1
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Cysteine Biosynthesis in Campylobacter jejuni: Substrate Specificity of CysM and the Dualism of Sulfide. Biomolecules 2022; 13:biom13010086. [PMID: 36671471 PMCID: PMC9855970 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a highly successful enteric pathogen with a small, host-adapted genome (1.64 Mbp, ~1650 coding genes). As a result, C. jejuni has limited capacity in numerous metabolic pathways, including sulfur metabolism. Unable to utilise ionic sulfur, C. jejuni relies on the uptake of exogenous cysteine and its derivatives for its supply of this essential amino acid. Cysteine can also be synthesized de novo by the sole cysteine synthase, CysM. In this study, we explored the substrate specificity of purified C. jejuni CysM and define it as an O-acetyl-L-serine sulfhydrylase with an almost absolute preference for sulfide as sulfur donor. Sulfide is produced in abundance in the intestinal niche C. jejuni colonises, yet sulfide is generally viewed as highly toxic to bacteria. We conducted a series of growth experiments in sulfur-limited media and demonstrate that sulfide is an excellent sulfur source for C. jejuni at physiologically relevant concentrations, combating the view of sulfide as a purely deleterious compound to bacteria. Nonetheless, C. jejuni is indeed inhibited by elevated concentrations of sulfide and we sought to understand the targets involved. Surprisingly, we found that inactivation of the sulfide-sensitive primary terminal oxidase, the cbb3-type cytochrome c oxidase CcoNOPQ, did not explain the majority of growth inhibition by sulfide. Therefore, further work is required to reveal the cellular targets responsible for sulfide toxicity in C. jejuni.
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2
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Han S, Li Y, Gao H. Generation and Physiology of Hydrogen Sulfide and Reactive Sulfur Species in Bacteria. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122487. [PMID: 36552695 PMCID: PMC9774590 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfur is not only one of the most abundant elements on the Earth, but it is also essential to all living organisms. As life likely began and evolved in a hydrogen sulfide (H2S)-rich environment, sulfur metabolism represents an early form of energy generation via various reactions in prokaryotes and has driven the sulfur biogeochemical cycle since. It has long been known that H2S is toxic to cells at high concentrations, but now this gaseous molecule, at the physiological level, is recognized as a signaling molecule and a regulator of critical biological processes. Recently, many metabolites of H2S, collectively called reactive sulfur species (RSS), have been gradually appreciated as having similar or divergent regulatory roles compared with H2S in living organisms, especially mammals. In prokaryotes, even in bacteria, investigations into generation and physiology of RSS remain preliminary and an understanding of the relevant biological processes is still in its infancy. Despite this, recent and exciting advances in the fields are many. Here, we discuss abiotic and biotic generation of H2S/RSS, sulfur-transforming enzymes and their functioning mechanisms, and their physiological roles as well as the sensing and regulation of H2S/RSS.
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3
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Jenner LP, Crack JC, Kurth JM, Soldánová Z, Brandt L, Sokol KP, Reisner E, Bradley JM, Dahl C, Cheesman MR, Butt JN. Reaction of Thiosulfate Dehydrogenase with a Substrate Mimic Induces Dissociation of the Cysteine Heme Ligand Giving Insights into the Mechanism of Oxidative Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:18296-18304. [PMID: 36173876 PMCID: PMC9562282 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Thiosulfate dehydrogenases are bacterial cytochromes that contribute to the oxidation of inorganic sulfur. The active sites of these enzymes contain low-spin c-type heme with Cys-/His axial ligation. However, the reduction potentials of these hemes are several hundred mV more negative than that of the thiosulfate/tetrathionate couple (Em, +198 mV), making it difficult to rationalize the thiosulfate oxidizing capability. Here, we describe the reaction of Campylobacter jejuni thiosulfate dehydrogenase (TsdA) with sulfite, an analogue of thiosulfate. The reaction leads to stoichiometric conversion of the active site Cys to cysteinyl sulfonate (Cα-CH2-S-SO3-) such that the protein exists in a form closely resembling a proposed intermediate in the pathway for thiosulfate oxidation that carries a cysteinyl thiosulfate (Cα-CH2-S-SSO3-). The active site heme in the stable sulfonated protein displays an Em approximately 200 mV more positive than the Cys-/His-ligated state. This can explain the thiosulfate oxidizing activity of the enzyme and allows us to propose a catalytic mechanism for thiosulfate oxidation. Substrate-driven release of the Cys heme ligand allows that side chain to provide the site of substrate binding and redox transformation; the neighboring heme then simply provides a site for electron relay to an appropriate partner. This chemistry is distinct from that displayed by the Cys-ligated hemes found in gas-sensing hemoproteins and in enzymes such as the cytochromes P450. Thus, a further class of thiolate-ligated hemes is proposed, as exemplified by the TsdA centers that have evolved to catalyze the controlled redox transformations of inorganic oxo anions of sulfur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon P. Jenner
- Centre
for Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, School of Chemistry and
School of Biological Sciences, University
of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NorwichNR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jason C. Crack
- Centre
for Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, School of Chemistry and
School of Biological Sciences, University
of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NorwichNR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Julia M. Kurth
- Institut
für Mikrobiologie & Biotechnologie, Friedrich Wilhelms
Universität Bonn, D-53115Bonn, Germany
| | - Zuzana Soldánová
- Centre
for Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, School of Chemistry and
School of Biological Sciences, University
of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NorwichNR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Linda Brandt
- Institut
für Mikrobiologie & Biotechnologie, Friedrich Wilhelms
Universität Bonn, D-53115Bonn, Germany
| | - Katarzyna P. Sokol
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CambridgeCB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CambridgeCB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Justin M. Bradley
- Centre
for Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, School of Chemistry and
School of Biological Sciences, University
of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NorwichNR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Christiane Dahl
- Institut
für Mikrobiologie & Biotechnologie, Friedrich Wilhelms
Universität Bonn, D-53115Bonn, Germany
| | - Myles R. Cheesman
- Centre
for Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, School of Chemistry and
School of Biological Sciences, University
of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NorwichNR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Julea N. Butt
- Centre
for Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, School of Chemistry and
School of Biological Sciences, University
of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NorwichNR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
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4
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Valenzuela C, Leiva D, Carú M, Orlando J. Prediction of the Metabolic Functions of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur Cycling Bacteria Associated with the Lichen Peltigera frigida. Microbiology (Reading) 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261721102117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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5
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Yu Q, Sun W, Gao H. Thiosulfate oxidation in sulfur-reducing Shewanella oneidensis and its unexpected influences on the cytochrome c content. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:7056-7072. [PMID: 34664382 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thiosulfate, an important form of sulfur compounds, can serve as both electron donor and acceptor in various microorganisms. In Shewanella oneidensis, a bacterium renowned for respiratory versatility, thiosulfate reduction has long been recognized but whether it can catalyse thiosulfate oxidation remains elusive. In this study, we discovered that S. oneidensis is capable of thiosulfate oxidation, a process specifically catalysed by two periplasmic cytochrome c (cyt c) proteins, TsdA and TsdB, which act as the catalytic subunit and the electron transfer subunit respectively. In the presence of oxygen, oxidation of thiosulfate has priority over reduction. Intriguingly, thiosulfate oxidation negatively regulates the cyt c content in S. oneidensis cells, largely by reducing intracellular levels of cAMP, which as the cofactor modulates activity of global regulator Crp required for transcription of many cyt c genes. This unexpected finding provides an additional dimension to interplays between the respiration regulator and the respiratory pathways in S. oneidensis. Moreover, the data presented here identified S. oneidensis as the first bacterium known to date owning both functional thiosulfate reductase and dehydrogenase, and importantly, genomics analyses suggested that the number of bacterial species possessing this feature is rather limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzi Yu
- Institute of Microbiology and College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Weining Sun
- Institute of Microbiology and College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Haichun Gao
- Institute of Microbiology and College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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6
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Balta I, Marcu A, Linton M, Kelly C, Gundogdu O, Stef L, Pet I, Ward P, Deshaies M, Callaway T, Sopharat P, Gradisteanu-Pircalabioru G, Corcionivoschi N. Mixtures of natural antimicrobials can reduce Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella enterica and Clostridium perfringens infections and cellular inflammatory response in MDCK cells. Gut Pathog 2021; 13:37. [PMID: 34099034 PMCID: PMC8182910 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-021-00433-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The classification of natural antimicrobials as potential antibiotic replacements is still hampered by the absence of clear biological mechanisms behind their mode of action. This study investigated the mechanisms underlying the anti-bacterial effect of a mixture of natural antimicrobials (maltodextrin, citric acid, sodium citrate, malic acid, citrus extract and olive extract) against Campylobacter jejuni RC039, Salmonella enterica SE 10/72 and Clostridium perfringens ATCC® 13124 invasion of Madin–Darby Canine Kidney cells (MDCK). Results Minimum sub-inhibitory concentrations were determined for Campylobacter jejuni (0.25%), Salmonella enterica (0.50%) and Clostridium perfringens (0.50%) required for the in vitro infection assays with MDCK cells. The antimicrobial mixture significantly reduced the virulence of all three pathogens towards MDCK cells and restored the integrity of cellular tight junctions through increased transepithelial resistance (TEER) and higher expression levels of ZO-1 (zonula occludens 1) and occludin. This study also identified the ERK (external regulated kinase) signalling pathway as a key mechanism in blocking the pro-inflammatory cytokine production (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α) in infected cells. The reduction in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production and release by infected MDCK cells, in the presence of the antimicrobial mixture, was also associated with less tetrathionate formed by oxidation of thiosulphate (p < 0.0001). Conclusion The present study describes for the first time that mixtures of natural antimicrobials can prevent the formation of substrates used by bacterial pathogens to grow and survive in anaerobic environments (e.g. tetrathionate). Moreover, we provide further insights into pathogen invasion mechanisms through restoration of cellular structures and describe their ability to block the ERK–MAPK kinase pathway responsible for inflammatory cytokine release
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Affiliation(s)
- Igori Balta
- Food Microbiology, Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, 18a Newforge Lane, Belfast, BT9 5PX, Northern Ireland, UK. .,Faculty of Animal Science and Biotechnologies, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. .,Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine-King Michael I of Romania, 300645, Timisoara, Romania.
