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Xu Q, Ali S, Afzal M, Nizami AS, Han S, Dar MA, Zhu D. Advancements in bacterial chemotaxis: Utilizing the navigational intelligence of bacteria and its practical applications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 931:172967. [PMID: 38705297 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The fascinating world of microscopic life unveils a captivating spectacle as bacteria effortlessly maneuver through their surroundings with astonishing accuracy, guided by the intricate mechanism of chemotaxis. This review explores the complex mechanisms behind this behavior, analyzing the flagellum as the driving force and unraveling the intricate signaling pathways that govern its movement. We delve into the hidden costs and benefits of this intricate skill, analyzing its potential to propagate antibiotic resistance gene while shedding light on its vital role in plant colonization and beneficial symbiosis. We explore the realm of human intervention, considering strategies to manipulate bacterial chemotaxis for various applications, including nutrient cycling, algal bloom and biofilm formation. This review explores the wide range of applications for bacterial capabilities, from targeted drug delivery in medicine to bioremediation and disease control in the environment. Ultimately, through unraveling the intricacies of bacterial movement, we can enhance our comprehension of the intricate web of life on our planet. This knowledge opens up avenues for progress in fields such as medicine, agriculture, and environmental conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xu
- International Joint Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Biomass Biorefinery, Biofuels Institute, School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Shehbaz Ali
- International Joint Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Biomass Biorefinery, Biofuels Institute, School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, PR China
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- Soil & Environmental Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul-Sattar Nizami
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Song Han
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, PR China
| | - Mudasir A Dar
- International Joint Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Biomass Biorefinery, Biofuels Institute, School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Daochen Zhu
- International Joint Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Biomass Biorefinery, Biofuels Institute, School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, PR China.
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Sivaprakasam N, Vaithiyanathan S, Gandhi K, Narayanan S, Kavitha PS, Rajasekaran R, Muthurajan R. Metagenomics approaches in unveiling the dynamics of Plant Growth-Promoting Microorganisms (PGPM) vis-à-vis Phytophthora sp. suppression in various crop ecological systems. Res Microbiol 2024:104217. [PMID: 38857835 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2024.104217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Phytophthora species are destructive pathogens causing yield losses in different ecological systems, such as potato, black pepper, pepper, avocado, citrus, and tobacco. The diversity of plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPM) plays a crucial role in disease suppression. Knowledge of metagenomics approaches is essential for assessing the dynamics of PGPM and Phytophthora species across various ecosystems, facilitating effective management strategies for better crop protection. This review discusses the dynamic interplay between PGPM and Phytophthora sp. using metagenomics approaches that sheds light on the potential of PGPM strains tailored to specific crop ecosystems to bolster pathogen suppressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navarasu Sivaprakasam
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Karthikeyan Gandhi
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Swarnakumari Narayanan
- Department of Nematology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P S Kavitha
- School of Post Graduate Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Raghu Rajasekaran
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Raveendran Muthurajan
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Fernandes AS, Campos KF, de Assis JCS, Gonçalves OS, Queiroz MVD, Bazzolli DMS, Santana MF. Investigating the impact of insertion sequences and transposons in the genomes of the most significant phytopathogenic bacteria. Microb Genom 2024; 10. [PMID: 38568199 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Genetic variability in phytopathogens is one of the main problems encountered for effective plant disease control. This fact may be related to the presence of transposable elements (TEs), but little is known about their role in host genomes. Here, we performed the most comprehensive analysis of insertion sequences (ISs) and transposons (Tns) in the genomes of the most important bacterial plant pathogens. A total of 35 692 ISs and 71 transposons were identified in 270 complete genomes. The level of pathogen-host specialization was found to be a significant determinant of the element distribution among the species. Some Tns were identified as carrying virulence factors, such as genes encoding effector proteins of the type III secretion system and resistance genes for the antimicrobial streptomycin. Evidence for IS-mediated ectopic recombination was identified in Xanthomonas genomes. Moreover, we found that IS elements tend to be inserted in regions near virulence and fitness genes, such ISs disrupting avirulence genes in X. oryzae genomes. In addition, transcriptome analysis under different stress conditions revealed differences in the expression of genes encoding transposases in the Ralstonia solanacearum, X. oryzae, and P. syringae species. Lastly, we also investigated the role of Tns in regulation via small noncoding regulatory RNAs and found these elements may target plant-cell transcriptional activators. Taken together, the results indicate that TEs may have a fundamental role in variability and virulence in plant pathogenic bacteria.
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Guerrero-Egido G, Pintado A, Bretscher KM, Arias-Giraldo LM, Paulson JN, Spaink HP, Claessen D, Ramos C, Cazorla FM, Medema MH, Raaijmakers JM, Carrión VJ. bacLIFE: a user-friendly computational workflow for genome analysis and prediction of lifestyle-associated genes in bacteria. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2072. [PMID: 38453959 PMCID: PMC10920822 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46302-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacteria have an extensive adaptive ability to live in close association with eukaryotic hosts, exhibiting detrimental, neutral or beneficial effects on host growth and health. However, the genes involved in niche adaptation are mostly unknown and their functions poorly characterized. Here, we present bacLIFE ( https://github.com/Carrion-lab/bacLIFE ) a streamlined computational workflow for genome annotation, large-scale comparative genomics, and prediction of lifestyle-associated genes (LAGs). As a proof of concept, we analyzed 16,846 genomes from the Burkholderia/Paraburkholderia and Pseudomonas genera, which led to the identification of hundreds of genes potentially associated with a plant pathogenic lifestyle. Site-directed mutagenesis of 14 of these predicted LAGs of unknown function, followed by plant bioassays, showed that 6 predicted LAGs are indeed involved in the phytopathogenic lifestyle of Burkholderia plantarii and Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola. These 6 LAGs encompassed a glycosyltransferase, extracellular binding proteins, homoserine dehydrogenases and hypothetical proteins. Collectively, our results highlight bacLIFE as an effective computational tool for prediction of LAGs and the generation of hypotheses for a better understanding of bacteria-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Guerrero-Egido
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, Universidad de Málaga, 29010, Málaga, Spain
- Departamento de Protección de Cultivos, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Campus Universitario de Teatinos, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29010, Málaga, Spain
| | - Adrian Pintado
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, Universidad de Málaga, 29010, Málaga, Spain
- Departamento de Protección de Cultivos, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Campus Universitario de Teatinos, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29010, Málaga, Spain
| | - Kevin M Bretscher
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, Universidad de Málaga, 29010, Málaga, Spain
- Departamento de Protección de Cultivos, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Campus Universitario de Teatinos, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29010, Málaga, Spain
| | - Luisa-Maria Arias-Giraldo
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph N Paulson
- Department of Data Sciences, N-Power Medicine, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA
| | - Herman P Spaink
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis Claessen
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cayo Ramos
- Departamento de Protección de Cultivos, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Campus Universitario de Teatinos, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29010, Málaga, Spain
- Área de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, Universidad de Málaga, 29010, Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco M Cazorla
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, Universidad de Málaga, 29010, Málaga, Spain
- Departamento de Protección de Cultivos, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Campus Universitario de Teatinos, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29010, Málaga, Spain
| | - Marnix H Medema
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos M Raaijmakers
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Víctor J Carrión
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, Universidad de Málaga, 29010, Málaga, Spain.
- Departamento de Protección de Cultivos, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Campus Universitario de Teatinos, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29010, Málaga, Spain.
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Kang J, Yoon HM, Jung J, Yu S, Choi SY, Bae HW, Cho YH, Chung EH, Lee Y. Pleiotropic effects of N-acylhomoserine lactone synthase ExpI on virulence, competition, and transmission in Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum Pcc21. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:687-697. [PMID: 37758685 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pectobacterium species are necrotrophic phytopathogenic bacteria that cause soft rot disease in economically important crops. The successful infection of host plants relies on interactions among virulence factors, competition, and transmission within hosts. Pectobacteria primarily produce and secrete plant cell-wall degrading enzymes (PCWDEs) for virulence. The regulation of PCWDEs is controlled by quorum sensing (QS). Thus, the QS system is crucial for disease development in pectobacteria through PCWDEs. RESULTS In this study, we identified a Tn-insertion mutant, M2, in the expI gene from a transposon mutant library of P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum Pcc21 (hereafter Pcc21). The mutant exhibited reduced production and secretion of PCWDEs, impaired flagellar motility, and increased sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide, resulting in attenuated soft rot symptoms in cabbage and potato tubers. Transcriptomic analysis revealed the down-regulation of genes involved in the production and secretion in the mutant, consistent with the observed phenotype. Furthermore, the Pcc21 wild-type transiently colonized in the gut of Drosophila melanogaster within 12 h after feeding, while the mutant compromised colonization phenotype. Interestingly, Pcc21 produces a bacteriocin, carocin D, to compete with other bacteria. The mutant exhibited up-regulation of carocin D-encoding genes (caroDK) and inhibited the growth of a closely related bacterium, P. wasabiae. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated the significance of ExpI in the overall pathogenic lifestyle of Pcc21, including virulence, competition, and colonization in plant and insect hosts. These findings suggest that disease outcome is a result of complex interactions mediated by ExpI across multiple steps. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihee Kang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, CHA University, Pocheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Min Yoon
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, CHA University, Pocheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaejoon Jung
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonmi Yu
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, CHA University, Pocheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Yae Choi
- Department of Pharmacy, and Institutes of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Won Bae
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Hee Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, and Institutes of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Hwan Chung
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunho Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, CHA University, Pocheon, Republic of Korea
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Mielnichuk N, Joya CM, Monachesi MA, Bertani RP. Exopolysaccharide Production and Precipitation Method as a Tool to Study Virulence Factors. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2751:71-79. [PMID: 38265710 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3617-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae (Aaa) is the causal agent of red stripe in sugarcane, a disease characterized by two forms: leaf stripe and top rot. Despite the importance of this disease, little is known about Aaa virulence factors (VFs) and their function in the infection process. Among the different array of VFs exerted by phytopathogenic bacteria, exopolysaccharides (EPSs) often confer a survival advantage by protecting the cell against abiotic and biotic stresses, including host defensive factors. They are also main components of the extracellular matrix involved in cell-cell recognition, surface adhesion, and biofilm formation. EPS composition and properties have been well studied for some plant pathogenic bacteria; nevertheless, there is no knowledge about Aaa-EPS. In this work, we describe a simple and reliable method for EPS production, precipitation, and quantification based on cold precipitation after ethanol addition, which will allow to study EPS characteristics of different Aaa strains and to evaluate the association among EPS (e.g., amount, composition, viscosity) and Aaa pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Mielnichuk
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Constanza M Joya
- Instituto de Tecnología Agroindustrial del Noroeste Argentino (ITANOA), Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres (EEAOC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Tucumán, Argentina
| | - María A Monachesi
- Instituto de Tecnología Agroindustrial del Noroeste Argentino (ITANOA), Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres (EEAOC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Romina P Bertani
- Instituto de Tecnología Agroindustrial del Noroeste Argentino (ITANOA), Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres (EEAOC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Tucumán, Argentina
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Abdella M, Lahiri C, Abdullah I, Anwar A. Antibacterial Evaluation of Gallic Acid and its Derivatives against a Panel of Multi-drug Resistant Bacteria. Med Chem 2024; 20:130-139. [PMID: 37612861 DOI: 10.2174/1573406419666230823104300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious diseases are the second leading cause of deaths worldwide. Pathogenic bacteria have been developing tremendous resistance against antibiotics which has placed an additional burden on healthcare systems. Gallic acid belongs to a naturally occurring phenolic class of compounds and is known to possess a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activities. AIMS & OBJECTIVES In this study, we synthesized thirteen derivatives of gallic acid and evaluated their antibacterial potential against seven multi-drug resistant bacteria, as well as cytotoxic effects against human embryonic kidney cell line in vitro. Methods: 13 compounds were successfully synthesized with moderate to good yield and evaluated. Synthesized derivatives were characterized by using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy. Antibacterial activity was determined using microdilution while cytotoxicyt was assessed using MTT assay. RESULTS The results of antibacterial assay showed that seven out of thirteen compounds exhibited antibacterial effects with compound 6 and 13 being most potent against Staphylococcus aureus (MIC 56 μg/mL) and Salmonella enterica (MIC 475 μg/mL) respectively. On the other hand, most of these compounds showed lower cytotoxicity against human embryonic kidney cells (HEK 293), with IC50 values ranging from over 700 μg/mL. CONCLUSION Notably, compound 13 was found to be non-toxic at concentrations as high as 5000 μg/mL. These findings suggest that the present synthetic derivatives of gallic acid hold potential for further studies in the development of potent antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abdella
