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Luo N, Jiao Y, Ling J, Li Z, Zhang W, Zhao J, Li Y, Mao Z, Li H, Xie B. Synergistic Effect of Two Peptaibols from Biocontrol Fungus Trichoderma longibrachiatum Strain 40418 on CO-Induced Plant Resistance. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 39271247 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Trichoderma longibrachiatum is a filamentous fungus used as a biological control agent against different plant diseases. The multifunctional secondary metabolites synthesized by Trichoderma, called peptaibols, have emerged as key elicitors in plant innate immunity. This study obtained a high-quality genome sequence for the T. longibrachiatum strain 40418 and identified two peptaibol biosynthetic gene clusters using knockout techniques. The two gene cluster products were confirmed as trilongin AIV a (11-residue) and trilongin BI (20-residue) using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Further investigations revealed that these peptaibols induce plant resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (Pst) DC3000 infection while triggering plant immunity and cell death. Notably, the two peptaibols exhibit synergistic effects in plant-microbe signaling interactions, with trilongin BI having a predominant role. Moreover, the induction of tomato resistance against Meloidogyne incognita showed similarly promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flower, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yang Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flower, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- School of Resources and Environment, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 653003, China
| | - Jian Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flower, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zeyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flower, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flower, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jianlong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flower, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flower, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhenchuan Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flower, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Huixia Li
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Bingyan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flower, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Center for Biosafety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Sanya 572024, China
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Wang H, Liu Y, Wang T, Liu D, Lu Q. Pathophysiology and transcriptomic responses of Pinus armandii defenses to ophiostomatoid fungi. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpae056. [PMID: 38775221 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Pinus armandii Franch. is an ecologically and economically important evergreen tree species native to western China. Dendroctonus armandi Tsai and Li and pathogenic ophiostomatoid fungi pose substantial threats to P. armandii. With the interplay between species, the defense mechanisms of P. armandii have evolved to withstand external biotic stressors. However, the interactions between P. armandii and pathogenic ophiostomatoid fungal species/strains remain poorly understood. We aimed to analyze the pathophysiological and molecular changes in P. armandii following artificial inoculation with four ophiostomatoid species (Graphilbum parakesiyea, Leptographium qinlingense, Ophiostoma shennongense and Ophiostoma sp. 1). The study revealed that L. qinlingense produced the longest necrotic lesions, and G. parakesiyea produced the shortest. All strains induced monoterpenoid release, and monoterpene levels of P. armandii were positively correlated with fungal virulence (R2 = 0.93, P < 0.01). Co-inoculation of two dominant highly (L. qinlingense) and weakly virulent (O. shennongense) pathogens reduced the pathogenicity of the highly virulent fungi. Transcriptomic analysis of P. armandii (LQ: L. qinlingense treatments, QS: co-inoculation treatments and OS: O. shennongense treatments) showed that the expression pattern of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between QS and OS was similar, but different from that of LQ. The DEGs (LQ vs QS) involved in flavonoid biosynthesis and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis were downregulated. Notably, compared with LQ, QS significantly decreased the expression of host defense-related genes. This study provides a valuable theoretical basis for managing infestations of D. armandi and associated ophiostomatoid fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Ya Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Tiantian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Duanchong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Quan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China
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Li B, He X, Guo S, Li D, Wang Y, Meng X, Dai P, Hu T, Cao K, Wang S. Characterization of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BA-4 and its biocontrol potential against Fusarium-related apple replant disease. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1370440. [PMID: 38708392 PMCID: PMC11067707 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1370440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Apple replant disease (ARD), caused by Fusarium pathogens, is a formidable threat to the renewal of apple varieties in China, necessitating the development of effective and sustainable control strategies. In this study, the bacterial strain BA-4 was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of healthy apple trees in a replanted orchard, demonstrating a broad-spectrum antifungal activity against five crucial apple fungal pathogens. Based on its morphology, physiological and biochemical traits, utilization of carbon sources, and Gram stain, strain BA-4 was tentatively identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Phylogenetic analysis using 16S rDNA and gyrB genes conclusively identified BA-4 as B. amyloliquefaciens. In-depth investigations into B. amyloliquefaciens BA-4 revealed that the strain possesses the capacity to could secrete cell wall degrading enzymes (protease and cellulase), produce molecules analogous to indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and siderophores, and solubilize phosphorus and potassium. The diverse attributes observed in B. amyloliquefaciens BA-4 underscore its potential as a versatile microorganism with multifaceted benefits for both plant well-being and soil fertility. The extracellular metabolites produced by BA-4 displayed a robust inhibitory effect on Fusarium hyphal growth and spore germination, inducing irregular swelling, atrophy, and abnormal branching of fungal hyphae. In greenhouse experiments, BA-4 markedly reduced the disease index of Fusarium-related ARD, exhibiting protective and therapeutic efficiencies exceeding 80% and 50%, respectively. Moreover, BA-4 demonstrated plant-promoting abilities on both bean and Malus robusta Rehd. (MR) seedlings, leading to increased plant height and primary root length. Field experiments further validated the biocontrol effectiveness of BA-4, demonstrating its ability to mitigate ARD symptoms in MR seedlings with a notable 33.34% reduction in mortality rate and improved biomass. Additionally, BA-4 demonstrates robust and stable colonization capabilities in apple rhizosphere soil, particularly within the 10-20 cm soil layer, which indicates that it has long-term effectiveness potential in field conditions. Overall, B. amyloliquefaciens BA-4 emerges as a promising biocontrol agent with broad-spectrum antagonistic capabilities, positive effects on plant growth, and strong colonization abilities for the sustainable management of ARD in apple cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Institute of Agricultural Information and Economics, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaoxing He
- College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Saiya Guo
- College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Dongxu Li
- College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xianglong Meng
- College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Pengbo Dai
- College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Tongle Hu
- College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Keqiang Cao
- College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Shutong Wang
- College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
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Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum Pumilio 1 Regulates Virulence on Watermelon through Interacting with the ARP2/3 Complex and Binding to an A-Rich Motif in the 3' UTR of Diverse Transcripts. mBio 2023; 14:e0015723. [PMID: 36856417 PMCID: PMC10128047 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00157-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (Fon), a soilborne phytopathogenic fungus, causes watermelon Fusarium wilt, resulting in serious yield losses worldwide. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of Fon virulence is largely unknown. The present study investigated the biological functions of six FonPUFs, encoding RNA binding Pumilio proteins, and especially explored the molecular mechanism of FonPUF1 in Fon virulence. A series of phenotypic analyses indicated that FonPUFs have distinct but diverse functions in vegetative growth, asexual reproduction, macroconidia morphology, spore germination, cell wall, or abiotic stress response of Fon. Notably, the deletion of FonPUF1 attenuates Fon virulence by impairing the invasive growth and colonization ability inside the watermelon plants. FonPUF1 possesses RNA binding activity, and its biochemical activity and virulence function depend on the RNA recognition motif or Pumilio domains. FonPUF1 associates with the actin-related protein 2/3 (ARP2/3) complex by interacting with FonARC18, which is also required for Fon virulence and plays an important role in regulating mitochondrial functions, such as ATP generation and reactive oxygen species production. Transcriptomic profiling of ΔFonPUF1 identified a set of putative FonPUF1-dependent virulence-related genes in Fon, possessing a novel A-rich binding motif in the 3' untranslated region (UTR), indicating that FonPUF1 participates in additional mechanisms critical for Fon virulence. These findings highlight the functions and molecular mechanism of FonPUFs in Fon virulence. IMPORTANCE Fusarium oxysporum is a devastating plant-pathogenic fungus that causes vascular wilt disease in many economically important crops, including watermelon, worldwide. F. oxysporum f. sp. nievum (Fon) causes serious yield loss in watermelon production. However, the molecular mechanism of Fusarium wilt development by Fon remains largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that six putative Pumilio proteins-encoding genes (FonPUFs) differentially operate diverse basic biological processes, including stress response, and that FonPUF1 is required for Fon virulence. Notably, FonPUF1 possesses RNA binding activity and associates with the actin-related protein 2/3 complex to control mitochondrial functions. Furthermore, FonPUF1 coordinates the expression of a set of putative virulence-related genes in Fon by binding to a novel A-rich motif present in the 3' UTR of a diverse set of target mRNAs. Our study disentangles the previously unexplored molecular mechanism involved in regulating Fon virulence, providing a possibility for the development of novel strategies for disease management.
