral RNA interference response in V. destructor demonstrates that key viruses associated with honey bee declines actively replicate in mites, indicating that they are biological vectors, and the host range of bee-associated viruses extends to their parasites, which could impact virus evolution, pathogenicity, and spread.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James E. Damayo
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rebecca C. McKee
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gabriele Buchmann
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Amanda M. Norton
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Academic Support Unit, Research and Advanced Instrumentation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alyson Ashe
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Emily J. Remnant
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Robi DT, Temteme S, Aleme M, Bogale A, Getachew A, Mendesil E. Epidemiology, factors influencing prevalence and level of varroosis infestation ( Varroa destructor) in honeybee ( Apis mellifera) colonies in different agroecologies of Southwest Ethiopia. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2023; 23:e00325. [PMID: 37711152 PMCID: PMC10498395 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2023.e00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Little information is available on the epidemiology of varroosis caused by Varroa mite, Varroa destructor infestation in Ethiopia, although it is a devastating honeybee disease that results in significant economic losses in beekeeping. Therefore, between October 2021 and October 2022, a cross-sectional study was carried out in different agroecology zones in Southwest Ethiopia to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors for varroosis, as well as the effects of this disease on honeybee colonies and honey production. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify possible risk factors for the prevalence of V. destructor. A total of 384 adult honeybee and worker or drone brood samples were collected from honeybee colonies and examined using standard diagnostic techniques in the laboratory. The result shows that the prevalence of V. destructor was found to be 39.3% (95% CI 34.44-44.21) and 43.2% (38.27-48.18) in adult honeybees and brood, respectively. The major risk factors for the prevalence of V. destructor in the study areas included agroecology (OR = 5.2, 95% CI 1.75-14.85), type of hive (OR = 2.9, 95% CI 1.17-17.03), management system (OR = 4.3, 95% CI 1.23-14.70), and colony management (OR = 3.5, 95% CI 1.31-9.14). The lower level of colony infestation in adult bees and brood was measured as 1.97 ± 0.14 and 3.19 ± 0.25, respectively. Season, colony status, colony management, and agroecology were among the determinant factors of the level of varroa mite infestation in adult bees and brood. The results of the study demonstrated that honey production losses are largely attributable to V. destructor infestation. Therefore, it is critical to inform the community about the effects of V. destructor on honey production and develop and implement effective management strategies for this disease. In addition, further research should be done to identify and isolate additional factors that contribute to varroosis in honeybees in different regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dereje Tulu Robi
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Tepi Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 34, Tepi, Ethiopia
| | - Shiferaw Temteme
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Tepi Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 34, Tepi, Ethiopia
| | - Melkam Aleme
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Tepi Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 34, Tepi, Ethiopia
| | - Ararsa Bogale
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Holeta Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 2003, Holeta, Ethiopia
| | - Awraris Getachew
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Esayas Mendesil
- Department of Horticulture and Plant Sciences, Jimma University College of Agriculture & Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 307, Jimma, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rako L, Agarwal A, Eow L, Roberts JMK, Rodoni BC, Blacket MJ. LAMP (Loop-mediated isothermal amplification) assay for rapid identification of Varroa mites. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11931. [PMID: 37488147 PMCID: PMC10366197 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38860-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Varroa mites are serious pests of European honeybees (Apis mellifera). For detection of Varroa mite, a new molecular LAMP-based assay has been developed, which retains the body of the mite intact for morphological identification. Six novel Varroa LAMP primers were designed from existing DNA sequences of the COI locus to target V. destructor and V. jacobsoni, providing the ability to tell them apart from other non-target beehive associated mite and insect species. This LAMP assay is specific in detecting these Varroa species and has been tested on specimens originating from multiple countries. It produces amplification of V. destructor and V. jacobsoni in 16 ± 3.4 min with an anneal derivative of 78 ± 0.5 °C whilst another Varroa species,V. underwoodi, showed late amplification. A gBlock gene fragment, used here as a positive control has a different anneal derivative of 80 °C. Three non-destructive DNA extraction methods (HotShot, QuickExtract and Xtract) were tested and found to be suitable for use in the field. The LAMP assay was sensitive to very low levels of Varroa DNA, down to 0.24 picogram (~ 1 × 10 copies/µL of Varroa gBlock). This is a new molecular tool for rapid and accurate detection and identification of Varroa mites for pest management, in areas where these mites do not occur.
Collapse
Grants
- 4-8KPXYWM Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Australian Government
- 4-8KPXYWM Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Australian Government
- 4-8KPXYWM Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Australian Government
- 4-8KPXYWM Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Australian Government
- 4-8KPXYWM Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Australian Government
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lea Rako
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio - Centre for AgriBioscience, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia.
| | - Arati Agarwal
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio - Centre for AgriBioscience, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Lixin Eow
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio - Centre for AgriBioscience, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - John M K Roberts
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Brendan C Rodoni
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio - Centre for AgriBioscience, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Mark J Blacket
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio - Centre for AgriBioscience, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Guichard M, Dainat B, Dietemann V. Prospects, challenges and perspectives in harnessing natural selection to solve the ‘varroa problem’ of honey bees. Evol Appl 2023; 16:593-608. [PMID: 36969141 PMCID: PMC10035043 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Honey bees, Apis mellifera, of European origin are major pollinators of crops and wild flora. Their endemic and exported populations are threatened by a variety of abiotic and biotic factors. Among the latter, the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor is the most important single cause behind colony mortality. The selection of mite resistance in honey bee populations has been deemed a more sustainable solution to its control than varroacidal treatments. Because natural selection has led to the survival of some European and African honey bee populations to V. destructor infestations, harnessing its principles has recently been highlighted as a more efficient way to provide honey bee lineages that survive infestations when compared with conventional selection on resistance traits against the parasite. However, the challenges and drawbacks of harnessing natural selection to solve the varroa problem have only been minimally addressed. We argue that failing to consider these issues could lead to counterproductive results, such as increased mite virulence, loss of genetic diversity reducing host resilience, population collapses or poor acceptance by beekeepers. Therefore, it appears timely to evaluate the prospects for the success of such programmes and the qualities of the populations obtained. After reviewing the approaches proposed in the literature and their outcomes, we consider their advantages and drawbacks and propose perspectives to overcome their limitations. In these considerations, we not only reflect on the theoretical aspects of host-parasite relationships but also on the currently largely neglected practical constraints, that is, the requirements for productive beekeeping, conservation or rewilding objectives. To optimize natural selection-based programmes towards these objectives, we suggest designs based on a combination of nature-driven phenotypic differentiation and human-directed selection of traits. Such a dual strategy aims at allowing field-realistic evolutionary approaches towards the survival of V. destructor infestations and the improvement of honey bee health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vincent Dietemann
- Swiss Bee Research Centre Agroscope Bern Switzerland
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, UNIL‐Sorge University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kanyesigye D, Alibu VP, Tay WT, Nalela P, Paparu P, Olaboro S, Nkalubo ST, Kayondo IS, Silva G, Seal SE, Otim MH. Population Genetic Structure of the Bean Leaf Beetle Ootheca mutabilis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Uganda. INSECTS 2022; 13:543. [PMID: 35735880 PMCID: PMC9225125 DOI: 10.3390/insects13060543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bean leaf beetle (BLB) (Ootheca mutabilis) has emerged as an important bean pest in Uganda, leading to devastating crop losses. There is limited information on the population genetic structure of BLB despite its importance. In this study, novel microsatellite DNA markers and the partial mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (mtCOI) gene sequences were used to analyze the spatial population genetic structure, genetic differentiation and haplotype diversity of 86 O. mutabilis samples from 16 (districts) populations. We identified 19,356 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) (mono, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, and hexa-nucleotides) of which 81 di, tri and tetra-nucleotides were selected for primer synthesis. Five highly polymorphic SSR markers (4-21 alleles, heterozygosity 0.59-0.84, polymorphic information content (PIC) 50.13-83.14%) were used for this study. Analyses of the 16 O. mutabilis populations with these five novel SSRs found nearly all the genetic variation occurring within populations and there was no evidence of genetic differentiation detected for both types of markers. Also, there was no evidence of isolation by distance between geographical and genetic distances for SSR data and mtCOI data except in one agro-ecological zone for mtCOI data. Bayesian clustering identified a signature of admixture that suggests genetic contributions from two hypothetical ancestral genetic lineages for both types of markers, and the minimum-spanning haplotype network showed low differentiation in minor haplotypes from the most common haplotype with the most common haplotype occurring in all the 16 districts. A lack of genetic differentiation indicates unrestricted migrations between populations. This information will contribute to the design of BLB control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dalton Kanyesigye
- National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO), National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI), Kampala P.O. Box 7084, Uganda; (D.K.); (P.N.); (P.P.); (S.O.); (S.T.N.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (CoVAB), Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda
| | - Vincent Pius Alibu
- College of Natural Sciences (CoNAS), Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda;
| | - Wee Tek Tay
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;
| | - Polycarp Nalela
- National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO), National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI), Kampala P.O. Box 7084, Uganda; (D.K.); (P.N.); (P.P.); (S.O.); (S.T.N.)
