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Qiu M, Tian M, Sun Y, Li H, Huang W, Ouyang H, Lin S, Zhang C, Wang M, Wang Y. Decoding the biochemical dialogue: metabolomic insights into soybean defense strategies against diverse pathogens. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2024:10.1007/s11427-023-2596-1. [PMID: 38965141 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-023-2596-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Soybean, a crucial global leguminous crop, confronts persistent threats from diverse pathogens, exerting a profound impact on global yields. While genetic dimensions of soybean-pathogen interactions have garnered attention, the intricate biochemical responses remain poorly elucidated. In this study, we applied targeted and untargeted liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) metabolite profiling to dissect the complex interplay between soybeans and five distinct pathogens. Our analysis uncovered 627 idMS/MS spectra, leading to the identification of four main modules, encompassing flavonoids, isoflavonoids, triterpenoids, and amino acids and peptides, alongside other compounds such as phenolics. Profound shifts were observed in both primary and secondary metabolism in response to pathogenic infections. Particularly notable were the bidirectional changes in total flavonoids across diverse pathogenic inoculations, while triterpenoids exhibited a general declining trend. Noteworthy among the highly inducible total flavonoids were known representative anti-pathogen compounds (glyceollin I), backbone forms of isoflavonoids (daidzein, genistein, glycitein, formononetin), and newly purified compounds in this study (prunin). Subsequently, we delved into the biological roles of these five compounds, validating their diverse functions against pathogens: prunin significantly inhibited the vegetative growth and virulence of Phytophthora sojae; genistein exhibited a pronounced inhibitory effect on the vegetative growth and virulence of Phomopsis longicolla; daidzein and formononetin displayed significant repressive effects on the virulence of P. longicolla. This study underscores the potent utility of metabolomic tools, providing in-depth insights into plant-pathogen interactions from a biochemical perspective. The findings not only contribute to plant pathology but also offer strategic pathways for bolstering plant resistance against diseases on a broader scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Qiu
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mengjun Tian
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yaru Sun
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Huaibo Li
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wenwen Huang
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Haibing Ouyang
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shaoyan Lin
- China State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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2
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Qiu M, Sun Y, Tu S, Li H, Yang X, Zhao H, Yin M, Li Y, Ye W, Wang M, Wang Y. Mining oomycete proteomes for phosphatome leads to the identification of specific expanded phosphatases in oomycetes. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13425. [PMID: 38462784 PMCID: PMC10925823 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Phosphatases are important regulators of protein phosphorylation and various cellular processes, and they serve as counterparts to kinases. In this study, our comprehensive analysis of oomycete complete proteomes unveiled the presence of approximately 3833 phosphatases, with most species estimated to have between 100 and 300 putative phosphatases. Further investigation of these phosphatases revealed a significant increase in protein serine/threonine phosphatases (PSP) within oomycetes. In particular, we extensively studied the metallo-dependent protein phosphatase (PPM) within the PSP family in the model oomycete Phytophthora sojae. Our results showed notable differences in the expression patterns of PPMs throughout 10 life stages of P. sojae, indicating their vital roles in various stages of oomycete pathogens. Moreover, we identified 29 PPMs in P. sojae, and eight of them possessed accessory domains in addition to phosphate domains. We investigated the biological function of one PPM protein with an extra PH domain (PPM1); this protein exhibited high expression levels in both asexual developmental and infectious stages. Our analysis confirmed that PPM1 is indeed an active protein phosphatase, and its accessory domain does not affect its phosphatase activity. To delve further into its function, we generated knockout mutants of PPM1 and validated its essential roles in mycelial growth, sporangia and oospore production, as well as infectious stages. To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first comprehensive inventory of phosphatases in oomycetes and identifies an important phosphatase within the expanded serine/threonine phosphatase group in oomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Qiu
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs)Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Yaru Sun
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Siqun Tu
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Huaibo Li
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Haiyang Zhao
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Maozhu Yin
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Yaning Li
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Wenwu Ye
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs)Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs)Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs)Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
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3
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Pei Y, Ji P, Si J, Zhao H, Zhang S, Xu R, Qiao H, Duan W, Shen D, Yin Z, Dou D. A Phytophthora receptor-like kinase regulates oospore development and can activate pattern-triggered plant immunity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4593. [PMID: 37524729 PMCID: PMC10390575 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40171-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant cell-surface leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) and receptor-like proteins (LRR-RLPs) form dynamic complexes to receive a variety of extracellular signals. LRR-RLKs are also widespread in oomycete pathogens, whereas it remains enigmatic whether plant and oomycete LRR-RLKs could mediate cell-to-cell communications between pathogen and host. Here, we report that an LRR-RLK from the soybean root and stem rot pathogen Phytophthora sojae, PsRLK6, can activate typical pattern-triggered immunity in host soybean and nonhost tomato and Nicotiana benthamiana plants. PsRLK6 homologs are conserved in oomycetes and also exhibit immunity-inducing activity. A small region (LRR5-6) in the extracellular domain of PsRLK6 is sufficient to activate BAK1- and SOBIR1-dependent immune responses, suggesting that PsRLK6 is likely recognized by a plant LRR-RLP. Moreover, PsRLK6 is shown to be up-regulated during oospore maturation and essential for the oospore development of P. sojae. Our data provide a novel type of microbe-associated molecular pattern that functions in the sexual reproduction of oomycete, and a scenario in which a pathogen LRR-RLK could be sensed by a plant LRR-RLP to mount plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Pei