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Chandrajit Lahiri
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Atmiya University, Rajkot, 360005, India
| | - Iskandar Abdullah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Ayaz Anwar
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
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Liang X, Wei F, Yang H, Fan L, Cai X, Ma Y, Shi J, Xing K, Qiu L, Li X, Lu L, Ji J, Wen Y, Feng J. Flagella-Driven Motility Is Critical to the Virulence of Xanthomonas fragariae in Strawberry. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:3506-3516. [PMID: 37157097 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-23-0409-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas fragariae (X. fragariae) is the causal agent of angular leaf spots (ALS) in strawberry plants. Recently, a study in China isolated X. fragariae strain YL19, which was observed to cause both typical ALS symptoms and dry cavity rot in strawberry crown tissue; this was the first X. fragariae strain to have both these effects in strawberry. In this study, from 2020 to 2022, we isolated 39 X. fragariae strains from diseased strawberries in different production areas in China. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and phylogenetic analysis showed that X. fragariae strain YLX21 was genetically different from YL19 and other strains. Tests indicated that YLX21 and YL19 had different pathogenicities toward strawberry leaves and stem crowns. YLX21 did not cause ALS symptoms, rarely caused dry cavity rot in strawberry crown after wound inoculation, and never caused dry cavity rot after spray inoculation, but it did cause severe ALS symptoms after spray inoculation. However, YL19 caused more severe symptoms in strawberry crowns under both conditions. Moreover, YL19 had a single polar flagellum, while YLX21 had no flagellum. Motility and chemotaxis assays showed that YLX21 had weaker motility than YL19, which may explain why YLX21 tended to multiply in situ within the strawberry leaf rather than migrate to other tissues, causing more severe ALS symptoms and mild crown rot symptoms. Taken together, the new strain YLX21 helped us reveal critical factors underlying the pathogenicity of X. fragariae and the mechanism by which dry cavity rot in strawberry crowns forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Engineering in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Feng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Engineering in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongliang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Engineering in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Engineering in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaolin Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Engineering in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yangyang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Engineering in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiancheng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Engineering in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kun Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Engineering in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lijuan Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Engineering in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xixuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Engineering in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lijuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Engineering in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jie Ji
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, Fujian, China
| | - Yingqiang Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiayue Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Engineering in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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Wang DJ, Shi JC, Fan L, Wang RJ, Wei F, Ma YY, Cai XL, Fan SH, Liang X, Yang HL, Xing K, Qiu LJ, Lu LJ, Li XX, Wen YQ, Feng JY. Systemic Colonization of Xanthomonas fragariae Strain YL19 Causing Dry Cavity Rot of Strawberry Crown Tissue in China. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:3542-3552. [PMID: 37194211 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-22-0783-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas fragariae usually causes angular leaf spot (ALS) of strawberry, a serious bacterial disease in many strawberry-producing regions worldwide. Recently, a new strain of X. fragariae (YL19) was isolated from strawberry in China and has been shown to cause dry cavity rot in strawberry crown. In this study, we constructed a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled Xf YL19 (YL19-GFP) to visualize the infection process and pathogen colonization in strawberries. Foliar inoculation of YL19-GFP resulted in the pathogen migrating from the leaves to the crown, whereas dip inoculation of wounded crowns or roots resulted in the migration of bacteria from the crowns or roots to the leaves. These two invasion types both resulted in the systematic spread of YL19-GFP, but inoculation of a wounded crown was more harmful to the strawberry plant than foliar inoculation. Results increased our understanding of the systemic invasion of X. fragariae, and the resultant crown cavity caused by Xf YL19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Juan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Engineering in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jian-Cheng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Engineering in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Engineering in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruo-Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Engineering in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Feng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Engineering in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yang-Yang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Engineering in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Engineering in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Si-Hao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xia Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Engineering in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hong-Liang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Engineering in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kun Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li-Juan Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Engineering in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li-Juan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Engineering in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xi-Xuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Engineering in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying-Qiang Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jia-Yue Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Engineering in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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10
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de Sandozequi A, Martínez‐Anaya C. Bacterial surface-exposed lipoproteins and sortase-mediated anchored cell surface proteins in plant infection. Microbiologyopen 2023; 12:e1382. [PMID: 37877658 PMCID: PMC10501053 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterial cell envelope is involved in all stages of infection and the study of its components and structures is important to understand how bacteria interact with the extracellular milieu. Thanks to new techniques that focus on identifying bacterial surface proteins, we now better understand the specific components involved in host-pathogen interactions. In the fight against the deleterious effects of pathogenic bacteria, bacterial surface proteins (at the cell envelope) are important targets as they play crucial roles in the colonization and infection of host tissues. These surface proteins serve functions such as protection, secretion, biofilm formation, nutrient intake, metabolism, and virulence. Bacteria use different mechanisms to associate proteins to the cell surface via posttranslational modification, such as the addition of a lipid moiety to create lipoproteins and attachment to the peptidoglycan layer by sortases. In this review, we focus on these types of proteins (and provide examples of others) that are associated with the bacterial cell envelope by posttranslational modifications and their roles in plant infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés de Sandozequi
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y BiocatálisisInstituto de BiotecnologíaCuernavacaMéxico
| | - Claudia Martínez‐Anaya
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y BiocatálisisInstituto de BiotecnologíaCuernavacaMéxico
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11
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Fu B, Yan Q. Exopolysaccharide is required for motility, stress tolerance, and plant colonization by the endophytic bacterium Paraburkholderia phytofirmans PsJN. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1218653. [PMID: 37670984 PMCID: PMC10475733 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1218653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Paraburkholderia phytofirmans PsJN is an endophytic bacterium and has been shown to promote the growth and health of many different plants. Exopolysaccharide (EPS) plays important roles in plant-bacteria interaction and tolerance to environmental stresses. However, the function of EPS in PsJN and its interaction with plants remain largely unknown. In this study, a deletion mutation of bceQ gene, encoding a putative flippase for the EPS biosynthesis, was introduced in the genome of PsJN. The ΔbceQ mutant produced a significantly lower level of EPS than the wild type strain in culture media. Compared to the wild type PsJN, the ΔbceQ mutant was more sensitive to desiccation, UV damage, salt (NaCl) and iron (FeCl3) stresses, and bacteriophage infection. More importantly, the mutation of bceQ decreased the endophytic colonization of PsJN in camelina (Camelina sativa) and pea (Camelina sativa) under plant drought stress conditions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that EPS production is required for the maximal colonization of an endophytic bacterium in the plant tissues under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qing Yan
- Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
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12
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Lv T, Zhan C, Pan Q, Xu H, Fang H, Wang M, Matsumoto H. Plant pathogenesis: Toward multidimensional understanding of the microbiome. IMETA 2023; 2:e129. [PMID: 38867927 PMCID: PMC10989765 DOI: 10.1002/imt2.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Single pathogen-targeted disease management measure has shown drawbacks in field efficacy under the scenario of global change. An in-depth understanding of plant pathogenesis will provide a promising solution but faces the challenges of the emerging paradigm involving the plant microbiome. While the beneficial impact of the plant microbiome is well characterized, their potential role in facilitating pathological processes has so far remained largely overlooked. To address these unsolved controversies and emerging challenges, we hereby highlight the pathobiome, the disease-assisting portion hidden in the plant microbiome, in the plant pathogenesis paradigm. We review the detrimental actions mediated by the pathobiome at multiple scales and further discuss how natural and human triggers result in the prevalence of the plant pathobiome, which would probably provide a clue to the mitigation of plant disease epidemics. Collectively, the article would advance the current insight into plant pathogenesis and also pave a new way to cope with the upward trends of plant disease by designing the pathobiome-targeted measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxing Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and InsectsZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Chengfang Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and InsectsZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Qianqian Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and InsectsZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Haorong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and InsectsZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Hongda Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and InsectsZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Mengcen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and InsectsZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Global Education Program for AgriScience Frontiers, Graduate School of AgricultureHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Haruna Matsumoto
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and InsectsZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
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13
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Yang P, Zhao L, Gao YG, Xia Y. Detection, Diagnosis, and Preventive Management of the Bacterial Plant Pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12091765. [PMID: 37176823 PMCID: PMC10181079 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant diseases caused by the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae are serious problems for various plant species worldwide. Accurate detection and diagnosis of P. syringae infections are critical for the effective management of these plant diseases. In this review, we summarize the current methods for the detection and diagnosis of P. syringae, including traditional techniques such as culture isolation and microscopy, and relatively newer techniques such as PCR and ELISA. It should be noted that each method has its advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of each method depends on the specific requirements, resources of each laboratory, and field settings. We also discuss the future trends in this field, such as the need for more sensitive and specific methods to detect the pathogens at low concentrations and the methods that can be used to diagnose P. syringae infections that are co-existing with other pathogens. Modern technologies such as genomics and proteomics could lead to the development of new methods of highly accurate detection and diagnosis based on the analysis of genetic and protein markers of the pathogens. Furthermore, using machine learning algorithms to analyze large data sets could yield new insights into the biology of P. syringae and novel diagnostic strategies. This review could enhance our understanding of P. syringae and help foster the development of more effective management techniques of the diseases caused by related pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piao Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Lijing Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yu Gary Gao
- OSU South Centers, The Ohio State University, 1864 Shyville Road, Piketon, OH 45661, USA
- Department of Extension, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ye Xia
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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14
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Chen Y, Gao J, Ao J, Zhang J, Jiang R, Zhang Z, Liu Z, Zhao J, Ren L. Bioinspired nanoflakes with antifouling and mechano-bactericidal capacity. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 224:113229. [PMID: 36863251 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria contamination ubiquitously occurs on high-contact surfaces in hospitals and has long been a threat to public health, inducing severe nosocomial infections that cause multiple organ dysfunction and increased hospital mortality. Recently, nanostructured surfaces with mechano-bactericidal properties have shown potential for modifying material surfaces to fight against the spread of pathogenic microorganisms without the risk of triggering antibacterial resistance. Nevertheless, these surfaces are readily contaminated by bacterial attachment or inanimate pollutants like solid dust or common fluids, which has greatly weakened their antibacterial capabilities. In this work, we discovered that the nonwetting Amorpha fruticosa leaf surfaces are equipped with mechano-bactericidal capacity by means of their randomly-arranged nanoflakes. Inspired by this discovery, we reported an artificial superhydrophobic surface with similar nanofeatures and superior antibacterial abilities. Compared to conventional bactericidal surfaces, this bioinspired antibacterial surface was synergistically accompanied by antifouling performances, which significantly prevent either initial bacterial attachment or inanimate pollutants like dust covering and fluid contaminants. Overall, the bioinspired antifouling nanoflakes surface holds promise as the design of next-generation high-touch surface modification that effectively reduces the transmission of nosocomial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Ji Ao
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Jiteng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Rujian Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian 271016, China; Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250021, China.
