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Ma LJ, Cao LJ, Chen JC, Tang MQ, Song W, Yang FY, Shen XJ, Ren YJ, Yang Q, Li H, Hoffmann AA, Wei SJ. Rapid and Repeated Climate Adaptation Involving Chromosome Inversions following Invasion of an Insect. Mol Biol Evol 2024; 41:msae044. [PMID: 38401527 PMCID: PMC10924284 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msae044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Following invasion, insects can become adapted to conditions experienced in their invasive range, but there are few studies on the speed of adaptation and its genomic basis. Here, we examine a small insect pest, Thrips palmi, following its contemporary range expansion across a sharp climate gradient from the subtropics to temperate areas. We first found a geographically associated population genetic structure and inferred a stepping-stone dispersal pattern in this pest from the open fields of southern China to greenhouse environments of northern regions, with limited gene flow after colonization. In common garden experiments, both the field and greenhouse groups exhibited clinal patterns in thermal tolerance as measured by critical thermal maximum (CTmax) closely linked with latitude and temperature variables. A selection experiment reinforced the evolutionary potential of CTmax with an estimated h2 of 6.8% for the trait. We identified 3 inversions in the genome that were closely associated with CTmax, accounting for 49.9%, 19.6%, and 8.6% of the variance in CTmax among populations. Other genomic variations in CTmax outside the inversion region were specific to certain populations but functionally conserved. These findings highlight rapid adaptation to CTmax in both open field and greenhouse populations and reiterate the importance of inversions behaving as large-effect alleles in climate adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Ma
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Li-Jun Cao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Jin-Cui Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Meng-Qing Tang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wei Song
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Fang-Yuan Yang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Xiu-Jing Shen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Ya-Jing Ren
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qiong Yang
- Bio21 Institute, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Hu Li
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ary Anthony Hoffmann
- Bio21 Institute, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Shu-Jun Wei
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
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2
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Prapas D, Scalone R, Lee J, Nurkowski KA, Bou‐assi S, Rieseberg L, Battlay P, Hodgins KA. Quantitative trait loci mapping reveals an oligogenic architecture of a rapidly adapting trait during the European invasion of common ragweed. Evol Appl 2022; 15:1249-1263. [PMID: 36051461 PMCID: PMC9423086 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological invasions offer a unique opportunity to investigate evolution over contemporary timescales. Rapid adaptation to local climates during range expansion can be a major determinant of invasion success, yet fundamental questions remain about its genetic basis. This study sought to investigate the genetic basis of climate adaptation in invasive common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia). Flowering time adaptation is key to this annual species' invasion success, so much so that it has evolved repeated latitudinal clines in size and phenology across its native and introduced ranges despite high gene flow among populations. Here, we produced a high-density linkage map (4493 SNPs) and paired this with phenotypic data from an F2 mapping population (n = 336) to identify one major and two minor quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying flowering time and height differentiation in this species. Within each QTL interval, several candidate flowering time genes were also identified. Notably, the major flowering time QTL detected in this study was found to overlap with a previously identified haploblock (putative inversion). Multiple genetic maps of this region identified evidence of suppressed recombination in specific genotypes, consistent with inversions. These discoveries support the expectation that a concentrated genetic architecture with fewer, larger, and more tightly linked alleles should underlie rapid local adaptation during invasion, particularly when divergently adapting populations experience high levels of gene flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Prapas
- School of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Romain Scalone
- Department of Crop Production Ecology, Uppsala Ecology CenterSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden,Department of Grapevine BreedingHochschule Geisenheim UniversityGeisenheimGermany
| | - Jacqueline Lee
- School of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Kristin A. Nurkowski
- School of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia,Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research CentreUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Sarah Bou‐assi
- School of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Loren Rieseberg
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research CentreUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Paul Battlay
- School of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Kathryn A. Hodgins
- School of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
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3