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Peiyun Ji
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jierui Si
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hanqing Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Sicong Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ruofei Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Huijun Qiao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Weiwei Duan
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Danyu Shen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yin
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Daolong Dou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Qiu M, Tian M, Yong S, Sun Y, Cao J, Li Y, Zhang X, Zhai C, Ye W, Wang M, Wang Y. Phase-specific transcriptional patterns of the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora sojae unravel genes essential for asexual development and pathogenic processes. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011256. [PMID: 36952577 PMCID: PMC10072465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Oomycetes are filamentous microorganisms easily mistaken as fungi but vastly differ in physiology, biochemistry, and genetics. This commonly-held misconception lead to a reduced effectiveness by using conventional fungicides to control oomycetes, thus it demands the identification of novel functional genes as target for precisely design oomycetes-specific microbicide. The present study initially analyzed the available transcriptome data of the model oomycete pathogen, Phytophthora sojae, and constructed an expression matrix of 10,953 genes across the stages of asexual development and host infection. Hierarchical clustering, specificity, and diversity analyses revealed a more pronounced transcriptional plasticity during the stages of asexual development than that in host infection, which drew our attention by particularly focusing on transcripts in asexual development stage to eventually clustered them into 6 phase-specific expression modules. Three of which respectively possessing a serine/threonine phosphatase (PP2C) expressed during the mycelial and sporangium stages, a histidine kinase (HK) expressed during the zoospore and cyst stages, and a bZIP transcription factor (bZIP32) exclusive to the cyst germination stage were selected for down-stream functional validation. In this way, we demonstrated that PP2C, HK, and bZIP32 play significant roles in P. sojae asexual development and virulence. Thus, these findings provide a foundation for further gene functional annotation in oomycetes and crop disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Qiu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengjun Tian
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Saijiang Yong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yaru Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingting Cao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yaning Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunhua Zhai
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenwu Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Kasteel M, Ketelaar T, Govers F. Fatal attraction: How Phytophthora zoospores find their host. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 148-149:13-21. [PMID: 36792439 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Oomycete plant pathogens, such as Phytophthora and Pythium species produce motile dispersal agents called zoospores that actively target host plants. Zoospores are exceptional in their ability to display taxis to chemical, electrical and physical cues to navigate the phyllosphere and reach stomata, wound sites and roots. Many components of root exudates have been shown attractive or repulsive to zoospores. Although some components possess very strong attractiveness, it seems that especially the mix of components exuded by the primary host is most attractive to zoospores. Zoospores actively approach attractants with swimming behaviour reminiscent of other microswimmers. To achieve a unified description of zoospore behaviour when sensing an attractant, we propose the following terms for the successive stages of the homing response: reorientation, approaching, retention and settling. How zoospores sense and process attractants is poorly understood but likely involves signal perception via cell surface receptors. Since zoospores are important for infection, undermining their activity by luring attractants or blocking receptors seem promising strategies for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Kasteel
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Tijs Ketelaar
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Francine Govers
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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6
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Myo-D-inositol Trisphosphate Signalling in Oomycetes. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10112157. [DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oomycetes are pathogens of plants and animals, which cause billions of dollars of global losses to the agriculture, aquaculture and forestry sectors each year. These organisms superficially resemble fungi, with an archetype being Phytophthora infestans, the cause of late blight of tomatoes and potatoes. Comparison of the physiology of oomycetes with that of other organisms, such as plants and animals, may provide new routes to selectively combat these pathogens. In most eukaryotes, myo-inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate is a key second messenger that links extracellular stimuli to increases in cytoplasmic Ca2+, to regulate cellular activities. In the work presented in this study, investigation of the molecular components of myo-inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate signaling in oomycetes has unveiled similarities and differences with that in other eukaryotes. Most striking is that several oomycete species lack detectable phosphoinositide-selective phospholipase C homologues, the enzyme family that generates this second messenger, but still possess relatives of myo-inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate-gated Ca2+-channels.
