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Ding M, Zhou Y, Becker D, Yang S, Krischke M, Scherzer S, Yu-Strzelczyk J, Mueller MJ, Hedrich R, Nagel G, Gao S, Konrad KR. Probing plant signal processing optogenetically by two channelrhodopsins. Nature 2024; 633:872-877. [PMID: 39198644 PMCID: PMC11424491 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07884-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
Early plant responses to different stress situations often encompass cytosolic Ca2+ increases, plasma membrane depolarization and the generation of reactive oxygen species1-3. However, the mechanisms by which these signalling elements are translated into defined physiological outcomes are poorly understood. Here, to study the basis for encoding of specificity in plant signal processing, we used light-gated ion channels (channelrhodopsins). We developed a genetically engineered channelrhodopsin variant called XXM 2.0 with high Ca2+ conductance that enabled triggering cytosolic Ca2+ elevations in planta. Plant responses to light-induced Ca2+ influx through XXM 2.0 were studied side by side with effects caused by an anion efflux through the light-gated anion channelrhodopsin ACR1 2.04. Although both tools triggered membrane depolarizations, their activation led to distinct plant stress responses: XXM 2.0-induced Ca2+ signals stimulated production of reactive oxygen species and defence mechanisms; ACR1 2.0-mediated anion efflux triggered drought stress responses. Our findings imply that discrete Ca2+ signals and anion efflux serve as triggers for specific metabolic and transcriptional reprogramming enabling plants to adapt to particular stress situations. Our optogenetics approach unveiled that within plant leaves, distinct physiological responses are triggered by specific ion fluxes, which are accompanied by similar electrical signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqi Ding
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Neurophysiology, Physiological Institute, University of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dirk Becker
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Shang Yang
- Department of Neurophysiology, Physiological Institute, University of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Krischke
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sönke Scherzer
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jing Yu-Strzelczyk
- Department of Neurophysiology, Physiological Institute, University of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin J Mueller
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Georg Nagel
- Department of Neurophysiology, Physiological Institute, University of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Shiqiang Gao
- Department of Neurophysiology, Physiological Institute, University of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Kai R Konrad
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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Rabiey M, Grace ER, Pawlos P, Bihi M, Ahmed H, Hampson GE, Al Riyami A, Alharbi L, Sanchez‐Lucas R, Korotania N, Ciusa ML, Mosley O, Hulin MT, Baxter L, Dhaouadi S, Vinchira‐Villarraga D, Jackson RW. Coevolutionary analysis of Pseudomonas syringae-phage interactions to help with rational design of phage treatments. Microb Biotechnol 2024; 17:e14489. [PMID: 38864499 PMCID: PMC11167607 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Treating plant bacterial diseases is notoriously difficult because of the lack of available antimicrobials. Pseudomonas syringae pathovar syringae (Pss) is a major pathogen of cherry (Prunus avium) causing bacterial canker of the stem, leaf and fruit, impacting productivity and leading to a loss of trees. In an attempt to find a treatment for this disease, naturally occurring bacteriophage (phage) that specifically target Pss is being investigated as a biocontrol strategy. However, before using them as a biocontrol treatment, it is important to both understand their efficacy in reducing the bacterial population and determine if the bacterial pathogens can evolve resistance to evade phage infection. To investigate this, killing curve assays of five MR phages targeting Pss showed that phage resistance rapidly emerges in vitro, even when using a cocktail of the five phages together. To gain insight to the changes occurring, Pss colonies were collected three times during a 66-h killing curve assay and separately, Pss and phage were also coevolved over 10 generations, enabling the measurement of genomic and fitness changes in bacterial populations. Pss evolved resistance to phages through modifications in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) synthesis pathways. Bacterial fitness (growth) and virulence were affected in only a few mutants. Deletion of LPS-associated genes suggested that LPS was the main target receptor for all five MR phages. Later generations of coevolved phages from the coevolution experiment were more potent at reducing the bacterial density and when used with wild-type phages could reduce the emergence of phage-resistant mutants. This study shows that understanding the genetic mechanisms of bacterial pathogen resistance to phages is important for helping to design a more effective approach to kill the bacteria while minimizing the opportunity for phage resistance to manifest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Rabiey
- School of Life Sciences, Gibbet Hill CampusUniversity of WarwickCoventryUK
- School of Biosciences and the Birmingham Institute of Forest ResearchUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Emily R. Grace
- School of Biosciences and the Birmingham Institute of Forest ResearchUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Paulina Pawlos
- School of Biosciences and the Birmingham Institute of Forest ResearchUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Muscab Bihi
- School of Biosciences and the Birmingham Institute of Forest ResearchUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Haleem Ahmed