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Zhenning Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China.
| | - Luquan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
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15
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Huang Y, Li H, Zhao G, Bai Q, Huang M, Luo D, Li X. Ethylicin Inhibition of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola In Vitro and In Vivo. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:1405-1416. [PMID: 36644843 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Infestation of rice with the bacterium Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc) causes the serious disease bacterial leaf streak (BLS). We studied the effect of ethylicin, a broad-spectrum bactericide, on Xoc both in vivo and in vitro. Ethylicin increases the defensive enzyme activities and defensive genes expression of rice. Ethylicin also significantly inhibited Xoc activity in vitro compared with other commercial bactericides. The half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) of ethylicin was 2.12 μg/mL. It has been shown that ethylicin can inhibit Xoc quorum sensing through the production of extracellular polysaccharides and enzymes, which disrupt the Xoc cell membrane. We used proteomic analysis to identify two oxidative phosphorylation pathway proteins (ACU12_RS13405 and ACU12_RS13355) which affected the virulence of Xoc and validated them using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The results indicate that ethylicin can increase the defense responses of rice and control Xoc proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajiao Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang550025, China
| | - Hongde Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang550025, China
| | - Guili Zhao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang550003, China
| | - Qian Bai
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang550025, China
| | - Min Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang550025, China
| | - Dan Luo
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang550025, China
| | - Xiangyang Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang550025, China
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16
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Almeida OAC, de Araujo NO, Dias BHS, de Sant’Anna Freitas C, Coerini LF, Ryu CM, de Castro Oliveira JV. The power of the smallest: The inhibitory activity of microbial volatile organic compounds against phytopathogens. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:951130. [PMID: 36687575 PMCID: PMC9845590 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.951130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant diseases caused by phytopathogens result in huge economic losses in agriculture. In addition, the use of chemical products to control such diseases causes many problems to the environment and to human health. However, some bacteria and fungi have a mutualistic relationship with plants in nature, mainly exchanging nutrients and protection. Thus, exploring those beneficial microorganisms has been an interesting and promising alternative for mitigating the use of agrochemicals and, consequently, achieving a more sustainable agriculture. Microorganisms are able to produce and excrete several metabolites, but volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have huge biotechnology potential. Microbial VOCs are small molecules from different chemical classes, such as alkenes, alcohols, ketones, organic acids, terpenes, benzenoids and pyrazines. Interestingly, volatilomes are species-specific and also change according to microbial growth conditions. The interaction of VOCs with other organisms, such as plants, insects, and other bacteria and fungi, can cause a wide range of effects. In this review, we show that a large variety of plant pathogens are inhibited by microbial VOCs with a focus on the in vitro and in vivo inhibition of phytopathogens of greater scientific and economic importance in agriculture, such as Ralstonia solanacearum, Botrytis cinerea, Xanthomonas and Fusarium species. In this scenario, some genera of VOC-producing microorganisms stand out as antagonists, including Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Serratia and Streptomyces. We also highlight the known molecular and physiological mechanisms by which VOCs inhibit the growth of phytopathogens. Microbial VOCs can provoke many changes in these microorganisms, such as vacuolization, fungal hyphal rupture, loss of intracellular components, regulation of metabolism and pathogenicity genes, plus the expression of proteins important in the host response. Furthermore, we demonstrate that there are aspects to investigate by discussing questions that are still not very clear in this research area, especially those that are essential for the future use of such beneficial microorganisms as biocontrol products in field crops. Therefore, we bring to light the great biotechnological potential of VOCs to help make agriculture more sustainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octávio Augusto Costa Almeida
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil,Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Natália Oliveira de Araujo
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil,Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Bruno Henrique Silva Dias
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil,Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Carla de Sant’Anna Freitas
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil,Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Luciane Fender Coerini
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil,Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Choong-Min Ryu
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea,Biosystems and Bioengineering Program, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Juliana Velasco de Castro Oliveira
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil,Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil,*Correspondence: Juliana Velasco de Castro Oliveira,
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17
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The Wsp chemosensory system modulates c-di-GMP-dependent biofilm formation by integrating DSF quorum sensing through the WspR-RpfG complex in Lysobacter. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2022; 8:97. [PMID: 36526637 PMCID: PMC9758175 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-022-00365-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitous Wsp (wrinkly spreader phenotype) chemosensory system and DSF (diffusible signal factor) quorum sensing are two important chemically associated signaling systems that mediate bacterial communications between the host and environment. Although these two systems individually control biofilm formation in pathogenic bacteria via the ubiquitous second messenger c-di-GMP, their crosstalk mechanisms remain elusive. Here we present a scenario from the plant-beneficial and antifungal bacterium Lysobacter enzymogenes OH11, where biofilm formation favors the colonization of this bacterium in fungal hyphae. We found that the Wsp system regulated biofilm formation via WspR-mediated c-di-GMP signaling, whereas DSF system did not depend on the enzymatic activity of RpfG to regulate biofilm formation. We further found that WspR, a diguanylate cyclase (DGC) responsible for c-di-GMP synthesis, could directly bind to one of the DSF signaling components, RpfG, an active phosphodiesterase (PDE) responsible for c-di-GMP degradation. Thus, the WspR-RpfG complex represents a previously undiscovered molecular linker connecting the Wsp and DSF systems. Mechanistically, RpfG could function as an adaptor protein to bind and inhibit the DGC activity of unphosphorylated WspR independent of its PDE activity. Phosphorylation of WspR impaired its binding affinity to RpfG and also blocked the ability of RpfG to act as an adaptor protein, which enabled the Wsp system to regulate biofilm formation in a c-di-GMP-dependent manner by dynamically integrating the DSF system. Our findings demonstrated a previously uncharacterized mechanism of crosstalk between Wsp and DSF systems in plant-beneficial and antifungal bacteria.
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18
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Fessia A, Sartori M, García D, Fernández L, Ponzio R, Barros G, Nesci A. In vitro studies of biofilm-forming Bacillus strains, biocontrol agents isolated from the maize phyllosphere. Biofilm 2022; 4:100097. [PMID: 36504526 PMCID: PMC9731887 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2022.100097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to assess how biofilm formation by three Bacillus isolates was affected by changes in temperature, water potential, growth media, time, and the combinations between these factors. The strains had been selected as potential biological control agents (BCAs) in earlier studies, and they were identified as B. subtilis and B. velezensis spp. through 16 rRNA sequencing and MALDI-TOF MS. Maize leaves (ML) were used as one of the growth media, since they made it possible to simulate the nutrient content in the maize phyllosphere, from which the bacteria were originally isolated. The strains were able to form biofilm both in ML and biofilm-inducing MSgg after 24, 48, and 72 h. Biofilm development in the form of pellicles and architecturally complex colonies varied morphologically from one strain to another and depended on the conditions mentioned above. In all cases, colonies and pellicles were less complex when both temperature and water potential were lower. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that changing levels of complexity in pellicles were correlated with those in colonies. Statistical analyses found that the quantification of biofilm produced by the isolates was influenced by all the conditions tested. In terms of motility (which may contribute to biofilm formation), swimming and swarming were possible for all strains in 0.3 and 0.7% agar, respectively. A more in-depth understanding of how abiotic factors influence biofilm formation can contribute to a more effective use of these biocontrol strains against pathogens in the maize phyllosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aluminé Fessia
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36, Km 601, X5804ZAB, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina,Corresponding author. Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36, Km 601, X5804ZAB, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Melina Sartori
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36, Km 601, X5804ZAB, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Daiana García
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36, Km 601, X5804ZAB, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Luciana Fernández
- Departamento de Física, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, CONICET, X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Argentina,Instituto de Investigaciones en Tecnologías Energéticas y Materiales Avanzados (IITEMA), Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36, Km 601, X5804ZAB, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Rodrigo Ponzio
- Departamento de Física, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, CONICET, X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Argentina,Instituto de Investigaciones en Tecnologías Energéticas y Materiales Avanzados (IITEMA), Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36, Km 601, X5804ZAB, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Germán Barros
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36, Km 601, X5804ZAB, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Andrea Nesci
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36, Km 601, X5804ZAB, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
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19
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Xanthomonas
Infection Transforms the Apoplast into an Accessible and Habitable Niche for Salmonella enterica. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0133022. [PMID: 36314834 PMCID: PMC9680631 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01330-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial spot disease caused by
Xanthomonas
species devastates tomato production worldwide. Salmonellosis outbreaks from consumption of raw produce have been linked to the arrival of
Salmonella enterica
on crop plants in the field via contaminated irrigation water.