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7
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Situ J, Xi P, Lin L, Huang W, Song Y, Jiang Z, Kong G. Signal and regulatory mechanisms involved in spore development of Phytophthora and Peronophythora. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:984672. [PMID: 36160220 PMCID: PMC9500583 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.984672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oomycetes cause hundreds of destructive plant diseases, threatening agricultural production and food security. These fungus-like eukaryotes show multiple sporulation pattern including the production of sporangium, zoospore, chlamydospore and oospore, which are critical for their survival, dispersal and infection on hosts. Recently, genomic and genetic technologies have greatly promoted the study of molecular mechanism of sporulation in the genus Phytophthora and Peronophythora. In this paper, we characterize the types of asexual and sexual spores and review latest progress of these two genera. We summarize the genes encoding G protein, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, transcription factors, RNA-binding protein, autophagy-related proteins and so on, which function in the processes of sporangium production and cleavage, zoospore behaviors and oospore formation. Meanwhile, various molecular, chemical and electrical stimuli in zoospore behaviors are also discussed. Finally, with the molecular mechanism of sporulation in Phytophthora and Peronophythora is gradually being revealed, we propose some thoughts for the further research and provide the alternative strategy for plant protection against phytopathogenic oomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjian Situ
- Department of Plant Pathology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pinggen Xi
- Department of Plant Pathology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Long Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weixiong Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Song
- Department of Plant Pathology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zide Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanghui Kong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guanghui Kong,
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Gao X, Liu H, Yu H, Zhang Z, Bi X, Zhao Y, An T, Wen J. Combination of Developmental Behaviors and Transcriptome Reveals Differential Response Mechanisms of Phytophthora sojae to Aspartic Acid and Glucose in Seed Exudates. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:620-629. [PMID: 34445895 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-21-0332-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Isoflavones in soybean seed and root exudates are host-specific signal molecules for Phytophthora sojae to recognize host soybean. G protein and calcium signaling pathway are involved in the chemotaxis of zoospores in the recognition of isoflavones. To investigate the role of host nonspecific signaling molecules (sugars and amino acids) in seed and root exudates in zoospore chemotaxis and mycelial growth, the transcriptome of P. sojae responding to aspartic acid (Asp) and glucose (Glc) was analyzed by the RNA-seq method. We found that the relative in situ concentrations of amino acids and sugars significantly promoted zoospore chemotaxis, as do isoflavones. Transcriptomics showed that both similarity and difference existed in response mechanisms of P. sojae to Asp and Glc. Asp and Glc activated mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway and phosphatidylinositol signaling system but not G-protein signaling pathway, which have been reported to be responsible for zoospore chemotaxis. In addition, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis and ATP binding cassette transporters were also activated by Asp and Glc. Meanwhile, glutathione signaling pathway uniquely participated in the response of P. sojae to Asp but not involved in the response process to Glc, which is waiting for further study. Our results provide new insights into the molecular mechanism of zoospore response to Asp and Glc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinying Gao
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Haixu Liu
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Yu
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuoqun Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangqi Bi
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Zhao
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Tai An
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingzhi Wen
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
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9
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Yang X, Jiang X, Yan W, Huang Q, Sun H, Zhang X, Zhang Z, Ye W, Wu Y, Govers F, Liang Y. The Mevalonate Pathway Is Important for Growth, Spore Production, and the Virulence of Phytophthora sojae. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:772994. [PMID: 36338274 PMCID: PMC9635365 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.772994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The mevalonate (MVA) pathway in eukaryotic organisms produces isoprenoids, sterols, ubiquinone, and dolichols. These molecules are vital for diverse cellular functions, ranging from signaling to membrane integrity, and from post-translational modification to energy homeostasis. However, information on the MVA pathway in Phytophthora species is limited. In this study, we identified the MVA pathway genes and reconstructed the complete pathway in Phytophthora sojae in silico. We characterized the function of the MVA pathway of P. sojae by treatment with enzyme inhibitor lovastatin, deletion of the geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase gene (PsBTS1), and transcriptome profiling analysis. The MVA pathway is ubiquitously conserved in Phytophthora species. Under lovastatin treatment, mycelial growth, spore production, and virulence of P. sojae were inhibited but the zoospore encystment rate increased. Heterozygous mutants of PsBTS1 showed slow growth, abnormal colony characteristics, and mycelial morphology. Mutants showed decreased numbers of sporangia and oospores as well as reduced virulence. RNA sequencing analysis identified the essential genes in sporangia formation were influenced by the enzyme inhibitor lovastatin. Our findings elucidate the role of the MVA pathway in P. sojae and provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the development, reproduction, and virulence of P. sojae and possibly other oomycetes. Our results also provide potential chemical targets for management of plant Phytophthora diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xue Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Weiqi Yan
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qifeng Huang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Huiying Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenwu Ye
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanhua Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Francine Govers
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Yue Liang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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10
