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Farnitano MC, Sweigart AL. Strong postmating reproductive isolation in Mimulus section Eunanus. J Evol Biol 2023; 36:1393-1410. [PMID: 37691442 PMCID: PMC10592011 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Postmating reproductive isolation can help maintain species boundaries when premating barriers to reproduction are incomplete. The strength and identity of postmating reproductive barriers are highly variable among diverging species, leading to questions about their genetic basis and evolutionary drivers. These questions have been tackled in model systems but are less often addressed with broader phylogenetic resolution. In this study we analyse patterns of genetic divergence alongside direct measures of postmating reproductive barriers in an overlooked group of sympatric species within the model monkeyflower genus, Mimulus. Within this Mimulus brevipes species group, we find substantial divergence among species, including a cryptic genetic lineage. However, rampant gene discordance and ancient signals of introgression suggest a complex history of divergence. In addition, we find multiple strong postmating barriers, including postmating prezygotic isolation, hybrid seed inviability and hybrid male sterility. M. brevipes and M. fremontii have substantial but incomplete postmating isolation. For all other tested species pairs, we find essentially complete postmating isolation. Hybrid seed inviability appears linked to differences in seed size, providing a window into possible developmental mechanisms underlying this reproductive barrier. While geographic proximity and incomplete mating isolation may have allowed gene flow within this group in the distant past, strong postmating reproductive barriers today have likely played a key role in preventing ongoing introgression. By producing foundational information about reproductive isolation and genomic divergence in this understudied group, we add new diversity and phylogenetic resolution to our understanding of the mechanisms of plant speciation.
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2
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Kolis KM, Berg CS, Nelson TC, Fishman L. Population genomic consequences of life-history and mating system adaptation to a geothermal soil mosaic in yellow monkeyflowers. Evolution 2022; 76:765-781. [PMID: 35266558 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Local selection can promote phenotypic divergence despite gene flow across habitat mosaics, but adaptation itself may generate substantial barriers to genetic exchange. In plants, life-history, phenology, and mating system divergence have been proposed to promote genetic differentiation in sympatry. In this study, we investigate phenotypic and genetic variation in Mimulus guttatus (yellow monkeyflowers) across a geothermal soil mosaic in Yellowstone National Park (YNP). Plants from thermal annual and nonthermal perennial habitats were heritably differentiated for life-history and mating system traits, consistent with local adaptation to the ephemeral thermal-soil growing season. However, genome-wide genetic variation primarily clustered plants by geographic region, with little variation sorting by habitat. The one exception was an extreme thermal population also isolated by a 200 m geographical gap of no intermediate habitat. Individual inbreeding coefficients (FIS ) were higher (and predicted by trait variation) in annual plants and annual pairs showed greater isolation by distance at local (<1 km) scales. Finally, YNP adaptation does not reuse a widespread inversion that underlies M. guttatus life-history ecotypes range-wide, suggesting a novel genetic mechanism. Overall, this work suggests that life-history and mating system adaptation strong enough to shape individual mating patterns does not necessarily generate incipient speciation without geographical barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kory M Kolis
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, 59812.,Current Address: O'Connor Center for the Rocky Mountain West, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812
| | - Colette S Berg
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, 59812
| | - Thomas C Nelson
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, 59812.,Current Address: Embark Veterinary, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, 02210
| | - Lila Fishman
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, 59812
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3
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Christie K, Strauss SY. Frequency-dependent fitness and reproductive dynamics contribute to habitat segregation in sympatric jewelflowers. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200559. [PMID: 32396796 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coexistence results from a complex suite of past and contemporary processes including biogeographic history, adaptation, ecological interactions and reproductive dynamics. Here we explore drivers of local micro-parapatry in which two closely related and reproductively isolated Streptanthus species (jewelflower, Brassicaceae) inhabit continuous or adjacent habitat patches and occur within seed dispersal range, yet rarely overlap in fine-scale distribution. We find some evidence for abiotic niche partitioning and local adaptation, however differential survival across habitats cannot fully explain the scarcity of coexistence. Competition may also reduce the fitness of individuals migrating into occupied habitats, yet its effects are insufficient to drive competitive exclusion. Experimental migrants suffered reduced seed production and seed viability at sites occupied by heterospecifics, and we infer that heterospecific pollen transfer by shared pollinators contributes to wasted gametes when the two congeners come into contact. A minority disadvantage may reduce effective colonization of patches already occupied by heterospecifics, even when habitat patches are environmentally suitable. Differential adaptation and resource competition have often been evoked as primary drivers of habitat segregation in plants, yet negative reproductive interactions-including reproductive interference and decreased fecundity among low-frequency migrants-may also contribute to non-overlapping distributions of related species along local tension zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Christie