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A conserved enzyme of smut fungi facilitates cell-to-cell extension in the plant bundle sheath. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6003. [PMID: 36224193 PMCID: PMC9556619 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33815-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Smut fungi comprise one of the largest groups of fungal plant pathogens causing disease in all cereal crops. They directly penetrate host tissues and establish a biotrophic interaction. To do so, smut fungi secrete a wide range of effector proteins, which suppress plant immunity and modulate cellular functions as well as development of the host, thereby determining the pathogen’s lifestyle and virulence potential. The conserved effector Erc1 (enzyme required for cell-to-cell extension) contributes to virulence of the corn smut Ustilago maydis in maize leaves but not on the tassel. Erc1 binds to host cell wall components and displays 1,3-β-glucanase activity, which is required to attenuate β-glucan-induced defense responses. Here we show that Erc1 has a cell type-specific virulence function, being necessary for fungal cell-to-cell extension in the plant bundle sheath and this function is fully conserved in the Erc1 orthologue of the barley pathogen Ustilago hordei. Smut fungi secrete effector proteins that suppress host plant immunity. Here the authors show that the corn smut effector Erc1 has 1,3-β-glucanase activity and promotes virulence in maize leaves by attenuating β-glucan-induced defense responses.
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Guo J, Cheng Y. Advances in Fungal Elicitor-Triggered Plant Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12003. [PMID: 36233304 PMCID: PMC9569958 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231912003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an array of pathogenic fungi in the natural environment of plants, which produce some molecules including pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and effectors during infection. These molecules, which can be recognized by plant specific receptors to activate plant immunity, including PTI (PAMP-triggered immunity) and ETI (effector-triggered immunity), are called elicitors. Undoubtedly, identification of novel fungal elicitors and their plant receptors and comprehensive understanding about fungal elicitor-triggered plant immunity will be of great significance to effectively control plant diseases. Great progress has occurred in fungal elicitor-triggered plant immunity, especially in the signaling pathways of PTI and ETI, in recent years. Here, recent advances in fungal elicitor-triggered plant immunity are summarized and their important contribution to the enlightenment of plant disease control is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yulin Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
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The necrosis-inducing protein (NIP) gene contributes to Penicillium expansum virulence during postharvest pear infection. Food Res Int 2022; 158:111562. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Khairi MHF, Nor Muhammad NA, Bunawan H, Abdul Murad AM, Ramzi AB. Unveiling the Core Effector Proteins of Oil Palm Pathogen Ganoderma boninense via Pan-Secretome Analysis. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8080793. [PMID: 36012782 PMCID: PMC9409662 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma boninense is the major causal agent of basal stem rot (BSR) disease in oil palm, causing the progressive rot of the basal part of the stem. Despite its prominence, the key pathogenicity determinants for the aggressive nature of hemibiotrophic infection remain unknown. In this study, genome sequencing and the annotation of G. boninense T10 were carried out using the Illumina sequencing platform, and comparative genome analysis was performed with previously reported G. boninense strains (NJ3 and G3). The pan-secretome of G. boninense was constructed and comprised 937 core orthogroups, 243 accessory orthogroups, and 84 strain-specific orthogroups. In total, 320 core orthogroups were enriched with candidate effector proteins (CEPs) that could be classified as carbohydrate-active enzymes, hydrolases, and non-catalytic proteins. Differential expression analysis revealed an upregulation of five CEP genes that was linked to the suppression of PTI signaling cascade, while the downregulation of four CEP genes was linked to the inhibition of PTI by preventing host defense elicitation. Genome architecture analysis revealed the one-speed architecture of the G. boninense genome and the lack of preferential association of CEP genes to transposable elements. The findings obtained from this study aid in the characterization of pathogenicity determinants and molecular biomarkers of BSR disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Hazwan Fikri Khairi
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.H.F.K.); (N.A.N.M.); (H.B.)
| | - Nor Azlan Nor Muhammad
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.H.F.K.); (N.A.N.M.); (H.B.)
| | - Hamidun Bunawan
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.H.F.K.); (N.A.N.M.); (H.B.)
| | - Abdul Munir Abdul Murad
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Ahmad Bazli Ramzi
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.H.F.K.); (N.A.N.M.); (H.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +603-8921-4546; Fax: +603-8921-3398
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Guo X, Chen J, Gao M, Li D. An Aminobutyric Acid Transaminase in Zea mays Interacts With Rhizoctonia solani Cellulase to Participate in Disease Resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:860170. [PMID: 35481134 PMCID: PMC9037289 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.860170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Corn sheath blight, caused by AG1-IA, a fusion group of Rhizoctonia solani, which acts as a kind of necrotrophic fungal pathogen, poses a global threat to the production of Zea mays. Although cellulase plays a crucial role in R. solani infections, how plants respond to it is still poorly understood. In this study, we identified a gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABA-T), ZmGABA-T, in Z. mays that interacts with a cell wall-degrading enzyme (CWDE), EG1, in the cell membrane, using yeast two-hybrid assay, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP), and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. We found that the combination of EG1 and ZmGABA-T suppressed the allergic necrosis induced by EG1. We also found that the substrate of GABA-T-GABA, can inhibit the transcription of EG1. Transient expression of ZmGABA-T inhibited R. solani infection in Nicotiana benthamiana. The homolog in Oryza sativa, OsGABA-T, could also interact with EG1 to suppress the allergic necrosis induced by EG1. The OsGABA-T knocked out plants displayed enhanced susceptibility to R. solani and showed larger lesions. In conclusion, our results suggest that ZmGABA-T inhibits allergic necrosis induced by EG1 based on the combination with EG1, producing resistance to R. solani infection.