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Feng H, Wan C, Zhang Z, Chen H, Li Z, Jiang H, Yin M, Dong S, Dou D, Wang Y, Zheng X, Ye W. Specific interaction of an RNA-binding protein with the 3'-UTR of its target mRNA is critical to oomycete sexual reproduction. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010001. [PMID: 34648596 PMCID: PMC8547697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Sexual reproduction is an essential stage of the oomycete life cycle. However, the functions of critical regulators in this biological process remain unclear due to a lack of genome editing technologies and functional genomic studies in oomycetes. The notorious oomycete pathogen Pythium ultimum is responsible for a variety of diseases in a broad range of plant species. In this study, we revealed the mechanism through which PuM90, a stage-specific Puf family RNA-binding protein, regulates oospore formation in P. ultimum. We developed the first CRISPR/Cas9 system-mediated gene knockout and in situ complementation methods for Pythium. PuM90-knockout mutants were significantly defective in oospore formation, with empty oogonia or oospores larger in size with thinner oospore walls compared with the wild type. A tripartite recognition motif (TRM) in the Puf domain of PuM90 could specifically bind to a UGUACAUA motif in the mRNA 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of PuFLP, which encodes a flavodoxin-like protein, and thereby repress PuFLP mRNA level to facilitate oospore formation. Phenotypes similar to PuM90-knockout mutants were observed with overexpression of PuFLP, mutation of key amino acids in the TRM of PuM90, or mutation of the 3′-UTR binding site in PuFLP. The results demonstrated that a specific interaction of the RNA-binding protein PuM90 with the 3′-UTR of PuFLP mRNA at the post-transcriptional regulation level is critical for the sexual reproduction of P. ultimum. Oomycetes are a class of eukaryotic microorganisms with life cycles and growth habits similar to filamentous fungi, but are not true fungi. Although sexual reproduction, which produce oospores, is an essential stage of life cycle, the functions of critical regulators in this biological process remain unclear due to a lack of genome editing technologies and functional genomic studies in oomycetes. In this study, we developed the first CRISPR/Cas9 system-mediated gene knockout and in situ complementation methods for Pythium ultimum, a notorious oomycete pathogen that is responsible for a variety of diseases in a broad range of plant species. We further identified the Puf family RNA-binding protein PuM90 and the flavodoxin-like protein PuFLP as major functional factors involved in P. ultimum oospore formation. We proposed a new model that PuM90 acts as a stage-specific post-transcriptional regulator by specifically binding to the 3′-UTR of PuFLP and then repressing PuFLP mRNA level. This study describes new technologies and data that will help to elucidate sexual reproduction and post-transcriptional regulation in oomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Feng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuanxu Wan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Han Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haibin Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Maozhu Yin
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Suomeng Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Daolong Dou
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenwu Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail:
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11
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Lin Y, Hu Q, Zhou J, Yin W, Yao D, Shao Y, Zhao Y, Guo B, Xia Y, Chen Q, Wang Y, Ye W, Xie Q, Tyler BM, Xing W, Wang Y. Phytophthora sojae effector Avr1d functions as an E2 competitor and inhibits ubiquitination activity of GmPUB13 to facilitate infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2018312118. [PMID: 33658365 PMCID: PMC7958378 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2018312118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oomycete pathogens such as Phytophthora secrete a repertoire of effectors into host cells to manipulate host immunity and benefit infection. In this study, we found that an RxLR effector, Avr1d, promoted Phytophthora sojae infection in soybean hairy roots. Using a yeast two-hybrid screen, we identified the soybean E3 ubiquitin ligase GmPUB13 as a host target for Avr1d. By coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP), gel infiltration, and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) assays, we confirmed that Avr1d interacts with GmPUB13 both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, we found that Avr1d inhibits the E3 ligase activity of GmPUB13. The crystal structure Avr1d in complex with GmPUB13 was solved and revealed that Avr1d occupies the binding site for E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme on GmPUB13. In line with this, Avr1d competed with E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzymes for GmPUB13 binding in vitro, thereby decreasing the E3 ligase activity of GmPUB13. Meanwhile, we found that inactivation of the ubiquitin ligase activity of GmPUB13 stabilized GmPUB13 by blocking GmPUB13 degradation. Silencing of GmPUB13 in soybean hairy roots decreased P. sojae infection, suggesting that GmPUB13 acts as a susceptibility factor. Altogether, this study highlights a virulence mechanism of Phytophthora effectors, by which Avr1d competes with E2 for GmPUB13 binding to repress the GmPUB13 E3 ligase activity and thereby stabilizing the susceptibility factor GmPUB13 to facilitate Phytophthora infection. This study unravels the structural basis for modulation of host targets by Phytophthora effectors and will be instrumental for boosting plant resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yachun Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Qinli Hu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weixiao Yin
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology and the Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring and Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Deqiang Yao
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yuanyuan Shao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Baodian Guo
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Yeqiang Xia
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Wenwu Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Brett M Tyler
- Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Weiman Xing
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China;
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
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12
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Qiu M, Li Y, Ye W, Zheng X, Wang Y. A CRISPR/Cas9-mediated in situ complementation method for Phytophthora sojae mutants. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:373-381. [PMID: 33484494 PMCID: PMC7865083 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora sojae is an important model species for oomycete functional genomics research. Recently, a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome-editing technology has been successfully established in P. sojae, which has been rapidly and widely applied in oomycete research. However, there is an emerging consensus in the biological community that a complete functional gene research system is needed such as developed in the investigations in functional complementation carried out in this study. We report the development of an in situ complementation method for accurate restoration of the mutated gene. We targeted a regulatory B-subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PsPP2Ab1) to verify this knockout and subsequent complementation system. We found that the deletion of PsPP2Ab1 in P. sojae leads to severe defects in vegetative hyphal growth, soybean infection, and loss of the ability to produce sporangia. Subsequently, the reintroduction of PsPP2Ab1 into the knockout mutant remedied all of the deficiencies. This study demonstrates the successful implementation of an in situ complementation system by CRISPR/Cas9, which will greatly accelerate functional genomics research of oomycetes in the post-genomic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Qiu
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education)NanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yaning Li
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education)NanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Wenwu Ye
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education)NanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education)NanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education)NanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
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13