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, and Center for Population Biology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis CA 95616-5270, USA
| | - Sharon Y Strauss
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, and Center for Population Biology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis CA 95616-5270, USA
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Yamamoto M, Takahashi D, Horita K, Setoguchi H. Speciation and subsequent secondary contact in two edaphic endemic primroses driven by Pleistocene climatic oscillation. Heredity (Edinb) 2020; 124:93-107. [PMID: 31253956 PMCID: PMC6906382 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-019-0245-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Climatic perturbation during the Pleistocene era has played a major role in plant evolutionary history by altering species distribution range. However, the relative roles of climatic and geographic factors in the distribution dynamics remain poorly understood; in particular, the edaphic endemics. In this paper, we examine the evolutionary history of two ultramafic primroses, Primula hidakana and Primula takedana. These species are ecologically and morphologically distinct with disjunct distributions on Hokkaido Island, Japan. Primula hidakana is found on various rocks in southern Hokkaido and P. takedana in serpentine areas in northern Hokkaido. We performed population genetics analyses on nuclear and chloroplast data sets and tested alternative phylogenetic models of divergence using approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) analyses. Nuclear microsatellite loci clearly distinguished the two sister taxa. In contrast, chloroplast sequence variations were shared between P. takedana and P. hidakana. ABC analyses based on nuclear data supported a secondary contact scenario involving asymmetrical gene flow from P. hidakana to P. takedana. Paleodistribution modeling also supported the divergence model, and predicted their latitudinal range shifts leading to past secondary contact. Our findings highlight the importance of the distribution dynamics during the Pleistocene climatic oscillations in the evolution of serpentine plants, and demonstrate that tight species cohesion between serpentine and nonserpentine sister taxa has been maintained despite past interspecific gene flow across soil boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Yamamoto
- Hyogo University of Teacher Education, 942-1 Shimokume, Kato-city, Hyogo, 673-1494, Japan.
| | - Daiki Takahashi
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Nihonmatsu, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Horita
- Medical Plant Garden & Northern Ecological Garden, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Tobetsu-cho, Ishikari-gun, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Setoguchi
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Nihonmatsu, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
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5
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Nagasawa K, Setoguchi H, Maki M, Goto H, Fukushima K, Isagi Y, Suyama Y, Matsuo A, Tsunamoto Y, Sawa K, Sakaguchi S. Genetic consequences of plant edaphic specialization to solfatara fields: Phylogenetic and population genetic analysis of Carex angustisquama (Cyperaceae). Mol Ecol 2019; 29:3234-3247. [PMID: 31800130 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Edaphic specialization is one of the main drivers of plant diversification and has multifaceted effects on population dynamics. Carex angustisquama is a sedge plant growing only on heavily acidified soil in solfatara fields, where only extremophytes can survive. Because of the lack of closely related species in similar habitats and its disjunct distribution, the species offers ideal settings to investigate the effects of adaptation to solfatara fields and of historical biogeography on the genetic consequences of plant edaphic specialization to solfatara fields. Here, genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms were used to reveal the phylogenetic origin of C. angustisquama, and 16 expressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeat markers were employed to infer population demography of C angustisquama. Molecular phylogenetic analysis strongly indicated that C. angustisquama formed a monophyletic clade with Carex doenitzii, a species growing on nonacidified soil in the sympatric subalpine zone. The result of population genetic analysis showed that C. angustisquama has much lower genetic diversity than the sister species, and notably, all 16 loci were completely homozygous in most individuals of C. angustisquama. Approximate Bayesian computation analysis supported the model that assumed hierarchical declines of population size through its evolutionary sequence. We propose that the edaphic specialist in solfatara fields has newly attained the adaptation to solfatara fields in the process of speciation. Furthermore, we found evidence of a drastic reduction in genetic diversity in C. angustisquama, suggesting that the repeated founder effects associated with edaphic specialization and subsequent population demography lead to the loss of genetic diversity of this extremophyte in solfatara fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Nagasawa
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Setoguchi
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Hayato Goto