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20
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Mohamad OAA, Liu YH, Huang Y, Li L, Ma JB, Egamberdieva D, Gao L, Fang BZ, Hatab S, Jiang HC, Li WJ. The Metabolic Potential of Endophytic Actinobacteria Associated with Medicinal Plant Thymus roseus as a Plant-Growth Stimulator. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091802. [PMID: 36144404 PMCID: PMC9505248 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bio-fertilizer practice considers not only economical but also environmentally friendly, sustainable agriculture. Endophytes can play important beneficiary roles in plant development, directly, indirectly, or synergistically. In this study, the majority of our endophytic actinobacteria were able to possess direct plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits, including auxin (88%), ammonia (96%), siderophore production (94%), and phosphate solubilization (24%), along with cell-wall degrading enzymes such as protease (75%), cellulase (81%), lipase (81%), and chitinase (18%). About 45% of tested strains have an inhibitory effect on the phytopathogen Fusarium oxysporum, followed by 26% for Verticillium dahlia. Overall, our results showed that strains XIEG63 and XIEG55 were the potent strains with various PGP traits that caused a higher significant increase (p ≤ 0.05) in length and biomass in the aerial part and roots of tomato and cotton, compared to the uninoculated plants. Our data showed that the greatest inhibition percentages of two phytopathogens were achieved due to treatment with strains XIEG05, XIEG07, XIEG45, and XIEG51. The GC-MS analysis showed that most of the compounds were mainly alkanes, fatty acid esters, phenols, alkenes, and aromatic chemicals and have been reported to have antifungal activity. Our investigation emphasizes that endophytic actinobacteria associated with medicinal plants might help reduce the use of chemical fertilization and potentially lead to increased agricultural productivity and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama Abdalla Abdelshafy Mohamad
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- Department of Biological, Marine Sciences and Environmental Agriculture, Institute for Post Graduate Environmental Studies, Arish University, Al-Arish 45511, Egypt
- Department of Environmental Protection, Faculty of Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Arish University, Al-Arish 45511, Egypt
- Correspondence: (O.A.A.M.); (L.L.); (W.-J.L.)
| | - Yong-Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Yin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- Correspondence: (O.A.A.M.); (L.L.); (W.-J.L.)
| | - Jin-Biao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Dilfuza Egamberdieva
- Faculty of Biology, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 100174, Uzbekistan
- Institute of Fundamental and Applied Research, National Research University (TIIAME), Tashkent 100000, Uzbekistan
| | - Lei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Bao-Zhu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Shaimaa Hatab
- Department of Environmental Protection, Faculty of Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Arish University, Al-Arish 45511, Egypt
- Faculty of Organic Agriculture, Heliopolis University, Cairo 2834, Egypt
| | - Hong-Chen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wen-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Correspondence: (O.A.A.M.); (L.L.); (W.-J.L.)
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21
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Krishna PS, Woodcock SD, Pfeilmeier S, Bornemann S, Zipfel C, Malone JG. Pseudomonas syringae addresses distinct environmental challenges during plant infection through the coordinated deployment of polysaccharides. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:2206-2221. [PMID: 34905021 PMCID: PMC8982409 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Prior to infection, phytopathogenic bacteria face a challenging environment on the plant surface, where they are exposed to nutrient starvation and abiotic stresses. Pathways enabling surface adhesion, stress tolerance, and epiphytic survival are important for successful plant pathogenesis. Understanding the roles and regulation of these pathways is therefore crucial to fully understand bacterial plant infections. The phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) encodes multiple polysaccharides that are implicated in biofilm formation, stress survival, and virulence in other microbes. To examine how these polysaccharides impact Pst epiphytic survival and pathogenesis, we analysed mutants in multiple polysaccharide loci to determine their intersecting contributions to epiphytic survival and infection. In parallel, we used qRT-PCR to analyse the regulation of each pathway. Pst polysaccharides are tightly coordinated by multiple environmental signals. Nutrient availability, temperature, and surface association strongly affect the expression of different polysaccharides under the control of the signalling protein genes ladS and cbrB and the second messenger cyclic-di-GMP. Furthermore, functionally redundant, combinatorial phenotypes were observed for several polysaccharides. Exopolysaccharides play a role in mediating leaf adhesion, while α-glucan and alginate together confer desiccation tolerance. Our results suggest that polysaccharides play important roles in overcoming environmental challenges to Pst during plant infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilla Sankara Krishna
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Stuart Daniel Woodcock
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Sebastian Pfeilmeier
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Stephen Bornemann
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jacob George Malone
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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22
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Wang Y, Zhao Y, Xia L, Chen L, Liao Y, Chen B, Liu Y, Gong W, Tian Y, Hu B. yggS Encoding Pyridoxal 5'-Phosphate Binding Protein Is Required for Acidovorax citrulli Virulence. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:783862. [PMID: 35087487 PMCID: PMC8787154 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.783862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial fruit blotch, caused by seed-borne pathogen Acidovorax citrulli, poses a serious threat to the production of cucurbits globally. Although the disease can cause substantial economic losses, limited information is available about the molecular mechanisms of virulence. This study identified that, a random transposon insertion mutant impaired in the ability to elicit a hypersensitive response on tobacco. The disrupted gene in this mutant was determined to be Aave_0638, which is predicted to encode a YggS family pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzyme. YggS is a highly conserved protein among multiple organisms, and is responsible for maintaining the homeostasis of pyridoxal 5′-phosphate and amino acids in cells. yggS deletion mutant of A. citrulli strain XjL12 displayed attenuated virulence, delayed hypersensitive response, less tolerance to H2O2 and pyridoxine, increased sensitivity to antibiotic β-chloro-D-alanine, and reduced swimming. In addition, RNA-Seq analysis demonstrated that yggS was involved in regulating the expression of certain pathogenicity-associated genes related to secretion, motility, quorum sensing and oxidative stress response. Importantly, YggS significantly affected type III secretion system and its effectors in vitro. Collectively, our results suggest that YggS is indispensable for A.citrulli virulence and expands the role of YggS in the biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjie Wang
- College of Plant Protection and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuqiang Zhao
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Liming Xia
- College of Plant Protection and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Chen
- College of Plant Protection and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yajie Liao
- College of Plant Protection and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Baohui Chen
- College of Plant Protection and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yiyang Liu
- College of Plant Protection and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weirong Gong
- Plant Protection and Quarantine Station of Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanli Tian
- College of Plant Protection and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Baishi Hu
- College of Plant Protection and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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23
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Matsumoto A, Schlüter T, Melkonian K, Takeda A, Nakagami H, Mine A. A versatile Tn 7 transposon-based bioluminescence tagging tool for quantitative and spatial detection of bacteria in plants. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:100227. [PMID: 35059625 PMCID: PMC8760037 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of plant-bacteria interactions requires quantification of in planta bacterial titers by means of cumbersome and time-consuming colony-counting assays. Here, we devised a broadly applicable tool for bioluminescence-based quantitative and spatial detection of bacteria in plants. We developed vectors that enable Tn7 transposon-mediated integration of the luxCDABE luciferase operon into a specific genomic location found ubiquitously across bacterial phyla. These vectors allowed for the generation of bioluminescent transformants of various plant pathogenic bacteria from the genera Pseudomonas, Rhizobium (Agrobacterium), and Ralstonia. Direct luminescence measurements of plant tissues inoculated with bioluminescent Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pto-lux) reported bacterial titers as accurately as conventional colony-counting assays in Arabidopsis thaliana, Solanum lycopersicum, Nicotiana benthamiana, and Marchantia polymorpha. We further showed the usefulness of our vectors in converting previously generated Pto derivatives to isogenic bioluminescent strains. Importantly, quantitative bioluminescence assays using these Pto-lux strains accurately reported the effects of plant immunity and bacterial effectors on bacterial growth, with a dynamic range of four orders of magnitude. Moreover, macroscopic bioluminescence imaging illuminated the spatial patterns of Pto-lux growth in/on inoculated plant tissues. In conclusion, our vectors offer untapped opportunities to develop bioluminescence-based assays for a variety of plant-bacteria interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Matsumoto
- Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Titus Schlüter
- Basic Immune System of Plants, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Katharina Melkonian
- Basic Immune System of Plants, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Atsushi Takeda
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Nakagami
- Basic Immune System of Plants, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Akira Mine
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
- JST PRESTO, Kawaguchi-shi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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24
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Nam Y, Goo E, Kang Y, Hwang I. Membrane Depolarization and Apoptosis-Like Cell Death in an Alkaline Environment in the Rice Pathogen Burkholderia glumae. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:755596. [PMID: 34712216 PMCID: PMC8546246 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.755596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The rice pathogen Burkholderia glumae uses amino acids as a principal carbon source and thus produces ammonia in amino acid-rich culture medium such as Luria-Bertani (LB) broth. To counteract ammonia-mediated environmental alkaline toxicity, the bacterium produces a public good, oxalate, in a quorum sensing (QS)-dependent manner. QS mutants of B. glumae experience alkaline toxicity and may undergo cell death at the stationary phase when grown in LB medium. Here, we show that the cell-death processes of QS mutants due to alkaline environmental conditions are similar to the apoptosis-like cell death reported in other bacteria. Staining QS mutants with bis-(1,3-dibutylbarbituric acid)-trimethine oxonol revealed membrane depolarization. CellROX™ staining showed excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in QS mutants. The expression of genes encoding HNH endonuclease (BGLU_1G15690), oligoribonuclease (BGLU_1G09120), ribonuclease E (BGLU_1G09400), and Hu-beta (BGLU_1G13530) was significantly elevated in QS mutants compared to that in wild-type BGR1, consistent with the degradation of cellular materials as observed under transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A homeostatic neutral pH was not attainable by QS mutants grown in LB broth or by wild-type BGR1 grown in an artificially amended alkaline environment. At an artificially adjusted alkaline pH, wild-type BGR1 underwent apoptosis-like cell death similar to that observed in QS mutants. These results show that environmental alkaline stress interferes with homeostatic neutral cellular pH, induces membrane depolarization, and causes apoptosis-like cell death in B. glumae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yewon Nam
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eunhye Goo
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yongsung Kang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ingyu Hwang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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25
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Cui Z, Huntley RB, Schultes NP, Kakar KU, Yang CH, Zeng Q. Expression of the Type III Secretion System Genes in Epiphytic Erwinia amylovora Cells on Apple Stigmas Benefits Endophytic Infection at the Hypanthium. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:1119-1127. [PMID: 34698527 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-21-0152-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Erwinia amylovora causes fire blight on rosaceous plants. One of the major entry points of E. amylovora into hosts is flowers, where E. amylovora proliferates epiphytically on stigmatic and hypanthium surfaces and, subsequently, causes endophytic infection at the hypanthium. The type III secretion system (T3SS) is an important virulence factor in E. amylovora. Although the role of T3SS during endophytic infection is well characterized, its expression during epiphytic colonization and role in the subsequent infection is less understood. Here, we investigated T3SS gene expression in epiphytic E. amylovora on stigma and hypanthium of apple flowers under different relative humidities (RH). On stigma surfaces, T3SS was expressed in a high percentage of E. amylovora cells, and its expression promoted epiphytic growth. On hypanthium surfaces, however, T3SS was expressed in fewer E. amylovora cells than on the stigma, and displayed no correlation with epiphytic growth, even though T3SS expression is essential for infection. E. amylovora cells grown on stigmatic surfaces and then flushed down to the hypanthium displayed a higher level of T3SS expression than cells grown on the hypanthium surface alone. Furthermore, E. amylovora cells precultured on stigma had a higher potential to infect flowers than E. amylovora cells precultured in a T3SS-repressive medium. This suggests that T3SS induction during the stigmatic epiphytic colonization may be beneficial for subsequent infection. Finally, epiphytic expression of T3SS was influenced by RH. Higher percentage of stigmatic E. amylovora cells expressed T3SS under high RH than under low RH.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouqi Cui
- Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06504, U.S.A
| | - Regan B Huntley
- Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06504, U.S.A
| | - Neil P Schultes
- Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06504, U.S.A
| | - Kaleem U Kakar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Informatics, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS), Quetta, 87300, Pakistan
| | - Ching-Hong Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, U.S.A
| | - Quan Zeng
- Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06504, U.S.A
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26
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Bruce SA, Huang YH, Kamath PL, van Heerden H, Turner WC. The roles of antimicrobial resistance, phage diversity, isolation source and selection in shaping the genomic architecture of Bacillus anthracis. Microb Genom 2021; 7. [PMID: 34402777 PMCID: PMC8549369 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax disease, is a worldwide threat to livestock, wildlife and public health. While analyses of genetic data from across the globe have increased our understanding of this bacterium’s population genomic structure, the influence of selective pressures on this successful pathogen is not well understood. In this study, we investigate the effects of antimicrobial resistance, phage diversity, geography and isolation source in shaping population genomic structure. We also identify a suite of candidate genes potentially under selection, driving patterns of diversity across 356 globally extant B. anthracis genomes. We report ten antimicrobial resistance genes and 11 different prophage sequences, resulting in the first large-scale documentation of these genetic anomalies for this pathogen. Results of random forest classification suggest genomic structure may be driven by a combination of antimicrobial resistance, geography and isolation source, specific to the population cluster examined. We found strong evidence that a recombination event linked to a gene involved in protein synthesis may be responsible for phenotypic differences between comparatively disparate populations. We also offer a list of genes for further examination of B. anthracis evolution, based on high-impact single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and clustered mutations. The information presented here sheds new light on the factors driving genomic structure in this notorious pathogen and may act as a road map for future studies aimed at understanding functional differences in terms of B. anthracis biogeography, virulence and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer A Bruce
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany - State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Yen-Hua Huang
- Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Pauline L Kamath
- School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Henriette van Heerden
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Wendy C Turner
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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27
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Cooper B, Beard HS, Yang R, Garrett WM, Campbell KB. Bacterial Immobilization and Toxicity Induced by a Bean Plant Immune System. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:3664-3677. [PMID: 34097416 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. phaseolicola causes halo blight disease in the common bean Phaseolus vulgaris. The bacterium invades the leaf apoplast and uses a type III secretion system to inject effector proteins into a bean cell to interfere with the bean immune system. Beans counter with resistance proteins that can detect effectors and coordinate effector-triggered immunity responses transduced by salicylic acid, the primary defense hormone. Effector-triggered immunity halts bacterial spread, but its direct effect on the bacterium is not known. In this study, mass spectrometry of bacterial infections from immune and susceptible beans revealed that immune beans inhibited the accumulation of bacterial proteins required for virulence, secretion, motility, chemotaxis, quorum sensing, and alginate production. Sets of genes encoding these proteins appeared to function in operons, which implies that immunity altered the coregulated genes in the bacterium. Immunity also reduced amounts of bacterial methylglyoxal detoxification enzymes and their transcripts. Treatment of bacteria with salicylic acid, the plant hormone produced during immunity, reduced bacterial growth, decreased gene expression for methylglyoxal detoxification enzymes, and increased bacterial methylglyoxal concentrations in vitro. Increased methylglyoxal concentrations reduced bacterial reproduction. These findings support the hypothesis that plant immunity involves the chemical induction of adverse changes to the bacterial proteome to reduce pathogenicity and to cause bacterial self-toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bret Cooper
- Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville 20705, Maryland, United States
| | - Hunter S Beard
- Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville 20705, Maryland, United States
| | - Ronghui Yang
- Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville 20705, Maryland, United States
| | - Wesley M Garrett
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville 20705, Maryland, United States
| | - Kimberly B Campbell
- Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville 20705, Maryland, United States
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28
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Santoyo G, Urtis-Flores CA, Loeza-Lara PD, Orozco-Mosqueda MDC, Glick BR. Rhizosphere Colonization Determinants by Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR). BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10060475. [PMID: 34072072 PMCID: PMC8229920 DOI: 10.3390/biology10060475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are an eco-friendly alternative to the use of chemicals in agricultural production and crop protection. However, the efficacy of PGPR as bioinoculants can be diminished by a low capacity to colonize spaces in the rhizosphere. In this work, we review pioneering and recent developments on several important functions that rhizobacteria exhibit in order to compete, colonize, and establish themselves in the plant rhizosphere. Therefore, the use of highly competitive strains in open field trials should be a priority, in order to have consistent and better results in agricultural production activities. Abstract The application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in the field has been hampered by a number of gaps in the knowledge of the mechanisms that improve plant growth, health, and production. These gaps include (i) the ability of PGPR to colonize the rhizosphere of plants and (ii) the ability of bacterial strains to thrive under different environmental conditions. In this review, different strategies of PGPR to colonize the rhizosphere of host plants are summarized and the advantages of having highly competitive strains are discussed. Some mechanisms exhibited by PGPR to colonize the rhizosphere include recognition of chemical signals and nutrients from root exudates, antioxidant activities, biofilm production, bacterial motility, as well as efficient evasion and suppression of the plant immune system. Moreover, many PGPR contain secretion systems and produce antimicrobial compounds, such as antibiotics, volatile organic compounds, and lytic enzymes that enable them to restrict the growth of potentially phytopathogenic microorganisms. Finally, the ability of PGPR to compete and successfully colonize the rhizosphere should be considered in the development and application of bioinoculants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Santoyo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia 58030, Mexico;
- Correspondence:
| | - Carlos Alberto Urtis-Flores
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia 58030, Mexico;
| | - Pedro Damián Loeza-Lara
- Licenciatura en Genómica Alimentaria, Universidad de La Ciénega del Estado de Michoacán de Ocampo, Sahuayo 59103, Mexico;
| | - Ma. del Carmen Orozco-Mosqueda
- Facultad de Agrobiología “Presidente Juárez”, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Melchor Ocampo, Uruapan 60170, Mexico;
| | - Bernard R. Glick
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
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Chen F, Yan B, Gong X, Li H, He Z. Genome sequencing of the bacterial blight pathogen DY89031 reveals its diverse virulence and origins of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae strains. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2021; 64:2175-2185. [PMID: 33905099 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1917-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), belonging to Xanthomonas sp., causes one of the most destructive vascular diseases in rice worldwide, particularly in Asia and Africa. To better understand Xoo pathogenesis, we performed genome sequencing of the Korea race 1 strain DY89031 (J18) and analyzed the phylogenetic tree of 63 Xoo strains. We found that the rich diversity of evolutionary features is likely associated with the rice cultivation regions. Further, virulence effector proteins secreted by the type III secretion system (T3SS) of Xoo showed pathogenesis divergence. The genome of DY89031 shows a remarkable difference from that of the widely prevailed Philippines race 6 strain PXO99A, which is avirulent to rice Xa21, a well-known disease resistance (R) gene that can be broken down by DY89031. Interestingly, plant inoculation experiments with the PXO99A transformants expressing the DY89031 genes enabled us to identify additional TAL (transcription activator-like) and non-TAL effectors that may support DY89031-specific virulence. Characterization of DY89031 genome and identification of new effectors will facilitate the investigation of the rice-Xoo interaction and new mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fudan Chen
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bingxiao Yan
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiangyu Gong
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Helin Li
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Zuhua He
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Lubega J, Umbreen S, Loake GJ. Recent advances in the regulation of plant immunity by S-nitrosylation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:864-872. [PMID: 33005916 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
S-nitrosylation, the addition of a nitric oxide (NO) moiety to a reactive protein cysteine (Cys) thiol, to form a protein S-nitrosothiol (SNO), is emerging as a key regulatory post-translational modification (PTM) to control the plant immune response. NO also S-nitrosylates the antioxidant tripeptide, glutathione, to form S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), both a storage reservoir of NO bioactivity and a natural NO donor. GSNO and, by extension, S-nitrosylation, are controlled by GSNO reductase1 (GSNOR1). The emerging data suggest that GSNOR1 itself is a target of NO-mediated S-nitrosylation, which subsequently controls its selective autophagy, regulating cellular protein SNO levels. Recent findings also suggest that S-nitrosylation may be deployed by pathogen-challenged host cells to counteract the effect of delivered microbial effector proteins that promote pathogenesis and by the pathogens themselves to augment virulence. Significantly, it also appears that S-nitrosylation may regulate plant immune functions by controlling SUMOylation, a peptide-based PTM. In this context, global SUMOylation is regulated by S-nitrosylation of SUMO conjugating enzyme 1 (SCE1) at Cys139. This redox-based PTM has also been shown to control the function of a key zinc finger transcriptional regulator during the establishment of plant immunity. Here, we provide an update of these recent advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibril Lubega
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Saima Umbreen
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gary J Loake
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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31
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Kolomiiets YV, Grigoryuk IP, Likhanov AF, Butsenko LM, Pasichnyk LA, Blume YB. Induction of Wheat Resistance against the Causative Agent of Basal Bacteriosis with Growth-Promoting Bacteria. CYTOL GENET+ 2021. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452720060067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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32
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Shami A, Mostafa M, Abd-Elsalam KA. CRISPR applications in plant bacteriology: today and future perspectives. CRISPR AND RNAI SYSTEMS 2021:551-577. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-821910-2.00011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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33
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Chen X, Laborda P, Dong Y, Liu F. Evaluation of suitable reference genes for normalization of quantitative real-time PCR analysis in rice plants under Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae--infection and melatonin supplementation. FOOD PRODUCTION, PROCESSING AND NUTRITION 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s43014-020-00035-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
AbstractExogenous melatonin (MT) was found to be an interesting tool for enhancing the resistance of rice to Xanthomonasoryzaepv. oryzae (Xoo)-caused bacterial blight (BB). However, the accurate comparison of the expression levels across samples was a challenging task. In this work, the stability of 10 common used housekeeping genes under Xoo-infection and MT supplementation in rice was analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and algorithms geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper. Our results indicated that most reference genes remained stable in Xoo-infected rice plants, while a number of reference genes were affected by MT supplementation. Among all studied genes, the transcript levels of 18S(18S ribosomal RNA) and UBC (Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2) remained unaltered by Xoo infection, while UBC and UBQ5(Ubiquitin 5) were the most stable genes when examining simultaneous Xoo-infection and MT supplementation, demonstrating that UBC is a suitable reference gene for qRT-PCR data normalization in rice under Xoo-infection and MT supplementation.