| | - Pamela Paparu
- National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO), National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI), Kampala P.O. Box 7084, Uganda; (D.K.); (P.N.); (P.P.); (S.O.); (S.T.N.)
| | - Samuel Olaboro
- National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO), National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI), Kampala P.O. Box 7084, Uganda; (D.K.); (P.N.); (P.P.); (S.O.); (S.T.N.)
| | - Stanley Tamusange Nkalubo
- National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO), National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI), Kampala P.O. Box 7084, Uganda; (D.K.); (P.N.); (P.P.); (S.O.); (S.T.N.)
| | - Ismail Siraj Kayondo
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PMB 5320, Oyo Rd., Ibadan 20001, Nigeria;
| | - Gonçalo Silva
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK; (G.S.); (S.E.S.)
| | - Susan E. Seal
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK; (G.S.); (S.E.S.)
| | - Michael Hilary Otim
- National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO), National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI), Kampala P.O. Box 7084, Uganda; (D.K.); (P.N.); (P.P.); (S.O.); (S.T.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zheng H, Wang S, Wu Y, Zou S, Dietemann V, Neumann P, Chen Y, Li-Byarlay H, Pirk C, Evans J, Hu F, Feng Y. Genomic signatures underlying the oogenesis of the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor on its new host Apis mellifera. J Adv Res 2022; 44:1-11. [PMID: 36725182 PMCID: PMC9936524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Host shift of parasites may have devastating effects on the novel hosts. One remarkable example is that of the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor, which has shifted its host from Eastern honey bees (Apis cerana) to Western honey bees (Apis mellifera) and posed a global threat to apiculture. OBJECTIVES To identify the genetic factors underlying the reproduction of host-shifted V. destructor on the new host. METHODS Genome sequencing was conducted to construct the phylogeny of the host-shifted and non-shifted mites and to screen for genomic signatures that differentiated them. Artificial infestation experiment was conducted to compare the reproductive difference between the mites, and transcriptome sequencing was conducted to find differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during the reproduction process. RESULTS The host-shifted and non-shifted V. destructor mites constituted two genetically distinct lineages, with 15,362 high-FST SNPs identified between them. Oogenesis was upregulated in host-shifted mites on the new host A. mellifera relative to non-shifted mites. The transcriptomes of the host-shifted and non-shifted mites differed significantly as early as 1h post-infestation. The DEGs were associated with nine genes carrying nonsynonymous high-FST SNPs, including mGluR2-like, Lamb2-like and Vitellogenin 6-like, which were also differentially expressed, and eIF4G, CG5800, Dap160 and Sas10, which were located in the center of the networks regulating the DEGs based on protein-protein interaction analysis. CONCLUSIONS The annotated functions of these genes were all associated with oogenesis. These genes appear to be the key genetic determinants of the oogenesis of host-shifted mites on the new host. Further study of these candidate genes will help elucidate the key mechanism underlying the success of host shifts of V. destructor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huoqing Zheng
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuqi Wu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shengmei Zou
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Institute for Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Vincent Dietemann
- Swiss Bee Research Center, Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Peter Neumann
- Swiss Bee Research Center, Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yanping Chen
- USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Hongmei Li-Byarlay
- Agricultural Research and Development Program, Central State University, Wilberforce, OH 45384, USA; Department of Agricultural and Life Science, Central State University, Wilberforce, OH 45384, USA
| | - Christian Pirk
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jay Evans
- USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Fuliang Hu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ye Feng
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Institute for Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Molecular Detection and Differentiation of Arthropod, Fungal, Protozoan, Bacterial and Viral Pathogens of Honeybees. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9050221. [PMID: 35622749 PMCID: PMC9145064 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9050221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The honeybee Apis mellifera is highly appreciated worldwide because of its products, but also as it is a pollinator of crops and wild plants. The beehive is vulnerable to infections due to arthropods, fungi, protozoa, bacteria and/or viruses that manage to by-pass the individual and social immune mechanisms of bees. Due to the close proximity of bees in the beehive and their foraging habits, infections easily spread within and between beehives. Moreover, international trade of bees has caused the global spread of infections, several of which result in significant losses for apiculture. Only in a few cases can infections be diagnosed with the naked eye, by direct observation of the pathogen in the case of some arthropods, or by pathogen-associated distinctive traits. Development of molecular methods based on the amplification and analysis of one or more genes or genomic segments has brought significant progress to the study of bee pathogens, allowing for: (i) the precise and sensitive identification of the infectious agent; (ii) the analysis of co-infections; (iii) the description of novel species; (iv) associations between geno- and pheno-types and (v) population structure studies. Sequencing of bee pathogen genomes has allowed for the identification of new molecular targets and the development of specific genotypification strategies.
Collapse
|
8
|
Panziera D, Requier F, Chantawannakul P, Pirk CWW, Blacquière T. The Diversity Decline in Wild and Managed Honey Bee Populations Urges for an Integrated Conservation Approach. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.767950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Many parts of the globe experience severe losses and fragmentation of habitats, affecting the self-sustainability of pollinator populations. A number of bee species coexist as wild and managed populations. Using honey bees as an example, we argue that several management practices in beekeeping threaten genetic diversity in both wild and managed populations, and drive population decline. Large-scale movement of hive stocks, introductions into new areas, breeding programs and trading of queens contribute to reducing genetic diversity, as recent research demonstrated for wild and managed honey bees within a few decades. Examples of the effects of domestication in other organisms show losses of both genetic diversity and fitness functions. Cases of natural selection and feralization resulted in maintenance of a higher genetic diversity, including in a Varroa destructor surviving population of honey bees. To protect the genetic diversity of honey bee populations, exchange between regions should be avoided. The proposed solution to selectively breed all local subspecies for a use in beekeeping would reduce the genetic diversity of each, and not address the value of the genetic diversity present in hybridized populations. The protection of Apis mellifera’s, Apis cerana’s and Apis koschevnikovi’s genetic diversities could be based on natural selection. In beekeeping, it implies to not selectively breed but to leave the choice of the next generation of queens to the colonies, as in nature. Wild populations surrounded by beekeeping activity could be preserved by allowing Darwinian beekeeping in a buffer zone between the wild and regular beekeeping area.