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Bradley EL, Ökmen B, Doehlemann G, Henrissat B, Bradshaw RE, Mesarich CH. Secreted Glycoside Hydrolase Proteins as Effectors and Invasion Patterns of Plant-Associated Fungi and Oomycetes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:853106. [PMID: 35360318 PMCID: PMC8960721 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.853106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
During host colonization, plant-associated microbes, including fungi and oomycetes, deliver a collection of glycoside hydrolases (GHs) to their cell surfaces and surrounding extracellular environments. The number and type of GHs secreted by each organism is typically associated with their lifestyle or mode of nutrient acquisition. Secreted GHs of plant-associated fungi and oomycetes serve a number of different functions, with many of them acting as virulence factors (effectors) to promote microbial host colonization. Specific functions involve, for example, nutrient acquisition, the detoxification of antimicrobial compounds, the manipulation of plant microbiota, and the suppression or prevention of plant immune responses. In contrast, secreted GHs of plant-associated fungi and oomycetes can also activate the plant immune system, either by acting as microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), or through the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) as a consequence of their enzymatic activity. In this review, we highlight the critical roles that secreted GHs from plant-associated fungi and oomycetes play in plant-microbe interactions, provide an overview of existing knowledge gaps and summarize future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie L. Bradley
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Bilal Ökmen
- Institute for Plant Sciences and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Microbial Interactions, IMIT/ZMBP, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gunther Doehlemann
- Institute for Plant Sciences and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), UMR 7257 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rosie E. Bradshaw
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Carl H. Mesarich
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Guo X, Liu N, Zhang Y, Chen J. Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern Active Sites of GH45 Endoglucanohydrolase from Rhizoctonia solani. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:355-363. [PMID: 34165320 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-21-0164-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A 207-amino-acid residue endoglucanohydrolase (EG1) belonging to the glycoside hydrolase 45 (GH45) from Rhizoctonia solani acts as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP). However, the mechanism of EG1 inducing plant immunity is unclear. Here, we found that EG1 contains two domains related to its PAMP function. Transient expression showed that EG1-1, the mutation deleting 60 amino acid residues from the N-terminal, still reserved the PAMP function. Further truncation of EG1-1 obtained two truncating mutations: EG1-2, deleting seven amino acid residues from the N-terminal of EG1-1 (SPWAVND), and EG1-3, deleting five amino acid residues from the C-terminal of EG1-1 (GCSRK). Transient expression showed that the two truncating mutations EG1-2 and EG1-3 all lost the PAMP function. Site-directed mutagenesis of EG1-1 showed that the three amino acid residues (P, W, and D) in the region SPWAVND and the two amino acid residues (C and R) in the region GCSRK were involved in the PAMP function. The homology model showed that the two regions were located at a surface on the EG1 and structurally independent. These results demonstrate that there are two functional regions for the plant immune function of the EG1 released by R. solani, and the two functional regions are independent of each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuna Guo
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Jinyin Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
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Majumdar R, Strausbaugh CA, Galewski PJ, Minocha R, Rogers CW. Cell-Wall-Degrading Enzymes-Related Genes Originating from Rhizoctonia solani Increase Sugar Beet Root Damage in the Presence of Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1366. [PMID: 35163289 PMCID: PMC8835807 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Sugar beet crown and root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani is a major yield constraint. Root rot is highly increased when R. solani and Leuconostoc mesenteroides co-infect roots. We hypothesized that the absence of plant cell-wall-degrading enzymes in L. mesenteroides and their supply by R. solani during close contact, causes increased damage. In planta root inoculation with or without cell-wall-degrading enzymes showed greater rot when L. mesenteroides was combined with cellulase (22 mm rot), polygalacturonase (47 mm), and pectin lyase (57 mm) versus these enzymes (0-26 mm), R. solani (20 mm), and L. mesenteroides (13 mm) individually. Carbohydrate analysis revealed increased simpler carbohydrates (namely glucose + galactose, and fructose) in the infected roots versus mock control, possibly due to the degradation of complex cell wall carbohydrates. Expression of R. solani cellulase, polygalacturonase, and pectin lyase genes during root infection corroborated well with the enzyme data. Global mRNAseq analysis identified candidate genes and highly co-expressed gene modules in all three organisms that might be critical in host plant defense and pathogenesis. Targeting R. solani cell-wall-degrading enzymes in the future could be an effective strategy to mitigate root damage during its interaction with L. mesenteroides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajtilak Majumdar
- Northwest Irrigation and Soils Research, United States Department of Agriculture, Kimberly, ID 83341, USA; (P.J.G.); (C.W.R.)
| | - Carl A. Strausbaugh
- Northwest Irrigation and Soils Research, United States Department of Agriculture, Kimberly, ID 83341, USA; (P.J.G.); (C.W.R.)
| | - Paul J. Galewski
- Northwest Irrigation and Soils Research, United States Department of Agriculture, Kimberly, ID 83341, USA; (P.J.G.); (C.W.R.)
| | - Rakesh Minocha
- Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Durham, NH 03824, USA;
| | - Christopher W. Rogers
- Northwest Irrigation and Soils Research, United States Department of Agriculture, Kimberly, ID 83341, USA; (P.J.G.); (C.W.R.)
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13
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Yang B, Yang S, Zheng W, Wang Y. Plant immunity inducers: from discovery to agricultural application. STRESS BIOLOGY 2022; 2:5. [PMID: 37676359 PMCID: PMC10442025 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-021-00028-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
While conventional chemical fungicides directly eliminate pathogens, plant immunity inducers activate or prime plant immunity. In recent years, considerable progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms of immune regulation in plants. The development and application of plant immunity inducers based on the principles of plant immunity represent a new field in plant protection research. In this review, we describe the mechanisms of plant immunity inducers in terms of plant immune system activation, summarize the various classes of reported plant immunity inducers (proteins, oligosaccharides, chemicals, and lipids), and review methods for the identification or synthesis of plant immunity inducers. The current situation, new strategies, and future prospects in the development and application of plant immunity inducers are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Sen Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wenyue Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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14
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Poaceae-specific cell wall-derived oligosaccharides activate plant immunity via OsCERK1 during Magnaporthe oryzae infection in rice. Nat Commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22456-x\] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractMany phytopathogens secrete cell wall degradation enzymes (CWDEs) to damage host cells and facilitate colonization. As the major components of the plant cell wall, cellulose and hemicellulose are the targets of CWDEs. Damaged plant cells often release damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) to trigger plant immune responses. Here, we establish that the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae secretes the endoglucanases MoCel12A and MoCel12B during infection of rice (Oryza sativa). These endoglucanases target hemicellulose of the rice cell wall and release two specific oligosaccharides, namely the trisaccharide 31-β-D-Cellobiosyl-glucose and the tetrasaccharide 31-β-D-Cellotriosyl-glucose. 31-β-D-Cellobiosyl-glucose and 31-β-D-Cellotriosyl-glucose bind the immune receptor OsCERK1 but not the chitin binding protein OsCEBiP. However, they induce the dimerization of OsCERK1 and OsCEBiP. In addition, these Poaceae cell wall-specific oligosaccharides trigger a burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that is largely compromised in oscerk1 and oscebip mutants. We conclude that 31-β-D-Cellobiosyl-glucose and 31-β-D-Cellotriosyl-glucose are specific DAMPs released from the hemicellulose of rice cell wall, which are perceived by an OsCERK1 and OsCEBiP immune complex during M. oryzae infection in rice.