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Bassani I, Larousse M, Tran QD, Attard A, Galiana E. Phytophthora zoospores: From perception of environmental signals to inoculum formation on the host-root surface. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:3766-3773. [PMID: 33304469 PMCID: PMC7718214 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore moist soils and to target host plants, phytopathogenic Phytophthora species utilize the sensory and propulsion capabilities of the biflagellate unicellular zoospores they produce. Zoospore motion and interactions with the microenvironment are of primary importance for Phytophthora physiology. These are also of critical significance for plant pathology in early infection sequential events and their regulation: the directed zoospore migration toward the host, the local aggregation and adhesion at the host penetration site. In the soil, these early events preceding the root colonization are orchestrated by guidance factors, released from the soil particles in water films, or emitted within microbiota and by host plants. This signaling network is perceived by zoospores and results in coordinated behavior and preferential localization in the rhizosphere. Recent computational and structural studies suggest that rhizospheric ion and plant metabolite sensing is a key determinant in driving zoospore motion, orientation and aggregation. To reach their target, zoospores respond to various molecular, chemical and electrical stimuli. However, it is not yet clear how these signals are generated in local soil niches and which gene functions govern the sensing and subsequent responses of zoospores. Here we review studies on the soil, microbial and host-plant factors that drive zoospore motion, as well as the adaptations governing zoospore behavior. We propose several research directions that could be explored to characterize the role of zoospore microbial ecology in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Bassani
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis 06903, France
| | - Marie Larousse
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis 06903, France
| | - Quang D Tran
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, UMR 7010, Institut de Physique de Nice, Nice 06108, France
| | - Agnès Attard
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis 06903, France
| | - Eric Galiana
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis 06903, France
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14
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Thines M, Sharma R, Rodenburg SYA, Gogleva A, Judelson HS, Xia X, van den Hoogen J, Kitner M, Klein J, Neilen M, de Ridder D, Seidl MF, van den Ackerveken G, Govers F, Schornack S, Studholme DJ. The Genome of Peronospora belbahrii Reveals High Heterozygosity, a Low Number of Canonical Effectors, and TC-Rich Promoters. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:742-753. [PMID: 32237964 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-19-0211-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Along with Plasmopara destructor, Peronosopora belbahrii has arguably been the economically most important newly emerging downy mildew pathogen of the past two decades. Originating from Africa, it has started devastating basil production throughout the world, most likely due to the distribution of infested seed material. Here, we present the genome of this pathogen and results from comparisons of its genomic features to other oomycetes. The assembly of the nuclear genome was around 35.4 Mbp in length, with an N50 scaffold length of around 248 kbp and an L50 scaffold count of 46. The circular mitochondrial genome consisted of around 40.1 kbp. From the repeat-masked genome, 9,049 protein-coding genes were predicted, out of which 335 were predicted to have extracellular functions, representing the smallest secretome so far found in peronosporalean oomycetes. About 16% of the genome consists of repetitive sequences, and, based on simple sequence repeat regions, we provide a set of microsatellites that could be used for population genetic studies of P. belbahrii. P. belbahrii has undergone a high degree of convergent evolution with other obligate parasitic pathogen groups, reflecting its obligate biotrophic lifestyle. Features of its secretome, signaling networks, and promoters are presented, and some patterns are hypothesized to reflect the high degree of host specificity in Peronospora species. In addition, we suggest the presence of additional virulence factors apart from classical effector classes that are promising candidates for future functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Thines
- Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60323 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
- Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
- Integrative Fungal Research (IPF) and Translational Biodiversity Genomics (TBG), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
| | - Rahul Sharma
- Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60323 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
- Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
- Integrative Fungal Research (IPF) and Translational Biodiversity Genomics (TBG), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
| | - Sander Y A Rodenburg
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Gogleva
- University of Cambridge, Sainsbury Laboratory, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, U.K
| | - Howard S Judelson
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 U.S.A
| | - Xiaojuan Xia
- Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60323 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
- Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
| | - Johan van den Hoogen
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Miloslav Kitner
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Joël Klein
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Manon Neilen
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dick de Ridder
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael F Seidl
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guido van den Ackerveken
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Francine Govers
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Schornack
- University of Cambridge, Sainsbury Laboratory, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, U.K
| | - David J Studholme
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, U.K
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15
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Li X, Liu Y, Tan X, Li D, Yang X, Zhang X, Zhang D. The high-affinity phosphodiesterase PcPdeH is involved in the polarized growth and pathogenicity of Phytophthora capsici. Fungal Biol 2020; 124:164-173. [PMID: 32220377 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The cAMP signaling pathway has been shown to be important in controlling morphological changes and pathogenicity in plant pathogens. In the present study, we identified PcPdeH, a gene encoding a high-affinity phosphodiesterase (PDE), which is a key regulator of the cAMP signaling pathway. To elucidate the function of PcPdeH, PcPdeH-knockout mutants were obtained using a type II CRISPR/Cas9 system in Phytophthora capsici. The knockout transformants of PcPdeH showed vegetative growth defects and abnormal cyst germination. Infection assays indicated that compared with the wild type, PcPdeH-knockout mutants showed significantly reduced virulence on pepper and tobacco leaves and exhibited increased (1.5-2-fold) cAMP levels relative to the wild-type and CK strains. Based on these phenotypic features, we propose that PcPdeH is crucial for vegetative growth, cyst germination and pathogenicity in P. capsici.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Li
- Longping Branch, Graduate College, Hunan University, Changsha, 410125, China; Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China.
| | - Yong Liu
- Longping Branch, Graduate College, Hunan University, Changsha, 410125, China; Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China.
| | - Xinqiu Tan
- Longping Branch, Graduate College, Hunan University, Changsha, 410125, China; Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China.
| | - Delong Li
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Shenyang Agricultural University, Plant Protection College, Shenyang, 110866, China.
| | - Xin Zhang
- Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China.
| | - Deyong Zhang
- Longping Branch, Graduate College, Hunan University, Changsha, 410125, China; Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China.