Collapse
|
9
|
Techer MA, Roberts JMK, Cartwright RA, Mikheyev AS. The first steps toward a global pandemic: Reconstructing the demographic history of parasite host switches in its native range. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:1358-1374. [PMID: 34882860 PMCID: PMC11105409 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Host switching allows parasites to expand their niches. However, successful switching may require suites of adaptations and also may decrease performance on the old host. As a result, reductions in gene flow accompany many host switches, driving speciation. Because host switches tend to be rapid, it is difficult to study them in real-time, and their demographic parameters remain poorly understood. As a result, fundamental factors that control subsequent parasite evolution, such as the size of the switching population or the extent of immigration from the original host, remain largely unknown. To shed light on the host switching process, we explored how host switches occur in independent host shifts by two ectoparasitic honey bee mites (Varroa destructor and V. jacobsoni). Both switched to the western honey bee (Apis mellifera) after being brought into contact with their ancestral host (Apis cerana), ~70 and ~12 years ago, respectively. Varroa destructor subsequently caused worldwide collapses of honey bee populations. Using whole-genome sequencing on 63 mites collected in their native ranges from both the ancestral and novel hosts, we were able to reconstruct the known temporal dynamics of the switch. We further found multiple previously undiscovered mitochondrial lineages on the novel host, along with the genetic equivalent of tens of individuals that were involved in the initial host switch. Despite being greatly reduced, some gene flow remains between mites adapted to different hosts. Our findings suggest that while reproductive isolation may facilitate the fixation of traits beneficial for exploiting the new host, ongoing genetic exchange may allow genetic amelioration of inbreeding effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maeva A Techer
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa, Japan
| | - John M K Roberts
- Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Reed A Cartwright
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Alexander S Mikheyev
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa, Japan
- Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Seeley TD. Remembrances of a Honey Bee Biologist. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 67:13-25. [PMID: 34582265 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-033121-100228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Thomas Seeley's research has focused on analyzing the collective intelligence and natural lives of honey bees. This account describes how the author encountered honey bees as a boy and became a beekeeper; how he switched his career path from medicine to biology to study the behavior and social life of honey bees; and how he focuses on understanding how a honey bee colony functions when it lives in the wild, rather than in a beekeeper's hive. He has shown how a honey bee colony works as a single decision-making unit to adaptively allocate its foragers among flower patches and to choose its nesting site in a hollow tree. These findings buttress the view that, in some social insect species, the colony is a group-level vehicle of gene survival. Beyond his research, he has written three books to synthesize these findings for biologists and share these discoveries with beekeepers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Seeley
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Reams T, Rangel J. Understanding the Enemy: A Review of the Genetics, Behavior and Chemical Ecology of Varroa destructor, the Parasitic Mite of Apis mellifera. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2022; 22:6523143. [PMID: 35137134 PMCID: PMC8825774 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieab101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Varroa destructor (Mesostigmata: Varroidae) is arguably the most damaging parasitic mite that attacks honey bees worldwide. Since its initial host switch from the Asian honey bee (Apis cerana) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) to the Western honey bee (Apis mellifera) (Hymenoptera: Apidae), Varroa has become a widely successful invasive species, attacking honey bees on almost every continent where apiculture is practiced. Two haplotypes of V. destructor (Japanese and Korean) parasitize A. mellifera, both of which vector various honey bee-associated viruses. As the population of Varroa grows within a colony in the spring and summer, so do the levels of viral infections. Not surprisingly, high Varroa parasitization impacts bees at the individual level, causing bees to exhibit lower weight, decreased learning capacity, and shorter lifespan. High levels of Varroa infestation can lead to colony-wide varroosis and eventually colony death, especially when no control measures are taken against the mites. Varroa has become a successful parasite of A. mellifera because of its ability to reproduce within both drone cells and worker cells, which allows populations to expand rapidly. Varroa uses several chemical cues to complete its life cycle, many of which remain understudied and should be further explored. Given the growing reports of pesticide resistance by Varroa in several countries, a better understanding of the mite's basic biology is needed to find alternative pest management strategies. This review focuses on the genetics, behavior, and chemical ecology of V. destructor within A. mellifera colonies, and points to areas of research that should be exploited to better control this pervasive honey bee enemy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Reams
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, 2475 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Juliana Rangel
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, 2475 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Vlogiannitis S, Jonckheere W, Laget D, de Graaf DC, Vontas J, Van Leeuwen T. Pyrethroid target-site resistance mutations in populations of the honey bee parasite Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) from Flanders, Belgium. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2021; 85:205-221. [PMID: 34676469 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-021-00665-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The honey bee ectoparasite Varroa destructor is considered the major threat to apiculture, as untreated colonies of Apis mellifera usually collapse within a few years. In order to control this mite, many beekeepers rely on a limited number of approved synthetic acaricides, including the pyrethroids tau-fluvalinate and flumethrin. Due to the intensive use of these products, resistance is now commonplace in many beekeeping regions across the world. In the present study, the occurrence of amino acid substitutions at residue L925 of the voltage-gate sodium channel-the pyrethroid target site-was studied in Varroa populations collected throughout Flanders, Belgium. Dose-response bioassays supported the involvement of the frequently observed L925V substitution in flumethrin resistance, resulting in a 12.64-fold increase of the LC50 in a Varroa population mostly consisting of homozygous 925 V/V mites. With the presence of L925 substitutions in about four out of 10 screened apiaries, the use of pyrethroid-based varroacides in Flanders, including the recently released PolyVar® Yellow, should be carefully considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon Vlogiannitis
- Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 11855, Athens, Greece
| | - Wim Jonckheere
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dries Laget
- Laboratory of Molecular Entomology and Bee Pathology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk C de Graaf
- Laboratory of Molecular Entomology and Bee Pathology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - John Vontas
- Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 11855, Athens, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology, Hellas, 100 N. Plastira Street, 700 13, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nganso BT, Torto B. The effects of crude propolis, its volatiles and ethanolic extracts on the ecto-parasitic mite, Varroa destructor and health of the African savannah honey bee, Apis mellifera scutellata. Parasitology 2021; 148:696-702. [PMID: 33593461 PMCID: PMC11010221 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021000305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Propolis is a hive product composed of biologically active plant resins, and has been shown to enhance individual honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) health. Propolis has also been demonstrated to mitigate, in part, the negative effects caused by the ecto-parasitic mite Varroa destructor and its associated viruses on the health of managed European honey bee colonies. However, its effect on the health status of African honey bees remains largely unknown. Here, we found that the African savannah honey bees, A. m. scutellata in Kenya, deposited approximately two and half-fold more propolis in their colonies during periods of increased than reduced worker brood rearing. This finding suggested that A. m. scutellata may use high quantities of propolis prophylactically to protect their young brood; yet, we observed no significant correlation between the quantity of propolis and the amount of worker brood or mite-infestation level on adult workers. Furthermore, whereas propolis volatiles or propolis placed in direct contact with the mites had no effect on mite survival under laboratory conditions, the ethanolic extract of propolis significantly reduced mite survival when compared with untreated control. These results suggest the presence of mite deterrent compounds in the ethanolic extract of the African honey bee propolis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice T. Nganso
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Baldwyn Torto
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lin Z, Wang S, Neumann P, Chen G, Page P, Li L, Hu F, Zheng H, Dietemann V. Population genetics and host specificity of Varroa destructor mites infesting eastern and western honeybees. JOURNAL OF PEST SCIENCE 2021; 94:1487-1504. [PMID: 34720788 PMCID: PMC8549952 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-020-01322-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In a globalized world, parasites are often brought in contact with new potential hosts. When parasites successfully shift host, severe diseases can emerge at a large cost to society. However, the evolutionary processes leading to successful shifts are rarely understood, hindering risk assessment, prevention, or mitigation of their effects. Here, we screened populations of Varroa destructor, an ectoparasitic mite of the honeybee genus Apis, to investigate their genetic structure and reproductive potential on new and original hosts. From the patterns identified, we deduce the factors that influenced the macro- and microevolutionary processes that led to the structure observed. Among the mite variants identified, we found two genetically similar populations that differed in their reproductive abilities and thus in their host specificity. These lineages could interbreed, which represents a threat due to the possible increased virulence of the parasite on its original host. However, interbreeding was unidirectional from the host-shifted to the nonshifted native mites and could thus lead to speciation of the former. The results improve our understanding of the processes affecting the population structure and evolution of this economically important mite genus and suggest that introgression between shifted and nonshifted lineages may endanger the original host. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10340-020-01322-7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheguang Lin