| | - Adela Marcu
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine-King Michael I of Romania, 300645, Timisoara, Romania.
| | - Mark Linton
- Food Microbiology, Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, 18a Newforge Lane, Belfast, BT9 5PX, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Carmel Kelly
- Food Microbiology, Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, 18a Newforge Lane, Belfast, BT9 5PX, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Ozan Gundogdu
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, WC1E 7HT, London, UK
| | - Lavinia Stef
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine-King Michael I of Romania, 300645, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ioan Pet
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine-King Michael I of Romania, 300645, Timisoara, Romania
| | | | | | - Todd Callaway
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Nicolae Corcionivoschi
- Food Microbiology, Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, 18a Newforge Lane, Belfast, BT9 5PX, Northern Ireland, UK. .,Faculty of Animal Science and Biotechnologies, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. .,Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine-King Michael I of Romania, 300645, Timisoara, Romania.
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7
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Zhong Q, Kobe B, Kappler U. Molybdenum Enzymes and How They Support Virulence in Pathogenic Bacteria. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:615860. [PMID: 33362753 PMCID: PMC7759655 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.615860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mononuclear molybdoenzymes are highly versatile catalysts that occur in organisms in all domains of life, where they mediate essential cellular functions such as energy generation and detoxification reactions. Molybdoenzymes are particularly abundant in bacteria, where over 50 distinct types of enzymes have been identified to date. In bacterial pathogens, all aspects of molybdoenzyme biology such as molybdate uptake, cofactor biosynthesis, and function of the enzymes themselves, have been shown to affect fitness in the host as well as virulence. Although current studies are mostly focused on a few key pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Campylobacter jejuni, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, some common themes for the function and adaptation of the molybdoenzymes to pathogen environmental niches are emerging. Firstly, for many of these enzymes, their role is in supporting bacterial energy generation; and the corresponding pathogen fitness and virulence defects appear to arise from a suboptimally poised metabolic network. Secondly, all substrates converted by virulence-relevant bacterial Mo enzymes belong to classes known to be generated in the host either during inflammation or as part of the host signaling network, with some enzyme groups showing adaptation to the increased conversion of such substrates. Lastly, a specific adaptation to bacterial in-host survival is an emerging link between the regulation of molybdoenzyme expression in bacterial pathogens and the presence of immune system-generated reactive oxygen species. The prevalence of molybdoenzymes in key bacterial pathogens including ESKAPE pathogens, paired with the mounting evidence of their central roles in bacterial fitness during infection, suggest that they could be important future drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifeng Zhong
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Ulrike Kappler
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
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8
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Man L, Dale AL, Klare WP, Cain JA, Sumer-Bayraktar Z, Niewold P, Solis N, Cordwell SJ. Proteomics of Campylobacter jejuni Growth in Deoxycholate Reveals Cj0025c as a Cystine Transport Protein Required for Wild-type Human Infection Phenotypes. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 19:1263-1280. [PMID: 32376616 PMCID: PMC8015009 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra120.002029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of food-borne gastroenteritis. Proteomics by label-based two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) identified proteins associated with growth in 0.1% sodium deoxycholate (DOC, a component of gut bile salts), and system-wide validation was performed by data-independent acquisition (DIA-SWATH-MS). LC-MS/MS quantified 1326 proteins (∼82% of the predicted C. jejuni proteome), of which 1104 were validated in additional biological replicates by DIA-SWATH-MS. DOC resulted in a profound proteome shift with 512 proteins showing significantly altered abundance. Induced proteins were associated with flagellar motility and antibiotic resistance; and these correlated with increased DOC motility and resistance to polymyxin B and ciprofloxacin. DOC also increased human Caco-2 cell adherence and invasion. Abundances of proteins involved in nutrient transport were altered by DOC and aligned with intracellular changes to their respective carbon sources. DOC increased intracellular levels of sulfur-containing amino acids (cysteine and methionine) and the dipeptide cystine (Cys-Cys), which also correlated with reduced resistance to oxidative stress. A DOC induced transport protein was Cj0025c, which has sequence similarity to bacterial Cys-Cys transporters. Deletion of cj0025c (Δcj0025c) resulted in proteome changes consistent with sulfur starvation, as well as attenuated invasion, reduced motility, atypical morphology, increased antimicrobial susceptibility and poor biofilm formation. Targeted metabolomics showed Δcj0025c could use known C. jejuni amino and organic acid substrates commensurate with wild-type. Medium Cys-Cys levels however, were maintained in Δcj0025c relative to wild-type. A toxic Cys-Cys mimic (selenocystine) inhibited wild-type growth, but not Δcj0025c Provision of an alternate sulfur source (2 mm thiosulfate) restored Δcj0025c motility. Our data confirm that Cj0025c is a Cys-Cys transporter that we have named TcyP consistent with the nomenclature of homologous proteins in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lok Man
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Ashleigh L Dale
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - William P Klare
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Joel A Cain
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Zeynep Sumer-Bayraktar
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Paula Niewold
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Australia; Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Nestor Solis
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Stuart J Cordwell
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Australia; Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Sydney Mass Spectrometry, The University of Sydney, Australia.
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9
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Zhang J, Liu R, Xi S, Cai R, Zhang X, Sun C. A novel bacterial thiosulfate oxidation pathway provides a new clue about the formation of zero-valent sulfur in deep sea. ISME JOURNAL 2020; 14:2261-2274. [PMID: 32457501 PMCID: PMC7608252 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-0684-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Zero-valent sulfur (ZVS) has been shown to be a major sulfur intermediate in the deep-sea cold seep of the South China Sea based on our previous work, however, the microbial contribution to the formation of ZVS in cold seep has remained unclear. Here, we describe a novel thiosulfate oxidation pathway discovered in the deep-sea cold seep bacterium Erythrobacter flavus 21–3, which provides a new clue about the formation of ZVS. Electronic microscopy, energy-dispersive, and Raman spectra were used to confirm that E. flavus 21–3 effectively converts thiosulfate to ZVS. We next used a combined proteomic and genetic method to identify thiosulfate dehydrogenase (TsdA) and thiosulfohydrolase (SoxB) playing key roles in the conversion of thiosulfate to ZVS. Stoichiometric results of different sulfur intermediates further clarify the function of TsdA in converting thiosulfate to tetrathionate (−O3S–S–S–SO3−), SoxB in liberating sulfone from tetrathionate to form ZVS and sulfur dioxygenases (SdoA/SdoB) in oxidizing ZVS to sulfite under some conditions. Notably, homologs of TsdA, SoxB, and SdoA/SdoB widely exist across the bacteria including in Erythrobacter species derived from different environments. This strongly indicates that this novel thiosulfate oxidation pathway might be frequently used by microbes and plays an important role in the biogeochemical sulfur cycle in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology & Center of Deep Sea Research, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Center of Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Rui Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology & Center of Deep Sea Research, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Center of Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Shichuan Xi
- College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Center of Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment & Center of Deep Sea Research, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Ruining Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology & Center of Deep Sea Research, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Center of Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Center of Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment & Center of Deep Sea Research, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Chaomin Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology & Center of Deep Sea Research, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China. .,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China. .,Center of Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.