- School of Biosciences and the Birmingham Institute of Forest ResearchUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Georgina E. Hampson
- School of Biosciences and the Birmingham Institute of Forest ResearchUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Amna Al Riyami
- School of Biosciences and the Birmingham Institute of Forest ResearchUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Leena Alharbi
- School of Biosciences and the Birmingham Institute of Forest ResearchUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Rosa Sanchez‐Lucas
- School of Biosciences and the Birmingham Institute of Forest ResearchUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Naina Korotania
- School of Biosciences and the Birmingham Institute of Forest ResearchUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Maria Laura Ciusa
- School of Biosciences and the Birmingham Institute of Forest ResearchUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Olivia Mosley
- School of Biosciences and the Birmingham Institute of Forest ResearchUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Michelle T. Hulin
- Department of Plant Soil & Microbial SciencesMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Laura Baxter
- Bioinformatics Research Technology PlatformUniversity of WarwickCoventryUK
| | - Sabrine Dhaouadi
- School of Biosciences and the Birmingham Institute of Forest ResearchUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Diana Vinchira‐Villarraga
- School of Biosciences and the Birmingham Institute of Forest ResearchUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Robert W. Jackson
- School of Biosciences and the Birmingham Institute of Forest ResearchUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
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Yang Y, Shao Y, Pei C, Liu Y, Zhang M, Zhu X, Li J, Feng L, Li G, Li K, Liang Y, Li Y. Pangenome analyses of Clostridium butyricum provide insights into its genetic characteristics and industrial application. Genomics 2024; 116:110855. [PMID: 38703968 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2024.110855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Clostridium butyricum is a Gram-positive anaerobic bacterium known for its ability to produce butyate. In this study, we conducted whole-genome sequencing and assembly of 14C. butyricum industrial strains collected from various parts of China. We performed a pan-genome comparative analysis of the 14 assembled strains and 139 strains downloaded from NCBI. We found that the genes related to critical industrial production pathways were primarily present in the core and soft-core gene categories. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that strains from the same clade of the phylogenetic tree possessed similar antibiotic resistance and virulence factors, with most of these genes present in the shell and cloud gene categories. Finally, we predicted the genes producing bacteriocins and botulinum toxins as well as CRISPR systems responsible for host defense. In conclusion, our research provides a desirable pan-genome database for the industrial production, food application, and genetic research of C. butyricum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yuan Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chenchen Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yangyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jinshan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lifei Feng
- Henan Jinbaihe Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Tangyin, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Guanghua Li
- Henan Jinbaihe Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Tangyin, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Keke Li
- Henan Jinbaihe Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Tangyin, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Yunxiang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yingjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Johnson JMB, Kunkel BN. AefR, a TetR Family Transcriptional Repressor, Regulates Several Auxin Responses in Pseudomonas syringae Strain PtoDC3000. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:155-165. [PMID: 38079389 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-23-0170-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), also known as auxin, plays important roles in plant growth and development, as well as in several plant-microbe interactions. IAA also acts as a microbial signal and in many bacteria regulates metabolism, stress responses, and virulence. In the bacterial plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 (PtoDC3000), exposure to IAA results in large-scale transcriptional reprogramming, including the differential expression of several known virulence genes. However, how PtoDC3000 senses and responds to IAA and what aspects of its biology are regulated by IAA is not understood. To investigate the mechanisms involved in perceiving and responding to IAA, we carried out a genetic screen for mutants with altered responses to IAA. One group of mutants of particular interest carried disruptions in the aefR gene encoding a TetR family transcriptional regulator. Gene expression analysis confirmed that the aefR mutants have altered responses to IAA. Thus, AefR is the first demonstrated auxin response regulator in PtoDC3000. We also investigated several aspects of PtoDC3000 biology that are regulated by both AefR and IAA, including antibiotic resistance, motility, and virulence. The observation that the aefR mutant has altered virulence on Arabidopsis, suggests that the sector of the IAA response regulated by aefR is important during pathogenesis. Our findings also provide evidence that AefR plays a role in coordinating changes in gene expression during the transition from early to late stages of infection. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M B Johnson
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, U.S.A