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Trait differences between and within ranges of an invasive legume species. Biol Invasions 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-022-02817-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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4
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Liu W, Chen X, Wang J, Zhang Y. Does the effect of flowering time on biomass allocation across latitudes differ between invasive and native salt marsh grass Spartina alterniflora? Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8681. [PMID: 35309742 PMCID: PMC8901870 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Parallel latitudinal clines in flowering time have been documented in both the invasive and native ranges of plants. Furthermore, flowering time has been found to affect biomass at maturity. Therefore, understanding how these flowering times affect biomass accumulation across latitudes is essential to understanding plant adaptations and distributions.We investigated and compared trends in first flowering day (FFD), aboveground biomass (AGB), belowground biomass (BGB), and BGB:AGB ratio of the salt marsh grass Spartina alterniflora along latitudinal gradients from the invasive (China, 19-40°N) and native range (United States, 27-43°N) in a greenhouse common garden experiment, and tested whether FFD would drive these divergences between invasive and native ranges.The invasive populations produced more (~20%, ~19%) AGB and BGB than native populations, but there were no significant differences in the FFD and BGB:AGB ratio. We found significant parallel latitudinal clines in FFD in both invasive and native ranges. In addition, the BGB:AGB ratio was negatively correlated with the FFD in both the invasive and native ranges but nonsignificant in invasive populations. In contrast, AGB and BGB increased with latitude in the invasive range, but declined with latitude in the native range. Most interestingly, we found AGB and BGB positively correlated with the FFD in the native range, but no significant relationships in the invasive range.Our results indirectly support the evolution of increased competitive ability hypothesis (EICA) that S. alterniflora has evolved to produce greater AGB and BGB in China, but the flowering and allocation pattern of native populations is maintained in the invasive range. Our results also suggest that invasive S. alterniflora in China is not constrained by the trade-off of earlier flowering with smaller size, and that flowering time has played an important role in biomass allocation across latitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland EcosystemsCollege of the Environment and EcologyXiamen UniversityFujianChina
| | - Xincong Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland EcosystemsCollege of the Environment and EcologyXiamen UniversityFujianChina
| | - Jiayu Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland EcosystemsCollege of the Environment and EcologyXiamen UniversityFujianChina
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland EcosystemsCollege of the Environment and EcologyXiamen UniversityFujianChina
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5
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Vest K, Sobel JM. Variation in seasonal timing traits and life history along a latitudinal transect in Mimulus ringens. J Evol Biol 2021; 34:1803-1816. [PMID: 34582606 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal timing traits are commonly under recurrent, spatially variable selection, and are therefore predicted to exhibit clinal variation. Temperate perennial plants often require vernalization to prompt growth and reproduction; however, little is known about whether vernalization requirements change across the range of a broadly distributed species. We performed a critical vernalization duration study in Mimulus ringens, coupled with population genomic analysis. Plants from eight populations spanning the latitudinal range were exposed to varying durations of 4°C vernalization between 0 and 56 days, and flowering response was assessed. RADSeq was also performed to generate 1179 polymorphic SNPs, which were used to examine population structure. We found unexpected life history variation, with some populations lacking vernalization requirement. Population genomic analyses show that these life history variants are highly divergent from perennials, potentially revealing a cryptic species. For perennial populations, minimum vernalization time was surprisingly consistent. However, once vernalized, northern populations flowered almost 3 weeks faster than southern. Furthermore, southern populations exhibited sensitivity to vernalization times beyond flowering competency, suggesting an ability to respond adaptively to different lengths of winter. Mimulus ringens, therefore, reveals evidence of clinal variation, and provides opportunities for future studies addressing mechanistic and ecological hypotheses both within and between incipient species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Vest
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University (SUNY), Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - James M Sobel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University (SUNY), Binghamton, New York, USA