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34
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Wang X, Kong L, Zhi P, Chang C. Update on Cuticular Wax Biosynthesis and Its Roles in Plant Disease Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155514. [PMID: 32752176 PMCID: PMC7432125 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The aerial surface of higher plants is covered by a hydrophobic layer of cuticular waxes to protect plant tissues against enormous environmental challenges including the infection of various pathogens. As the first contact site between plants and pathogens, the layer of cuticular waxes could function as a plant physical barrier that limits the entry of pathogens, acts as a reservoir of signals to trigger plant defense responses, and even gives cues exploited by pathogens to initiate their infection processes. Past decades have seen unprecedented proceedings in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the biosynthesis of plant cuticular waxes and their functions regulating plant–pathogen interactions. In this review, we summarized the recent progress in the molecular biology of cuticular wax biosynthesis and highlighted its multiple roles in plant disease resistance against bacterial, fungal, and insect pathogens.
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Legein M, Smets W, Vandenheuvel D, Eilers T, Muyshondt B, Prinsen E, Samson R, Lebeer S. Modes of Action of Microbial Biocontrol in the Phyllosphere. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1619. [PMID: 32760378 PMCID: PMC7372246 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A fast-growing field of research focuses on microbial biocontrol in the phyllosphere. Phyllosphere microorganisms possess a wide range of adaptation and biocontrol factors, which allow them to adapt to the phyllosphere environment and inhibit the growth of microbial pathogens, thus sustaining plant health. These biocontrol factors can be categorized in direct, microbe-microbe, and indirect, host-microbe, interactions. This review gives an overview of the modes of action of microbial adaptation and biocontrol in the phyllosphere, the genetic basis of the mechanisms, and examples of experiments that can detect these mechanisms in laboratory and field experiments. Detailed insights in such mechanisms are key for the rational design of novel microbial biocontrol strategies and increase crop protection and production. Such novel biocontrol strategies are much needed, as ensuring sufficient and consistent food production for a growing world population, while protecting our environment, is one of the biggest challenges of our time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Legein
- Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wenke Smets
- Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Dieter Vandenheuvel
- Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tom Eilers
- Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Babette Muyshondt
- Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Els Prinsen
- Laboratory for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Roeland Samson
- Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sarah Lebeer
- Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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36
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Tang JL, Tang DJ, Dubrow ZE, Bogdanove A, An SQ. Xanthomonas campestris Pathovars. Trends Microbiol 2020; 29:182-183. [PMID: 32616307 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Liang Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources and College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China.
| | - Dong-Jie Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources and College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Zoe E Dubrow
- Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Adam Bogdanove
- Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Shi-Qi An
- National Biofilms Innovation Centre (NBIC), Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
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37
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Haq F, Xie S, Huang K, Shah SMA, Ma W, Cai L, Xu X, Xu Z, Wang S, Zou L, Zhu B, Chen G. Identification of a virulence tal gene in the cotton pathogen, Xanthomonas citri pv. malvacearum strain Xss-V 2-18. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:91. [PMID: 32293266 PMCID: PMC7160923 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01783-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial blight of cotton (BBC), which is caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas citri pv. malvacearum (Xcm), is a destructive disease in cotton. Transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs), encoded by tal-genes, play critical roles in the pathogenesis of xanthomonads. Characterized strains of cotton pathogenic Xcm harbor 8–12 different tal genes and only one of them is functionally decoded. Further identification of novel tal genes in Xcm strains with virulence contributions are prerequisite to decipher the Xcm-cotton interactions. Results In this study, we identified six tal genes in Xss-V2–18, a highly-virulent strain of Xcm from China, and assessed their role in BBC. RFLP-based Southern hybridization assays indicated that Xss-V2–18 harbors the six tal genes on a plasmid. The plasmid-encoded tal genes were isolated by cloning BamHI fragments and screening clones by colony hybridization. The tal genes were sequenced by inserting a Tn5 transposon in the DNA encoding the central repeat region (CRR) of each tal gene. Xcm TALome evolutionary relationship based on TALEs CRR revealed relatedness of Xss-V2–18 to MSCT1 and MS14003 from the United States. However, Tal2 of Xss-V2–18 differs at two repeat variable diresidues (RVDs) from Tal6 and Tal26 in MSCT1 and MS14003, respectively, inferred functional dissimilarity. The suicide vector pKMS1 was then used to construct tal deletion mutants in Xcm Xss-V2–18. The mutants were evaluated for pathogenicity in cotton based on symptomology and growth in planta. Four mutants showed attenuated virulence and all contained mutations in tal2. One tal2 mutant designated M2 was further investigated in complementation assays. When tal2 was introduced into Xcm M2 and expressed in trans, the mutant was complemented for both symptoms and growth in planta, thus indicating that tal2 functions as a virulence factor in Xcm Xss-V2–18. Conclusions Overall, the results demonstrated that Tal2 is a major pathogenicity factor in Xcm strain Xss-V2–18 that contributes significantly in BBC. This study provides a foundation for future efforts aimed at identifying susceptibility genes in cotton that are targeted by Tal2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazal Haq
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University/Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture by the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200240, China.,State Key laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Shiwang Xie
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University/Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture by the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Kunxuan Huang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University/Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture by the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200240, China.,State Key laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Syed Mashab Ali Shah
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University/Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture by the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200240, China.,State Key laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Wenxiu Ma
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University/Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture by the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200240, China.,State Key laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Lulu Cai
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University/Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture by the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200240, China.,State Key laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiameng Xu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University/Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture by the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200240, China.,State Key laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhengyin Xu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University/Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture by the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200240, China.,State Key laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Sai Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University/Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture by the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Lifang Zou
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University/Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture by the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200240, China.,State Key laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University/Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture by the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Gongyou Chen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University/Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture by the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200240, China. .,State Key laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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38
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Adeniji AA, Babalola OO, Loots DT. Metabolomic applications for understanding complex tripartite plant-microbes interactions: Strategies and perspectives. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 25:e00425. [PMID: 32099821 PMCID: PMC7031126 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Phytopathogens from the Alternaria sp., Fusarium sp., Penicillium sp., and Pseudomonas sp. and their toxigenic metabolites - alternariol, fumonisin, citrinin, and coronatine respectively, negatively impact crop yields and sales by eliciting plant diseases and/or causing human and veterinary toxicoses upon the consumption of contaminated food. These phytopathogens and their associated toxins, however, are present and most likely in undetectable concentrations pre-harvest and post-harvest of many major staple crops. Metabolomic approaches have been used extensively for better characterizing and diagnosing human disease, plant disease and, their etiological agents. Their use in agro-industrial research focusing specifically on tripartite (plant - toxicogenic microbe - beneficial microbe) interactions is, however, limited. Since new approaches for eradicating food-borne pathogens, increasing crop productivity and improving agro-international trade are being sought worldwide, the consequent integration of metabolomic approaches and perspectives in crop protection strategies for better understanding plant - toxicogenic microbe - beneficial microbe interaction in tandem is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adetomiwa Ayodele Adeniji
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, Human Metabolomics Private Bag X6001, Box 269, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
| | - Olubukola Oluranti Babalola
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, Food Security and Safety Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa
| | - Du Toit Loots
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, Human Metabolomics Private Bag X6001, Box 269, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
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Montano J, Rossidivito G, Torreano J, Porwollik S, Sela Saldinger S, McClelland M, Melotto M. Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium 14028s Genomic Regions Required for Colonization of Lettuce Leaves. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:6. [PMID: 32038592 PMCID: PMC6993584 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Contamination of edible produce leaves with human bacterial pathogens has been associated with serious disease outbreaks and has become a major public health concern affecting all aspects of the market, from farmers to consumers. While pathogen populations residing on the surface of ready-to-eat produce can be potentially removed through thorough washing, there is no disinfection technology available that effectively eliminates internal bacterial populations. By screening 303 multi-gene deletion (MGD) mutants of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STm) 14028s, we were able to identify ten genomic regions that play a role in opening the stomatal pore of lettuce leaves. The major metabolic functions of the deleted regions are associated with sensing the environment, bacterium movement, transport through the bacterial membrane, and biosynthesis of surface appendages. Interestingly, at 21 days post inoculation, seven of these mutants showed increased population titers inside the leaf, two mutants showed similar titers as the wild type bacterium, whereas one mutant with a large deletion that includes the Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI-2) showed significantly impaired persistence in the leaf apoplast. These findings suggest that not all the genomic regions required for initiation of leaf colonization (i.e., epiphytic behavior and tissue penetration) are essential for continuing bacterial survival as an endophyte. We also observed that mutants lacking either SPI-1 (Mut3) or SPI-2 (Mut9) induce callose deposition levels comparable to those of the wild type STm 14028s; therefore, these islands do not seem to affect this lettuce defense mechanism. However, the growth of Mut9, but not Mut3, was significantly impaired in the leaf apoplastic wash fluid (AWF) suggesting that the STm persistence in the apoplast may be linked to nutrient acquisition capabilities or overall bacterial fitness in this niche, which are dependent on the gene(s) deleted in the Mut9 strain. The genetic basis of STm colonization of leaves investigated in this study provides a foundation from which to develop mitigation tactics to enhance food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanine Montano