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peter Neumann
- Swiss Bee Research Center, Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gongwen Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Paul Page
- Swiss Bee Research Center, Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Li Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fuliang Hu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huoqing Zheng
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Vincent Dietemann
- Swiss Bee Research Center, Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang S, Lin Z, Chen G, Page P, Hu F, Niu Q, Su X, Chantawannakul P, Neumann P, Zheng H, Dietemann V. Reproduction of ectoparasitic mites in a coevolved system: Varroa spp.-Eastern honey bees, Apis cerana. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:14359-14371. [PMID: 33391721 PMCID: PMC7771172 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasite host shifts can impose a high selective pressure on novel hosts. Even though the coevolved systems can reveal fundamental aspects of host-parasite interactions, research often focuses on the new host-parasite relationships. This holds true for two ectoparasitic mite species, Varroa destructor and Varroa jacobsonii, which have shifted hosts from Eastern honey bees, Apis cerana, to Western honey bees, Apis mellifera, generating colony losses of these pollinators globally. Here, we study infestation rates and reproduction of V. destructor and V. jacobsonii haplotypes in 185 A. cerana colonies of six populations in China and Thailand to investigate how coevolution shaped these features. Reproductive success was mostly similar and low, indicating constraints imposed by hosts and/or mite physiology. Infestation rates varied between mite haplotypes, suggesting distinct local co-evolutionary scenarios. The differences in infestation rates and reproductive output between haplotypes did not correlate with the virulence of the respective host-shifted lineages suggesting distinct selection scenarios in novel and original host. The occasional worker brood infestation was significantly lower than that of drone brood, except for the V. destructor haplotype (Korea) from which the invasive lineage derived. Whether mites infesting and reproducing in atypical intraspecific hosts (i.e., workers and queens) actually predisposes for and may govern the impact of host shifts on novel hosts should be determined by identifying the underlying mechanisms. In general, the apparent gaps in our knowledge of this coevolved system need to be further addressed to foster the adequate protection of wild and managed honey bees from these mites globally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- College of Animal SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Zheguang Lin
- College of Animal SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- College of Animal Science and TechnologyYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Gongwen Chen
- College of Animal SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Paul Page
- Swiss Bee Research CenterAgroscopeBernSwitzerland
| | - Fuliang Hu
- College of Animal SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Qingsheng Niu
- Apiculture Science Institute of Jilin ProvinceJilinChina
| | - Xiaoling Su
- Jinhua Academy of Agricultural SciencesJinhuaChina
| | - Panuwan Chantawannakul
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science Research Center (ESRC)Faculty of ScienceChiang Mai UniversityChiang MaiThailand
| | - Peter Neumann
- Swiss Bee Research CenterAgroscopeBernSwitzerland
- Vetsuisse FacultyInstitute of Bee HealthUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Huoqing Zheng
- College of Animal SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Vincent Dietemann
- Swiss Bee Research CenterAgroscopeBernSwitzerland
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Factors Associated with Honey Bee Colony Losses: A Mini-Review. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7040166. [PMID: 33143134 PMCID: PMC7712510 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7040166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The Western honey bee (Apis mellifera L., Hymenoptera: Apidae) is a species of crucial economic, agricultural and environmental importance. In the last ten years, some regions of the world have suffered from a significant reduction of honey bee colonies. In fact, honey bee losses are not an unusual phenomenon, but in many countries worldwide there has been a notable decrease in honey bee colonies. The cases in the USA, in many European countries, and in the Middle East have received considerable attention, mostly due to the absence of an easily identifiable cause. It has been difficult to determine the main factors leading to colony losses because of honey bees’ diverse social behavior. Moreover, in their daily routine, they make contact with many agents of the environment and are exposed to a plethora of human activities and their consequences. Nevertheless, various factors have been considered to be contributing to honey bee losses, and recent investigations have established some of the most important ones, in particular, pests and diseases, bee management, including bee keeping practices and breeding, the change in climatic conditions, agricultural practices, and the use of pesticides. The global picture highlights the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor as a major factor in colony loss. Last but not least, microsporidian parasites, mainly Nosema ceranae, also contribute to the problem. Thus, it is obvious that there are many factors affecting honey bee colony losses globally. Increased monitoring and scientific research should throw new light on the factors involved in recent honey bee colony losses. The present review focuses on the main factors which have been found to have an impact on the increase in honey bee colony losses.
Collapse
|
17
|
Eliash N, Mikheyev A. Varroa mite evolution: a neglected aspect of worldwide bee collapses? CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 39:21-26. [PMID: 32088383 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
While ectoparasitic Varroa mites cause minimal damage to their co-evolved ancestral host, the eastern honey bee (Apis cerana), they devastate their novel host, the western honey bee (Apis mellifera). Over several decades, the host switch caused worldwide population collapses, threatening global food security. Varroa management strategies have focused on breeding bees for tolerance. But, can Varroa overcome these counter-adaptations in a classic coevolutionary arms race? Despite increasing evidence for Varroa genetic diversity and evolvability, this eventuality has largely been neglected. We therefore suggest a more holistic paradigm for studying this host-parasite interaction, one in which 'Varroa-tolerant' bee traits should be viewed as a shared phenotype resulting from Varroa and honey bee interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nurit Eliash
- Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel; Ecology and Evolution Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna-son, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Alexander Mikheyev
- Ecology and Evolution Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna-son, Okinawa, Japan; Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Roberts JMK, Simbiken N, Dale C, Armstrong J, Anderson DL. Tolerance of Honey Bees to Varroa Mite in the Absence of Deformed Wing Virus. Viruses 2020; 12:E575. [PMID: 32456246 PMCID: PMC7290856 DOI: 10.3390/v12050575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The global spread of the parasitic mite Varroa destructor has emphasized the significance of viruses as pathogens of honey bee (Apis mellifera) populations. In particular, the association of deformed wing virus (DWV) with V. destructor and its devastating effect on honey bee colonies has led to that virus now becoming one of the most well-studied insect viruses. However, there has been no opportunity to examine the effects of Varroa mites without the influence of DWV. In Papua New Guinea (PNG), the sister species, V. jacobsoni, has emerged through a host-shift to reproduce on the local A. mellifera population. After initial colony losses, beekeepers have maintained colonies without chemicals for more than a decade, suggesting that this bee population has an unknown mite tolerance mechanism. Using high throughput sequencing (HTS) and target PCR detection, we investigated whether the viral landscape of the PNG honey bee population is the underlying factor responsible for mite tolerance. We found A. mellifera and A. cerana from PNG and nearby Solomon Islands were predominantly infected by sacbrood virus (SBV), black queen cell virus (BQCV) and Lake Sinai viruses (LSV), with no evidence for any DWV strains. V. jacobsoni was infected by several viral homologs to recently discovered V. destructor viruses, but Varroa jacobsoni rhabdovirus-1 (ARV-1 homolog) was the only virus detected in both mites and honey bees. We conclude from these findings that A. mellifera in PNG may tolerate V. jacobsoni because the damage from parasitism is significantly reduced without DWV. This study also provides further evidence that DWV does not exist as a covert infection in all honey bee populations, and remaining free of this serious viral pathogen can have important implications for bee health outcomes in the face of Varroa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John M. K. Roberts
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra 2601, Australia;
| | - Nelson Simbiken
- Coffee Industry Corporation Ltd., Goroka 441, Papua New Guinea;
| | - Chris Dale
- Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Canberra 2601, Australia;
| | - Joel Armstrong
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra 2601, Australia;
| | - Denis L. Anderson
- Research and Development Division, Abu Dhabi Agriculture & Food Safety Authority, Al Ain, UAE;
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Roberts JMK, Schouten CN, Sengere RW, Jave J, Lloyd D. Effectiveness of control strategies for Varroa jacobsoni and Tropilaelaps mercedesae in Papua New Guinea. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2020; 80:399-407. [PMID: 32072354 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-020-00473-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Apiculture in the Pacific island country of Papua New Guinea (PNG) is under significant pressure from emerging parasitic mites, Varroa jacobsoni and Tropilaelaps mercedesae. Although numerous mite control products exist, beekeepers in PNG have limited resources and access to these products and their effectiveness under local conditions is untested. Here we determined the effectiveness of two brood manipulation strategies-queen caging and queen removal-for managing V. jacobsoni and T. mercedesae in comparison to the chemical miticide Bayvarol®. Our results found Bayvarol was the most effective control strategy for V. jacobsoni, maintaining high efficacy (> 90%) over 4 months with significantly reduced levels of V. jacobsoni compared to untreated control hives. In contrast, T. mercedesae were significantly reduced by the brood manipulation strategies over 2 months, but not significantly by Bayvarol compared to the controls. These results highlight that a combination of strategies is likely needed to effectively manage both mite pests in PNG. We discuss how these findings are relevant to informing best practice for honey bee biosecurity and how these strategies can be implemented to improve the effectiveness of mite management for PNG beekeepers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John M K Roberts
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, 2601, ACT, Australia.