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15
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Effect of alkali-treated birch sawdust on the lignocellulase secretion and exo-polysaccharide production by Inonotus obliquus under submerged fermentation and its lignocellulose degradation patterns. J Biosci Bioeng 2021; 133:33-38. [PMID: 34690061 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2021.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to investigate the medicinal mushroom Inonotus obliquus on the production of polysaccharides and changes of extracellular lignocellulolytic enzymes during submerged fermentation using alkali-treated birch sawdust as substrate. Meanwhile, in order to explore the degradation mode of lignocellulose in alkali-treated birch sawdust, degradation analysis of three components of lignocellulose was carried out. The fungus process in alkali-treated birch sawdust medium resulted in a higher degradation rate of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin of 39.24%, 51.00% and 31.3% after 11 days of submerged fermentation by the mycelium of I. obliquus, respectively. Maximal polysaccharide production and α-glucosidase inhibition rate determined in the alkali-treated birch sawdust medium were 6.93 mg/mL and 55.80%, while they were 4.98 mg/mL and 27.89% in the control. Moreover, high activities of laccase (51.95 IU/mL), CMCase (1.35 IU/mL), filter paper activity (0.50 IU/mL) and β-glucosidase (0.55 IU/mL) were observed in alkali-treated birch sawdust medium, respectively. The results demonstrated that the addition of alkali-treated birch sawdust could promote the yield and α-glucosidase inhibition activity of polysaccharides and induce the production of cellulase and xylanase, indicating that alkali pretreatment was conducive to utilization of birch sawdust by I. obliquus.
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16
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The Role of Glycoside Hydrolases in Phytopathogenic Fungi and Oomycetes Virulence. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179359. [PMID: 34502268 PMCID: PMC8431085 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytopathogenic fungi need to secrete different hydrolytic enzymes to break down complex polysaccharides in the plant cell wall in order to enter the host and develop the disease. Fungi produce various types of cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) during infection. Most of the characterized CWDEs belong to glycoside hydrolases (GHs). These enzymes hydrolyze glycosidic bonds and have been identified in many fungal species sequenced to date. Many studies have shown that CWDEs belong to several GH families and play significant roles in the invasion and pathogenicity of fungi and oomycetes during infection on the plant host, but their mode of function in virulence is not yet fully understood. Moreover, some of the CWDEs that belong to different GH families act as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which trigger plant immune responses. In this review, we summarize the most important GHs that have been described in eukaryotic phytopathogens and are involved in the establishment of a successful infection.
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17
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Yang C, Liu R, Pang J, Ren B, Zhou H, Wang G, Wang E, Liu J. Poaceae-specific cell wall-derived oligosaccharides activate plant immunity via OsCERK1 during Magnaporthe oryzae infection in rice. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2178. [PMID: 33846336 PMCID: PMC8042013 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22456-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Many phytopathogens secrete cell wall degradation enzymes (CWDEs) to damage host cells and facilitate colonization. As the major components of the plant cell wall, cellulose and hemicellulose are the targets of CWDEs. Damaged plant cells often release damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) to trigger plant immune responses. Here, we establish that the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae secretes the endoglucanases MoCel12A and MoCel12B during infection of rice (Oryza sativa). These endoglucanases target hemicellulose of the rice cell wall and release two specific oligosaccharides, namely the trisaccharide 31-β-D-Cellobiosyl-glucose and the tetrasaccharide 31-β-D-Cellotriosyl-glucose. 31-β-D-Cellobiosyl-glucose and 31-β-D-Cellotriosyl-glucose bind the immune receptor OsCERK1 but not the chitin binding protein OsCEBiP. However, they induce the dimerization of OsCERK1 and OsCEBiP. In addition, these Poaceae cell wall-specific oligosaccharides trigger a burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that is largely compromised in oscerk1 and oscebip mutants. We conclude that 31-β-D-Cellobiosyl-glucose and 31-β-D-Cellotriosyl-glucose are specific DAMPs released from the hemicellulose of rice cell wall, which are perceived by an OsCERK1 and OsCEBiP immune complex during M. oryzae infection in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Liu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhuan Pang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Ren
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huanbin Zhou
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Wang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309National key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ertao Wang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309National key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Liu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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18
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Chen J, Li Z, Lin B, Liao J, Zhuo K. A Meloidogyne graminicola Pectate Lyase Is Involved in Virulence and Activation of Host Defense Responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:651627. [PMID: 33868351 PMCID: PMC8044864 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.651627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes secrete an array of cell-wall-degrading enzymes to overcome the physical barrier formed by the plant cell wall. Here, we describe a novel pectate lyase gene Mg-PEL1 from M. graminicola. Quantitative real-time PCR assay showed that the highest transcriptional expression level of Mg-PEL1 occurred in pre-parasitic second-stage juveniles, and it was still detected during the early parasitic stage. Using in situ hybridization, we showed that Mg-PEL1 was expressed exclusively within the subventral esophageal gland cells of M. graminicola. The yeast signal sequence trap system revealed that it possessed an N-terminal signal peptide with secretion function. Recombinant Mg-PEL1 exhibited hydrolytic activity toward polygalacturonic acid. Rice plants expressing RNA interference vectors targeting Mg-PEL1 showed an increased resistance to M. graminicola. In addition, using an Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression system and plant immune response assays, we demonstrated that the cell wall localization of Mg-PEL1 was required for the activation of plant defense responses, including programmed plant cell death, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and expression of defense-related genes. Taken together, our results indicated that Mg-PEL1 could enhance the pathogenicity of M. graminicola and induce plant immune responses during nematode invasion into plants or migration in plants. This provides a new insight into the function of pectate lyases in plants-nematodes interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansong Chen
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiwen Li
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Borong Lin
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinling Liao
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Eco-Engineering Polytechnic, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kan Zhuo
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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19
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Benedetti M, Barera S, Longoni P, Guardini Z, Herrero Garcia N, Bolzonella D, Lopez‐Arredondo D, Herrera‐Estrella L, Goldschmidt‐Clermont M, Bassi R, Dall’Osto L. A microalgal-based preparation with synergistic cellulolytic and detoxifying action towards chemical-treated lignocellulose. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:124-137. [PMID: 32649019 PMCID: PMC7769238 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