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Plant Pathology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Gabrielle Rossidivito
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Plant Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Joseph Torreano
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Steffen Porwollik
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Shlomo Sela Saldinger
- Microbial Food Safety Research Unit, Department of Food Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeTsiyon, Israel
| | - Michael McClelland
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Maeli Melotto
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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40
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Valli RXE, Lyng M, Kirkpatrick CL. There is no hiding if you Seq: recent breakthroughs in Pseudomonas aeruginosa research revealed by genomic and transcriptomic next-generation sequencing. J Med Microbiol 2020; 69:162-175. [PMID: 31935190 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of next-generation sequencing technology has revolutionized the field of prokaryotic genetics and genomics by allowing interrogation of entire genomes, transcriptomes and global transcription factor binding profiles. As more studies employing these techniques have been performed, the state of the art regarding prokaryotic gene regulation has developed from the level of individual genes to genetic regulatory networks and systems biology. When applied to bacterial pathogens, particularly valuable insights have been gained into the regulation of virulence-associated genes, their relative importance to bacterial survival in planktonic, biofilm or host infection scenarios, antimicrobial resistance and the molecular details of host-pathogen interactions. This review outlines some of the latest developments and applications of next-generation sequencing techniques that have used primarily Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a model system. We focus particularly on insights into Pseudomonas virulence and infection that have been gained from these approaches and the future directions in which this field could develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard X E Valli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Mark Lyng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Clare L Kirkpatrick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
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Stringlis IA, Zhang H, Pieterse CMJ, Bolton MD, de Jonge R. Microbial small molecules - weapons of plant subversion. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 35:410-433. [PMID: 29756135 DOI: 10.1039/c7np00062f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2018 Plants live in close association with a myriad of microbes that are generally harmless. However, the minority of microbes that are pathogens can severely impact crop quality and yield, thereby endangering food security. By contrast, beneficial microbes provide plants with important services, such as enhanced nutrient uptake and protection against pests and diseases. Like pathogens, beneficial microbes can modulate host immunity to efficiently colonize the nutrient-rich niches within and around the roots and aerial tissues of a plant, a phenomenon mirroring the establishment of commensal microbes in the human gut. Numerous ingenious mechanisms have been described by which pathogenic and beneficial microbes in the plant microbiome communicate with their host, including the delivery of immune-suppressive effector proteins and the production of phytohormones, toxins and other bioactive molecules. Plants signal to their associated microbes via exudation of photosynthetically fixed carbon sources, quorum-sensing mimicry molecules and selective secondary metabolites such as strigolactones and flavonoids. Molecular communication thus forms an integral part of the establishment of both beneficial and pathogenic plant-microbe relations. Here, we review the current knowledge on microbe-derived small molecules that can act as signalling compounds to stimulate plant growth and health by beneficial microbes on the one hand, but also as weapons for plant invasion by pathogens on the other. As an exemplary case, we used comparative genomics to assess the small molecule biosynthetic capabilities of the Pseudomonas genus; a genus rich in both plant pathogenic and beneficial microbes. We highlight the biosynthetic potential of individual microbial genomes and the population at large, providing evidence for the hypothesis that the distinction between detrimental and beneficial microbes is increasingly fading. Knowledge on the biosynthesis and molecular activity of microbial small molecules will aid in the development of successful biological agents boosting crop resiliency in a sustainable manner and could also provide scientific routes to pathogen inhibition or eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis A Stringlis
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4Life, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Gutiérrez-Barranquero JA, Cazorla FM, de Vicente A. Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae Associated With Mango Trees, a Particular Pathogen Within the "Hodgepodge" of the Pseudomonas syringae Complex. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:570. [PMID: 31139201 PMCID: PMC6518948 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The Pseudomonas syringae complex comprises different genetic groups that include strains from both agricultural and environmental habitats. This complex group has been used for decades as a "hodgepodge," including many taxonomically related species. More than 60 pathovars of P. syringae have been described based on distinct host ranges and disease symptoms they cause. These pathovars cause disease relying on an array of virulence mechanisms. However, P. syringae pv. syringae (Pss) is the most polyphagous bacterium in the P. syringae complex, based on its wide host range, that primarily affects woody and herbaceous host plants. In early 1990s, bacterial apical necrosis (BAN) of mango trees, a critical disease elicited by Pss in Southern Spain was described for the first time. Pss exhibits important epiphytic traits and virulence factors, which may promote its survival and pathogenicity in mango trees and in other plant hosts. Over more than two decades, Pss strains isolated from mango trees have been comprehensively investigated to elucidate the mechanisms that governs their epiphytic and pathogenic lifestyles. In particular, the vast majority of Pss strains isolated from mango trees produce an antimetabolite toxin, called mangotoxin, whose leading role in virulence has been clearly demonstrated. Moreover, phenotypic, genetic and phylogenetic approaches support that Pss strains producers of BAN symptoms on mango trees all belong to a single phylotype within phylogroup 2, are adapted to the mango host, and produce mangotoxin. Remarkably, a genome sequencing project of the Pss model strain UMAF0158 revealed the presence of other factors that may play major roles in its different lifestyles, such as the presence of two different type III secretion systems, two type VI secretion systems and an operon for cellulose biosynthesis. The role of cellulose in increasing mango leaf colonization and biofilm formation, and impairing virulence of Pss, suggests that cellulose may play a pivotal role with regards to the balance of its different lifestyles. In addition, 62-kb plasmids belonging to the pPT23A-family of plasmids (PFPs) have been strongly associated with Pss strains that inhabit mango trees. Further, complete sequence and comparative genomic analyses revealed major roles of PFPs in detoxification of copper compounds and ultraviolet radiation resistance, both improving the epiphytic lifestyle of Pss on mango surfaces. Hence, in this review we summarize the research that has been conducted on Pss by our research group to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that underpin the epiphytic and pathogenic lifestyle on mango trees. Finally, future directions in this particular plant-pathogen story are discussed.
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Liao ZX, Ni Z, Wei XL, Chen L, Li JY, Yu YH, Jiang W, Jiang BL, He YQ, Huang S. Dual RNA-seq of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola infecting rice reveals novel insights into bacterial-plant interaction. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215039. [PMID: 30995267 PMCID: PMC6469767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterium Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc) is the causal agent of rice bacterial leaf streak (BLS), one of the most destructive diseases of rice (Oryza sativa L.) that is the important staple crop. Xoc can invade host leaves via stomata and wounds and its type three secretion system (T3SS) is pivotal to its pathogenic lifestyle. In this study, using a novel dual RNA-seq approach, we examined transcriptomes of rice and Xoc in samples inoculated with wild type Xoc GX01 and its T3SS defective strain (T3SD), to investigate the global transcriptional changes in both organisms. Compared with T3SD strain, rice inoculated with wild type Xoc GX01 resulted in significant expression changes of a series of plant defence related genes, including ones altered in plant signalling pathway, and downregulated in phenylalanine metabolism, flavonoid and momilactone biosynthesis, suggesting repression of plant defence response and reduction in both callose deposition and phytoalexin accumulation. Also, some known transcription activator-like effector (TALE) targets were induced by Xoc GX01, e.g. OsSultr3;6 which contributes to rice susceptibility. Some cell elongation related genes, including several expansin genes, were induced by GX01 too, suggesting that Xoc may exploit this pathway to weaken cell wall strength, beneficial for bacterial infection. On the other hand, compared with wild type, the T3SD strain transcriptome in planta was characterized by downregulation of ATP, protein and polysaccharide synthesis, and upregulation of antioxidation and detoxification related genes, revealing that T3SD strain faced serious starvation and oxidation stresses in planta without a functional T3SS. In addition, comparative global transcript profiles of Xoc in planta and in medium revealed an upregulation of virulence factor synthesis and secretion in planta in favour of bacterial infection. Collectively, this study provides a comprehensive representation of cross talk between the host and bacterial pathogen, revealing insights into the Xoc-rice pathogenic dynamic and reveals novel strategies exploited by this important pathogen to cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou-Xiang Liao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning Guangxi, China
| | - Zhe Ni
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning Guangxi, China
| | - Xin-Li Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning Guangxi, China
| | - Long Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning Guangxi, China
| | - Jian-Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning Guangxi, China
| | - Yan-Hua Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning Guangxi, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning Guangxi, China
| | - Bo-Le Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning Guangxi, China
| | - Yong-Qiang He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning Guangxi, China
- * E-mail: (SH); (YQH)
| | - Sheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning Guangxi, China
- * E-mail: (SH); (YQH)
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Woodcock SD, Malone JG. Exploitation of the gall: adaption of Agrobacterium to the host metabolome. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:8-10. [PMID: 30815944 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacob George Malone
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
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Genome analysis of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae biovar 6, which produces the phytotoxins, phaseolotoxin and coronatine. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3836. [PMID: 30846809 PMCID: PMC6405952 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40754-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The kiwifruit bacterial canker pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), causes enormous economic damages in many kiwifruit producing countries. In 2015, biovar 6, the novel biovar of Psa, was found in Nagano Prefecture, Japan. The genomes of two representative strains of biovar 6 (MAFF 212134 and MAFF 212141) were sequenced and analysed, indicating that their genomes are the most similar to that of biovar 3 among the known Psa biovars, based on average nucleotide identity analysis. Biovar 3 has neither the phaseolotoxin synthesis gene cluster nor the coronatine synthesis gene cluster, whereas biovar 6 has both clusters and produces both phytotoxins. We found that biovar 6 possesses 29 type III secreted effector (T3SE) genes, among which avrRps4 and hopBI1 are unique to biovar 6. The expression of T3SE genes and two phytotoxin synthesis gene clusters of biovar 6 during the early stages of host infection was investigated using RNA-Seq analysis, showing that these genes could be grouped into three categories: constantly expressed genes, constantly suppressed genes, and temporarily induced genes. A PCR assay was established to differentiate biovar 6 strains from the other Psa biovars and the closely related pathovar, pv. actinidifoliorum, by using avrRps4 as a biovar 6-specific marker gene.
