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Spanic V, Vukovic A, Cseplo M, Vukovic R, Buchvaldt Amby D, Cairo Westergaard J, Puskas K, Roitsch T. Early leaf responses of cell physiological and sensor-based signatures reflect susceptibility of wheat seedlings to infection by leaf rust. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e13990. [PMID: 37616017 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina Erikss. can have devastating effects on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), causing severe economic losses. This comprehensive study serves to facilitate our understanding of the impact of carbohydrate and antioxidant metabolism in association with sensor-based phenotyping and leaf rust stress responses in wheat seedlings. After 24 h of inoculation (hai) very susceptible variety to leaf rust (Ficko) increased cell-wall invertase (cwInv; EC 3.2.1.26), compared to other varieties that significantly increased cwInv later. This could mean that the Ficko variety cannot defend itself from leaf rust infections once symptoms have started to develop. Also, Ficko had significantly decreased amounts of cytoplasmic invertase (cytInv; EC 3.2.1.26) at 8 hai. The downregulation of cytInv in susceptible plants may facilitate the maintenance of elevated apoplastic sucrose availability favoring the pathogen. The significant role of vacuolar invertase (vacInv; EC 3.2.1.26) in moderately resistant varieties was recorded. Also, a significant decrease of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH; EC 1.1.1.49) and UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGPase; EC 2.7.7.9) in moderately resistant varieties might restrict normal development of leaf rust due to reduced sugar. During plant-pathogen interaction, when the invader spreads systemically throughout the plant, the main role of ascorbate peroxidase (APX; EC 1.11.1.11) activity in one moderately resistant variety (Olimpija) and catalase (CAT; EC 1.11.1.6) activity in another moderately resistant variety (Alka) is to protect the plant against oxidative damage in the early stages of infection. Non-invasive phenotyping with a sensor-based technique could be used as a rapid method for pre-symptomatic determination of wheat leaf rust resistance or susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Spanic
- Department of Small Cereal Crops Breeding and Genetics, Agricultural Institute Osijek, Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ana Vukovic
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Monika Cseplo
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Rosemary Vukovic
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Daniel Buchvaldt Amby
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Section for Crop Sciences, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Jesper Cairo Westergaard
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Section for Crop Sciences, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Katalin Puskas
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Thomas Roitsch
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Section for Crop Sciences, Taastrup, Denmark
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Kusch S, Vaghefi N, Kiss L. The Good, The Bad, and The Misleading: How to Improve the Quality of 'Genome Announcements'? MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:393-396. [PMID: 36947747 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-23-0009-le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
When comparing the requirements of diverse journals to publish microbial 'Genome Reports,' we noticed that some mostly focus on benchmarking universal single-copy orthologs scores as a quality measure, while the exclusion of possible contaminating sequences from genomic resources and the possible misidentification of the target microbes receive less attention. To deal with these quality issues, we suggest that DNA barcodes that are widely accepted for the identification of the target microbe species should be extracted from newly reported genome resources and included in phylogenetic analyses to confirm the identity of the sequenced microorganisms before Genome Reports are published. This approach, applied, for example, by the journal IMA Fungus, largely prevents the misidentification of the microbes that are targeted for whole-genome sequencing (WGS). In addition, contig similarity values, including GC content, remapping coverage of WGS reads, and BLASTN searches against the National Center for Biotechnology Information nucleotide database, would also reveal contamination issues. The values of these two recommendations to improve the publication criteria for microbial Genome Reports in diverse journals are demonstrated here through analyses of a draft genome published in Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions and then retracted due to contaminations. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kusch