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Yuji Isagi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Suyama
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Osaki, Japan
| | - Ayumi Matsuo
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Osaki, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Tsunamoto
- Tohoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Morioka, Japan
| | | | - Shota Sakaguchi
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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6
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Vithanage M, Kumarathilaka P, Oze C, Karunatilake S, Seneviratne M, Hseu ZY, Gunarathne V, Dassanayake M, Ok YS, Rinklebe J. Occurrence and cycling of trace elements in ultramafic soils and their impacts on human health: A critical review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 131:104974. [PMID: 31376597 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.104974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The transformation of trace metals (TMs) in natural environmental systems has created significant concerns in recent decades. Ultramafic environments lead to potential risks to the agricultural products and, subsequently, to human health. This unique review presents geochemistry of ultramafic soils, TM fractionation (i.e. sequential and single extraction techniques), TM uptake and accumulation mechanisms of ultramafic flora, and ultramafic-associated health risks to human and agricultural crops. Ultramafic soils contain high levels of TMs (i.e. Cr, Ni, Mn, and Co) and have a low Ca:Mg ratio together with deficiencies in essential macronutrients required for the growth of crops. Even though a higher portion of TMs bind with the residual fraction of ultramafic soils, environmental changes (i.e. natural or anthropogenic) may increase the levels of TMs in the bioavailable or extractable fractions of ultramafic soils. Extremophile plants that have evolved to thrive in ultramafic soils present clear examples of evolutionary adaptations to TM resistance. The release of TMs into water sources and accumulation in food crops in and around ultramafic localities increases health risks for humans. Therefore, more focused investigations need to be implemented to understand the mechanisms related to the mobility and bioavailability of TMs in different ultramafic environments. Research gaps and directions for future studies are also discussed in this review. Lastly, we consider the importance of characterizing terrestrial ultramafic soil and its effect on crop plants in the context of multi-decadal plans by NASA and other space agencies to establish human colonies on Mars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meththika Vithanage
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka; School of Civil Engineering and Surveying, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, West Street, Toowoomba, Queensland 4350, Australia.
| | - Prasanna Kumarathilaka
- School of Civil Engineering and Surveying, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, West Street, Toowoomba, Queensland 4350, Australia
| | - Christopher Oze
- Department of Geology, Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA 90041, USA
| | - Suniti Karunatilake
- Planetary Science Lab, Geology & Geophysics, Louisiana State University, USA
| | - Mihiri Seneviratne
- Department of Botany, The Open University of Sri Lanka, Nawala, Sri Lanka
| | - Zeng-Yei Hseu
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Viraj Gunarathne
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, O-Jeong Eco-Resilience Institute, Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste-Management, Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany; University of Sejong, Department of Environment and Energy, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Sujii PS, Cozzolino S, Pinheiro F. Hybridization and geographic distribution shapes the spatial genetic structure of two co-occurring orchid species. Heredity (Edinb) 2019; 123:458-469. [PMID: 31391556 PMCID: PMC6781141 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-019-0254-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple ecological and life-history traits shape the fine-scale spatial genetic structure (FSGS) of a given population. The occurrence in core versus peripheral populations, levels of outcrossing, pollen and seed dispersal, and hybridization are important biological properties that influence the kinship of individuals within populations. We examined spatial genetic structure within 15 populations of Epidendrum fulgens and E. puniceoluteum distributed along a linear gradient of Brazilian coastal vegetation, including both allopatric and sympatric populations where the two orchid species hybridize. We analyzed 581 mapped specimens using nine simple sequence repeat loci, aiming to investigate how geographic distribution and hybridization shape within-population FSGS. A significant increase in FSGS was found towards peripheral populations, compared to core populations. Analysis of short-distance and long-distance components of FSGS identified biparental inbreeding and higher levels of FSGS at peripheral populations, when compared to core populations. In contrast, the relatively high density of reproductive adults in core populations potentially leads to highly overlapping seed and pollen movement, decreasing FSGS. Hybridization was an important factor shaping within-population spatial genetic structure at sympatric sites, decreasing the FSGS observed in parental species. Our results indicate that different ecological forces act in concert to create a gradient of FSGS along species distribution ranges, shaped by extensive levels of intraspecific and interspecific gene exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Salvatore Cozzolino
- Department of Biology, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Fábio Pinheiro
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia, Campinas, Brazil.