| | - Barbara N Kunkel
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, U.S.A
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Vacheron J, Heiman CM, Garneau JR, Kupferschmied P, de Jonge R, Garrido-Sanz D, Keel C. Molecular and evolutionary basis of O-antigenic polysaccharide-driven phage sensitivity in environmental pseudomonads. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0204923. [PMID: 37800913 PMCID: PMC10715155 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02049-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The application of plant-beneficial microorganisms to protect crop plants is a promising alternative to the usage of chemicals. However, biocontrol research often faces difficulties in implementing this approach due to the inconsistency of the bacterial inoculant to establish itself within the root microbiome. Beneficial bacterial inoculants can be decimated by the presence of their natural predators, notably bacteriophages (also called phages). Thus, it is important to gain knowledge regarding the mechanisms behind phage-bacteria interactions to overcome this challenge. Here, we evidence that the major long O-antigenic polysaccharide (O-PS, O-antigen) of the widely used model plant-beneficial bacterium Pseudomonas protegens CHA0 is the receptor of its natural predator, the phage ΦGP100. We examined the distribution of the gene cluster directing the synthesis of this O-PS and identified signatures of horizontal gene acquisitions. Altogether, our study highlights the importance of bacterial cell surface structure variation in the complex interplay between phages and their Pseudomonas hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Vacheron
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clara M. Heiman
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julian R. Garneau
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Peter Kupferschmied
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ronnie de Jonge
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4Life, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel Garrido-Sanz
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Keel
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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6
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Kaneko H, Miyata F, Kurokawa M, Hashimoto K, Kuchitsu K, Furuya T. Diversity and characteristics of plant immunity-activating bacteria from Brassicaceae plants. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:175. [PMID: 37407947 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02920-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microorganisms that activate plant immune responses are useful for application as biocontrol agents in agriculture to minimize crop losses. The present study was conducted to identify and characterize plant immunity-activating microorganisms in Brassicaceae plants. RESULTS A total of 25 bacterial strains were isolated from the interior of a Brassicaceae plant, Raphanus sativus var. hortensis. Ten different genera of bacteria were identified: Pseudomonas, Leclercia, Enterobacter, Xanthomonas, Rhizobium, Agrobacterium, Pantoea, Rhodococcus, Microbacterium, and Plantibacter. The isolated strains were analyzed using a method to detect plant immunity-activating microorganisms that involves incubation of the microorganism with tobacco BY-2 cells, followed by treatment with cryptogein, a proteinaceous elicitor of tobacco immune responses. In this method, cryptogein-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in BY-2 cells serves as a marker of immune activation. Among the 25 strains examined, 6 strains markedly enhanced cryptogein-induced ROS production in BY-2 cells. These 6 strains colonized the interior of Arabidopsis plants, and Pseudomonas sp. RS3R-1 and Rhodococcus sp. RS1R-6 selectively enhanced plant resistance to the bacterial pathogens Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum NBRC 14082, respectively. In addition, Pseudomonas sp. RS1P-1 effectively enhanced resistance to both pathogens. We also comprehensively investigated the localization (i.e., cellular or extracellular) of the plant immunity-activating components produced by the bacteria derived from R. sativus var. hortensis and the components produced by previously isolated bacteria derived from another Brassicaceae plant species, Brassica rapa var. perviridis. Most gram-negative strains enhanced cryptogein-induced ROS production in BY-2 cells via the presence of cells themselves rather than via extracellular components, whereas many gram-positive strains enhanced ROS production via extracellular components. Comparative genomic analyses supported the hypothesis that the structure of lipopolysaccharides in the outer cell envelope plays an important role in the ROS-enhancing activity of gram-negative Pseudomonas strains. CONCLUSIONS The assay method described here based on elicitor-induced ROS production in cultured plant cells enabled the discovery of novel plant immunity-activating bacteria from R. sativus var. hortensis. The results in this study also suggest that components involved in the ROS-enhancing activity of the bacteria may differ depending largely on genus and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kaneko
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki, Noda, 2641, 278-8510, Chiba, Japan
| | - Fuma Miyata
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki, Noda, 2641, 278-8510, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mari Kurokawa
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki, Noda, 2641, 278-8510, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki, Noda, 2641, 278-8510, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Kuchitsu
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki, Noda, 2641, 278-8510, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshiki Furuya
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki, Noda, 2641, 278-8510, Chiba, Japan.