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Niloofar Vaghefi
- Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Levente Kiss
- Centre for Crop Health, Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
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Zhao Y, Mao W, Tang W, Soares MA, Li H. Wild Rosa Endophyte M7SB41-Mediated Host Plant's Powdery Mildew Resistance. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:620. [PMID: 37367556 DOI: 10.3390/jof9060620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies indicated that endophyte M7SB41 (Seimatosporium sp.) can significantly enhance host plants powdery mildew (PM) resistance. To recover the mechanisms, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were compared between E+ (endophte-inoculated) and E- (endophyte-free) plants by transcriptomics. A total of 4094, 1200 and 2319 DEGs between E+ and E- were identified at 0, 24, and 72 h after plants had been infected with PM pathogen Golovinomyces cichoracearum, respectively. Gene expression pattern analysis displayed a considerable difference and temporality in response to PM stress between the two groups. Transcriptional profiling analysis revealed that M7SB41 induced plant resistance to PM through Ca2+ signaling, salicylic acid (SA) signaling, and the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway. In particular, we investigated the role and the timing of the SA and jasmonic acid (JA)-regulated defensive pathways. Both transcriptomes and pot experiments showed that SA-signaling may play a prominent role in PM resistance conferred by M7SB41. Additionally, the colonization of M7SB41 could effectively increase the activities and the expression of defense-related enzymes under PM pathogen stress. Meanwhile, our study revealed reliable candidate genes from TGA (TGACG motif-binding factor), WRKY, and pathogenesis-related genes related to M7SB41-mediate resistance. These findings offer a novel insight into the mechanisms of endophytes in activating plant defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Wenqin Mao
- Life Science and Technology & Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Wenting Tang
- Life Science and Technology & Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Marcos Antônio Soares
- Department of Botany and Ecology, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá 78060-900, Brazil
| | - Haiyan Li
- Life Science and Technology & Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
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Saliha Afzal, Afshan NUS, Mehdi MM, Khalid AN. Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Erysiphe convolvuli var. convolvuli DC. Causing Powdery Mildew Disease on Field Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.) from Pakistan. BIOL BULL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359022130027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Vaghefi N, Kusch S, Németh MZ, Seress D, Braun U, Takamatsu S, Panstruga R, Kiss L. Beyond Nuclear Ribosomal DNA Sequences: Evolution, Taxonomy, and Closest Known Saprobic Relatives of Powdery Mildew Fungi ( Erysiphaceae) Inferred From Their First Comprehensive Genome-Scale Phylogenetic Analyses. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:903024. [PMID: 35756050 PMCID: PMC9218914 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.903024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Powdery mildew fungi (Erysiphaceae), common obligate biotrophic pathogens of many plants, including important agricultural and horticultural crops, represent a monophyletic lineage within the Ascomycota. Within the Erysiphaceae, molecular phylogenetic relationships and DNA-based species and genera delimitations were up to now mostly based on nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) phylogenies. This is the first comprehensive genome-scale phylogenetic analysis of this group using 751 single-copy orthologous sequences extracted from 24 selected powdery mildew genomes and 14 additional genomes from Helotiales, the fungal order that includes the Erysiphaceae. Representative genomes of all powdery mildew species with publicly available whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data that were of sufficient quality were included in the analyses. The 24 powdery mildew genomes included in the analysis represented 17 species belonging to eight out of 19 genera recognized within the Erysiphaceae. The epiphytic genera, all but one represented by multiple genomes, belonged each to distinct, well-supported lineages. Three hemiendophytic genera, each represented by a single genome, together formed the hemiendophytic lineage. Out of the 14 other taxa from the Helotiales, Arachnopeziza araneosa, a saprobic species, was the only taxon that grouped together with the 24 genome-sequenced powdery mildew fungi in a monophyletic clade. The close phylogenetic relationship between the Erysiphaceae and Arachnopeziza was