| | - Cooper N Schouten
- School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
| | - Reuben W Sengere
- Coffee Industry Corporation Ltd, Aiyura, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea
| | - John Jave
- National Department of Agriculture and Livestock, Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea
| | - David Lloyd
- School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Muntaabski I, Russo RM, Liendo MC, Palacio MA, Cladera JL, Lanzavecchia SB, Scannapieco AC. Genetic variation and heteroplasmy of Varroa destructor inferred from ND4 mtDNA sequences. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:411-421. [PMID: 31915912 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06591-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Varroa destructor, a parasitic mite of the western honey bee, Apis mellifera L., is a serious threat to colonies and beekeeping worldwide. Population genetics studies of the mite have provided information on two mitochondrial haplotypes infecting honey bee colonies, named K and J (after Korea and Japan, respectively, where they were originally identified). On the American continent, the K haplotype is much more prevalent, with the J haplotype only detected in some areas of Brazil. The aims of the present study were to assess the genetic diversity of V. destructor populations in the major beekeeping region of Argentina and to evaluate the presence of heteroplasmy at the nucleotide level. Phoretic mites were collected from managed A. mellifera colonies in ten localities, and four mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) regions (COXI, ND4, ND4L, and ND5) were analyzed. Based on cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COXI) sequencing, exclusively the K haplotype of V. destructor was detected. Furthermore, two sub-haplotypes (KArg-N1 and KArg-N2) were identified from a variation in ND4 sequences and the frequency of these sub-haplotypes was found to significantly correlate with geographical latitude. The occurrence of site heteroplasmy was also evident for this gene. Therefore, ND4 appears to be a sensitive marker for detecting genetic variability in mite populations. Site heteroplasmy emerges as a phenomenon that could be relatively frequent in V. destructor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Muntaabski
- Instituto de Genética "E. A. Favret", Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Grupo vinculado al Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO) - CONICET, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Romina M Russo
- Instituto de Genética "E. A. Favret", Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Grupo vinculado al Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO) - CONICET, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María C Liendo
- Instituto de Genética "E. A. Favret", Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Grupo vinculado al Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO) - CONICET, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María A Palacio
- Unidad Integrada INTA - Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge L Cladera
- Instituto de Genética "E. A. Favret", Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Grupo vinculado al Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO) - CONICET, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia B Lanzavecchia
- Instituto de Genética "E. A. Favret", Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Grupo vinculado al Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO) - CONICET, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandra C Scannapieco
- Instituto de Genética "E. A. Favret", Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Grupo vinculado al Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO) - CONICET, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Techer MA, Rane RV, Grau ML, Roberts JMK, Sullivan ST, Liachko I, Childers AK, Evans JD, Mikheyev AS. Divergent evolutionary trajectories following speciation in two ectoparasitic honey bee mites. Commun Biol 2019; 2:357. [PMID: 31583288 PMCID: PMC6773775 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0606-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Multispecies host-parasite evolution is common, but how parasites evolve after speciating remains poorly understood. Shared evolutionary history and physiology may propel species along similar evolutionary trajectories whereas pursuing different strategies can reduce competition. We test these scenarios in the economically important association between honey bees and ectoparasitic mites by sequencing the genomes of the sister mite species Varroa destructor and Varroa jacobsoni. These genomes were closely related, with 99.7% sequence identity. Among the 9,628 orthologous genes, 4.8% showed signs of positive selection in at least one species. Divergent selective trajectories were discovered in conserved chemosensory gene families (IGR, SNMP), and Halloween genes (CYP) involved in moulting and reproduction. However, there was little overlap in these gene sets and associated GO terms, indicating different selective regimes operating on each of the parasites. Based on our findings, we suggest that species-specific strategies may be needed to combat evolving parasite communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maeva A. Techer
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, 1919-1 Tancha Onna-son, 904-0495 Okinawa, Japan
| | - Rahul V. Rane
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Clunies Ross St, (GPO Box 1700), Acton, ACT 2601 Australia
- Bio21 Institute, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Miguel L. Grau
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, 1919-1 Tancha Onna-son, 904-0495 Okinawa, Japan
| | - John M. K. Roberts
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Clunies Ross St, (GPO Box 1700), Acton, ACT 2601 Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexander S. Mikheyev
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, 1919-1 Tancha Onna-son, 904-0495 Okinawa, Japan
- Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Host shifts of parasites are often causing devastating effects in the new hosts. The Varroa genus is known for a lineage of Varroa destructor that shifted to the Western honey bee, Apis mellifera, with disastrous effects on wild populations and the beekeeping industry. Despite this, the biology of Varroa spp. remains poorly understood in its native distribution range, where it naturally parasitizes the Eastern honey bee, Apis cerana. Here, we combined mitochondrial and nuclear DNA analyses with the assessment of mite reproduction to determine the population structure and host specificity of V. destructor and Varroa jacobsonii in Thailand, where both hosts and several Varroa species and haplotypes are sympatric. Our data confirm previously described mite haplogroups, and show three novel haplotypes. Multiple infestations of single host colonies by both mite species and introgression of alleles between V. destructor and V. jacobsonii suggest that hybridization occurs between the two species. Our results indicate that host specificity and population genetic structure in the genus Varroa is more labile than previously thought. The ability of the host shifted V. destructor haplotype to spillback to A. cerana and to hybridize with V. jacobsonii could threaten honey bee populations of Asia and beyond.