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Chen X, Sun Q, Tang L, Guo T, Huang S, Mo J, Li Q. First Report of Bacterial Necrosis Caused by Pantoea vagans in Mango in China. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 107:1935. [PMID: 36350723 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-08-22-1950-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the most important tropical fruits in China. Bacterial black spot is one of the primary factors limiting mango production and thus leads to huge economic losses (Bie et al. 2022). In June 2020, necrotic symptoms similar to bacterial black spot was observed with incidence 30% to 65% on mango cultivar Yuwen, Jinhuang, Tainong and Guifei in Baise, Guangxi, China. Typically, the lesions began as chlorotic spots that coalesced into an irregular shape, becoming black and slightly raised, with a yellow halo. Thirteen diseased samples collected from five orchards were cut into approximately 5-mm pieces, sterilized for 10 s with 75% ethanol, soaked with 2% NaClO for 1 min, and rinsed in sterilized water three times. The samples were then homogenized and a 10-fold serial dilution was made before plating onto Lysogeny broth (LB) agar. After incubation at 28°C for 3 days, one representative colony that was beige to yellow in color, round, convex and smooth with entire margins from each orchard was selected for further study. Genomic DNA was extracted to amplify the 16S rRNA gene (Lane et al. 1991). The resulting 16S rRNA sequences were compared in GenBank using BLASTn and shared at least 99% identity with Pantoea spp.. Furthermore, six housekeeping genes fusA, gyrB, leuS, pyrG, rplB and rpoB partial sequences of five isolates were amplified and sequenced (Delétoile et al. 2009). The sequences were deposited in GenBank (16S rRNA: OL413424 to OL413246, OP225727-OP225728; leuS: OL441796, OL441798 to OL441801; fusA, gyrB, leuS, pyrG, rplB and rpoB: OP272638-OP272662). The five bacterial isolates were classified as P. vagans based on the phylogenetic tree of the concatenated sequences and sequences derived from different Pantoea reference isolates inferred by maximum-likelihood using MegaX software (Kumar et al. 2018). Biochemical tests showed the isolates were Gram-negative, oxidase negative, and hydrogen oxidase positive, and could use D-glucose, D-fructose, L-rhamnose, D-galactose and D-mannitose as a carbon resource (Bradbury, 1986). Pathogenicity tests were performed on mango cv. Yuwen. The representative isolate was inoculated by infiltration with sterile needleless syringes on healthy leaves and spraying onto slightly scratched leaves with bacterial suspensions (OD600=0.1) respectively (Kutschera, et al. 2019). A Xanthomonas citri pv. mangiferaeindicae (Xcm) suspension and sterilized water were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. Inoculated plants were kept with 90 ± 5% relative humidity and 28 ± 1°C in the greenhouse for 1 week. Black to brown necrotic symptoms were observed on all leaves inoculated by infiltration except the negative control. These were observed in plants inoculated by spraying only after 2 weeks. Bacteria re-isolated from diseased tissues were consistent with the inoculated isolates and identified as P. vagans, fulfilling Koch's postulates. To date, P. vagans have been isolated from eucalyptus with bacterial blight and dieback, and maize with brown stalk rot (Brady et al. 2009). However, to our knowledge, this is the first report of P. vagans causing bacterial necrosis on mango in China. It was also found that some of the diseased samples were coinfected with P. vagans and Xcm in our investigation. Therefore, it is necessary to further study the infection mechanisms of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, 530007, ChinaNanning,Guangxi, China, 530007;
| | - Qiuling Sun
- Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Nanning, China;
| | - Lihua Tang
- Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of plant protection, 174, daxuedong road, nanning, Guangxi, Nanning, Guangxi, China, X2ogGBuM
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Nanning, Guangxi, China;
| | - Tangxun Guo
- Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Nanning, Guangxi, China;
| | - SuiPing Huang
- Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Plant Protection Research Institute, 174 daxue road, Nanning, Guangxi Province, Nanning, Guangxi, China, 530007
- China and Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, 174 daxue road, Nanning, Guangxi Province, Nanning, Guangxi, China, 530007;
| | - Jianyou Mo
- Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of plant protection, Nanning, Guangxi, China;
| | - Qili Li
- Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, 174 daxue road, Nanning, Guangxi Province, Nanning, Guangxi, China, 530007;