revealed earlier by a phylogenomic study of the Leotiomycetes. Further analyses of powdery mildew and Arachnopeziza genomes may discover signatures of the evolutionary processes that have led to obligate biotrophy from a saprobic way of life. A separate phylogeny was produced using the 18S, 5.8S, and 28S nrDNA sequences of the same set of powdery mildew specimens and compared to the genome-scale phylogeny. The nrDNA phylogeny was largely congruent to the phylogeny produced using 751 orthologs. This part of the study has revealed multiple contamination and other quality issues in some powdery mildew genomes. We recommend that the presence of 28S, internal transcribed spacer (ITS), and 18S nrDNA sequences in powdery mildew WGS datasets that are identical to those determined by Sanger sequencing should be used to assess the quality of assemblies, in addition to the commonly used Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs (BUSCO) values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Vaghefi
- Centre for Crop Health, Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Stefan Kusch
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Márk Z. Németh
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Diána Seress
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Uwe Braun
- Department of Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Herbarium, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Susumu Takamatsu
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Levente Kiss
- Centre for Crop Health, Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
- Centre for Research and Development, Eszterházy Károly Catholic University, Eger, Hungary
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Fournier P, Pellan L, Barroso-Bergadà D, Bohan DA, Candresse T, Delmotte F, Dufour MC, Lauvergeat V, Le Marrec C, Marais A, Martins G, Masneuf-Pomarède I, Rey P, Sherman D, This P, Frioux C, Labarthe S, Vacher C. The functional microbiome of grapevine throughout plant evolutionary history and lifetime. ADV ECOL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aecr.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Hummerick ME, Khodadad CLM, Dixit AR, Spencer LE, Maldonado-Vasquez GJ, Gooden JL, Spern CJ, Fischer JA, Dufour N, Wheeler RM, Romeyn MW, Smith TM, Massa GD, Zhang Y. Spatial Characterization of Microbial Communities on Multi-Species Leafy Greens Grown Simultaneously in the Vegetable Production Systems on the International Space Station. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11101060. [PMID: 34685431 PMCID: PMC8537831 DOI: 10.3390/life11101060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of steady-state continuous crop production during long-term deep space missions is critical for providing consistent nutritional and psychological benefits for the crew, potentially improving their health and performance. Three technology demonstrations were completed achieving simultaneous multi-species plant growth and the concurrent use of two Veggie units on the International Space Station (ISS). Microbiological characterization using molecular and culture-based methods was performed on leaves and roots from two harvests of three leafy greens, red romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa cv. ‘Outredgeous’); mizuna mustard, (Brassica rapa var japonica); and green leaf lettuce, (Lactuca sativa cv. Waldmann’s) and associated rooting pillow components and Veggie chamber surfaces. Culture based enumeration and pathogen screening indicated the leafy greens were safe for consumption. Surface samples of the Veggie facility and plant pillows revealed low counts of bacteria and fungi and are commonly isolated on ISS. Community analysis was completed with 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Comparisons between pillow components, and plant tissue types from VEG-03D, E, and F revealed higher diversity in roots and rooting substrate than the leaves and wick. This work provides valuable information for food production-related research on the ISS and the impact of the plant microbiome on this unique closed environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E. Hummerick
- Kennedy Space Center, Amentum Services, Inc., LASSO, Merritt Island, FL 32899, USA; (C.L.M.K.); (A.R.D.); (L.E.S.); (G.J.M.-V.); (J.L.G.); (C.J.S.); (J.A.F.)
- Correspondence: (M.E.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Christina L. M. Khodadad
- Kennedy Space Center, Amentum Services, Inc., LASSO, Merritt Island, FL 32899, USA; (C.L.M.K.); (A.R.D.); (L.E.S.); (G.J.M.-V.); (J.L.G.); (C.J.S.); (J.A.F.)
| | - Anirudha R. Dixit
- Kennedy Space Center, Amentum Services, Inc., LASSO, Merritt Island, FL 32899, USA; (C.L.M.K.); (A.R.D.); (L.E.S.); (G.J.M.-V.); (J.L.G.); (C.J.S.); (J.A.F.)
| | - Lashelle E. Spencer
- Kennedy Space Center, Amentum Services, Inc., LASSO, Merritt Island, FL 32899, USA; (C.L.M.K.); (A.R.D.); (L.E.S.); (G.J.M.-V.); (J.L.G.); (C.J.S.); (J.A.F.)