Collapse
|
23
|
Gajić B, Muñoz I, De la Rúa P, Stevanović J, Lakić N, Kulišić Z, Stanimirović Z. Coexistence of genetically different Varroa destructor in Apis mellifera colonies. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2019; 78:315-326. [PMID: 31197529 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-019-00395-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity of Varroa destructor parasitizing Apis mellifera colonies and to test for possible host-parasite association at the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) level. Six A. mellifera haplotypes (including a novel C2aa) and five haplotypes of V. destructor were detected in 29 analyzed colonies from eight sampling sites in Serbia. We revealed the presence of the K and S1 haplotypes as well as KS1 and KP1 heteroplasmic mite individuals in all localities, while the P1 haplotype was only found in four sampling sites. Significant differences in V. destructor genetic diversity were found at both apiary and colony levels, with mite haplotypes coexisting in almost all tested colonies. In addition, a significant correlation between the number of analyzed mites per colony and the number of identified V. destructor haplotypes was observed. However, no significant host-parasite relationship was found, suggesting that mites bearing different haplotypes as well as those heteroplasmic individuals are well adapted to the host, A. mellifera, independently of the identified haplotype present in each colony. Our results will contribute to future population and biogeographic studies concerning V. destructor infesting A. mellifera, as well as to better understanding their host-parasite relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bojan Gajić
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Irene Muñoz
- Department of Zoology and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pilar De la Rúa
- Department of Zoology and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jevrosima Stevanović
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nada Lakić
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zoran Kulišić
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zoran Stanimirović
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Honey bee predisposition of resistance to ubiquitous mite infestations. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7794. [PMID: 31127129 PMCID: PMC6534585 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44254-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-parasite co-evolution history is lacking when parasites switch to novel hosts. This was the case for Western honey bees (Apis mellifera) when the ectoparasitic mite, Varroa destructor, switched hosts from Eastern honey bees (Apis cerana). This mite has since become the most severe biological threat to A. mellifera worldwide. However, some A. mellifera populations are known to survive infestations, largely by suppressing mite population growth. One known mechanism is suppressed mite reproduction (SMR), but the underlying genetics are poorly understood. Here, we take advantage of haploid drones, originating from one queen from the Netherlands that developed Varroa-resistance, whole exome sequencing and elastic-net regression to identify genetic variants associated with SMR in resistant honeybees. An eight variants model predicted 88% of the phenotypes correctly and identified six risk and two protective variants. Reproducing and non-reproducing mites could not be distinguished using DNA microsatellites, which is in agreement with the hypothesis that it is not the parasite but the host that adapted itself. Our results suggest that the brood pheromone-dependent mite oogenesis is disrupted in resistant hosts. The identified genetic markers have a considerable potential to contribute to a sustainable global apiculture.
Collapse
|
25
|
Wang S, Lin Z, Dietemann V, Neumann P, Wu Y, Hu F, Zheng H. Ectoparasitic Mites Varroa underwoodi (Acarina: Varroidae) in Eastern Honeybees, but not in Western Honeybees. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:25-32. [PMID: 30277506 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman (Acarina: Varroidae) shifted host from Eastern honeybees Apis cerana Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Apidae) to Western honeybees Apis mellifera Linnaeus (Hymenoptera: Apidae) with disastrous consequences globally. The high genetic diversity of V. destructor and abundant opportunities for cross-species transmission probably promoted this host shift. Whether Varroa underwoodi (Acarina: Varroidae) also exhibits these traits is unknown. Here, we conduct a large-scale survey across China on the occurrence, morphology, reproduction, and genetics of V. underwoodi in A. cerana and A. mellifera colonies to fill gaps in our knowledge of this mite and to determine whether host shifts occurred. Despite the large number of colonies screened, V. underwoodi was exclusively found in A. cerana, where it occurred at low infestation rates. Three genetic clades were detected in the V. underwoodi population, which differed neither in morphology nor in reproductive ability. Nevertheless, the genetic diversity of V. underwoodi is likely to increase chances for host shifts, even though opportunities for cross-species transmission seem low. More studies of the neglected Varroa species seem appropriate to enable a better understanding of host shifts in the Apis spp./Varroa spp. system and evaluate the potential risk they pose to apiculture with A. mellifera.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zheguang Lin
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Vincent Dietemann
- Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Center, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Neumann
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yuqi Wu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fuliang Hu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huoqing Zheng
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Beaurepaire AL, Ellis JD, Krieger KJ, Moritz RFA. Association of Varroa destructor females in multiply infested cells of the honeybee Apis mellifera. INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 26:128-134. [PMID: 28834265 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The genetic diversity of Varroa destructor (Anderson & Trueman) is limited outside its natural range due to population bottlenecks and its propensity to inbreed. In light of the arms race between V. destructor and its honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) host, any mechanism enhancing population admixture of the mite may be favored. One way that admixture can occur is when two genetically dissimilar mites coinvade a brood cell, with the progeny of the foundresses admixing. We determined the relatedness of 393 pairs of V. destructor foundresses, each pair collected from a single bee brood cell (n = five colonies). We used six microsatellites to identify the genotypes of mites coinvading a cell and calculated the frequency of pairs with different or the same genotypes. We found no deviation from random coinvasion, but the frequency of cells infested by mites with different genotypes was high. This rate of recombination, coupled with a high transmission rate of mites, homogenized the allelic pool of mites within the apiary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis L Beaurepaire
- Institut für Biologie, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle a. d. Saale, Germany
- UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement, INRA, Centre de Recherche Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Avignon, France
| | - James D Ellis
- Entomology & Nematology Department, University Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Robin F A Moritz
- Institut für Biologie, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle a. d. Saale, Germany
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
New Viruses from the Ectoparasite Mite Varroa destructor Infesting Apis mellifera and Apis cerana. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020094. [PMID: 30678330 PMCID: PMC6409542 DOI: 10.3390/v11020094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Varroa destructor is an ectoparasitic mite of Asian or Eastern honeybees Apis cerana(A. cerana) which has become a serious threat to European subspecies of Western honeybees Apis mellifera (A. mellifera) within the last century. V.destructor and its vectored honeybee viruses became serious threats for colony survival. This is a short period for pathogen- and host-populations to adapt. To look for possible variation in the composition of viral populations we performed RNA metagenomic analysis of the Western honeybee subspecies A. m. ligustica, A. m.syriaca, A. m. intermissa, and A. cerana and their respective V. destructor mites. The analysis revealed two novel viruses: Varroa orthomyxovirus-1 (VOV-1) in A. mellifera and V. destructor and a Hubei like-virga virus-14 homolog in V. destructor. VOV-1 was more prevalent in V. destructor than in A. mellifera and we found evidence for viral replication in both hosts. Interestingly, we found differences in viral loads of A. cerana and their V. destructor, A. m. intermissa, and its V. destructor showed partial similarity, while A. m.ligustica and A. m.syriaca and their varroa where very similar. Deformed wing virus exhibited 82.20%, 99.20%, 97.90%, and 0.76% of total viral reads in A. m. ligustica, A. m. syriaca, A. m. intermissa, and A. cerana, respectively. This is the first report of a complete segmented-single-stranded negative-sense RNA virus genome in honeybees and V. destructor mites.