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10
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Yeow M, Liu F, Ma R, Williams TJ, Riordan SM, Zhang L. Analyses of energy metabolism and stress defence provide insights into Campylobacter concisus growth and pathogenicity. Gut Pathog 2020; 12:13. [PMID: 32165925 PMCID: PMC7059363 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-020-00349-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter concisus is an emerging enteric pathogen that is associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Previous studies demonstrated that C. concisus is non-saccharolytic and hydrogen gas (H2) is a critical factor for C. concisus growth. In order to understand the molecular basis of the non-saccharolytic and H2-dependent nature of C. concisus growth, in this study we examined the pathways involving energy metabolism and oxidative stress defence in C. concisus. Bioinformatic analysis of C. concisus genomes in comparison with the well-studied enteric pathogen Campylobacter jejuni was performed. This study found that C. concisus lacks a number of key enzymes in glycolysis, including glucokinase and phosphofructokinase, and the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway. C. concisus has an incomplete tricarboxylic acid cycle, with no identifiable succinyl-CoA synthase or fumarate hydratase. C. concisus was inferred to use fewer amino acids and have fewer candidate substrates as electron donors and acceptors compared to C. jejuni. The addition of DMSO or fumarate to media resulted in significantly increased growth of C. concisus in the presence of H2 as an electron donor, demonstrating that both can be used as electron acceptors. Catalase, an essential enzyme for oxidative stress defence in C. jejuni, and various nitrosative stress enzymes, were not found in the C. concisus genome. Overall, C. concisus is inferred to have a non-saccharolytic metabolism in which H2 is central to energy conservation, and a narrow selection of carboxylic acids and amino acids can be utilised as organic substrates. In conclusion, this study provides a molecular basis for the non-saccharolytic and hydrogen-dependent nature of C. concisus energy metabolism pathways, which provides insights into the growth requirements and pathogenicity of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Yeow
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, 2052 Australia
| | - Fang Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, 2052 Australia
| | - Rena Ma
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, 2052 Australia
| | - Timothy J. Williams
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, 2052 Australia
| | - Stephen M. Riordan
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, 2052 Australia
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11
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Benoit SL, Maier RJ, Sawers RG, Greening C. Molecular Hydrogen Metabolism: a Widespread Trait of Pathogenic Bacteria and Protists. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2020; 84:e00092-19. [PMID: 31996394 PMCID: PMC7167206 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00092-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic microorganisms use various mechanisms to conserve energy in host tissues and environmental reservoirs. One widespread but often overlooked means of energy conservation is through the consumption or production of molecular hydrogen (H2). Here, we comprehensively review the distribution, biochemistry, and physiology of H2 metabolism in pathogens. Over 200 pathogens and pathobionts carry genes for hydrogenases, the enzymes responsible for H2 oxidation and/or production. Furthermore, at least 46 of these species have been experimentally shown to consume or produce H2 Several major human pathogens use the large amounts of H2 produced by colonic microbiota as an energy source for aerobic or anaerobic respiration. This process has been shown to be critical for growth and virulence of the gastrointestinal bacteria Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter concisus, and Helicobacter pylori (including carcinogenic strains). H2 oxidation is generally a facultative trait controlled by central regulators in response to energy and oxidant availability. Other bacterial and protist pathogens produce H2 as a diffusible end product of fermentation processes. These include facultative anaerobes such as Escherichia coli, S Typhimurium, and Giardia intestinalis, which persist by fermentation when limited for respiratory electron acceptors, as well as obligate anaerobes, such as Clostridium perfringens, Clostridioides difficile, and Trichomonas vaginalis, that produce large amounts of H2 during growth. Overall, there is a rich literature on hydrogenases in growth, survival, and virulence in some pathogens. However, we lack a detailed understanding of H2 metabolism in most pathogens, especially obligately anaerobic bacteria, as well as a holistic understanding of gastrointestinal H2 transactions overall. Based on these findings, we also evaluate H2 metabolism as a possible target for drug development or other therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane L Benoit
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Robert J Maier
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - R Gary Sawers
- Institute of Microbiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Chris Greening
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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12
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Jenner LP, Kurth JM, van Helmont S, Sokol KP, Reisner E, Dahl C, Bradley JM, Butt JN, Cheesman MR. Heme ligation and redox chemistry in two bacterial thiosulfate dehydrogenase (TsdA) enzymes. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:18002-18014. [PMID: 31467084 PMCID: PMC6879331 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Thiosulfate dehydrogenases (TsdAs) are bidirectional bacterial di-heme enzymes that catalyze the interconversion of tetrathionate and thiosulfate at measurable rates in both directions. In contrast to our knowledge of TsdA activities, information on the redox properties in the absence of substrates is rather scant. To address this deficit, we combined magnetic CD (MCD) spectroscopy and protein film electrochemistry (PFE) in a study to resolve heme ligation and redox chemistry in two representative TsdAs. We examined the TsdAs from Campylobacter jejuni, a microaerobic human pathogen, and from the purple sulfur bacterium Allochromatium vinosum. In these organisms, the enzyme functions as a tetrathionate reductase and a thiosulfate oxidase, respectively. The active site Heme 1 in both enzymes has His/Cys ligation in the ferric and ferrous states and the midpoint potentials (Em) of the corresponding redox transformations are similar, −185 mV versus standard hydrogen electrode (SHE). However, fundamental differences are observed in the properties of the second, electron transferring, Heme 2. In C. jejuni, TsdA Heme 2 has His/Met ligation and an Em of +172 mV. In A. vinosum TsdA, Heme 2 reduction triggers a switch from His/Lys ligation (Em, −129 mV) to His/Met (Em, +266 mV), but the rates of interconversion are such that His/Lys ligation would be retained during turnover. In summary, our findings have unambiguously assigned Em values to defined axial ligand sets in TsdAs, specified the rates of Heme 2 ligand exchange in the A. vinosum enzyme, and provided information relevant to describing their catalytic mechanism(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon P Jenner
- Centre for Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, School of Chemistry and School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Julia M Kurth
- Institut für Mikrobiologie & Biotechnologie, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms Universität Bonn, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sebastian van Helmont
- Institut für Mikrobiologie & Biotechnologie, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms Universität Bonn, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Katarzyna P Sokol
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Christiane Dahl
- Institut für Mikrobiologie & Biotechnologie, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms Universität Bonn, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Justin M Bradley
- Centre for Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, School of Chemistry and School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Julea N Butt
- Centre for Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, School of Chemistry and School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Myles R Cheesman
- Centre for Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, School of Chemistry and School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
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13
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van der Stel AX, Wösten MMSM. Regulation of Respiratory Pathways in Campylobacterota: A Review. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1719. [PMID: 31417516 PMCID: PMC6682613 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Campylobacterota, previously known as Epsilonproteobacteria, are a large group of Gram-negative mainly, spiral-shaped motile bacteria. Some members like the Sulfurospirillum spp. are free-living, while others such as Helicobacter spp. can only persist in strict association with a host organism as commensal or as pathogen. Species of this phylum colonize diverse habitats ranging from deep-sea thermal vents to the human stomach wall. Despite their divergent environments, they share common energy conservation mechanisms. The Campylobacterota have a large and remarkable repertoire of electron transport chain enzymes, given their small genomes. Although members of recognized families of transcriptional regulators are found in these genomes, sofar no orthologs known to be important for energy or redox metabolism such as ArcA, FNR or NarP are encoded in the genomes of the Campylobacterota. In this review, we discuss the strategies that members of Campylobacterota utilize to conserve energy and the corresponding regulatory mechanisms that regulate the branched electron transport chains in these bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc M. S. M. Wösten
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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14