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16
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Qiu M, Li Y, Zhang X, Xuan M, Zhang B, Ye W, Zheng X, Govers F, Wang Y. G protein α subunit suppresses sporangium formation through a serine/threonine protein kinase in Phytophthora sojae. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008138. [PMID: 31961913 PMCID: PMC7010300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins consist of α, β, and γ subunits, which act as molecular switches to regulate a number of fundamental cellular processes. In the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora sojae, the sole G protein α subunit (Gα; encoded by PsGPA1) has been found to be involved in zoospore mobility and virulence, but how it functions remains unclear. In this study, we show that the Gα subunit PsGPA1 directly interacts with PsYPK1, a serine/threonine protein kinase that consists of an N-terminal region with unknown function and a C-terminal region with a conserved catalytic kinase domain. We generated knockout and knockout-complemented strains of PsYPK1 and found that deletion of PsYPK1 resulted in a pronounced reduction in the production of sporangia and oospores, in mycelial growth on nutrient poor medium, and in virulence. PsYPK1 exhibits a cytoplasmic-nuclear localization pattern that is essential for sporangium formation and virulence of P. sojae. Interestingly, PsGPA1 overexpression was found to prevent nuclear localization of PsYPK1 by exclusively binding to the N-terminal region of PsYPK1, therefore accounting for its negative role in sporangium formation. Our data demonstrate that PsGPA1 negatively regulates sporangium formation by repressing the nuclear localization of its downstream kinase PsYPK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Qiu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yaning Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingrun Xuan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Baiyu Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenwu Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Francine Govers
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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17
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Generating Gene Silenced Mutants in Phytophthora sojae. Methods Mol Biol 2018. [PMID: 30182241 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8724-5_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Phytophthora species are notorious pathogens of plants and cause enormous damage to agriculture. In order to understand Phytophthora pathogenesis, gene silencing and knockout methods are important for the investigation of gene functions. Although CRISPR/Cas9-based gene knockout procedures have been developed in Phytophthora sojae and Phytophthora capsici, it may not always be the best choice especially when knockout mutation leads to lethality. Therefore, gene silencing is a very useful tool for functional analysis of target genes in Phytophthora. This chapter introduces a gene silencing protocol for the soybean pathogen P. sojae. An expression cassette is incorporated into the P. sojae genome through PEG-mediated protoplast transformation, which leads to constitutive production of antisense RNA transcripts. These transcripts are able to target mRNAs through sequence complementarity and effectively reduce the expression of the target genes.
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan van den Hoogen
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Francine Govers
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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19
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The G-protein γ subunit of Phytophthora infestans is involved in sporangial development. Fungal Genet Biol 2018; 116:73-82. [PMID: 29704555 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The oomycete Phytophthora infestans is a notorious plant pathogen with potato and tomato as its primary hosts. Previous research showed that the heterotrimeric G-protein subunits Gα and Gβ have a role in zoospore motility and virulence, and sporangial development, respectively. Here, we present analyses of the gene encoding a Gγ subunit in P. infestans, Pigpg1. The overall similarity of PiGPG1 with non-oomycete Gγ subunits is low, with only the most conserved amino acids maintained, but similarity with its homologs in other oomycetes is high. Pigpg1 is expressed in all life stages and shows a similar expression profile as the gene encoding the Gβ subunit, Pigpb1. To elucidate its function, transformants were generated in which Pigpg1 is silenced or overexpressed and their phenotypes were analyzed. Pigpg1-silenced lines produce less sporangia, which are malformed. Altogether, the results show that PiGPG1 is crucial for proper sporangia development and zoosporogenesis. PiGPG1 is a functional Gγ, and likely forms a dimer with PiGPB1 that mediates signaling.
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20
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Hardham AR, Blackman LM. Phytophthora cinnamomi. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:260-285. [PMID: 28519717 PMCID: PMC6637996 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora cinnamomi is one of the most devastating plant pathogens in the world. It infects close to 5000 species of plants, including many of importance in agriculture, forestry and horticulture. The inadvertent introduction of P. cinnamomi into natural ecosystems, including a number of recognized Global Biodiversity Hotspots, has had disastrous consequences for the environment and the biodiversity of flora and fauna. The genus Phytophthora belongs to the Class Oomycetes, a group of fungus-like organisms that initiate plant disease through the production of motile zoospores. Disease control is difficult in agricultural and forestry situations and even more challenging in natural ecosystems as a result of the scale of the problem and the limited range of effective chemical inhibitors. The development of sustainable control measures for the future management of P. cinnamomi requires a comprehensive understanding of the cellular and molecular basis of pathogen development and pathogenicity. The application of next-generation sequencing technologies to generate genomic and transcriptomic data promises to underpin a new era in P. cinnamomi research and discovery. The aim of this review is to integrate bioinformatic analyses of P. cinnamomi sequence data with current knowledge of the cellular and molecular basis of P. cinnamomi growth, development and plant infection. The goal is to provide a framework for future research by highlighting potential pathogenicity genes, shedding light on their possible functions and identifying suitable targets for future control measures. TAXONOMY Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands; Kingdom Chromista; Phylum Oomycota or Pseudofungi; Class Oomycetes; Order Peronosporales; Family Peronosporaceae; genus Phytophthora. HOST RANGE Infects about 5000 species of plants, including 4000 Australian native species. Host plants important for agriculture and forestry include avocado, chestnut, macadamia, oak, peach and pineapple. DISEASE SYMPTOMS A root pathogen which causes rotting of fine and fibrous roots, but which can also cause stem cankers. Root damage may inhibit water movement from roots to shoots, leading to dieback of young shoots. USEFUL WEBSITES: http://fungidb.org/fungidb/; http://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Phyci1/Phyci1.home.html; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/assembly/GCA_001314365.1; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/assembly/GCA_001314505.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne R. Hardham