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Wendlandt CE, Helliwell E, Roberts M, Nguyen KT, Friesen ML, von Wettberg E, Price P, Griffitts JS, Porter SS. Decreased coevolutionary potential and increased symbiont fecundity during the biological invasion of a legume-rhizobium mutualism. Evolution 2021; 75:731-747. [PMID: 33433925 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although most invasive species engage in mutualism, we know little about how mutualism evolves as partners colonize novel environments. Selection on cooperation and standing genetic variation for mutualism traits may differ between a mutualism's invaded and native ranges, which could alter cooperation and coevolutionary dynamics. To test for such differences, we compare mutualism traits between invaded- and native-range host-symbiont genotype combinations of the weedy legume, Medicago polymorpha, and its nitrogen-fixing rhizobium symbiont, Ensifer medicae, which have coinvaded North America. We find that mutualism benefits for plants are indistinguishable between invaded- and native-range symbioses. However, rhizobia gain greater fitness from invaded-range mutualisms than from native-range mutualisms, and this enhancement of symbiont fecundity could increase the mutualism's spread by increasing symbiont availability during plant colonization. Furthermore, mutualism traits in invaded-range symbioses show lower genetic variance and a simpler partitioning of genetic variance between host and symbiont sources, compared to native-range symbioses. This suggests that biological invasion has reduced mutualists' potential to respond to coevolutionary selection. Additionally, rhizobia bearing a locus (hrrP) that can enhance symbiotic fitness have more exploitative phenotypes in invaded-range than in native-range symbioses. These findings highlight the impacts of biological invasion on the evolution of mutualistic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille E Wendlandt
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington
| | - Emily Helliwell
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington
| | - Miles Roberts
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington
| | - Kyle T Nguyen
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington
| | - Maren L Friesen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Eric von Wettberg
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Gund Institute for the Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Paul Price
- Department of Biology, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Michigan
| | - Joel S Griffitts
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Stephanie S Porter
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington
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7
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Microbial mutualist distribution limits spread of the invasive legume Medicago polymorpha. Biol Invasions 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-020-02404-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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8
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Müller-Schärer H, Bouchemousse S, Litto M, McEvoy PB, Roderick GK, Sun Y. How to better predict long-term benefits and risks in weed biocontrol: an evolutionary perspective. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 38:84-91. [PMID: 32240967 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Classical biological control (also called importation biological control) of weeds has a remarkable track record for efficiency and safety, but further improvement is still needed, particularly to account for potential evolutionary changes after release. Here, we discuss the increasing yet limited evidence of post-introduction evolution and describe approaches to predict evolutionary change. Recent advances include using experimental evolution studies over several generations that combine -omics tools with behavioral bioassays. This novel approach in weed biocontrol is well suited to explore the potential for rapid evolutionary change in real-time and thus can be used to estimate more accurately potential benefits and risks of agents before their importation. We outline this approach with a chrysomelid beetle used to control invasive common ragweed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria Litto
- Dep. Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Peter B McEvoy
- Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States
| | | | - Yan Sun
- Dep. Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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9
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Renzi JP, Chantre GR, Smýkal P, Presotto AD, Zubiaga L, Garayalde AF, Cantamutto MA. Diversity of Naturalized Hairy Vetch ( Vicia villosa Roth) Populations in Central Argentina as a Source of Potential Adaptive Traits for Breeding. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:189. [PMID: 32180785 PMCID: PMC7059640 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Hairy vetch (Vicia villosa ssp. villosa Roth) is native of Europe and Western Asia and it is the second most cultivated vetch worldwide. Hairy vetch is used as forage species in semiarid environments and as a legume cover crop in sub-humid and humid regions. Being an incompletely domesticated species, hairy vetch can form spontaneous populations in a new environment. These populations might contain novel and adaptive traits valuable for breeding. Niche occupancy based on geographic occurrence and environmental data of naturalized populations in central Argentina showed that these populations were distributed mainly on disturbed areas with coarse soil texture and alkaline-type soils. Low rainfall and warm temperatures during pre- and post-seed dispersal explained the potential distribution under sub-humid and semiarid conditions from Pampa and Espinal ecoregions. Conversely, local adaptation along environmental gradients did not drive the divergence among recently established Argentinian (AR) populations. The highest genetic diversity revealed by microsatellite analysis was observed within accessions (72%) while no clear separation was detected between AR and European (EU) genotypes, although naturalized AR populations showed strong differentiation with the wild EU accessions. Common garden experiments were conducted in 2014-16 in order to evaluate populations' germination, flowering, and biomass traits. European cultivars were characterized by low physical seed dormancy (PY), while naturalized AR accessions showed higher winter biomass production. Detected variation in the quantitative assessment of populations could be useful for selection in breeding for traits that convey favorable functions within specific contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P. Renzi