High-temperature bioconversion of lignocellulose into fermentable sugars has drawn attention for efficient production of renewable chemicals and biofuels, because competing microbial activities are inhibited at elevated temperatures and thermostable cell wall degrading enzymes are superior to mesophilic enzymes. Here, we report on the development of a platform to produce four different thermostable cell wall degrading enzymes in the chloroplast of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The enzyme blend was composed of the cellobiohydrolase CBM3GH5 from C. saccharolyticus, the β-glucosidase celB from P. furiosus, the endoglucanase B and the endoxylanase XynA from T. neapolitana. In addition, transplastomic microalgae were engineered for the expression of phosphite dehydrogenase D from Pseudomonas stutzeri, allowing for growth in non-axenic media by selective phosphite nutrition. The cellulolytic blend composed of the glycoside hydrolase (GH) domain GH12/GH5/GH1 allowed the conversion of alkaline-treated lignocellulose into glucose with efficiencies ranging from 14% to 17% upon 48h of reaction and an enzyme loading of 0.05% (w/w). Hydrolysates from treated cellulosic materials with extracts of transgenic microalgae boosted both the biogas production by methanogenic bacteria and the mixotrophic growth of the oleaginous microalga Chlorella vulgaris. Notably, microalgal treatment suppressed the detrimental effect of inhibitory by-products released from the alkaline treatment of biomass, thus allowing for efficient assimilation of lignocellulose-derived sugars by C. vulgaris under mixotrophic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Benedetti
- Dipartimento di BiotecnologieUniversità di VeronaVeronaItaly
- Present address:
Dipartimento MESVAUniversità dell'AquilaCoppitoAQItaly
| | - Simone Barera
- Dipartimento di BiotecnologieUniversità di VeronaVeronaItaly
| | - Paolo Longoni
- Faculty of ScienceInstitute of BiologyUniversity of NeuchâtelNeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Zeno Guardini
- Dipartimento di BiotecnologieUniversità di VeronaVeronaItaly
| | | | | | - Damar Lopez‐Arredondo
- StelaGenomics MexicoS de RL de CVIrapuato, GuanajuatoMexico
- Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress ToleranceTexas Tech UniversityLubbockTXUSA
| | - Luis Herrera‐Estrella
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la BiodiversidadCentro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico NacionalIrapuato, GuanajuatoMexico
- Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress ToleranceTexas Tech UniversityLubbockTXUSA
| | | | - Roberto Bassi
- Dipartimento di BiotecnologieUniversità di VeronaVeronaItaly
| | - Luca Dall’Osto
- Dipartimento di BiotecnologieUniversità di VeronaVeronaItaly
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20
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Benedetti M, Vecchi V, Guardini Z, Dall’Osto L, Bassi R. Expression of a Hyperthermophilic Cellobiohydrolase in Transgenic Nicotiana tabacum by Protein Storage Vacuole Targeting. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1799. [PMID: 33353085 PMCID: PMC7767180 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Plant expression of microbial Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes (CWDEs) is a valuable strategy to produce industrial enzymes at affordable cost. Unfortunately, the constitutive expression of CWDEs may affect plant fitness to variable extents, including developmental alterations, sterility and even lethality. In order to explore novel strategies for expressing CWDEs in crops, the cellobiohydrolase CBM3GH5, from the hyperthermophilic bacterium Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus, was constitutively expressed in N. tabacum by targeting the enzyme both to the apoplast and to the protein storage vacuole. The apoplast targeting failed to isolate plants expressing the recombinant enzyme despite a large number of transformants being screened. On the opposite side, the targeting of the cellobiohydrolase to the protein storage vacuole led to several transgenic lines expressing CBM3GH5, with an enzyme yield of up to 0.08 mg g DW-1 (1.67 Units g DW-1) in the mature leaf tissue. The analysis of CBM3GH5 activity revealed that the enzyme accumulated in different plant organs in a developmental-dependent manner, with the highest abundance in mature leaves and roots, followed by seeds, stems and leaf ribs. Notably, both leaves and stems from transgenic plants were characterized by an improved temperature-dependent saccharification profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Benedetti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica, Sanità Pubblica, Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università dell’Aquila, Piazzale Salvatore Tommasi 1, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy;
| | - Valeria Vecchi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy; (V.V.); (Z.G.); (L.D.)
| | - Zeno Guardini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy; (V.V.); (Z.G.); (L.D.)
| | - Luca Dall’Osto
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy; (V.V.); (Z.G.); (L.D.)
| | - Roberto Bassi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy; (V.V.); (Z.G.); (L.D.)
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21
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Cytological and Gene Profile Expression Analysis Reveals Modification in Metabolic Pathways and Catalytic Activities Induce Resistance in Botrytis cinerea Against Iprodione Isolated From Tomato. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144865. [PMID: 32660143 PMCID: PMC7402349 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Grey mold is one of the most serious and catastrophic diseases, causing significant yield losses in fruits and vegetables worldwide. Iprodione is a broad spectrum agrochemical used as a foliar application as well as a seed protectant against many fungal and nematode diseases of fruits and vegetables from the last thirty years. The extensive use of agrochemicals produces resistance in plant pathogens and is the most devastating issue in food and agriculture. However, the molecular mechanism (whole transcriptomic analysis) of a resistant mutant of B. cinerea against iprodione is still unknown. In the present study, mycelial growth, sporulation, virulence, osmotic potential, cell membrane permeability, enzymatic activity, and whole transcriptomic analysis of UV (ultraviolet) mutagenic mutant and its wild type were performed to compare the fitness. The EC50 (half maximal effective concentration that inhibits the growth of mycelium) value of iprodione for 112 isolates of B. cinerea ranged from 0.07 to 0.87 µg/mL with an average (0.47 µg/mL) collected from tomato field of Guangxi Province China. Results also revealed that, among iprodione sensitive strains, only B67 strain induced two mutants, M0 and M1 after UV application. The EC50 of these induced mutants were 1025.74 μg/mL and 674.48 μg/mL, respectively, as compared to its wild type 1.12 μg/mL. Furthermore, mutant M0 showed higher mycelial growth sclerotia formation, virulence, and enzymatic activity than wild type W0 and M1 on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. The bctubA gene in the mutant M0 replaced TTC and GAT codon at position 593 and 599 by TTA and GAA, resulting in replacement of phenyl alanine into leucine (transversion C/A) and aspartic acid into glutamic acid (transversion T/C) respectively. In contrast, in bctubB gene, GAT codon at position 646 is replaced by AAT and aspartic acid converted into asparagine (transition G/A). RNA sequencing of the mutant and its wild type was performed without (M0, W0) and with iprodione treatment (M-ipro, W-ipro). The differential gene expression (DEG) identified 720 unigenes in mutant M-ipro than W-ipro after iprodione treatment (FDR ≤ 0.05 and log2FC ≥ 1). Seven DEGs were randomly selected for quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction to validate the RNA sequencing genes expression (log fold 2 value). The gene ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto encyclopedia genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway functional analyses indicated that DEG’s mainly associated with lysophopholipase, carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, catalytic activity, multifunctional genes (MFO), glutathione-S transferase (GST), drug sensitivity, and cytochrome P450 related genes are upregulated in mutant type (M0, M-ipro) as compared to its wild type (W0, W-ipro), may be related to induce resistant in mutants of B. cinerea against iprodione.