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Buckley A, MacGregor B, Teske A. Identification, Expression and Activity of Candidate Nitrite Reductases From Orange Beggiatoaceae, Guaymas Basin. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:644. [PMID: 30984153 PMCID: PMC6449678 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Orange filamentous Beggiatoaceae form massive microbial mats on hydrothermal sediments in Guaymas Basin; these bacteria are considered to oxidize sulfide with nitrate and nitrite as electron acceptors. From a previously analyzed genome of an orange Beggiatoaceae filament, three candidate genes for enzymes with nitrite-reducing function - an orange octaheme cytochrome, a nirS nitrite reductase, and a nitrite/tetrathionate-reducing octaheme cytochrome - were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The expressed and purified orange cytochrome showed reduced nitrite-reducing activity compared to the multifunctional native protein obtained from microbial mats. The nirS gene product showed in vitro but no in-gel nitrite-reducing activity; and the nitrite/tetrathionate-reducing octaheme cytochrome was capable of reducing both nitrite and tetrathionate in vitro. Phylogenetic analysis shows that the orange Beggiatoaceae nirS, in contrast to the other candidate nitrite reductases, does not form monophyletic lineages with its counterparts in other large sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, and most likely represents a recent acquisition by lateral gene transfer. The nitrite/tetrathionate-reducing enzyme of the orange Beggiatoaceae is related to nitrite- and tetrathionate reductases harbored predominantly by Gammaproteobacteria, including obligate endosymbionts of hydrothermal vent tubeworms. Thus, the orange Guaymas Basin Beggiatoaceae have a repertoire of at least three different functional enzymes for nitrite reduction. By demonstrating the unusual diversity of enzymes with a potential role in nitrite reduction, we show that bacteria in highly dynamic, sulfide-rich hydrothermal vent habitats adapt to these conditions that usually prohibit nitrate and nitrite reduction. In the case of the orange Guaymas Beggiatoaceae, classical denitrification appears to be replaced by different multifunctional enzymes for nitrite and tetrathionate reduction; the resulting ecophysiological flexibility provides a new key to the dominance of these Beggiatoaceae in hydrothermal hot spots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Buckley
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Barbara MacGregor
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Andreas Teske
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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15
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Wang R, Lin JQ, Liu XM, Pang X, Zhang CJ, Yang CL, Gao XY, Lin CM, Li YQ, Li Y, Lin JQ, Chen LX. Sulfur Oxidation in the Acidophilic Autotrophic Acidithiobacillus spp. Front Microbiol 2019; 9:3290. [PMID: 30687275 PMCID: PMC6335251 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfur oxidation is an essential component of the earth's sulfur cycle. Acidithiobacillus spp. can oxidize various reduced inorganic sulfur compounds (RISCs) with high efficiency to obtain electrons for their autotrophic growth. Strains in this genus have been widely applied in bioleaching and biological desulfurization. Diverse sulfur-metabolic pathways and corresponding regulatory systems have been discovered in these acidophilic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. The sulfur-metabolic enzymes in Acidithiobacillus spp. can be categorized as elemental sulfur oxidation enzymes (sulfur dioxygenase, sulfur oxygenase reductase, and Hdr-like complex), enzymes in thiosulfate oxidation pathways (tetrathionate intermediate thiosulfate oxidation (S4I) pathway, the sulfur oxidizing enzyme (Sox) system and thiosulfate dehydrogenase), sulfide oxidation enzymes (sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase) and sulfite oxidation pathways/enzymes. The two-component systems (TCSs) are the typical regulation elements for periplasmic thiosulfate metabolism in these autotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. Examples are RsrS/RsrR responsible for S4I pathway regulation and TspS/TspR for Sox system regulation. The proposal of sulfur metabolic and regulatory models provide new insights and overall understanding of the sulfur-metabolic processes in Acidithiobacillus spp. The future research directions and existing barriers in the bacterial sulfur metabolism are also emphasized here and the breakthroughs in these areas will accelerate the research on the sulfur oxidation in Acidithiobacillus spp. and other sulfur oxidizers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jian-Qun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lin-Xu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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16
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Taylor AJ, Kelly DJ. The function, biogenesis and regulation of the electron transport chains in Campylobacter jejuni: New insights into the bioenergetics of a major food-borne pathogen. Adv Microb Physiol 2019; 74:239-329. [PMID: 31126532 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a zoonotic Epsilonproteobacterium that grows in the gastrointestinal tract of birds and mammals, and is the most frequent cause of food-borne bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. As an oxygen-sensitive microaerophile, C. jejuni has to survive high environmental oxygen tensions, adapt to oxygen limitation in the host intestine and resist host oxidative attack. Despite its small genome size, C. jejuni is a versatile and metabolically active pathogen, with a complex and highly branched set of respiratory chains allowing the use of a wide range of electron donors and alternative electron acceptors in addition to oxygen, including fumarate, nitrate, nitrite, tetrathionate and N- or S-oxides. Several novel enzymes participate in these electron transport chains, including a tungsten containing formate dehydrogenase, a Complex I that uses flavodoxin and not NADH, a periplasmic facing fumarate reductase and a cytochrome c tetrathionate reductase. This review presents an updated description of the composition and bioenergetics of these various respiratory chains as they are currently understood, including recent work that gives new insights into energy conservation during electron transport to various alternative electron acceptors. The regulation of synthesis and assembly of the electron transport chains is also discussed. A deeper appreciation of the unique features of the respiratory systems of C. jejuni may be helpful in informing strategies to control this important pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan J Taylor
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - David J Kelly
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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17
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Garg N, Taylor AJ, Kelly DJ. Bacterial periplasmic nitrate and trimethylamine-N-oxide respiration coupled to menaquinol-cytochrome c reductase (Qcr): Implications for electrogenic reduction of alternative electron acceptors. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15478. [PMID: 30341307 PMCID: PMC6195509 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33857-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The periplasmic reduction of the electron acceptors nitrate (Em +420 mV) and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO; Em +130 mV) by Nap and Tor reductases is widespread in Gram-negative bacteria and is usually considered to be driven by non-energy conserving quinol dehydrogenases. The Epsilonproteobacterium Campylobacter jejuni can grow by nitrate and TMAO respiration and it has previously been assumed that these alternative pathways of electron transport are independent of the proton-motive menaquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex (QcrABC) that functions in oxygen-linked respiration. Here, we show that a qcrABC deletion mutant is completely deficient in oxygen-limited growth on both nitrate and TMAO and is unable to reduce these oxidants with physiological electron donors. As expected, the mutant grows normally on fumarate under oxygen-limited conditions. Thus, the periplasmic Nap and Tor reductases receive their electrons via QcrABC in C. jejuni, explaining the general absence of NapC and TorC quinol dehydrogenases in Epsilonproteobacteria. Moreover, the specific use of menaquinol (Em -75 mV) coupled with a Qcr complex to drive reduction of nitrate or TMAO against the proton-motive force allows the process to be electrogenic with a H+/2e- ratio of 2. The results have general implications for the role of Qcr complexes in bacterial oxygen-independent respiration and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitanshu Garg
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Aidan J Taylor
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - David J Kelly
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
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18
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Ducatelle R, Goossens E, De Meyer F, Eeckhaut V, Antonissen G, Haesebrouck F, Van Immerseel F. Biomarkers for monitoring intestinal health in poultry: present status and future perspectives. Vet Res 2018; 49:43. [PMID: 29739469 PMCID: PMC5941335 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0538-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal health is determined by host (immunity, mucosal barrier), nutritional, microbial and environmental factors. Deficiencies in intestinal health are associated with shifts in the composition of the intestinal microbiome (dysbiosis), leakage of the mucosal barrier and/or inflammation. Since the ban on growth promoting antimicrobials in animal feed, these dysbiosis-related problems have become a major issue, especially in intensive animal farming. The economical and animal welfare consequences are considerable. Consequently, there is a need for continuous monitoring of the intestinal health status, particularly in intensively reared animals, where the intestinal function is often pushed to the limit. In the current review, the recent advances in the field of intestinal health biomarkers, both in human and veterinary medicine are discussed, trying to identify present and future markers of intestinal health in poultry. The most promising new biomarkers will be stable molecules ending up in the feces and litter that can be quantified, preferably using rapid and simple pen-side tests. It is unlikely, however, that a single biomarker will be sufficient to follow up all aspects of intestinal health. Combinations of multiple biomarkers and/or metabarcoding, metagenomic, metatranscriptomic, metaproteomic and metabolomic approaches will be the way to go in the future. Candidate biomarkers currently are being investigated by many research groups, but the validation will be a major challenge, due to the complexity of intestinal health in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Ducatelle
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Evy Goossens
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Fien De Meyer
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Venessa Eeckhaut
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Gunther Antonissen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Immerseel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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19
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Microbial interactions with the intestinal epithelium and beyond: Focusing on immune cell maturation and homeostasis. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2018; 6:47-54. [PMID: 30294506 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-018-0165-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microbial metabolites influence the function of epithelial, endothelial and immune cells in the intestinal mucosa. Microbial metabolites like SCFAs and B complex vitamins direct macrophage polarization whereas microbial derived biogenic amines modulate intestinal epithelium and immune response. Aberrant bacterial lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling may be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic intestinal inflammation and colorectal carcinogenesis. Our perception of human microbes has changed from that of opportunistic pathogens to active participants maintaining intestinal and whole body homeostasis. This review attempts to explain the dynamic and enriched interactions between the intestinal epithelial mucosa and commensal bacteria in homeostasis maintenance.