| | - Gretchen J. Maldonado-Vasquez
- Kennedy Space Center, Amentum Services, Inc., LASSO, Merritt Island, FL 32899, USA; (C.L.M.K.); (A.R.D.); (L.E.S.); (G.J.M.-V.); (J.L.G.); (C.J.S.); (J.A.F.)
| | - Jennifer L. Gooden
- Kennedy Space Center, Amentum Services, Inc., LASSO, Merritt Island, FL 32899, USA; (C.L.M.K.); (A.R.D.); (L.E.S.); (G.J.M.-V.); (J.L.G.); (C.J.S.); (J.A.F.)
| | - Cory J. Spern
- Kennedy Space Center, Amentum Services, Inc., LASSO, Merritt Island, FL 32899, USA; (C.L.M.K.); (A.R.D.); (L.E.S.); (G.J.M.-V.); (J.L.G.); (C.J.S.); (J.A.F.)
| | - Jason A. Fischer
- Kennedy Space Center, Amentum Services, Inc., LASSO, Merritt Island, FL 32899, USA; (C.L.M.K.); (A.R.D.); (L.E.S.); (G.J.M.-V.); (J.L.G.); (C.J.S.); (J.A.F.)
| | - Nicole Dufour
- Kennedy Space Center, Utilization and Life Sciences Office, NASA, Merritt Island, FL 32899, USA; (N.D.); (R.M.W.); (M.W.R.); (T.M.S.); (G.D.M.)
| | - Raymond M. Wheeler
- Kennedy Space Center, Utilization and Life Sciences Office, NASA, Merritt Island, FL 32899, USA; (N.D.); (R.M.W.); (M.W.R.); (T.M.S.); (G.D.M.)
| | - Matthew W. Romeyn
- Kennedy Space Center, Utilization and Life Sciences Office, NASA, Merritt Island, FL 32899, USA; (N.D.); (R.M.W.); (M.W.R.); (T.M.S.); (G.D.M.)
| | - Trent M. Smith
- Kennedy Space Center, Utilization and Life Sciences Office, NASA, Merritt Island, FL 32899, USA; (N.D.); (R.M.W.); (M.W.R.); (T.M.S.); (G.D.M.)
| | - Gioia D. Massa
- Kennedy Space Center, Utilization and Life Sciences Office, NASA, Merritt Island, FL 32899, USA; (N.D.); (R.M.W.); (M.W.R.); (T.M.S.); (G.D.M.)
| | - Ye Zhang
- Kennedy Space Center, Utilization and Life Sciences Office, NASA, Merritt Island, FL 32899, USA; (N.D.); (R.M.W.); (M.W.R.); (T.M.S.); (G.D.M.)
- Correspondence: (M.E.H.); (Y.Z.)