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22
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Tan X, Hu Y, Jia Y, Hou X, Xu Q, Han C, Wang Q. A Conserved Glycoside Hydrolase Family 7 Cellobiohydrolase PsGH7a of Phytophthora sojae Is Required for Full Virulence on Soybean. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1285. [PMID: 32714289 PMCID: PMC7343703 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytopathogens deploy glycoside hydrolases (GHs) to disintegrate plant cell walls for nutrition and invasion. However, the pathogenic mechanisms of the majority of GHs in virulence remain unknown, especially in oomycetes. In this study, a Phytophthora sojae gene encodes a GH7 family cellobiohydrolase, named PsGH7a, was identified. PsGH7a was highly induced during the cyst germination and infection stages. PsGH7a is conserved in oomycetes, and shares a high amino acid sequence identity (>85%) within Phytophthora genus. The recombinant PsGH7a catalyzes the hydrolysis of β-1,4-glucan and avicel, which represent the major components of cellulose in plant cell wall. The mutation of catalytic residue Glu236 to alanine resulted in a lower catalytic activity. In addition, the PsGH7a promotes Phytophthora invasion, while the mutant can not. Notably, PsGH7a protein triggers hypersensitive cell death in diverse plants. PsGH7a knockout mutants were generated via CRISPR/Cas9 system, to investigate its biological function. Compared to wild-type strain P6497, the mutants showed reduced virulence on susceptible soybean, indicates PsGH7a is indispensable to P. sojae virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Tan
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yuyao Hu
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yuli Jia
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Hou
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Qian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Chao Han
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Qunqing Wang
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
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23
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Giovannoni M, Gramegna G, Benedetti M, Mattei B. Industrial Use of Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes: The Fine Line Between Production Strategy and Economic Feasibility. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:356. [PMID: 32411686 PMCID: PMC7200985 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes (CWDEs) are a heterogeneous group of enzymes including glycosyl-hydrolases, oxidoreductases, lyases, and esterases. Microbes with degrading activities toward plant cell wall polysaccharides are the most relevant source of CWDEs for industrial applications. These organisms secrete a wide array of CWDEs in amounts strictly necessary for their own sustenance, nonetheless the production of CWDEs from wild type microbes can be increased at large-scale by using optimized fermentation strategies. In the last decades, advances in genetic engineering allowed the expression of recombinant CWDEs also in lab-domesticated organisms such as E. coli, yeasts and plants, dramatically increasing the available options for the large-scale production of CWDEs. The optimization of a CWDE-producing biofactory is a hard challenge that biotechnologists tackle by testing different expression strategies and expression-hosts. Although both the yield and production costs are critical factors to produce biomolecules at industrial scale, these parameters are often disregarded in basic research. This review presents the main characteristics and industrial applications of CWDEs directed toward the cell wall of plants, bacteria, fungi and microalgae. Different biofactories for CWDE expression are compared in order to highlight strengths and weaknesses of each production system and how these aspects impact the final enzyme cost and, consequently, the economic feasibility of using CWDEs for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moira Giovannoni
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giovanna Gramegna
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Manuel Benedetti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Benedetta Mattei
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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Genome-Wide Identification of M35 Family Metalloproteases in Rhizoctonia cerealis and Functional Analysis of RcMEP2 as a Virulence Factor during the Fungal Infection to Wheat. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082984. [PMID: 32340265 PMCID: PMC7215534 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizoctonia cerealis is the causal pathogen of the devastating disease, sharp eyespot, of the important crop wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In phytopathogenic fungi, several M36 metalloproteases have been implicated in virulence, but pathogenesis roles of M35 family metalloproteases are largely unknown. Here, we identified four M35 family metalloproteases from R. cerealis genome, designated RcMEP2–RcMEP5, measured their transcriptional profiles, and investigated RcMEP2 function. RcMEP2-RcMEP5 are predicted as secreted metalloproteases since each protein sequence contains a signal peptide and an M35 domain that includes two characteristic motifs HEXXE and GTXDXXYG. Transcription levels of RcMEP2-RcMEP5 markedly elevated during the fungus infection to wheat, among which RcMEP2 expressed with the highest level. Functional dissection indicated that RcMEP2 and its M35 domain could trigger H2O2 rapidly-excessive accumulation, induce cell death, and inhibit expression of host chitinases. This consequently enhanced the susceptibility of wheat to R. cerealis and the predicated signal peptide of RcMEP2 functions required for secretion and cell death-induction. These results demonstrate that RcMEP2 is a virulence factor and that its M35 domain and signal peptide are necessary for the virulence role of RcMEP2. This study facilitates a better understanding of the pathogenesis mechanism of metalloproteases in phytopathogens including R. cerealis.
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Global Characterization of GH10 Family Xylanase Genes in Rhizoctonia cerealis and Functional Analysis of Xylanase RcXYN1 During Fungus Infection in Wheat. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051812. [PMID: 32155734 PMCID: PMC7084588 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an important staple crop. Rhizoctonia cerealis is the causal agent of diseases that are devastating to cereal crops, including wheat. Xylanases play an important role in pathogenic infection, but little is known about xylanases in R. cerealis. Herein, we identified nine xylanase-encoding genes from the R. cerealis genome, named RcXYN1–RcXYN9, examined their expression patterns, and investigated the pathogenicity role of RcXYN1. RcXYN1–RcXYN9 proteins contain two conserved glutamate residues within the active motif in the glycoside hydrolase 10 (GH10) domain. Of them, RcXYN1–RcXYN4 are predicted to be secreted proteins. RcXYN1–RcXYN9 displayed different expression patterns during the infection process of wheat, and RcXYN1, RcXYN2, RcXYN5, and RcXYN9 were expressed highly across all the tested inoculation points. Functional dissection indicated that the RcXYN1 protein was able to induce necrosis/cell-death and H2O2 generation when infiltrated into wheat and Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Furthermore, application of RcXYN1 protein followed by R. cerealis led to significantly higher levels of the disease in wheat leaves than application of the fungus alone. These results demonstrate that RcXYN1 acts as a pathogenicity factor during R. cerealis infection in wheat. This is the first investigation of xylanase genes in R. cerealis, providing novel insights into the pathogenesis mechanisms of R. cerealis.
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Green Production and Biotechnological Applications of Cell Wall Lytic Enzymes. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9235012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
: Energy demand is constantly growing, and, nowadays, fossil fuels still play a dominant role in global energy production, despite their negative effects on air pollution and the emission of greenhouse gases, which are the main contributors to global warming. An alternative clean source of energy is represented by the lignocellulose fraction of plant cell walls, the most abundant carbon source on Earth. To obtain biofuels, lignocellulose must be efficiently converted into fermentable sugars. In this regard, the exploitation of cell wall lytic enzymes (CWLEs) produced by lignocellulolytic fungi and bacteria may be considered as an eco-friendly alternative. These organisms evolved to produce a variety of highly specific CWLEs, even if in low amounts. For an industrial use, both the identification of novel CWLEs and the optimization of sustainable CWLE-expressing biofactories are crucial. In this review, we focus on recently reported advances in the heterologous expression of CWLEs from microbial and plant expression systems as well as some of their industrial applications, including the production of biofuels from agricultural feedstock and of value-added compounds from waste materials. Moreover, since heterologous expression of CWLEs may be toxic to plant hosts, genetic strategies aimed in converting such a deleterious effect into a beneficial trait are discussed.