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Burrell AM, Goddard JHR, Greer PJ, Williams RJ, Pepper AE. Sporadic Genetic Connectivity among Small Insular Populations of the Rare Geoendemic Plant Caulanthus amplexicaulis var. barbarae (Santa Barbara Jewelflower). J Hered 2019; 110:587-600. [PMID: 31062855 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esz029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, a small number of plants have adapted to terrestrial outcroppings of serpentine geology, which are characterized by soils with low levels of essential mineral nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mo) and toxic levels of heavy metals (Ni, Cr, Co). Paradoxically, many of these plants are restricted to this harsh environment. Caulanthus ampexlicaulis var. barbarae (Brassicaceae) is a rare annual plant that is strictly endemic to a small set of isolated serpentine outcrops in the coastal mountains of central California. The goals of the work presented here were to 1) determine the patterns of genetic connectivity among all known populations of C. ampexlicaulis var. barbarae, and 2) estimate contemporary effective population sizes (Ne), to inform ongoing genomic analyses of the evolutionary history of this taxon, and to provide a foundation upon which to model its future evolutionary potential and long-term viability in a changing environment. Eleven populations of this taxon were sampled, and population-genetic parameters were estimated using 11 nuclear microsatellite markers. Contemporary effective population sizes were estimated using multiple methods and found to be strikingly small (typically Ne < 10). Further, our data showed that a substantial component of genetic connectivity of this taxon is not at equilibrium, and instead showed sporadic gene flow. Several lines of evidence indicate that gene flow between isolated populations is maintained through long-distance seed dispersal (e.g., >1 km), possibly via zoochory.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Millie Burrell
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | | | | | - Ryan J Williams
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Alan E Pepper
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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Christie K, Strauss SY. Reproductive isolation and the maintenance of species boundaries in two serpentine endemic Jewelflowers. Evolution 2019; 73:1375-1391. [PMID: 31152435 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Speciation occurs when reproductive barriers substantially reduce gene flow between lineages. Understanding how specific barriers contribute to reproductive isolation offers insight into the initial forces driving divergence and the evolutionary and ecological processes responsible for maintaining diversity. Here, we quantified multiple pre- and post-pollination isolating barriers in a pair of closely related California Jewelflowers (Streptanthus, Brassicaceae) living in an area of sympatry. S. breweri and S. hesperidis are restricted to similar serpentine habitats; however, populations are spatially isolated at fine-scales and rarely co-occur in intermixed stands. Several intrinsic postzygotic barriers were among the strongest we quantified, yet, postzygotic barriers currently contribute little to overall reproductive isolation due to the cumulative strength of earlier-acting extrinsic barriers, including spatial isolation, and flowering time and pollinator differences. Data from multiple years suggest that pre-pollination barriers may have different strengths depending on annual environmental conditions. Similarly, crossing data suggest that the strength of intrinsic isolation may vary among different population pairs. Estimates of total reproductive isolation in S. breweri and S. hesperidis are robust to uncertainty and variability in individual barrier strength estimates, demonstrating how multiple barriers can act redundantly to prevent gene flow between close relatives living in sympatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Christie
- UC Davis Department of Evolution and Ecology, and Center for Population Biology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616
| | - Sharon Y Strauss
- UC Davis Department of Evolution and Ecology, and Center for Population Biology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616
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Sianta SA, Kay KM. Adaptation and divergence in edaphic specialists and generalists: serpentine soil endemics in the California flora occur in barer serpentine habitats with lower soil calcium levels than serpentine tolerators. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2019; 106:690-703. [PMID: 31070790 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Adaptation to harsh edaphic substrates has repeatedly led to the evolution of edaphic specialists and generalists. Yet, it is unclear what factors promote specialization versus generalization. Here, we search for habitat use patterns associated with serpentine endemics (specialists) and serpentine tolerators (generalists) to indirectly test the hypothesis that trade-offs associated with serpentine adaptation promote specialization. We predict that (1) endemics have adapted to chemically harsher and more bare serpentine habitats than tolerators, and (2) edaphic endemics show more habitat divergence from their sister species than tolerators do among on- and off-serpentine populations. METHODS We selected 8 serpentine endemic and 9 serpentine tolerator species representing independent adaptation to serpentine. We characterized soil chemistry and microhabitat bareness from one serpentine taxon of each species and from a paired nonserpentine sister taxon, resulting in 8 endemic and 9 tolerator sister-taxa pairs. RESULTS We find endemic serpentine taxa occur in serpentine habitats averaging twice as much bare ground as tolerator serpentine taxa and 25% less soil calcium, a limiting macronutrient in serpentine soils. We do not find strong evidence that habitat divergence between sister taxa of endemic pairs is greater than between sister taxa of tolerator pairs. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest serpentine endemism is associated with adaptation to chemically harsher and more bare serpentine habitats. It may be that this adaptation trades off with competitive ability, which would support the longstanding, but rarely tested, competitive trade-off hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley A Sianta
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California
| | - Kathleen M Kay
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California
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11
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Selby JP, Willis JH. MajorQTLcontrols adaptation to serpentine soils inMimulus guttatus. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:5073-5087. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - John H. Willis
- Department of Biology Duke University Durham North Carolina
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