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Xu Y, Yang L, Wang H, Wei X, Shi Y, Liang D, Cao M, He N. Putative functions of EpsK in teichuronic acid synthesis and phosphate starvation in Bacillus licheniformis. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2022; 7:815-823. [PMID: 35475252 PMCID: PMC9018123 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) are extracellular macromolecules in bacteria, which function in cell growth and show potential for mechanism study and biosynthesis application. However, the biosynthesis mechanism of EPS is still not clear. We herein chose Bacillus licheniformis CGMCC 2876 as a target strain to investigate the EPS biosynthesis. epsK, a member of eps cluster, the predicted polysaccharide synthesis cluster, was overexpressed and showed that the overexpression of epsK led to a 26.54% decrease in the production of EPS and resulted in slenderer cell shape. Transcriptome analysis combined with protein-protein interactions analysis and protein modeling revealed that epsK was likely responsible for the synthesis of teichuronic acid, a substitute cell wall component of teichoic acid when the strain was suffering phosphate limitation. Further cell cultivation showed that either phosphate limitation or the overexpression of teichuronic acid synthesis genes, tuaB and tuaE could similarly lead to EPS reduction. The enhanced production of teichuronic acid induced by epsK overexpression triggered the endogenous phosphate starvation, resulting in the decreased EPS synthesis and biomass, and the enhanced bacterial chemotaxis. This study presents an insight into the mechanism of EPS synthesis and offers the potential in controllable synthesis of target products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyuan Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
| | - Lijie Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Wei
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
| | - Yanyan Shi
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
| | - Dafeng Liang
- Institute of Bioengineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510316, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Mingfeng Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
- Corresponding author. Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China.
| | - Ning He
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
- Corresponding author. Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China.
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Offor BC, Mhlongo MI, Steenkamp PA, Dubery IA, Piater LA. Untargeted Metabolomics Profiling of Arabidopsis WT, lbr-2-2 and bak1-4 Mutants Following Treatment with Two LPS Chemotypes. Metabolites 2022; 12:379. [PMID: 35629883 PMCID: PMC9146344 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12050379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants perceive pathogenic threats from the environment that have evaded preformed barriers through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognise microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). The perception of and triggered defence to lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) as a MAMP is well-studied in mammals, but little is known in plants, including the PRR(s). Understanding LPS-induced secondary metabolites and perturbed metabolic pathways in Arabidopsis will be key to generating disease-resistant plants and improving global plant crop yield. Recently, Arabidopsis LPS-binding protein (LBP) and bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI)-related proteins (LBP/BPI related-1) and (LBP/BPI related-2) were shown to perceive LPS from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and trigger defence responses. In turn, brassinosteroid insensitive 1 (BRI1)-associated receptor kinase 1 (BAK1) is a well-established co-receptor for several defence-related PRRs in plants. Due to the lack of knowledge pertaining to LPS perception in plants and given the involvement of the afore-mentioned proteins in MAMPs recognition, in this study, Arabidopsis wild type (WT) and mutant (lbr2-2 and bak1-4) plants were pressure-infiltrated with LPSs purified from Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst) and Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris 8004 (Xcc). Metabolites were extracted from the leaves at four time points over a 24 h period and analysed by UHPLC-MS, generating distinct metabolite profiles. Data analysed using unsupervised and supervised multivariate data analysis (MVDA) tools generated results that reflected time- and treatment-related variations after both LPS chemotypes treatments. Forty-five significant metabolites were putatively annotated and belong to the following groups: glucosinolates, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, flavonoids, lignans, lipids, oxylipins, arabidopsides and phytohormones, while metabolic pathway analysis (MetPA) showed enrichment of flavone and flavanol biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism and glucosinolate biosynthesis. Distinct metabolite accumulations depended on the LPS chemotype and the genetic background of the lbr2-2 and bak1-4 mutants. This study highlights the role of LPSs in the reprogramming Arabidopsis metabolism into a defensive state, and the possible role of LBR and BAK1 proteins in LPSs perception and thus plant defence against pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lizelle A. Piater
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; (B.C.O.); (M.I.M.); (P.A.S.); (I.A.D.)