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20
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Guccione EJ, Kendall JJ, Hitchcock A, Garg N, White MA, Mulholland F, Poole RK, Kelly DJ. Transcriptome and proteome dynamics in chemostat culture reveal how Campylobacter jejuni modulates metabolism, stress responses and virulence factors upon changes in oxygen availability. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:4326-4348. [PMID: 28892295 PMCID: PMC5656828 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni, the most frequent cause of food‐borne bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide, is a microaerophile that has to survive high environmental oxygen tensions, adapt to oxygen limitation in the intestine and resist host oxidative attack. Here, oxygen‐dependent changes in C. jejuni physiology were studied at constant growth rate using carbon (serine)‐limited continuous chemostat cultures. We show that a perceived aerobiosis scale can be calibrated by the acetate excretion flux, which becomes zero when metabolism is fully aerobic (100% aerobiosis). Transcriptome changes in a downshift experiment from 150% to 40% aerobiosis revealed many novel oxygen‐regulated genes and highlighted re‐modelling of the electron transport chains. A label‐free proteomic analysis showed that at 40% aerobiosis, many proteins involved in host colonisation (e.g., PorA, CadF, FlpA, CjkT) became more abundant. PorA abundance increased steeply below 100% aerobiosis. In contrast, several citric‐acid cycle enzymes, the peptide transporter CstA, PEB1 aspartate/glutamate transporter, LutABC lactate dehydrogenase and PutA proline dehydrogenase became more abundant with increasing aerobiosis. We also observed a co‐ordinated response of oxidative stress protection enzymes and Fe‐S cluster biogenesis proteins above 100% aerobiosis. Our approaches reveal key virulence factors that respond to restricted oxygen availability and specific transporters and catabolic pathways activated with increasing aerobiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Guccione
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - John J Kendall
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Andrew Hitchcock
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Nitanshu Garg
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Michael A White
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Francis Mulholland
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Robert K Poole
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - David J Kelly
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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21
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Barton LL, Ritz NL, Fauque GD, Lin HC. Sulfur Cycling and the Intestinal Microbiome. Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62:2241-2257. [PMID: 28766244 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-017-4689-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we focus on the activities transpiring in the anaerobic segment of the sulfur cycle occurring in the gut environment where hydrogen sulfide is produced. While sulfate-reducing bacteria are considered as the principal agents for hydrogen sulfide production, the enzymatic desulfhydration of cysteine by heterotrophic bacteria also contributes to production of hydrogen sulfide. For sulfate-reducing bacteria respiration, molecular hydrogen and lactate are suitable as electron donors while sulfate functions as the terminal electron acceptor. Dietary components provide fiber and macromolecules that are degraded by bacterial enzymes to monomers, and these are fermented by intestinal bacteria with the production to molecular hydrogen which promotes the metabolic dominance by sulfate-reducing bacteria. Sulfate is also required by the sulfate-reducing bacteria, and this can be supplied by sulfate- and sulfonate-containing compounds that are hydrolyzed by intestinal bacterial with the release of sulfate. While hydrogen sulfide in the intestinal biosystem may be beneficial to bacteria by increasing resistance to antibiotics, and protecting them from reactive oxygen species, hydrogen sulfide at elevated concentrations may become toxic to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry L Barton
- Department of Biology, MSCO3 2020, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
| | - Nathaniel L Ritz
- New Mexico VA Health Care System, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Guy D Fauque
- CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO) UM 110, Aix-Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, Campus de Luminy, Case 901, 13288, Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Henry C Lin
- New Mexico VA Health Care System, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
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22
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Wasmund K, Mußmann M, Loy A. The life sulfuric: microbial ecology of sulfur cycling in marine sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2017; 9:323-344. [PMID: 28419734 PMCID: PMC5573963 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Almost the entire seafloor is covered with sediments that can be more than 10 000 m thick and represent a vast microbial ecosystem that is a major component of Earth's element and energy cycles. Notably, a significant proportion of microbial life in marine sediments can exploit energy conserved during transformations of sulfur compounds among different redox states. Sulfur cycling, which is primarily driven by sulfate reduction, is tightly interwoven with other important element cycles (carbon, nitrogen, iron, manganese) and therefore has profound implications for both cellular- and ecosystem-level processes. Sulfur-transforming microorganisms have evolved diverse genetic, metabolic, and in some cases, peculiar phenotypic features to fill an array of ecological niches in marine sediments. Here, we review recent and selected findings on the microbial guilds that are involved in the transformation of different sulfur compounds in marine sediments and emphasise how these are interlinked and have a major influence on ecology and biogeochemistry in the seafloor. Extraordinary discoveries have increased our knowledge on microbial sulfur cycling, mainly in sulfate-rich surface sediments, yet many questions remain regarding how sulfur redox processes may sustain the deep-subsurface biosphere and the impact of organic sulfur compounds on the marine sulfur cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Wasmund
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, Research Network “Chemistry meets Microbiology”University of ViennaAlthanstrasse 14ViennaA‐1090Austria
- Austrian Polar Research InstituteViennaAustria
| | - Marc Mußmann
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, Research Network “Chemistry meets Microbiology”University of ViennaAlthanstrasse 14ViennaA‐1090Austria
| | - Alexander Loy
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, Research Network “Chemistry meets Microbiology”University of ViennaAlthanstrasse 14ViennaA‐1090Austria
- Austrian Polar Research InstituteViennaAustria
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23
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van der Stel AX, Boogerd FC, Huynh S, Parker CT, van Dijk L, van Putten JPM, Wösten MMSM. Generation of the membrane potential and its impact on the motility, ATP production and growth in Campylobacter jejuni. Mol Microbiol 2017; 105:637-651. [PMID: 28586527 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The generation of a membrane potential (Δψ), the major constituent of the proton motive force (pmf), is crucial for ATP synthesis, transport of nutrients and flagellar rotation. Campylobacter jejuni harbors a branched electron transport chain, enabling respiration with different electron donors and acceptors. Here, we demonstrate that a relatively high Δψ is only generated in the presence of either formate as electron donor or oxygen as electron acceptor, in combination with an acceptor/donor respectively. We show the necessity of the pmf for motility and growth of C. jejuni. ATP generation is not only accomplished by oxidative phosphorylation via the pmf, but also by substrate-level phosphorylation via the enzyme AckA. In response to a low oxygen tension, C. jejuni increases the transcription and activity of the donor complexes formate dehydrogenase (FdhABC) and hydrogenase (HydABCD) as well as the transcription of the alternative respiratory acceptor complexes. Our findings suggest that in the gut of warm-blooded animals, C. jejuni depends on at least formate or hydrogen as donor (in the anaerobic lumen) or oxygen as acceptor (near the epithelial cells) to generate a pmf that sustains efficient motility and growth for colonization and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fred C Boogerd
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Steven Huynh
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, USA
| | - Craig T Parker
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, USA
| | - Linda van Dijk
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos P M van Putten
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc M S M Wösten
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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24
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Riglar DT, Giessen TW, Baym M, Kerns SJ, Niederhuber MJ, Bronson RT, Kotula JW, Gerber GK, Way JC, Silver PA. Engineered bacteria can function in the mammalian gut long-term as live diagnostics of inflammation. Nat Biotechnol 2017; 35:653-658. [PMID: 28553941 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria can be engineered to function as diagnostics or therapeutics in the mammalian gut but commercial translation of technologies to accomplish this has been hindered by the susceptibility of synthetic genetic circuits to mutation and unpredictable function during extended gut colonization. Here, we report stable, engineered bacterial strains that maintain their function for 6 months in the mouse gut. We engineered a commensal murine Escherichia coli strain to detect tetrathionate, which is produced during inflammation. Using our engineered diagnostic strain, which retains memory of exposure in the gut for analysis by fecal testing, we detected tetrathionate in both infection-induced and genetic mouse models of inflammation over 6 months. The synthetic genetic circuits in the engineered strain were genetically stable and functioned as intended over time. The durable performance of these strains confirms the potential of engineered bacteria as living diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Riglar
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tobias W Giessen
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Baym
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - S Jordan Kerns
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew J Niederhuber
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Roderick T Bronson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jonathan W Kotula
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Georg K Gerber
- Massachusetts Host-Microbiome Center, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Way
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pamela A Silver
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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25
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Quorum Sensing Regulators Are Required for Metabolic Fitness in Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00930-16. [PMID: 28069817 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00930-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS) is a process by which bacteria alter gene expression in response to cell density changes. In Vibrio species, at low cell density, the sigma 54-dependent response regulator LuxO is active and regulates the two QS master regulators AphA, which is induced, and OpaR, which is repressed. At high cell density the opposite occurs: LuxO is inactive, and therefore OpaR is induced while AphA is repressed. In Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a significant enteric pathogen of humans, the roles of these regulators in pathogenesis are less known. We examined deletion mutants of luxO, opaR, and aphA for in vivo fitness using an adult mouse model. We found that the luxO and aphA mutants were defective in colonization compared to levels in the wild type. The opaR mutant did not show any defect in vivo Colonization was restored to wild-type levels in a luxO opaR double mutant and was also increased in an opaR aphA double mutant. These data suggest that AphA is important and that overexpression of opaR is detrimental to in vivo fitness. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis of the wild type and luxO mutant grown in mouse intestinal mucus showed that 60% of the genes that were downregulated in the luxO mutant were involved in amino acid and sugar transport and metabolism. These data suggest that the luxO mutant has a metabolic disadvantage, which was confirmed by growth pattern analysis using phenotype microarrays. Bioinformatics analysis revealed OpaR binding sites in the regulatory region of 55 carbon transporter and metabolism genes. Biochemical analysis of five representatives of these regulatory regions demonstrated direct binding of OpaR in all five tested. These data demonstrate the role of OpaR in carbon utilization and metabolic fitness, an overlooked role in the QS regulon.
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26
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Influence of haem environment on the catalytic properties of the tetrathionate reductase TsdA from Campylobacter jejuni. Biosci Rep 2016; 36:BSR20160457. [PMID: 27789780 PMCID: PMC5146829 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20160457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we provide a detailed analysis of the catalytic properties of the bifunctional thiosulfate dehydrogenases/tetrathionate reductases (TsdA) of the human food-borne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni. Structural differences in the immediate environment of Haem 2 were shown to influence the reaction directionality. Bifunctional dihaem cytochrome c thiosulfate dehydrogenases/tetrathionate reductases (TsdA) exhibit different catalytic properties depending on the source organism. In the human food-borne intestinal pathogen Campylobacter jejuni, TsdA functions as a tetrathionate reductase enabling respiration with tetrathionate as an alternative electron acceptor. In the present study, evidence is provided that Cys138 and Met255 serve as the sixth ligands of Haem 1 and Haem 2 respectively, in the oxidized CjTsdA wt protein. Replacement of Cys138 resulted in a virtually inactive enzyme, confirming Haem 1 as the active site haem. Significantly, TsdA variants carrying amino acid exchanges in the vicinity of the electron-transferring Haem 2 (Met255, Asn254 and Lys252) exhibited markedly altered catalytic properties of the enzyme, showing these residues play a key role in the physiological function of TsdA. The growth phenotypes and tetrathionate reductase activities of a series of ΔtsdA/*tsdA complementation strains constructed in the original host C. jejuni 81116, showed that in vivo, the TsdA variants exhibited the same catalytic properties as the pure, recombinantly produced enzymes. However, variants that catalysed tetrathionate reduction more effectively than the wild-type enzyme did not allow better growth.