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Durán P, Reinstädler A, Rajakrut AL, Hashimoto M, Garrido-Oter R, Schulze-Lefert P, Panstruga R. A fungal powdery mildew pathogen induces extensive local and marginal systemic changes in the Arabidopsis thaliana microbiota. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:6292-6308. [PMID: 34519166 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Powdery mildew is a foliar disease caused by epiphytically growing obligate biotrophic ascomycete fungi. How powdery mildew colonization affects host resident microbial communities locally and systemically remains poorly explored. We performed powdery mildew (Golovinomyces orontii) infection experiments with Arabidopsis thaliana grown in either natural soil or a gnotobiotic system and studied the influence of pathogen invasion into standing natural multi-kingdom or synthetic bacterial communities (SynComs). We found that after infection of soil-grown plants, G. orontii outcompeted numerous resident leaf-associated fungi while fungal community structure in roots remained unaltered. We further detected a significant shift in foliar but not root-associated bacterial communities in this setup. Pre-colonization of germ-free A. thaliana leaves with a bacterial leaf-derived SynCom, followed by G. orontii invasion, induced an overall similar shift in the foliar bacterial microbiota and minor changes in the root-associated bacterial assemblage. However, a standing root-derived SynCom in root samples remained robust against foliar infection with G. orontii. Although pathogen growth was unaffected by the leaf SynCom, fungal infection caused a twofold increase in leaf bacterial load. Our findings indicate that G. orontii infection affects mainly microbial communities in local plant tissue, possibly driven by pathogen-induced changes in source-sink relationships and host immune status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Durán
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne, 50829, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Anja Reinstädler
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Worringerweg 1, Aachen, 52056, Germany
| | - Anna Lisa Rajakrut
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Masayoshi Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ruben Garrido-Oter
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne, 50829, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Paul Schulze-Lefert
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne, 50829, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Worringerweg 1, Aachen, 52056, Germany
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Peng Y, Li SJ, Yan J, Tang Y, Cheng JP, Gao AJ, Yao X, Ruan JJ, Xu BL. Research Progress on Phytopathogenic Fungi and Their Role as Biocontrol Agents. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:670135. [PMID: 34122383 PMCID: PMC8192705 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.670135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytopathogenic fungi decrease crop yield and quality and cause huge losses in agricultural production. To prevent the occurrence of crop diseases and insect pests, farmers have to use many synthetic chemical pesticides. The extensive use of these pesticides has resulted in a series of environmental and ecological problems, such as the increase in resistant weed populations, soil compaction, and water pollution, which seriously affect the sustainable development of agriculture. This review discusses the main advances in research on plant-pathogenic fungi in terms of their pathogenic factors such as cell wall-degrading enzymes, toxins, growth regulators, effector proteins, and fungal viruses, as well as their application as biocontrol agents for plant pests, diseases, and weeds. Finally, further studies on plant-pathogenic fungal resources with better biocontrol effects can help find new beneficial microbial resources that can control diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Peng
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Shi J Li
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing in Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Schools of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Tang
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jian P Cheng
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - An J Gao
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xin Yao
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jing J Ruan
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Bing L Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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Nucleotide-Binding Leucine-Rich Repeat Genes CsRSF1 and CsRSF2 Are Positive Modulators in the Cucumis sativus Defense Response to Sphaerotheca fuliginea. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083986. [PMID: 33924330 PMCID: PMC8069588 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cucumber powdery mildew caused by Sphaerotheca fuliginea is a leaf disease that seriously affects cucumber's yield and quality. This study aimed to report two nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeats (NBS-LRR) genes CsRSF1 and CsRSF2, which participated in regulating the resistance of cucumber to S. fuliginea. The subcellular localization showed that the CsRSF1 protein was localized in the nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane, while the CsRSF2 protein was localized in the cell membrane and cytoplasm. In addition, the transcript levels of CsRSF1 and CsRSF2 were different between resistant and susceptible cultivars after treatment with exogenous substances, such as abscisic acid (ABA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), salicylic acid (SA), ethephon (ETH), gibberellin (GA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The expression analysis showed that the transcript levels of CsRSF1 and CsRSF2 were correlated with plant defense response against S. fuliginea. Moreover, the silencing of CsRSF1 and CsRSF2 impaired host resistance to S. fuliginea, but CsRSF1 and CsRSF2 overexpression improved resistance to S. fuliginea in cucumber. These results showed that CsRSF1 and CsRSF2 genes positively contributed to the resistance of cucumber to S. fuliginea. At the same time, CsRSF1 and CsRSF2 genes could also regulate the expression of defense-related genes. The findings of this study might help enhance the resistance of cucumber to S. fuliginea.