- EEA H. Ascasubi Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Guillermo R. Chantre
- Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida (CERZOS), CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Petr Smýkal
- Department of Botany, Palacký University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Alejandro D. Presotto
- Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida (CERZOS), CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Luciano Zubiaga
- EEA H. Ascasubi Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Antonio F. Garayalde
- Departamento de Matemática, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Miguel A. Cantamutto
- EEA H. Ascasubi Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida (CERZOS), CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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10
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Kelly M. Adaptation to climate change through genetic accommodation and assimilation of plastic phenotypes. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 374:20180176. [PMID: 30966963 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Theory suggests that evolutionary changes in phenotypic plasticity could either hinder or facilitate evolutionary rescue in a changing climate. Nevertheless, the actual role of evolving plasticity in the responses of natural populations to climate change remains unresolved. Direct observations of evolutionary change in nature are rare, making it difficult to assess the relative contributions of changes in trait means versus changes in plasticity to climate change responses. To address this gap, this review explores several proxies that can be used to understand evolving plasticity in the context of climate change, including space for time substitutions, experimental evolution and tests for genomic divergence at environmentally responsive loci. Comparisons among populations indicate a prominent role for divergence in environmentally responsive traits in local adaptation to climatic gradients. Moreover, genomic comparisons among such populations have identified pervasive divergence in the regulatory regions of environmentally responsive loci. Taken together, these lines of evidence suggest that divergence in plasticity plays a prominent role in adaptation to climatic gradients over space, indicating that evolving plasticity is also likely to play a key role in adaptive responses to climate change through time. This suggests that genetic variation in plastic responses to the environment (G × E) might be an important predictor of species' vulnerabilities to climate-driven decline or extinction. This article is part of the theme issue 'The role of plasticity in phenotypic adaptation to rapid environmental change'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Kelly
- Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, LA 70808 , USA
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11
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Jack CN, Friesen ML. Rapid evolution of Medicago polymorpha during invasion shifts interactions with the soybean looper. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:10522-10533. [PMID: 31632647 PMCID: PMC6787872 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Enemy Release Hypothesis posits that invasion of novel habitats can be facilitated by the absence of coevolved herbivores. However, a new environment and interactions with unfamiliar herbivores may impose selection on invading plants for traits that reduce their attractiveness to herbivores or for enhanced defenses compared to native host plants, leading to a pattern similar to enemy release but driven by evolutionary change rather than ecological differences. The Shifting Defense Hypothesis posits that plants in novel habitats will shift from specialized defense mechanisms to defense mechanisms effective against generalist herbivores in the new range. We tested these ideas by comparing herbivore preference and performance of native (Eurasia)- and invasive (New World)-range Medicago polymorpha, using a generalist herbivore, the soybean looper, that co-occurs with M. polymorpha in its New World invaded range. We found that soybean loopers varied in preference and performance depending on host genotype and that overall the herbivore preferred to consume plant genotypes from naïve populations from Eurasia. This potentially suggests that range expansion of M. polymorpha into the New World has led to rapid evolution of a variety of traits that have helped multiple populations become established, including those that may allow invasive populations to resist herbivory. Thus, enemy release in a novel range can occur through rapid evolution by the plant during invasion, as predicted by the Shifting Defense Hypothesis, rather than via historical divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra N. Jack
- Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan
- BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in ActionEast LansingMichigan
- Department of Plant PathologyWashington State UniversityPullmanWashington
| | - Maren L. Friesen
- Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan
- BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in ActionEast LansingMichigan
- Department of Plant PathologyWashington State UniversityPullmanWashington
- Department of Crop and Soil SciencesWashington State UniversityPullmanWashington
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