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27
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Kurth JM, Brito JA, Reuter J, Flegler A, Koch T, Franke T, Klein EM, Rowe SF, Butt JN, Denkmann K, Pereira IAC, Archer M, Dahl C. Electron Accepting Units of the Diheme Cytochrome c TsdA, a Bifunctional Thiosulfate Dehydrogenase/Tetrathionate Reductase. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:24804-24818. [PMID: 27694441 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.753863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzymes of the thiosulfate dehydrogenase (TsdA) family are wide-spread diheme c-type cytochromes. Here, redox carriers were studied mediating the flow of electrons arising from thiosulfate oxidation into respiratory or photosynthetic electron chains. In a number of organisms, including Thiomonas intermedia and Sideroxydans lithotrophicus, the tsdA gene is immediately preceded by tsdB encoding for another diheme cytochrome. Spectrophotometric experiments in combination with enzymatic assays in solution showed that TsdB acts as an effective electron acceptor of TsdA in vitro when TsdA and TsdB originate from the same source organism. Although TsdA covers a range from -300 to +150 mV, TsdB is redox active between -100 and +300 mV, thus enabling electron transfer between these hemoproteins. The three-dimensional structure of the TsdB-TsdA fusion protein from the purple sulfur bacterium Marichromatium purpuratum was solved by X-ray crystallography to 2.75 Å resolution providing insights into internal electron transfer. In the oxidized state, this tetraheme cytochrome c contains three hemes with axial His/Met ligation, whereas heme 3 exhibits the His/Cys coordination typical for TsdA active sites. Interestingly, thiosulfate is covalently bound to Cys330 on heme 3. In several bacteria, including Allochromatium vinosum, TsdB is not present, precluding a general and essential role for electron flow. Both AvTsdA and the MpTsdBA fusion react efficiently in vitro with high potential iron-sulfur protein from A. vinosum (Em +350 mV). High potential iron-sulfur protein not only acts as direct electron donor to the reaction center in anoxygenic phototrophs but can also be involved in aerobic respiratory chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Kurth
- From the Institut für Mikrobiologie & Biotechnologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - José A Brito
- the Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-UNL), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal, and
| | - Jula Reuter
- From the Institut für Mikrobiologie & Biotechnologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Flegler
- From the Institut für Mikrobiologie & Biotechnologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Tobias Koch
- From the Institut für Mikrobiologie & Biotechnologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Franke
- From the Institut für Mikrobiologie & Biotechnologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Klein
- From the Institut für Mikrobiologie & Biotechnologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sam F Rowe
- the Centre for Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, School of Chemistry and School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Julea N Butt
- the Centre for Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, School of Chemistry and School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Denkmann
- From the Institut für Mikrobiologie & Biotechnologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Inês A C Pereira
- the Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-UNL), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal, and
| | - Margarida Archer
- the Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-UNL), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal, and
| | - Christiane Dahl
- From the Institut für Mikrobiologie & Biotechnologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany,
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28
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Crosstalk between microbiota, pathogens and the innate immune responses. Int J Med Microbiol 2016; 306:257-265. [PMID: 26996809 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Research in the last decade has convincingly demonstrated that the microbiota is crucial in order to prime and orchestrate innate and adaptive immune responses of their host and influence barrier function as well as multiple developmental and metabolic parameters of the host. Reciprocally, host reactions and immune responses instruct the composition of the microbiota. This review summarizes recent evidence from experimental and human studies which supports these arms of mutual relationship and crosstalk between host and resident microbiota, with a focus on innate immune responses in the gut, the role of cell death pathways and antimicrobial peptides. We also provide some recent examples on how dysbiosis and pathogens can act in concert to promote intestinal infection, inflammatory pathologies and cancer. The future perspectives of these combined research efforts include the discovery of protective species within the microbiota and specific traits and factors of microbes that weaken or enforce host intestinal homeostasis.
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29
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Novel Immunomodulatory Flagellin-Like Protein FlaC in Campylobacter jejuni and Other Campylobacterales. mSphere 2015; 1:mSphere00028-15. [PMID: 27303676 PMCID: PMC4863622 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00028-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Flagellins not only are important for bacterial motility but are major bacterial proteins that can modulate host responses via Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) or other pattern recognition receptors. Campylobacterales colonizing the intestinal tracts of different host species harbor a gene coding for an unusual flagellin, FlaC, that is not involved in motility but is secreted and possesses a chimeric amino acid sequence composed of TLR5-activating and non-TLR5-activating flagellin sequences. Campylobacter jejuni FlaC activates cells to increase in cytokine expression in chicken and human cells, promotes cross-tolerance to TLR4 ligands, and alters chicken cecal microbiota. We propose that FlaC is a secreted effector flagellin that has specifically evolved to modulate the immune response in the intestinal tract in the presence of the resident microbiota and may contribute to bacterial persistence. The results also strengthen the role of the flagellar type III apparatus as a functional secretion system for bacterial effector proteins. The human diarrheal pathogens Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli interfere with host innate immune signaling by different means, and their flagellins, FlaA and FlaB, have a low intrinsic property to activate the innate immune receptor Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5). We have investigated here the hypothesis that the unusual secreted, flagellin-like molecule FlaC present in C. jejuni, C. coli, and other Campylobacterales might activate cells via TLR5 and interact with TLR5. FlaC shows striking sequence identity in its D1 domains to TLR5-activating flagellins of other bacteria, such as Salmonella, but not to nonstimulating Campylobacter flagellins. We overexpressed and purified FlaC and tested its immunostimulatory properties on cells of human and chicken origin. Treatment of cells with highly purified FlaC resulted in p38 activation. FlaC directly interacted with TLR5. Preincubation with FlaC decreased the responsiveness of chicken and human macrophage-like cells toward the bacterial TLR4 agonist lipopolysaccharide (LPS), suggesting that FlaC mediates cross-tolerance. C. jejuni flaC mutants induced an increase of cell responses in comparison to those of the wild type, which was suppressed by genetic complementation. Supplementing excess purified FlaC likewise reduced the cellular response to C. jejuni. In vivo, the administration of ultrapure FlaC led to a decrease in cecal interleukin 1β (IL-1β) expression and a significant change of the cecal microbiota in chickens. We propose that Campylobacter spp. have evolved a novel type of secreted immunostimulatory flagellin-like effector in order to specifically modulate host responses, for example toward other pattern recognition receptor (PRR) ligands, such as LPS. IMPORTANCE Flagellins not only are important for bacterial motility but are major bacterial proteins that can modulate host responses via Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) or other pattern recognition receptors. Campylobacterales colonizing the intestinal tracts of different host species harbor a gene coding for an unusual flagellin, FlaC, that is not involved in motility but is secreted and possesses a chimeric amino acid sequence composed of TLR5-activating and non-TLR5-activating flagellin sequences. Campylobacter jejuni FlaC activates cells to increase in cytokine expression in chicken and human cells, promotes cross-tolerance to TLR4 ligands, and alters chicken cecal microbiota. We propose that FlaC is a secreted effector flagellin that has specifically evolved to modulate the immune response in the intestinal tract in the presence of the resident microbiota and may contribute to bacterial persistence. The results also strengthen the role of the flagellar type III apparatus as a functional secretion system for bacterial effector proteins.