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11
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Zechmann B. Subcellular Roles of Glutathione in Mediating Plant Defense during Biotic Stress. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9091067. [PMID: 32825274 PMCID: PMC7569779 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione and reactive oxygen species (ROS) play important roles, within different cell compartments, in activating plant defense and the development of resistance. In mitochondria, the accumulation of ROS and the change of glutathione towards its oxidized state leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, activates cell death, and triggers resistance. The accumulation of glutathione in chloroplasts and peroxisomes at the early stages of plant pathogen interactions is related to increased tolerance and resistance. The collapse of the antioxidative system in these two cell compartments at the later stages leads to cell death through retrograde signaling. The cytosol can be considered to be the switchboard during biotic stress where glutathione is synthesized, equally distributed to, and collected from different cell compartments. Changes in the redox state of glutathione and the accumulation of ROS in the cytosol during biotic stress can initiate the activation of defense genes in nuclei through pathways that involve salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, auxins, and abscisic acid. This review dissects the roles of glutathione in individual organelles during compatible and incompatible bacterial, fungal, and viral diseases in plants and explores the subcelluar roles of ROS, glutathione, ascorbate, and related enzymes in the development of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Zechmann
- Center for Microscopy and Imaging, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97046, Waco, TX 76798, USA
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Bartholomé J, Brachi B, Marçais B, Mougou-Hamdane A, Bodénès C, Plomion C, Robin C, Desprez-Loustau ML. The genetics of exapted resistance to two exotic pathogens in pedunculate oak. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:1088-1103. [PMID: 31711257 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Exotic pathogens cause severe damage in natural populations in the absence of coevolutionary dynamics with their hosts. However, some resistance to such pathogens may occur in naive populations. The objective of this study was to investigate the genetics of this so-called 'exapted' resistance to two pathogens of Asian origin (Erysiphe alphitoides and Phytophthora cinnamomi) in European oak. Host-pathogen compatibility was assessed by recording infection success and pathogen growth in a full-sib family of Quercus robur under controlled and natural conditions. Two high-resolution genetic maps anchored on the reference genome were used to study the genetic architecture of resistance and to identify positional candidate genes. Two genomic regions, each containing six strong and stable quantitative trait loci (QTLs) accounting for 12-19% of the phenotypic variation, were mainly associated with E. alphitoides infection. Candidate genes, especially genes encoding receptor-like-kinases and galactinol synthases, were identified in these regions. The three QTLs associated with P. cinnamomi infection did not colocate with QTLs found for E. alphitoides. These findings provide evidence that exapted resistance to E. alphitoides and P. cinnamomi is present in Q. robur and suggest that the underlying molecular mechanisms involve genes encoding proteins with extracellular signaling functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Bartholomé
- BIOGECO, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 69 route d'Arcachon, Cestas, 33610, France
- AGAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, 34398, France
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, TA A-108 / 03 - Avenue Agropolis, Montpellier, 34398, France
| | - Benjamin Brachi
- BIOGECO, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 69 route d'Arcachon, Cestas, 33610, France
| | - Benoit Marçais
- IAM, INRA, Université de Lorraine, Champenoux, Nancy, 54000, France
| | - Amira Mougou-Hamdane
- BIOGECO, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 69 route d'Arcachon, Cestas, 33610, France
- Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie, Université de Carthage, 43 avenue Charles Nicolle Cité el Mahrajène, Tunis, 1082, Tunisia
| | - Catherine Bodénès
- BIOGECO, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 69 route d'Arcachon, Cestas, 33610, France
| | - Christophe Plomion
- BIOGECO, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 69 route d'Arcachon, Cestas, 33610, France
| | - Cécile Robin
- BIOGECO, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 69 route d'Arcachon, Cestas, 33610, France