Collapse
|
28
|
Evans JD, Cook SC. Genetics and physiology of Varroa mites. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 26:130-135. [PMID: 29764652 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Varroa destructor is the primary biological threat to domesticated honey bee colonies in much of the world, impacting host fitness both directly and by transmitting RNA viruses. Genomic, proteomic, and functional-genetic resources provide a framework for Varroa biology. When coupled with physiological analyses of development, host finding, and reproduction, these resources reveal general traits of arthropods and offer new strategies for mite control. Efforts to develop novel controls are focused on efficacy, efficient delivery, and the avoidance of both host impacts and the swift evolution of resistance by mites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jay D Evans
- USDA-ARS Bee Research Lab, BARC-E Bldg. 306 Center Road, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | - Steven C Cook
- USDA-ARS Bee Research Lab, BARC-E Bldg. 306 Center Road, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lin Z, Qin Y, Page P, Wang S, Li L, Wen Z, Hu F, Neumann P, Zheng H, Dietemann V. Reproduction of parasitic mites Varroa destructor in original and new honeybee hosts. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:2135-2145. [PMID: 29468031 PMCID: PMC5817142 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ectoparasitic mite, Varroa destructor, shifted host from the eastern honeybee, Apis cerana, to the western honeybee, Apis mellifera. Whereas the original host survives infestations by this parasite, they are lethal to colonies of its new host. Here, we investigated a population of A. cerana naturally infested by the V. destructor Korea haplotype that gave rise to the globally invasive mite lineage. Our aim was to better characterize traits that allow for the survival of the original host to infestations by this particular mite haplotype. A known major trait of resistance is the lack of mite reproduction on worker brood in A. cerana. We show that this trait is neither due to a lack of host attractiveness nor of reproduction initiation by the parasite. However, successful mite reproduction was prevented by abnormal host development. Adult A. cerana workers recognized this state and removed hosts and parasites, which greatly affected the fitness of the parasite. These results confirm and complete previous observations of brood susceptibility to infestation in other honeybee host populations, provide new insights into the coevolution between hosts and parasites in this system, and may contribute to mitigating the large-scale colony losses of A. mellifera due to V. destructor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheguang Lin
- College of Animal SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- AgroscopeSwiss Bee Research CenterBernSwitzerland
| | - Yao Qin
- College of Animal SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Paul Page
- AgroscopeSwiss Bee Research CenterBernSwitzerland
- Vetsuisse FacultyInstitute of Bee HealthUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Plant Bioactive Compound LaboratoryFaculty of AgricultureChiang Mai UniversityChiang MaiThailand
| | - Shuai Wang
- College of Animal SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Li Li
- College of Animal SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Zhengsheng Wen
- College of Animal SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Fuliang Hu
- College of Animal SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Peter Neumann
- Vetsuisse FacultyInstitute of Bee HealthUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Huoqing Zheng
- College of Animal SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
More S, Bøtner A, Butterworth A, Calistri P, Depner K, Edwards S, Garin-Bastuji B, Good M, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda MA, Nielsen SS, Raj M, Sihvonen L, Spoolder H, Stegeman JA, Thulke HH, Velarde A, Willeberg P, Winckler C, Baldinelli F, Broglia A, Candiani D, Verdonck F, Beltrán-Beck B, Kohnle L, Bicout D. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): infestation with Varroa spp. (varroosis). EFSA J 2017; 15:e04997. [PMID: 32625294 PMCID: PMC7009930 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infestation with Varroa spp. (varroosis) has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on the eligibility of varroosis to be listed, Article 9 for the categorisation of varroosis according to disease prevention and control rules as in Annex IV and Article 8 on the list of animal species related to varroosis. The assessment has been performed following a methodology composed of information collection and compilation, expert judgement on each criterion at individual and, if no consensus was reached before, also at collective level. The output is composed of the categorical answer, and for the questions where no consensus was reached, the different supporting views are reported. Details on the methodology used for this assessment are explained in a separate opinion. According to the assessment performed, it is inconclusive whether varroosis can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention as laid down in Article 5(3) of the AHL because there was no full consensus on the criterion 5 A(v). Consequently, the assessment on compliance of varroosis with the criteria as in Annex IV to the AHL, for the application of the disease prevention and control rules referred to in Article 9(1), and which animal species can be considered to be listed for varroosis according to Article 8(3) are also inconclusive.
Collapse
|
31
|
Andino GK, Gribskov M, Anderson DL, Evans JD, Hunt GJ. Differential gene expression in Varroa jacobsoni mites following a host shift to European honey bees (Apis mellifera). BMC Genomics 2016; 17:926. [PMID: 27852222 PMCID: PMC5112721 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3130-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Varroa mites are widely considered the biggest honey bee health problem worldwide. Until recently, Varroa jacobsoni has been found to live and reproduce only in Asian honey bee (Apis cerana) colonies, while V. destructor successfully reproduces in both A. cerana and A. mellifera colonies. However, we have identified an island population of V. jacobsoni that is highly destructive to A. mellifera, the primary species used for pollination and honey production. The ability of these populations of mites to cross the host species boundary potentially represents an enormous threat to apiculture, and is presumably due to genetic variation that exists among populations of V. jacobsoni that influences gene expression and reproductive status. In this work, we investigate differences in gene expression between populations of V. jacobsoni reproducing on A. cerana and those either reproducing or not capable of reproducing on A. mellifera, in order to gain insight into differences that allow V. jacobsoni to overcome its normal species tropism. Results We sequenced and assembled a de novo transcriptome of V. jacobsoni. We also performed a differential gene expression analysis contrasting biological replicates of V. jacobsoni populations that differ in their ability to reproduce on A. mellifera. Using the edgeR, EBSeq and DESeq R packages for differential gene expression analysis, we found 287 differentially expressed genes (FDR ≤ 0.05), of which 91% were up regulated in mites reproducing on A. mellifera. In addition, mites found reproducing on A. mellifera showed substantially more variation in expression among replicates. We searched for orthologous genes in public databases and were able to associate 100 of these 287 differentially expressed genes with a functional description. Conclusions There is differential gene expression between the two mite groups, with more variation in gene expression among mites that were able to reproduce on A. mellifera. A small set of genes showed reduced expression in mites on the A. mellifera host, including putative transcription factors and digestive tract developmental genes. The vast majority of differentially expressed genes were up-regulated in this host. This gene set showed enrichment for genes associated with mitochondrial respiratory function and apoptosis, suggesting that mites on this host may be experiencing higher stress, and may be less optimally adapted to parasitize it. Some genes involved in reproduction and oogenesis were also overexpressed, which should be further studied in regards to this host shift. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3130-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gladys K Andino
- Information Technology at Purdue, Research Computing, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907-2114, IN, USA.
| | - Michael Gribskov
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907-2054, IN, USA
| | - Denis L Anderson
- Abu Dhabi Food Control Authority, Kuwaitat Research Station, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jay D Evans
- Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center - East, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705-0000, USA
| | - Greg J Hunt
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907-2089, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Gajić B, Stevanović J, Radulović Ž, Kulišić Z, Vejnović B, Glavinić U, Stanimirović Z. Haplotype identification and detection of mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmy in Varroa destructor mites using ARMS and PCR-RFLP methods. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2016; 70:287-297. [PMID: 27631761 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-016-0086-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) methods were used for identification of recently described Serbia 1 (S1) and Peshter 1 (P1) mitochondrial haplotypes of Varroa destructor. Based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within cytochrome oxidase 1 (cox1) and cytochrome b (cytb) gene sequences, a total of 64 adult V. destructor females were analyzed from locations where the S1 and P1 haplotypes had been detected previously. Results of haplotype identification obtained by ARMS and PCR-RFLP methods were completely consistent with the sequencing data. Furthermore, in some analyzed samples the occurrence of site heteroplasmy at haplotype-defining sites was detected, as it was confirmed by double peaks in the sequence chromatograms. Neither mites with simultaneous nucleotide variability, nor those with combined SNP and heteroplasmy in cox1 and cytb were found. Given that this is the first occurrence of site heteroplasmy in V. destructor, the origin of this phenomenon and possible specific traits of heteroplasmic mites have yet to be determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bojan Gajić
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. oslobodjenja 18, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia.