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30
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Kurth JM, Dahl C, Butt JN. Catalytic Protein Film Electrochemistry Provides a Direct Measure of the Tetrathionate/Thiosulfate Reduction Potential. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:13232-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b08291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia M. Kurth
- Institut für Mikrobiologie & Biotechnologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 168, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christiane Dahl
- Institut für Mikrobiologie & Biotechnologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 168, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Julea N. Butt
- Centre
for Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, School of Chemistry, and
School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich
Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
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31
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Liu YW, Kelly DJ. Cytochromecbiogenesis inCampylobacter jejunirequires cytochromec6(CccA; Cj1153) to maintain apocytochrome cysteine thiols in a reduced state for haem attachment. Mol Microbiol 2015; 96:1298-317. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Wei Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology; The University of Sheffield; Firth Court Western Bank Sheffield S10 2TN UK
| | - David J. Kelly
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology; The University of Sheffield; Firth Court Western Bank Sheffield S10 2TN UK
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32
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Grabarczyk DB, Chappell PE, Eisel B, Johnson S, Lea SM, Berks BC. Mechanism of thiosulfate oxidation in the SoxA family of cysteine-ligated cytochromes. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:9209-21. [PMID: 25673696 PMCID: PMC4423706 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.618025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiosulfate dehydrogenase (TsdA) catalyzes the oxidation of two thiosulfate molecules to form tetrathionate and is predicted to use an unusual cysteine-ligated heme as the catalytic cofactor. We have determined the structure of Allochromatium vinosum TsdA to a resolution of 1.3 Å. This structure confirms the active site heme ligation, identifies a thiosulfate binding site within the active site cavity, and reveals an electron transfer route from the catalytic heme, through a second heme group to the external electron acceptor. We provide multiple lines of evidence that the catalytic reaction proceeds through the intermediate formation of a S-thiosulfonate derivative of the heme cysteine ligand: the cysteine is reactive and is accessible to electrophilic attack; cysteine S-thiosulfonate is formed by the addition of thiosulfate or following the reverse reaction with tetrathionate; the S-thiosulfonate modification is removed through catalysis; and alkylating the cysteine blocks activity. Active site amino acid residues required for catalysis were identified by mutagenesis and are inferred to also play a role in stabilizing the S-thiosulfonate intermediate. The enzyme SoxAX, which catalyzes the first step in the bacterial Sox thiosulfate oxidation pathway, is homologous to TsdA and can be inferred to use a related catalytic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Grabarczyk
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom and
| | - Paul E Chappell
- the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Bianca Eisel
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom and
| | - Steven Johnson
- the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Susan M Lea
- the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Ben C Berks
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom and
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33
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Brito JA, Denkmann K, Pereira IAC, Archer M, Dahl C. Thiosulfate dehydrogenase (TsdA) from Allochromatium vinosum: structural and functional insights into thiosulfate oxidation. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:9222-38. [PMID: 25673691 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.623397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the oxidative condensation of two thiosulfate anions to tetrathionate constitutes a well documented and significant part of the natural sulfur cycle, little is known about the enzymes catalyzing this reaction. In the purple sulfur bacterium Allochromatium vinosum, the reaction is catalyzed by the periplasmic diheme c-type cytochrome thiosulfate dehydrogenase (TsdA). Here, we report the crystal structure of the "as isolated" form of A. vinosum TsdA to 1.98 Å resolution and those of several redox states of the enzyme to different resolutions. The protein contains two typical class I c-type cytochrome domains wrapped around two hemes axially coordinated by His(53)/Cys(96) and His(164)/Lys(208). These domains are very similar, suggesting a gene duplication event during evolution. A ligand switch from Lys(208) to Met(209) is observed upon reduction of the enzyme. Cys(96) is an essential residue for catalysis, with the specific activity of the enzyme being completely abolished in several TsdA-Cys(96) variants. TsdA-K208N, K208G, and M209G variants were catalytically active in thiosulfate oxidation as well as in tetrathionate reduction, pointing to heme 2 as the electron exit point. In this study, we provide spectroscopic and structural evidence that the TsdA reaction cycle involves the transient presence of heme 1 in the high-spin state caused by movement of the Sγ atom of Cys(96) out of the iron coordination sphere. Based on the presented data, we draw important conclusions about the enzyme and propose a possible reaction mechanism for TsdA.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Brito
- From the Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-UNL), Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal and
| | - Kevin Denkmann
- the Institut für Mikrobiologie & Biotechnologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Inês A C Pereira
- From the Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-UNL), Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal and
| | - Margarida Archer
- From the Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-UNL), Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal and
| | - Christiane Dahl
- the Institut für Mikrobiologie & Biotechnologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
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34
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Abstract
The emergence and spread of drug-resistant pathogens and our inability to develop new antimicrobials to overcome resistance has inspired scientists to consider new targets for drug development. Cellular bioenergetics is an area showing promise for the development of new antimicrobials, particularly in the discovery of new anti-tuberculosis drugs where several new compounds have entered clinical trials. In this review, we have examined the bioenergetics of various bacterial pathogens, highlighting the versatility of electron donor and acceptor utilisation and the modularity of electron transport chain components in bacteria. In addition to re-examining classical concepts, we explore new literature that reveals the intricacies of pathogen energetics, for example, how Salmonella enterica and Campylobacter jejuni exploit host and microbiota to derive powerful electron donors and sinks; the strategies Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa use to persist in lung tissues; and the importance of sodium energetics and electron bifurcation in the chemiosmotic anaerobe Fusobacterium nucleatum. A combination of physiological, biochemical, and pharmacological data suggests that, in addition to the clinically-approved target F1Fo-ATP synthase, NADH dehydrogenase type II, succinate dehydrogenase, hydrogenase, cytochrome bd oxidase, and menaquinone biosynthesis pathways are particularly promising next-generation drug targets. The realisation of cellular energetics as a rich target space for the development of new antimicrobials will be dependent upon gaining increased understanding of the energetic processes utilised by pathogens in host environments and the ability to design bacterial-specific inhibitors of these processes.
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35
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Liu YW, Denkmann K, Kosciow K, Dahl C, Kelly DJ. Tetrathionate stimulated growth of Campylobacter jejuniidentifies a new type of bi-functional tetrathionate reductase (TsdA) that is widely distributed in bacteria. Mol Microbiol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Wei Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology; The University of Sheffield; Firth Court Western Bank Sheffield S10 2TN UK
| | - Kevin Denkmann
- Institut für Mikrobiologie & Biotechnologie; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn; Meckenheimer Allee 168 D-53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Konrad Kosciow
- Institut für Mikrobiologie & Biotechnologie; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn; Meckenheimer Allee 168 D-53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Christiane Dahl
- Institut für Mikrobiologie & Biotechnologie; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn; Meckenheimer Allee 168 D-53115 Bonn Germany
| | - David J. Kelly
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology; The University of Sheffield; Firth Court Western Bank Sheffield S10 2TN UK
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36
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Hofreuter D. Defining the metabolic requirements for the growth and colonization capacity of Campylobacter jejuni. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:137. [PMID: 25325018 PMCID: PMC4178425 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last decade Campylobacter jejuni has been recognized as the leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. This facultative intracellular pathogen is a member of the Epsilonproteobacteria and requires microaerobic atmosphere and nutrient rich media for efficient proliferation in vitro. Its catabolic capacity is highly restricted in contrast to Salmonella Typhimurium and other enteropathogenic bacteria because several common pathways for carbohydrate utilization are either missing or incomplete. Despite these metabolic limitations, C. jejuni efficiently colonizes various animal hosts as a commensal intestinal inhabitant. Moreover, C. jejuni is tremendously successful in competing with the human intestinal microbiota; an infectious dose of few hundreds bacteria is sufficient to overcome the colonization resistance of humans and can lead to campylobacteriosis. Besides the importance and clear clinical manifestation of this disease, the pathogenesis mechanisms of C. jejuni infections are still poorly understood. In recent years comparative genome sequence, transcriptome and metabolome analyses as well as mutagenesis studies combined with animal infection models have provided a new understanding of how the specific metabolic capacity of C. jejuni drives its persistence in the intestinal habitat of various hosts. Furthermore, new insights into the metabolic requirements that support the intracellular survival of C. jejuni were obtained. Because C. jejuni harbors distinct properties in establishing an infection in comparison to pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae, it represents an excellent organism for elucidating new aspects of the dynamic interaction and metabolic cross talk between a bacterial pathogen, the microbiota and the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Hofreuter
- Hannover Medical School, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology Hannover, Germany
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Brito JA, Gutierres A, Denkmann K, Dahl C, Archer M. Production, crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of Allochromatium vinosum thiosulfate dehydrogenase TsdA, an unusual acidophilic c-type cytochrome. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION F-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY COMMUNICATIONS 2014; 70:1424-7. [PMID: 25286955 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x14019384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The ability to perform the very simple oxidation of two molecules of thiosulfate to tetrathionate is widespread among prokaryotes. Despite the prevalent occurrence of tetrathionate formation and its well documented significance within the sulfur cycle, little is known about the enzymes that catalyze the oxidative condensation of two thiosulfate anions. To fill this gap, the thiosulfate dehydrogenase (TsdA) enzyme from the purple sulfur bacterium Allochromatium vinosum was recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli, purified and crystallized, and a crystallographic data set was collected. The crystals belonged to the monoclinic space group C2, with unit-cell parameters a = 79.2, b = 69.9, c = 57.9 Å, β = 129.3°, contained one monomer per asymmetric unit and diffracted to a resolution of 1.98 Å.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Brito