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Pfeilmeier S, George J, Morel A, Roy S, Smoker M, Stransfeld L, Downie JA, Peeters N, Malone JG, Zipfel C. Expression of the Arabidopsis thaliana immune receptor EFR in Medicago truncatula reduces infection by a root pathogenic bacterium, but not nitrogen-fixing rhizobial symbiosis. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:569-579. [PMID: 30120864 PMCID: PMC6381793 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Interfamily transfer of plant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) represents a promising biotechnological approach to engineer broad-spectrum, and potentially durable, disease resistance in crops. It is however unclear whether new recognition specificities to given pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) affect the interaction of the recipient plant with beneficial microbes. To test this in a direct reductionist approach, we transferred the Brassicaceae-specific PRR ELONGATION FACTOR-THERMO UNSTABLE RECEPTOR (EFR), conferring recognition of the bacterial EF-Tu protein, from Arabidopsis thaliana to the legume Medicago truncatula. Constitutive EFR expression led to EFR accumulation and activation of immune responses upon treatment with the EF-Tu-derived elf18 peptide in leaves and roots. The interaction of M. truncatula with the bacterial symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti is characterized by the formation of root nodules that fix atmospheric nitrogen. Although nodule numbers were slightly reduced at an early stage of the infection in EFR-Medicago when compared to control lines, nodulation was similar in all lines at later stages. Furthermore, nodule colonization by rhizobia, and nitrogen fixation were not compromised by EFR expression. Importantly, the M. truncatula lines expressing EFR were substantially more resistant to the root bacterial pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum. Our data suggest that the transfer of EFR to M. truncatula does not impede root nodule symbiosis, but has a positive impact on disease resistance against a bacterial pathogen. In addition, our results indicate that Rhizobium can either avoid PAMP recognition during the infection process, or is able to actively suppress immune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Pfeilmeier
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryNorwich Research ParkNorwichUK
- John Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichUK
- Present address:
Institute of MicrobiologyDepartment of BiologyETH ZurichZurich8093Switzerland
| | | | - Arry Morel
- INRALaboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro‐organismes (LIPM)UMR441Castanet‐TolosanFrance
- CNRSLaboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro‐organismes (LIPM)UMR2594Castanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - Sonali Roy
- John Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichUK
- Present address:
Noble Research InstituteArdmoreOKUSA
| | | | - Lena Stransfeld
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryNorwich Research ParkNorwichUK
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology & Zurich‐Basel Plant Science CenterUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | | | - Nemo Peeters
- INRALaboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro‐organismes (LIPM)UMR441Castanet‐TolosanFrance
- CNRSLaboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro‐organismes (LIPM)UMR2594Castanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - Jacob G. Malone
- John Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichUK
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryNorwich Research ParkNorwichUK
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology & Zurich‐Basel Plant Science CenterUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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Kim H, Kim M, Bai J, Lim JA, Heu S, Ryu S. Colanic Acid Is a Novel Phage Receptor of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum Phage POP72. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:143. [PMID: 30837957 PMCID: PMC6390001 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence and widespread nature of pathogen resistance to antibiotics and chemicals has led to the re-consideration of bacteriophages as an alternative biocontrol agent in several fields, including agriculture. In this study, we isolated and characterized a novel bacteriophage, POP72, that specifically infects Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc), which frequently macerates agricultural crops. POP72 contains a 44,760 bp double-stranded DNA genome and belongs to the family Podoviridae. To determine the phage receptor for POP72, a random mutant library of Pcc was constructed using a Tn5 transposon and screened for resistance against POP72 infection. Most of the resistant clones had a Tn5 insertion in various genes associated with colanic acid (CA) biosynthesis. The phage adsorption rate and CA production decreased dramatically in the resistant clones. Complementation of the clones with the pUHE21-2 lacI q vector harboring genes associated with CA biosynthesis restored their sensitivity to POP72, as well as their ability to produce CA. These results suggest that CA functions as a novel phage receptor for POP72. The application of POP72 protected Chinese cabbage from Pcc infection, suggesting that phage POP72 would be an effective alternative antimicrobial agent to protect agricultural products from Pcc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeongsoon Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Minsik Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jaewoo Bai
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong-A Lim
- Research Group of Food Safety, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Sunggi Heu
- Crop Cultivation and Environmental Research Division, National Institute of Crop Science, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Sangryeol Ryu
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Camoni L, Visconti S, Aducci P, Marra M. From plant physiology to pharmacology: fusicoccin leaves the leaves. PLANTA 2019; 249:49-57. [PMID: 30467630 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-3051-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights 50 years of research on the fungal diterpene fusicoccin, during which the molecule went from a tool in plant physiology research to a pharmacological agent in treating animal diseases. Fusicoccin is a phytotoxic glycosylated diterpene produced by the fungus Phomopsis amygdali, a pathogen of almond and peach plants. Widespread interest in this molecule started when it was discovered that it is capable of causing stomate opening in all higher plants, thereby inducing wilting of leaves. Thereafter, FC became, and still is, a tool in plant physiology, due to its ability to influence a number of fundamental processes, which are dependent on the activation of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase. Molecular studies carried out in the last 20 years clarified details of the mechanism of proton pump stimulation, which involves the fusicoccin-mediated irreversible stabilization of the complex between the H+-ATPase and activatory 14-3-3 proteins. More recently, FC has been shown to influence cellular processes involving 14-3-3 binding to client proteins both in plants and animals. In this review, we report the milestones achieved in more than 50 years of research in plants and highlight recent advances in animals that have allowed this diterpene to be used as a 14-3-3 targeted drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Camoni
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy.
| | - Sabina Visconti
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Aducci
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Marra
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy
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Bae N, Park H, Park H, Kim M, Han S. Deciphering the functions of the outer membrane porin OprBXo involved in virulence, motility, exopolysaccharide production, biofilm formation and stress tolerance in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:2527-2542. [PMID: 30073749 PMCID: PMC6638129 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) is a Gram-negative bacterium causing bacterial leaf blight disease in rice. Previously, proteomic analysis has shown that the outer membrane protein B in Xoo (OprBXo) is more abundant in the wildtype strain than is the outer membrane protein 1 in the Xoo (Omp1X) knockout mutant. OprBXo shows high homology with OprB, which has been well characterized as a carbohydrate-selective porin in X. citri ssp. citri and Pseudomonas species. However, the functions of OprBXo in Xoo have not yet been documented. To elucidate the functions of OprBXo, we generated the OprBXo-overexpressing mutant, Xoo(OprBXo), and the knockout mutant, XooΔoprBXo(EV). We found that the virulence and migration of Xoo(OprBXo), but not XooΔoprBXo(EV), were markedly reduced in rice. To postulate the mechanisms affected by OprBXo, comparative proteomic analysis was performed. Based on the results of proteomics, we employed diverse phenotypic assays to characterize the functions of OprBXo. Abnormal twitching motility and reduction in swarming motility were observed in Xoo(OprBXo). Moreover, Xoo(OprBXo) decreased, but XooΔoprBXo(EV) enhanced, exopolysaccharide production and biofilm formation. The chemotactic ability of XooΔoprBXo(EV) was dramatically lower than that of Xoo(EV) in the presence of glucose and xylose. Xoo(OprBXo) was resistant to sodium dodecylsulphate and hydrogen peroxide, but XooΔoprBXo(EV) was highly sensitive compared with Xoo(EV). Thus, OprBXo is not only essential for chemotaxis and stress tolerance, but also for motility, biofilm formation and exopolysaccharide production, which may contribute to the virulence of Xoo. These results will lead to new insights into the functions of a sugar-selective porin in Xoo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahee Bae
- Department of Integrative Plant ScienceChung‐Ang UniversityAnseong17546South Korea
| | - Hye‐Jee Park
- Department of Integrative Plant ScienceChung‐Ang UniversityAnseong17546South Korea
| | - Hanbi Park
- Department of Integrative Plant ScienceChung‐Ang UniversityAnseong17546South Korea
| | - Minyoung Kim
- Department of Integrative Plant ScienceChung‐Ang UniversityAnseong17546South Korea
| | - Sang‐Wook Han
- Department of Integrative Plant ScienceChung‐Ang UniversityAnseong17546South Korea
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Vilas JM, Romero FM, Rossi FR, Marina M, Maiale SJ, Calzadilla PI, Pieckenstain FL, Ruiz OA, Gárriz A. Modulation of plant and bacterial polyamine metabolism during the compatible interaction between tomato and Pseudomonas syringae. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 231:281-290. [PMID: 30342327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine participate in a variety of cellular processes in all organisms. Many studies have shown that these polycations are important for plant immunity, as well as for the virulence of diverse fungal phytopathogens. However, the polyamines' roles in the pathogenesis of phytopathogenic bacteria have not been thoroughly elucidated to date. To obtain more information on this topic, we assessed the changes in polyamine homeostasis during the infection of tomato plants by Pseudomonas syringae. Our results showed that polyamine biosynthesis and catabolism are activated in both tomato and bacteria during the pathogenic interaction. This activation results in the accumulation of putrescine in whole leaf tissues, as well as in the apoplastic fluids, which is explained by the induction of its synthesis in plant cells and also on the basis of its excretion by bacteria. We showed that the excretion of this polyamine by P. syringae is stimulated under virulence-inducing conditions, suggesting that it plays a role in plant colonization. However, no activation of bacterial virulence traits or induction of plant invasion was observed after the exogenous addition of putrescine. In addition, no connection was found between this polyamine and plant defence responses. Although further research is warranted to unravel the biological functions of these molecules during plant-bacterial interactions, this study contributes to a better understanding of the changes associated with the homeostasis of polyamines during plant pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Vilas
- Laboratorio de estrés biótico y abiótico en plantas, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECh), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Avenida Intendente Marino Km 8.200 CC 164 (7130), Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando Matías Romero
- Laboratorio de estrés biótico y abiótico en plantas, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECh), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Avenida Intendente Marino Km 8.200 CC 164 (7130), Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Franco Rubén Rossi
- Laboratorio de estrés biótico y abiótico en plantas, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECh), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Avenida Intendente Marino Km 8.200 CC 164 (7130), Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Marina
- Laboratorio de fisiología y bioquímica de la maduración de frutos, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECh), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Avenida Intendente Marino Km 8.200 CC 164 (7130), Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Santiago Javier Maiale
- Laboratorio de estrés biótico y abiótico en plantas, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECh), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Avenida Intendente Marino Km 8.200 CC 164 (7130), Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo Ignacio Calzadilla
- Laboratorio de estrés biótico y abiótico en plantas, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECh), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Avenida Intendente Marino Km 8.200 CC 164 (7130), Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando Luis Pieckenstain
- Laboratorio de interacciones planta-microorganismo, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECh), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Avenida Intendente Marino Km 8.200 CC 164 (7130), Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Oscar Adolfo Ruiz
- Laboratorio de estrés biótico y abiótico en plantas, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECh), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Avenida Intendente Marino Km 8.200 CC 164 (7130), Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrés Gárriz
- Laboratorio de estrés biótico y abiótico en plantas, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECh), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Avenida Intendente Marino Km 8.200 CC 164 (7130), Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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