| | - Jevrosima Stevanović
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. oslobodjenja 18, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Željko Radulović
- Laboratory for Medical Entomology, Department for Parasitology, Center of Exellence for Toxoplasmosis and Medical Entomology, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotića 4, POB 102, Belgrade, 11129, Serbia
| | - Zoran Kulišić
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. oslobodjenja 18, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Branislav Vejnović
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. oslobodjenja 18, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Uroš Glavinić
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. oslobodjenja 18, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Zoran Stanimirović
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. oslobodjenja 18, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Brown MJF, Dicks LV, Paxton RJ, Baldock KCR, Barron AB, Chauzat MP, Freitas BM, Goulson D, Jepsen S, Kremen C, Li J, Neumann P, Pattemore DE, Potts SG, Schweiger O, Seymour CL, Stout JC. A horizon scan of future threats and opportunities for pollinators and pollination. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2249. [PMID: 27602260 PMCID: PMC4991895 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Pollinators, which provide the agriculturally and ecologically essential service of pollination, are under threat at a global scale. Habitat loss and homogenisation, pesticides, parasites and pathogens, invasive species, and climate change have been identified as past and current threats to pollinators. Actions to mitigate these threats, e.g., agri-environment schemes and pesticide-use moratoriums, exist, but have largely been applied post-hoc. However, future sustainability of pollinators and the service they provide requires anticipation of potential threats and opportunities before they occur, enabling timely implementation of policy and practice to prevent, rather than mitigate, further pollinator declines. Methods.Using a horizon scanning approach we identified issues that are likely to impact pollinators, either positively or negatively, over the coming three decades. Results.Our analysis highlights six high priority, and nine secondary issues. High priorities are: (1) corporate control of global agriculture, (2) novel systemic pesticides, (3) novel RNA viruses, (4) the development of new managed pollinators, (5) more frequent heatwaves and drought under climate change, and (6) the potential positive impact of reduced chemical use on pollinators in non-agricultural settings. Discussion. While current pollinator management approaches are largely driven by mitigating past impacts, we present opportunities for pre-emptive practice, legislation, and policy to sustainably manage pollinators for future generations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark J F Brown
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London , Egham , United Kingdom
| | - Lynn V Dicks
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Paxton
- Institute for Biology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany; iDiv, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katherine C R Baldock
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Cabot Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew B Barron
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University , Sydney , Australia
| | - Marie-Pierre Chauzat
- European reference laboratory for honeybee health, Unit of honeybee pathology & Unit of coordination and support to surveillance, ANSES , Maisons-Alfort Cedex , France
| | - Breno M Freitas
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Ceará , Fortaleza Ceará , Brazil
| | - Dave Goulson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex , Falmer , United Kingdom
| | - Sarina Jepsen
- The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation , Portland , OR , United States of America
| | - Claire Kremen
- Berkeley Food Institute, Environmental Sciences Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley , Berkeley , CA , United States of America
| | - Jilian Li
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Peter Neumann
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - David E Pattemore
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited , Hamilton , New Zealand
| | - Simon G Potts
- Centre for Agri-Environmental Research, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading , Reading , United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Schweiger
- Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ , Halle , Germany
| | - Colleen L Seymour
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, Claremont, South Africa; Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Jane C Stout
- Botany, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kurze C, Routtu J, Moritz RF. Parasite resistance and tolerance in honeybees at the individual and social level. ZOOLOGY 2016; 119:290-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
35
|
Khongphinitbunjong K, Neumann P, Chantawannakul P, Williams GR. The ectoparasitic mite Tropilaelaps mercedesae reduces western honey bee, Apismellifera, longevity and emergence weight, and promotes Deformed wing virus infections. J Invertebr Pathol 2016; 137:38-42. [PMID: 27126517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Historically an ectoparasite of the native Giant honey bee Apis dorsata, the mite Tropilaelaps mercedesae has switched hosts to the introduced western honey bee Apis mellifera throughout much of Asia. Few data regarding lethal and sub-lethal effects of T. mercedesae on A. mellifera exist, despite its similarity to the devastating mite Varroa destructor. Here we artificially infested worker brood of A. mellifera with T. mercedesae to investigate lethal (longevity) and sub-lethal (emergence weight, Deformed wing virus (DWV) levels and clinical symptoms of DWV) effects of the mite on its new host. The data show that T. mercedesae infestation significantly reduced host longevity and emergence weight, and promoted both DWV levels and associated clinical symptoms. Our results suggest that T. mercedesae is a potentially important parasite to the economically important A. mellifera honey bee.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kitiphong Khongphinitbunjong
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; Bee Protection Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Peter Neumann
- Bee Protection Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3003 Bern, Switzerland; Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Panuwan Chantawannakul
- Bee Protection Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Geoffrey R Williams
- Bee Protection Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3003 Bern, Switzerland; Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Impact of the Phoretic Phase on Reproduction and Damage Caused by Varroa destructor (Anderson and Trueman) to Its Host, the European Honey Bee (Apis mellifera L.). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153482. [PMID: 27096154 PMCID: PMC4838260 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Varroa destructor is a parasitic mite of the honeybee that causes thousands of colony losses worldwide. The parasite cycle is composed of a phoretic and a reproductive phase. During the former, mites stay on adult bees, mostly on nurses, to feed on hemolymph. During the latter, the parasites enter brood cells and reproduce. We investigated if the type of bees on which Varroa stays during the phoretic phase and if the duration of this stay influenced the reproductive success of the parasite and the damage caused to bees. For that purpose, we used an in vitro rearing method developed in our laboratory to assess egg laying rate and the presence and number of fully molted daughters. The expression level of two Varroa vitellogenin genes (VdVg1 and VdVg2), known to vary throughout reproduction, was also quantified. Results showed that the status of the bees or time spent during the phoretic phase impacts neither reproduction parameters nor the Varroa vitellogenin genes levels of expression. However, we correlated these parameters to the gene expression and demonstrated that daughters expressed the vitellogenin genes at lower levels than their mother. Regarding the damage to bees, the data indicated that a longer stay on adult bees during the phoretic phase resulted in more frequent physical deformity in newborn bees. We showed that those mites carry more viral loads of the Deformed Wing Virus and hence trigger more frequently overt infections. This study provides new perspectives towards a better understanding of the Varroa-honeybee interactions.
Collapse
|
37
|
Le Conte Y, Huang ZY, Roux M, Zeng ZJ, Christidès JP, Bagnères AG. Varroa destructor changes its cuticular hydrocarbons to mimic new hosts. Biol Lett 2016; 11:20150233. [PMID: 26041867 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2015.0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Varroa destructor (Vd) is a honeybee ectoparasite. Its original host is the Asian honeybee, Apis cerana, but it has also become a severe, global threat to the European honeybee, Apis mellifera. Previous studies have shown that Varroa can mimic a host's cuticular hydrocarbons (HC), enabling the parasite to escape the hygienic behaviour of the host honeybees. By transferring mites between the two honeybee species, we further demonstrate that Vd is able to mimic the cuticular HC of a novel host species when artificially transferred to this new host. Mites originally from A. cerana are more efficient than mites from A. mellifera in mimicking HC of both A. cerana and A. mellifera. This remarkable adaptability may explain their relatively recent host-shift from A. cerana to A. mellifera.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Le Conte
- INRA, UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement, Avignon Cedex 9 84914, France
| | - Z Y Huang
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - M Roux
- 29, Avenue des Lierres, 84000 Avignon, France
| | - Z J Zeng
- Honeybee Research Institute, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - J-P Christidès
- I.R.B.I., UMR 7261 CNRS-Université François-Rabelais, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Tours 37200, France
| | - A-G Bagnères
- I.R.B.I., UMR 7261 CNRS-Université François-Rabelais, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Tours 37200, France
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Beaurepaire AL, Truong TA, Fajardo AC, Dinh TQ, Cervancia C, Moritz RFA. Host Specificity in the Honeybee Parasitic Mite, Varroa spp. in Apis mellifera and Apis cerana. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135103. [PMID: 26248192 PMCID: PMC4527838 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor is a major global threat to the Western honeybee Apis mellifera. This mite was originally a parasite of A. cerana in Asia but managed to spill over into colonies of A. mellifera which had been introduced to this continent for honey production. To date, only two almost clonal types of V. destructor from Korea and Japan have been detected in A. mellifera colonies. However, since both A. mellifera and A. cerana colonies are kept in close proximity throughout Asia, not only new spill overs but also spill backs of highly virulent types may be possible, with unpredictable consequences for both honeybee species. We studied the dispersal and hybridisation potential of Varroa from sympatric colonies of the two hosts in Northern Vietnam and the Philippines using mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA markers. We found a very distinct mtDNA haplotype equally invading both A. mellifera and A. cerana in the Philippines. In contrast, we observed a complete reproductive isolation of various Vietnamese Varroa populations in A. mellifera and A. cerana colonies even if kept in the same apiaries. In light of this variance in host specificity, the adaptation of the mite to its hosts seems to have generated much more genetic diversity than previously recognised and the Varroa species complex may include substantial cryptic speciation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis L. Beaurepaire
- Institut für Biologie, Martin Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Tuan A. Truong
- Bee Research and Development Centre, Dong Da Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Alejandro C. Fajardo
- UPLB Bee Program, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Baños, Philippines
| | - Tam Q. Dinh
- Bee Research and Development Centre, Dong Da Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Cleofas Cervancia
- UPLB Bee Program, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Baños, Philippines
| | - Robin F. A. Moritz
- Institut für Biologie, Martin Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|