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Yang J, Wei S, Su D, Zhang Z, Chen S, Luo Z, Shen X, Lai Y, Jamil A, Tong J, Cui X. Comparison of the Rhizosphere Soil Microbial Community Structure and Diversity Between Powdery Mildew-Infected and Noninfected Strawberry Plants in a Greenhouse by High-Throughput Sequencing Technology. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:1724-1736. [PMID: 32314037 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-01948-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the microbial community structure and diversity in powdery mildew-infected and noninfected strawberry plant rhizosphere soils in the greenhouse based on variations in the 16S rRNA gene V3-V4 and fungal ITS2 regions by Illumina amplicon sequencing. Powdery mildew infection reduced the number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and prokaryotic and fungal community richness/diversity indexes in the rhizosphere soils compared with those in healthy plant soils. Furthermore, 3543 prokaryotic and 581 fungal OTUs were obtained at the 97% similarity level. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria, and Chloroflexi were the dominant bacterial phyla; Woesearchaeota_DHVEG-6, Bathyarchaeota, and Thaumarchaeota were the dominant archaea; and Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, unclassified_fungi, and Zygomycota were the dominant fungal phyla. Their proportions differed significantly among samples. Wolbachia, Devosia, Pseudolabrys, Streptomyces, and Rhizomicrobium were the most abundant bacterial genera; their proportions differed significantly among samples. Most Pseudomonas, Streptomyces, and 'norank' group members might be potential antagonistic microorganisms of powdery mildew pathogens, and Wolbachia and Rickettsia might be pathogen-transmitting vectors. Microascus, Clitopilus, and Ciliophora were the dominant fungi, and their community structures and abundances significantly differed among samples. Microascus, Talaromyces, Zopfiella, and Cryptococcus were relatively more abundant in the powdery mildew-infected strawberry plant rhizosphere soils. Fusarium, Trichoderma, Clitopilus, and 'unclassified' group members may be potential antagonistic populations. The results suggested that powdery mildew-infected strawberry fruits and plants cannot be consumed. This report is the first study to illustrate differences in the rhizosphere soil prokaryotic and fungal communities between powdery mildew-infected and noninfected strawberry plants in a greenhouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shijie Wei
- Kunming Academy of Agricultural Science, Kunming, 650034, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Daifa Su
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengrong Zhang
- Kunming Academy of Agricultural Science, Kunming, 650034, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanyan Chen
- Kunming Academy of Agricultural Science, Kunming, 650034, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Luo
- Kunming Academy of Agricultural Science, Kunming, 650034, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Shen
- Kunming Academy of Agricultural Science, Kunming, 650034, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghong Lai
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Arslan Jamil
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangyun Tong
- Kunming Academy of Agricultural Science, Kunming, 650034, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaolong Cui
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Khodadad CLM, Hummerick ME, Spencer LE, Dixit AR, Richards JT, Romeyn MW, Smith TM, Wheeler RM, Massa GD. Microbiological and Nutritional Analysis of Lettuce Crops Grown on the International Space Station. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:199. [PMID: 32210992 PMCID: PMC7067979 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability to grow safe, fresh food to supplement packaged foods of astronauts in space has been an important goal for NASA. Food crops grown in space experience different environmental conditions than plants grown on Earth (e.g., reduced gravity, elevated radiation levels). To study the effects of space conditions, red romaine lettuce, Lactuca sativa cv 'Outredgeous,' plants were grown in Veggie plant growth chambers on the International Space Station (ISS) and compared with ground-grown plants. Multiple plantings were grown on ISS and harvested using either a single, final harvest, or sequential harvests in which several mature leaves were removed from the plants at weekly intervals. Ground controls were grown simultaneously with a 24-72 h delay using ISS environmental data. Food safety of the plants was determined by heterotrophic plate counts for bacteria and fungi, as well as isolate identification using samples taken from the leaves and roots. Molecular characterization was conducted using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) to provide taxonomic composition and phylogenetic structure of the community. Leaves were also analyzed for elemental composition, as well as levels of phenolics, anthocyanins, and Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC). Comparison of flight and ground tissues showed some differences in total counts for bacteria and yeast/molds (2.14 - 4.86 log10 CFU/g), while screening for select human