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Schellenberger R, Touchard M, Clément C, Baillieul F, Cordelier S, Crouzet J, Dorey S. Apoplastic invasion patterns triggering plant immunity: plasma membrane sensing at the frontline. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:1602-1616. [PMID: 31353775 PMCID: PMC6804340 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants are able to effectively cope with invading pathogens by activating an immune response based on the detection of invasion patterns (IPs) originating from the pathogen or released by the plant after infection. At a first level, this perception takes place at the plasma membrane through cell surface immune receptors and although the involvement of proteinaceous pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is well established, increasing data are also pointing out the role of membrane lipids in the sensing of IPs. In this review, we discuss the evolution of various conceptual models describing plant immunity and present an overview of well-characterized IPs from different natures and origins. We summarize the current knowledge on how they are perceived by plants at the plasma membrane, highlighting the increasingly apparent diversity of sentinel-related systems in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Schellenberger
- University of Reims Champagne‐ArdenneRIBP EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417Reims51100France
| | - Matthieu Touchard
- University of Reims Champagne‐ArdenneRIBP EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417Reims51100France
| | - Christophe Clément
- University of Reims Champagne‐ArdenneRIBP EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417Reims51100France
| | - Fabienne Baillieul
- University of Reims Champagne‐ArdenneRIBP EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417Reims51100France
| | - Sylvain Cordelier
- University of Reims Champagne‐ArdenneRIBP EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417Reims51100France
| | - Jérôme Crouzet
- University of Reims Champagne‐ArdenneRIBP EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417Reims51100France
| | - Stéphan Dorey
- University of Reims Champagne‐ArdenneRIBP EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417Reims51100France
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Yang Y, Yang X, Dong Y, Qiu D. The Botrytis cinerea Xylanase BcXyl1 Modulates Plant Immunity. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2535. [PMID: 30405585 PMCID: PMC6206051 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is one of the most notorious pathogenic species that causes serious plant diseases and substantial losses in agriculture throughout the world. We identified BcXyl1 from B. cinerea that exhibited xylanase activity. Expression of the BcXyl1 gene was strongly induced in B. cinerea infecting Nicotiana benthamiana and tomato plants, and BcXyl1 deletion strains severely compromised the virulence of B. cinerea. BcXyl1 induced strong cell death in several plants, and cell death activity of BcXyl1 was independent of its xylanase activity. Purified BcXyl1 triggered typically PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) responses and conferred resistance to B. cinerea and TMV in tobacco and tomato plants. A 26-amino acid peptide of BcXyl1 was sufficient for elicitor function. Furthermore, the BcXyl1 death-inducing signal was mediated by the plant LRR receptor-like kinases (RLKs) BAK1 and SOBIR1. Our data suggested that BcXyl1 contributed to B. cinerea virulence and induced plant defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuankun Yang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiufen Yang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yijie Dong
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dewen Qiu
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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29
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Lu L, Rong W, Massart S, Zhang Z. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of Cutinase Gene Family in Rhizoctonia cerealis and Functional Study of an Active Cutinase RcCUT1 in the Fungal-Wheat Interaction. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1813. [PMID: 30131789 PMCID: PMC6091245 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a staple food of more than 50% of global population. Rhizoctonia cerealis is the causal agent of sharp eyespot, a devastating disease of cereal crops including wheat. Cutinases produced by fungal pathogens play important roles in host-pathogen compatible interactions, but little is known about cutinases in R. cerealis. In this study, we identified a total of six cutinase encoding genes from R. cerealis genome, designated as RcCUT1-RcCUT6, analyzed their expression patterns during the infection, and determined virulence role for RcCUT1. All the proteins, RcCUT1-RcCUT6, contain a highly conserved GYSKG motif and another conserved C-x(3)-D-x(2)-C-x(2)-[GS]-[GSD]-x(4)-[AP]-H motif in the carbohydrate esterase 5 domain. The RcCUT1, RcCUT2, RcCUT4, and RcCUT5 are predicted to be secreted proteins containing four cysteine residues. These six cutinase genes had different expression patterns during the fungal infection process to wheat, among which RcCUT1 was highly expressed across all the infection time points but RcCUT6 was not expressed at all and the others were expressed only at certain time points. Further, RcCUT1 was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli to obtain a purified protein. The purified RcCUT1 was shown to possess the cutinase activity and be able to induce necrosis, H2O2 accumulation, and expression of defense-related genes when infiltrated into wheat and Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. In contrast, RcCUT1 protein with serine mutation at the first motif had no cutinase activity, consequently lost the ability to induce necrosis. Noticeably, application of the purified RcCUT1 with R. cerealis led to significantly higher levels of the disease in wheat leaves than application of the fungus alone. These results strongly suggest that RcCUT1 serves as a virulence factor for the fungus. This is the first investigation of the cutinase genes in R. cerealis and the findings provide an important insight into pathogenesis mechanisms of R. cerealis on wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Rong
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Integrated and Urban Phytopathology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech–University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Sebastien Massart
- Laboratory of Integrated and Urban Phytopathology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech–University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Zengyan Zhang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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30
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Tayi L, Kumar S, Nathawat R, Haque AS, Maku RV, Patel HK, Sankaranarayanan R, Sonti RV. A mutation in an exoglucanase of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, which confers an endo mode of activity, affects bacterial virulence, but not the induction of immune responses, in rice. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:1364-1376. [PMID: 28976110 PMCID: PMC6638110 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) causes bacterial blight, a serious disease of rice. Xoo secretes a repertoire of cell wall-degrading enzymes, including cellulases, xylanases and pectinases, to degrade various polysaccharide components of the rice cell wall. A secreted Xoo cellulase, CbsA, is not only a key virulence factor of Xoo, but is also a potent inducer of innate immune responses of rice. In this study, we solved the crystal structure of the catalytic domain of the CbsA protein to a resolution of 1.86 Å. The core structure of CbsA shows a central distorted TIM barrel made up of eight β strands with N- and C-terminal loops enclosing the active site, which is a characteristic structural feature of an exoglucanase. The aspartic acid at the 131st position of CbsA was predicted to be important for catalysis and was therefore mutated to alanine to study its role in the catalysis and biological functions of CbsA. Intriguingly, the D131A CbsA mutant protein displayed the enzymatic activity of a typical endoglucanase. D131A CbsA was as proficient as wild-type (Wt) CbsA in inducing rice immune responses, but was deficient in virulence-promoting activity. This indicates that the specific exoglucanase activity of the Wt CbsA protein is required for this protein to promote the growth of Xoo in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavanya Tayi
- CSIR‐Centre for Cellular and Molecular BiologyHyderabad 500007India
- Present address:
Centre for Plant Molecular BiologyOsmania UniversityHyderabad 500007India
| | - Sushil Kumar
- CSIR‐Centre for Cellular and Molecular BiologyHyderabad 500007India
- Present address:
Institute of Life SciencesNalco SquareBhuvaneshwar 751023India
| | | | - Asfarul S. Haque
- CSIR‐Centre for Cellular and Molecular BiologyHyderabad 500007India
- Present address:
Department of BiochemistryMcGill UniversityMontréalQC H3G 0B1Canada
| | - Roshan V. Maku
- CSIR‐Centre for Cellular and Molecular BiologyHyderabad 500007India
| | | | | | - Ramesh V. Sonti
- CSIR‐Centre for Cellular and Molecular BiologyHyderabad 500007India