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and EnvironmentThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT 2601Australia
| | - Leila M. Blackman
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and EnvironmentThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT 2601Australia
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21
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Abstract
Sensing external signals and transducing these into intracellular responses requires a molecular signaling system that is crucial for every living organism. Two important eukaryotic signal transduction pathways that are often interlinked are G-protein signaling and phospholipid signaling. Heterotrimeric G-protein subunits activated by G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are typical stimulators of phospholipid signaling enzymes such as phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinases (PIPKs) or phospholipase C (PLC). However, a direct connection between the two pathways likely exists in oomycetes and slime molds, as they possess a unique class of GPCRs that have a PIPK as an accessory domain. In principle, these so-called GPCR-PIPKs have the capacity of perceiving an external signal (via the GPCR domain) that, via PIPK, directly activates downstream phospholipid signaling. Here we reveal the sporadic occurrence of GPCR-PIPKs in all eukaryotic supergroups, except for plants. Notably, all species having GPCR-PIPKs are unicellular microorganisms that favor aquatic environments. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that GPCR-PIPKs are likely ancestral to eukaryotes and significantly expanded in the last common ancestor of oomycetes. In addition to GPCR-PIPKs, we identified five hitherto-unknown classes of GPCRs with accessory domains, four of which are universal players in signal transduction. Similarly to GPCR-PIPKs, this enables a direct coupling between extracellular sensing and downstream signaling. Overall, our findings point to an ancestral signaling system in eukaryotes where GPCR-mediated sensing is directly linked to downstream responses. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are central sensors that activate eukaryotic signaling and are the primary targets of human drugs. In this report, we provide evidence for the widespread though limited presence of a novel class of GPCRs in a variety of unicellular eukaryotes. These include free-living organisms and organisms that are pathogenic for plants, animals, and humans. The novel GPCRs have a C-terminal phospholipid kinase domain, pointing to a direct link between sensing external signals via GPCRs and downstream intracellular phospholipid signaling. Genes encoding these receptors were likely present in the last common eukaryotic ancestor and were lost during the evolution of higher eukaryotes. We further describe five other types of GPCRs with a catalytic accessory domain, the so-called GPCR-bigrams, four of which may potentially have a role in signaling. These findings shed new light onto signal transduction in microorganisms and provide evidence for alternative eukaryotic signaling pathways.
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22
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Jiang L, Ye W, Situ J, Chen Y, Yang X, Kong G, Liu Y, Tinashe RJ, Xi P, Wang Y, Jiang Z. A Puf RNA-binding protein encoding gene PlM90 regulates the sexual and asexual life stages of the litchi downy blight pathogen Peronophythora litchii. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 98:39-45. [PMID: 27939344 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sexual and asexual reproduction are two key processes in the pathogenic cycle of many filamentous pathogens. However in Peronophythora litchii, the causal pathogen for the litchi downy blight disease, critical regulator(s) of sexual or asexual differentiation has not been elucidated. In this study, we cloned a gene named PlM90 from P. litchii, which encodes a putative Puf RNA-binding protein. We found that PlM90 was highly expressed during asexual development, and much higher than that during sexual development, while relatively lower during cyst germination and plant infection. By polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated protoplast transformation, we generated three PlM90-silenced transformants and found a severely impaired ability in sexual spore production and a delay in stages of zoospore release and encystment. However, the pathogenicity of P. litchii was not affected by PlM90-silencing. Therefore we conclude that PlM90 specifically regulates the sexual and asexual differentiation of P. litchii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Jiang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Wenwu Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Junjian Situ
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Yubin Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Guanghui Kong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Yaya Liu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Runyanga J Tinashe
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Pinggen Xi
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Zide Jiang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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23
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Zhang X, Zhai C, Hua C, Qiu M, Hao Y, Nie P, Ye W, Wang Y. PsHint1, associated with the G-protein α subunit PsGPA1, is required for the chemotaxis and pathogenicity of Phytophthora sojae. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:272-85. [PMID: 25976113 PMCID: PMC6638540 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Zoospore chemotaxis to soybean isoflavones is essential in the early stages of infection by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora sojae. Previously, we have identified a G-protein α subunit encoded by PsGPA1 which regulates the chemotaxis and pathogenicity of P. sojae. In the present study, we used affinity purification to identify PsGPA1-interacting proteins, including PsHint1, a histidine triad (HIT) domain-containing protein orthologous to human HIT nucleotide-binding protein 1 (HINT1). PsHint1 interacted with both the guanosine triphosphate (GTP)- and guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-bound forms of PsGPA1. An analysis of the gene-silenced transformants revealed that PsHint1 was involved in the chemotropic response of zoospores to the isoflavone daidzein. During interaction with a susceptible soybean cultivar, PsHint1-silenced transformants displayed significantly reduced infectious hyphal extension and caused a strong cell death in plants. In addition, the transformants displayed defective cyst germination, forming abnormal germ tubes that were highly branched and exhibited apical swelling. These results suggest that PsHint1 not only regulates chemotaxis by interacting with PsGPA1, but also participates in a Gα-independent pathway involved in the pathogenicity of P. sojae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chunhua Zhai
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chenlei Hua
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Min Qiu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yujuan Hao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Pingping Nie
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wenwu Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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24