pathogens yielded negative results. Bacterial and fungal isolate identification and community characterization indicated variation in the diversity of genera between leaf and root tissue with diversity being higher in root tissue, and included differences in the dominant genera. The only difference between ground and flight experiments was seen in the third experiment, VEG-03A, with significant differences in the genera from leaf tissue. Flight and ground tissue showed differences in Fe, K, Na, P, S, and Zn content and total phenolic levels, but no differences in anthocyanin and ORAC levels. This study indicated that leafy vegetable crops can produce safe, edible, fresh food to supplement to the astronauts' diet, and provide baseline data for continual operation of the Veggie plant growth units on ISS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary E. Hummerick
- AECOM Management Services, Inc., LASSO, Kennedy Space Center, Merritt Island, FL, United States
| | - LaShelle E. Spencer
- AECOM Management Services, Inc., LASSO, Kennedy Space Center, Merritt Island, FL, United States
| | - Anirudha R. Dixit
- AECOM Management Services, Inc., LASSO, Kennedy Space Center, Merritt Island, FL, United States
| | - Jeffrey T. Richards
- AECOM Management Services, Inc., LASSO, Kennedy Space Center, Merritt Island, FL, United States
| | | | - Trent M. Smith
- NASA UB, Kennedy Space Center, Merritt Island, FL, United States
| | | | - Gioia D. Massa
- NASA UB, Kennedy Space Center, Merritt Island, FL, United States
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Leveau JH. A brief from the leaf: latest research to inform our understanding of the phyllosphere microbiome. Curr Opin Microbiol 2019; 49:41-49. [PMID: 31707206 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The plant leaf surface, or phyllosphere, represents a unique and challenging microbial biome with a diverse and dynamic community of commensal, parasitic, and mutualistic agents of microscopic proportions. This mini-review offers a digest of recently published research dedicated to the study of phyllosphere microbiota, framed in the context of processes and outcomes of microbial community assembly, structure, and (inter)activity in the phyllosphere, with particular focus on the contributions of environment, plant, and microbe, and on the potential benefits of interrogating those contributions at finer resolutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Hj Leveau
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Smigielski L, Laubach EM, Pesch L, Glock JML, Albrecht F, Slusarenko A, Panstruga R, Kuhn H. Nodulation Induces Systemic Resistance of Medicago truncatula and Pisum sativum Against Erysiphe pisi and Primes for Powdery Mildew-Triggered Salicylic Acid Accumulation. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:1243-1255. [PMID: 31025899 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-18-0304-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants encounter beneficial and detrimental microorganisms both above- and belowground and the health status of the plant depends on the composition of this pan-microbiome. Beneficial microorganisms contribute to plant nutrition or systemically or locally protect plants against pathogens, thus facilitating adaptation to a variety of environments. Induced systemic resistance, caused by root-associated microbes, manifests as aboveground resistance against necrotrophic pathogens and is mediated by jasmonic acid/ethylene-dependent signaling. By contrast, systemic acquired resistance relies on salicylic acid (SA) signaling and confers resistance against secondary infection by (hemi)biotrophic pathogens. To investigate whether symbiotic rhizobia that are ubiquitously found in natural ecosystems are able to modulate resistance against biotrophs, we tested the impact of preestablished nodulation of Medicago truncatula and pea (Pisum sativum) plants against infection by the powdery mildew fungus Erysiphe pisi. We found that root symbiosis interfered with fungal penetration of M. truncatula and reduced asexual spore formation on pea leaves independently of symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Improved resistance of nodulated plants correlated with elevated levels of free SA and SA-dependent marker gene expression upon powdery mildew infection. Our results suggest that nodulation primes the plants systemically for E. pisi-triggered SA accumulation and defense gene expression, resulting in increased resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Smigielski
- Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Laubach
- Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Lina Pesch
- Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Joanna Marie Leyva Glock
- Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Albrecht
- Institute for Biology III, Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University
| | - Alan Slusarenko
- Institute for Biology III, Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Hannah Kuhn
- Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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