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Yang Y, Zhang Y, Li B, Yang X, Dong Y, Qiu D. A Verticillium dahliae Pectate Lyase Induces Plant Immune Responses and Contributes to Virulence. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1271. [PMID: 30271415 PMCID: PMC6146025 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae is a wide-host-range fungal pathogen that causes soil-borne disease in hundreds of dicotyledonous hosts. In search of V. dahliae Vd991 cell death-inducing proteins, we identified a pectate lyase (VdPEL1) that exhibited pectin hydrolytic activity, which could induce strong cell death in several plants. Purified VdPEL1 triggered defense responses and conferred resistance to Botrytis cinerea and V. dahliae in tobacco and cotton plants. Our results demonstrated that the mutant VdPEL1rec lacking the enzymatic activity lacked functions to induce both cell death and plant resistance, implying that the enzymatic activity was necessary. In addition, VdPEL1 was strongly induced in V. dahliae infected Nicotiana benthamiana and cotton roots, and VdPEL1 deletion strains severely compromised the virulence of V. dahliae. Our data suggested that VdPEL1 contributed to V. dahliae virulence and induced plant defense responses. These findings provide a new insight for the function of pectate lyase in the host-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Dewen Qiu
- *Correspondence: Yijie Dong, Dewen Qiu,
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32
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Boutrot F, Zipfel C. Function, Discovery, and Exploitation of Plant Pattern Recognition Receptors for Broad-Spectrum Disease Resistance. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2017; 55:257-286. [PMID: 28617654 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080614-120106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants are constantly exposed to would-be pathogens and pests, and thus have a sophisticated immune system to ward off these threats, which otherwise can have devastating ecological and economic consequences on ecosystems and agriculture. Plants employ receptor kinases (RKs) and receptor-like proteins (RLPs) as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to monitor their apoplastic environment and detect non-self and damaged-self patterns as signs of potential danger. Plant PRRs contribute to both basal and non-host resistances, and treatment with pathogen-/microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs) or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) recognized by plant PRRs induces both local and systemic immunity. Here, we comprehensively review known PAMPs/DAMPs recognized by plants as well as the plant PRRs described to date. In particular, we describe the different methods that can be used to identify PAMPs/DAMPs and PRRs. Finally, we emphasize the emerging biotechnological potential use of PRRs to improve broad-spectrum, and potentially durable, disease resistance in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freddy Boutrot
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom;
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom;
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Gui YJ, Chen JY, Zhang DD, Li NY, Li TG, Zhang WQ, Wang XY, Short DPG, Li L, Guo W, Kong ZQ, Bao YM, Subbarao KV, Dai XF. Verticillium dahliae manipulates plant immunity by glycoside hydrolase 12 proteins in conjunction with carbohydrate-binding module 1. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:1914-1932. [PMID: 28205292 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycoside hydrolase 12 (GH12) proteins act as virulence factors and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in oomycetes. However, the pathogenic mechanisms of fungal GH12 proteins have not been characterized. In this study, we demonstrated that two of the six GH12 proteins produced by the fungus Verticillium dahliae Vd991, VdEG1 and VdEG3 acted as PAMPs to trigger cell death and PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) independent of their enzymatic activity in Nicotiana benthamiana. A 63-amino-acid peptide of VdEG3 was sufficient for cell death-inducing activity, but this was not the case for the corresponding peptide of VdEG1. Further study indicated that VdEG1 and VdEG3 trigger PTI in different ways: BAK1 is required for VdEG1- and VdEG3-triggered immunity, while SOBIR1 is specifically required for VdEG1-triggered immunity in N. benthamiana. Unlike oomycetes, which employ RXLR effectors to suppress host immunity, a carbohydrate-binding module family 1 (CBM1) protein domain suppressed GH12 protein-induced cell death. Furthermore, during infection of N. benthamiana and cotton, VdEG1 and VdEG3 acted as PAMPs and virulence factors, respectively indicative of host-dependent molecular functions. These results suggest that VdEG1 and VdEG3 associate differently with BAK1 and SOBIR1 receptor-like kinases to trigger immunity in N. benthamiana, and together with CBM1-containing proteins manipulate plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Jing Gui
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jie-Yin Chen
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dan-Dan Zhang
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Nan-Yang Li
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ting-Gang Li
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wen-Qi Zhang
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xin-Yan Wang
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dylan P G Short
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, United States of America
| | - Lei Li
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Kong
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yu-Ming Bao
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Krishna V Subbarao
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, United States of America
| | - Xiao-Feng Dai
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
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Zhai X, Jia M, Chen L, Zheng CJ, Rahman K, Han T, Qin LP. The regulatory mechanism of fungal elicitor-induced secondary metabolite biosynthesis in medical plants. Crit Rev Microbiol 2016; 43:238-261. [PMID: 27936989 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2016.1201041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A wide range of external stress stimuli trigger plant cells to undergo complex network of reactions that ultimately lead to the synthesis and accumulation of secondary metabolites. Accumulation of such metabolites often occurs in plants subjected to stresses including various elicitors or signal molecules. Throughout evolution, endophytic fungi, an important constituent in the environment of medicinal plants, have known to form long-term stable and mutually beneficial symbiosis with medicinal plants. The endophytic fungal elicitor can rapidly and specifically induce the expression of specific genes in medicinal plants which can result in the activation of a series of specific secondary metabolic pathways resulting in the significant accumulation of active ingredients. Here we summarize the progress made on the mechanisms of fungal elicitor including elicitor signal recognition, signal transduction, gene expression and activation of the key enzymes and its application. This review provides guidance on studies which may be conducted to promote the efficient synthesis and accumulation of active ingredients by the endogenous fungal elicitor in medicinal plant cells, and provides new ideas and methods of studying the regulation of secondary metabolism in medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhai
- a Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy , Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Min Jia
- a Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy , Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Ling Chen
- a Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy , Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Cheng-Jian Zheng
- a Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy , Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Khalid Rahman
- b Department of Physiological Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences , Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , UK
| | - Ting Han
- a Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy , Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Lu-Ping Qin
- a Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy , Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
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Tayi L, Maku R, Patel HK, Sonti RV. Action of Multiple Cell Wall-Degrading Enzymes Is Required for Elicitation of Innate Immune Responses During Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Infection in Rice. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2016; 29:599-608. [PMID: 27269510 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-02-16-0039-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae secretes a number of plant cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) whose purified preparations induce defense responses in rice. These defense responses are suppressed by X. oryzae pv. oryzae using type 3 secretion system (T3SS) effectors and a type 3 secretion system mutant (T3SS(-)) of X. oryzae pv. oryzae is an inducer of rice defense responses. We assessed the role of individual CWDEs in induction of rice defense responses during infection, by mutating them in the genetic background of a T3SS(-). We mutated the genes for five different plant CWDEs secreted by X. oryzae pv. oryzae, including two cellulases (clsA and cbsA), one xylanase (xyn), one pectinase (pglA), and an esterase (lipA), singly in a T3SS(-) background. We have demonstrated that, as compared with a T3SS(-) of X. oryzae pv. oryzae, a cbsA(-)T3SS(-), a clsA(-)T3SS(-), and a xyn(-)T3SS(-) are deficient in induction of rice immune responses such as callose deposits and programmed cell death. In comparison, a lipA(-) T3SS(-) and a pglA(-)T3SS(-) is as efficient in induction of host defense responses as a T3SS(-). Overall, these results indicate that the collective action of X. oryzae pv. oryzae-secreted ClsA, CbsA, and Xyn proteins is required for induction of rice defense responses during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavanya Tayi
- 1 CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Roshan Maku
- 1 CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Hitendra Kumar Patel
- 1 CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Ramesh V Sonti
- 1 CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
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