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - André Gutierres
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Kevin Denkmann
- Institut für Mikrobiologie & Biotechnologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 168, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christiane Dahl
- Institut für Mikrobiologie & Biotechnologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 168, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Margarida Archer
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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Vorwerk H, Mohr J, Huber C, Wensel O, Schmidt-Hohagen K, Gripp E, Josenhans C, Schomburg D, Eisenreich W, Hofreuter D. Utilization of host-derived cysteine-containing peptides overcomes the restricted sulphur metabolism of Campylobacter jejuni. Mol Microbiol 2014; 93:1224-45. [PMID: 25074326 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The non-glycolytic food-borne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni successfully colonizes the intestine of various hosts in spite of its restricted metabolic properties. While several amino acids are known to be used by C. jejuni as energy sources, none of these have been found to be essential for growth. Here we demonstrated through phenotype microarray analysis that cysteine utilization increases the metabolic activity of C. jejuni. Furthermore, cysteine was crucial for its growth as C. jejuni was unable to synthesize it from sulphate or methionine. Our study showed that C. jejuni compensates this limited anabolic capacity by utilizing sulphide, thiosulphate, glutathione and the dipeptides γGlu-Cys, Cys-Gly and Gly-Cys as sulphur sources and cysteine precursors. A panel of C. jejuni mutants in putative peptidases and peptide transporters were generated and tested for their participation in the catabolism of the cysteine-containing peptides, and the predicted transporter protein CJJ81176_0236 was discovered to facilitate the growth with the dipeptide Cys-Gly, Ile-Arg and Ile-Trp. It was named Campylobacter peptide transporter A (CptA) and is the first representative of the oligopeptide transporter OPT family demonstrated to participate in the glutathione-derivative Cys-Gly catabolism in prokaryotes. Our study provides new insights into how host- and microbiota-derived substrates like sulphide, thiosulphate and short peptides are used by C. jejuni to compensate its restricted metabolic capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Vorwerk
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Liu LJ, Stockdreher Y, Koch T, Sun ST, Fan Z, Josten M, Sahl HG, Wang Q, Luo YM, Liu SJ, Dahl C, Jiang CY. Thiosulfate transfer mediated by DsrE/TusA homologs from acidothermophilic sulfur-oxidizing archaeon Metallosphaera cuprina. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:26949-26959. [PMID: 25122768 PMCID: PMC4175335 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.591669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Conserved clusters of genes encoding DsrE and TusA homologs occur in many archaeal and bacterial sulfur oxidizers. TusA has a well documented function as a sulfurtransferase in tRNA modification and molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis in Escherichia coli, and DsrE is an active site subunit of the DsrEFH complex that is essential for sulfur trafficking in the phototrophic sulfur-oxidizing Allochromatium vinosum. In the acidothermophilic sulfur (S0)- and tetrathionate (S4O62−)-oxidizing Metallosphaera cuprina Ar-4, a dsrE3A-dsrE2B-tusA arrangement is situated immediately between genes encoding dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase and a heterodisulfide reductase-like complex. In this study, the biochemical features and sulfur transferring abilities of the DsrE2B, DsrE3A, and TusA proteins were investigated. DsrE3A and TusA proved to react with tetrathionate but not with NaSH, glutathione persulfide, polysulfide, thiosulfate, or sulfite. The products were identified as protein-Cys-S-thiosulfonates. DsrE3A was also able to cleave the thiosulfate group from TusA-Cys18-S-thiosulfonate. DsrE2B did not react with any of the sulfur compounds tested. DsrE3A and TusA interacted physically with each other and formed a heterocomplex. The cysteine residue (Cys18) of TusA is crucial for this interaction. The single cysteine mutants DsrE3A-C93S and DsrE3A-C101S retained the ability to transfer the thiosulfonate group to TusA. TusA-C18S neither reacted with tetrathionate nor was it loaded with thiosulfate with DsrE3A-Cys-S-thiosulfonate as the donor. The transfer of thiosulfate, mediated by a DsrE-like protein and TusA, is unprecedented not only in M. cuprina but also in other sulfur-oxidizing prokaryotes. The results of this study provide new knowledge on oxidative microbial sulfur metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China,; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, and
| | - Yvonne Stockdreher
- Institut für Mikrobiologie & Biotechnologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhems-Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Tobias Koch
- Institut für Mikrobiologie & Biotechnologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhems-Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Shu-Tao Sun
- Core Facility and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zheng Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Michaele Josten
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Parasitologie, Abteilung Pharmazeutische Mikrobiologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Sahl
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Parasitologie, Abteilung Pharmazeutische Mikrobiologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuan-Ming Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shuang-Jiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China,; Environmental Microbiology Research Center, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China,.
| | - Christiane Dahl
- Institut für Mikrobiologie & Biotechnologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhems-Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany,.
| | - Cheng-Ying Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China,; Environmental Microbiology Research Center, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China,.
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Liu YW, Hitchcock A, Salmon RC, Kelly DJ. It takes two to tango: two TatA paralogues and two redox enzyme-specific chaperones are involved in the localization of twin-arginine translocase substrates in Campylobacter jejuni. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2014; 160:2053-2066. [PMID: 24961951 PMCID: PMC4148689 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.080713-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The food-borne zoonotic pathogen Campylobacter jejuni has complex electron transport chains required for growth in the host, many of which contain cofactored periplasmic enzymes localized by the twin-arginine translocase (TAT). We report here the identification of two paralogues of the TatA translocase component in C. jejuni strain NCTC 11168, encoded by cj1176c (tatA1) and cj0786 (tatA2). Deletion mutants constructed in either or both of the tatA1 and tatA2 genes displayed distinct growth and enzyme activity phenotypes. For sulphite oxidase (SorAB), the multi-copper oxidase (CueO) and alkaline phosphatase (PhoX), complete dependency on TatA1 for correct periplasmic activity was observed. However, the activities of nitrate reductase (NapA), formate dehydrogenase (FdhA) and trimethylamine N-oxide reductase (TorA) were significantly reduced in the tatA2 mutant. In contrast, the specific rate of fumarate reduction catalysed by the flavoprotein subunit of the methyl menaquinone fumarate reductase (MfrA) was similar in periplasmic fractions of both the tatA1 and the tatA2 mutants and only the deletion of both genes abolished activity. Nevertheless, unprocessed MfrA accumulated in the periplasm of the tatA1 (but not tatA2) mutant, indicating aberrant signal peptide cleavage. Surprisingly, TatA2 lacks two conserved residues (Gln8 and Phe39) known to be essential in Escherichia coli TatA and we suggest it is unable to function correctly in the absence of TatA1. Finally, only two TAT chaperones (FdhM and NapD) are encoded in strain NCTC 11168, which mutant studies confirmed are highly specific for formate dehydrogenase and nitrate reductase assembly, respectively. Thus, other TAT substrates must use general chaperones in their biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Wei Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Andrew Hitchcock
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Robert C Salmon
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - David J Kelly
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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van der Stel AX, van Mourik A, Heijmen-van Dijk L, Parker CT, Kelly DJ, van de Lest CHA, van Putten JPM, Wösten MMSM. TheCampylobacter jejuni RacRS system regulates fumarate utilization in a low oxygen environment. Environ Microbiol 2014; 17:1049-64. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Xander van der Stel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology; Utrecht University; Utrecht 3584CL The Netherlands
| | - Andries van Mourik
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology; Utrecht University; Utrecht 3584CL The Netherlands
| | - Linda Heijmen-van Dijk
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology; Utrecht University; Utrecht 3584CL The Netherlands
| | - Craig T. Parker
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit; Agricultural Research Service; U.S. Department of Agriculture; Albany CA 94710 USA
| | - David J. Kelly
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology; The University of Sheffield; Sheffield S10 2TN UK
| | - Chris H. A. van de Lest
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology; Utrecht University; Utrecht 3584CL The Netherlands
| | - Jos P. M. van Putten
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology; Utrecht University; Utrecht 3584CL The Netherlands
| | - Marc M. S. M. Wösten
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology; Utrecht University; Utrecht 3584CL The Netherlands
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Sulfur species as redox partners and electron shuttles for ferrihydrite reduction by Sulfurospirillum deleyianum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:3141-9. [PMID: 24632263 DOI: 10.1128/aem.04220-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron(III) (oxyhydr)oxides can represent the dominant microbial electron acceptors under anoxic conditions in many aquatic environments, which makes understanding the mechanisms and processes regulating their dissolution and transformation particularly important. In a previous laboratory-based study, it has been shown that 0.05 mM thiosulfate can reduce 6 mM ferrihydrite indirectly via enzymatic reduction of thiosulfate to sulfide by the sulfur-reducing bacterium Sulfurospirillum deleyianum, followed by abiotic reduction of ferrihydrite coupled to reoxidation of sulfide. Thiosulfate, elemental sulfur, and polysulfides were proposed as reoxidized sulfur species functioning as electron shuttles. However, the exact electron transfer pathway remained unknown. Here, we present a detailed analysis of the sulfur species involved. Apart from thiosulfate, substoichiometric amounts of sulfite, tetrathionate, sulfide, or polysulfides also initiated ferrihydrite reduction. The portion of thiosulfate produced during abiotic ferrihydrite-dependent reoxidation of sulfide was about 10% of the total sulfur at maximum. The main abiotic oxidation product was elemental sulfur attached to the iron mineral surface, which indicates that direct contact between microorganisms and ferrihydrite is necessary to maintain the iron reduction process. Polysulfides were not detected in the liquid phase. Minor amounts were found associated either with microorganisms or the mineral phase. The abiotic oxidation of sulfide in the reaction with ferrihydrite was identified as rate determining. Cysteine, added as a sulfur source and a reducing agent, also led to abiotic ferrihydrite reduction and therefore should be eliminated when sulfur redox reactions are investigated. Overall, we could demonstrate the large impact of intermediate sulfur species on biogeochemical iron transformations.
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