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Huisman R, Bouwmeester K, Brattinga M, Govers F, Bisseling T, Limpens E. Haustorium Formation in Medicago truncatula Roots Infected by Phytophthora palmivora Does Not Involve the Common Endosymbiotic Program Shared by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Rhizobia. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:1271-80. [PMID: 26313411 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-15-0130-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In biotrophic plant-microbe interactions, microbes infect living plant cells, in which they are hosted in a novel membrane compartment, the host-microbe interface. To create a host-microbe interface, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and rhizobia make use of the same endosymbiotic program. It is a long-standing hypothesis that pathogens make use of plant proteins that are dedicated to mutualistic symbiosis to infect plants and form haustoria. In this report, we developed a Phytophthora palmivora pathosystem to study haustorium formation in Medicago truncatula roots. We show that P. palmivora does not require host genes that are essential for symbiotic infection and host-microbe interface formation to infect Medicago roots and form haustoria. Based on these findings, we conclude that P. palmivora does not hijack the ancient intracellular accommodation program used by symbiotic microbes to form a biotrophic host-microbe interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik Huisman
- 1 Department of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Bouwmeester
- 2 Department of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University
- 3 Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, PO Box 800.56 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marijke Brattinga
- 1 Department of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francine Govers
- 2 Department of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University
| | - Ton Bisseling
- 1 Department of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Limpens
- 1 Department of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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25
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Meijer HJG, Mancuso FM, Espadas G, Seidl MF, Chiva C, Govers F, Sabidó E. Profiling the secretome and extracellular proteome of the potato late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 13:2101-13. [PMID: 24872595 PMCID: PMC4125740 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.035873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oomycetes are filamentous organisms that cause notorious diseases, several of which have a high economic impact. Well known is Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of potato late blight. Previously, in silico analyses of the genome and transcriptome of P. infestans resulted in the annotation of a large number of genes encoding proteins with an N-terminal signal peptide. This set is collectively referred to as the secretome and comprises proteins involved in, for example, cell wall growth and modification, proteolytic processes, and the promotion of successful invasion of plant cells. So far, proteomic profiling in oomycetes was primarily focused on subcellular, intracellular or cell wall fractions; the extracellular proteome has not been studied systematically. Here we present the first comprehensive characterization of the in vivo secretome and extracellular proteome of P. infestans. We have used mass spectrometry to analyze P. infestans proteins present in seven different growth media with mycelial cultures and this resulted in the consistent identification of over two hundred proteins. Gene ontology classification pinpointed proteins involved in cell wall modifications, pathogenesis, defense responses, and proteolytic processes. Moreover, we found members of the RXLR and CRN effector families as well as several proteins lacking an obvious signal peptide. The latter were confirmed to be bona fide extracellular proteins and this suggests that, similar to other organisms, oomycetes exploit non-conventional secretion mechanisms to transfer certain proteins to the extracellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold J G Meijer
- From the ‡Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco M Mancuso
- §Proteomics Unit, Center of Genomics Regulation (CRG), Carrer Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; ¶Proteomics Unit, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Carrer Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Espadas
- §Proteomics Unit, Center of Genomics Regulation (CRG), Carrer Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; ¶Proteomics Unit, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Carrer Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael F Seidl
- From the ‡Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; ‖Centre for BioSystems Genomics, Droevendaalsesteeg, 16708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cristina Chiva
- §Proteomics Unit, Center of Genomics Regulation (CRG), Carrer Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; ¶Proteomics Unit, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Carrer Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francine Govers
- From the ‡Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; ‖Centre for BioSystems Genomics, Droevendaalsesteeg, 16708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eduard Sabidó
- §Proteomics Unit, Center of Genomics Regulation (CRG), Carrer Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; ¶Proteomics Unit, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Carrer Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
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26
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Hua C, Meijer HJG, de Keijzer J, Zhao W, Wang Y, Govers F. GK4, a G-protein-coupled receptor with a phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase domain in Phytophthora infestans, is involved in sporangia development and virulence. Mol Microbiol 2013; 88:352-70. [PMID: 23448716 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
For dispersal and host infection plant pathogens largely depend on asexual spores. Pathogenesis and sporulation are complex processes that are governed by cellular signalling networks including G-protein and phospholipid signalling. Oomycetes possess a family of novel proteins called GPCR-PIPKs (GKs) that are composed of a seven-transmembrane spanning (7-TM) domain fused to a phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase (PIPK) domain. Based on this domain structure GKs are anticipated to link G-protein and phospholipid signal pathways; however, their functions are currently unknown. Expression analyses of the 12 GK genes in Phytophthora infestans and their orthologues in Phytophthora sojae, revealed differential expression during asexual development. PiGK1 and PiGK4 were fused to monomeric red fluorescent protein (mRFP) and ectopically expressed in P. infestans. In growing hyphae different subcellular distribution patterns were observed indicating that these two GKs act independently during development. We focused on the functional analyses of PiGK4. Its localization suggested involvement in cell differentiation and elongation and its 7-TM domain showed a canonical GPCR membrane topology. Silencing of GK4 and overexpression of full-length and truncated constructs in P. infestans revealed that PiGK4 is not only involved in spore germination and hyphal elongation but also in sporangia cleavage and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenlei Hua
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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