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10
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Krishna PS, Woodcock SD, Pfeilmeier S, Bornemann S, Zipfel C, Malone JG. Pseudomonas syringae addresses distinct environmental challenges during plant infection through the coordinated deployment of polysaccharides. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:2206-2221. [PMID: 34905021 PMCID: PMC8982409 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Prior to infection, phytopathogenic bacteria face a challenging environment on the plant surface, where they are exposed to nutrient starvation and abiotic stresses. Pathways enabling surface adhesion, stress tolerance, and epiphytic survival are important for successful plant pathogenesis. Understanding the roles and regulation of these pathways is therefore crucial to fully understand bacterial plant infections. The phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) encodes multiple polysaccharides that are implicated in biofilm formation, stress survival, and virulence in other microbes. To examine how these polysaccharides impact Pst epiphytic survival and pathogenesis, we analysed mutants in multiple polysaccharide loci to determine their intersecting contributions to epiphytic survival and infection. In parallel, we used qRT-PCR to analyse the regulation of each pathway. Pst polysaccharides are tightly coordinated by multiple environmental signals. Nutrient availability, temperature, and surface association strongly affect the expression of different polysaccharides under the control of the signalling protein genes ladS and cbrB and the second messenger cyclic-di-GMP. Furthermore, functionally redundant, combinatorial phenotypes were observed for several polysaccharides. Exopolysaccharides play a role in mediating leaf adhesion, while α-glucan and alginate together confer desiccation tolerance. Our results suggest that polysaccharides play important roles in overcoming environmental challenges to Pst during plant infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilla Sankara Krishna
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Stuart Daniel Woodcock
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Sebastian Pfeilmeier
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Stephen Bornemann
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jacob George Malone
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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11
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Gerster T, Wröbel M, Hofstaedter CE, Schwudke D, Ernst RK, Ranf S, Gisch N. Remodeling of Lipid A in Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1996. [PMID: 35216122 PMCID: PMC8876380 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23041996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas species infect a variety of organisms, including mammals and plants. Mammalian pathogens of the Pseudomonas family modify their lipid A during host entry to evade immune responses and to create an effective barrier against different environments, for example by removal of primary acyl chains, addition of phosphoethanolamine (P-EtN) to primary phosphates, and hydroxylation of secondary acyl chains. For Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola (Pph) 1448A, an economically important pathogen of beans, we observed similar lipid A modifications by mass spectrometric analysis. Therefore, we investigated predicted proteomes of various plant-associated Pseudomonas spp. for putative lipid A-modifying proteins using the well-studied mammalian pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a reference. We generated isogenic mutant strains of candidate genes and analyzed their lipid A. We show that the function of PagL, LpxO, and EptA is generally conserved in Pph 1448A. PagL-mediated de-acylation occurs at the distal glucosamine, whereas LpxO hydroxylates the secondary acyl chain on the distal glucosamine. The addition of P-EtN catalyzed by EptA occurs at both phosphates of lipid A. Our study characterizes lipid A modifications in vitro and provides a useful set of mutant strains relevant for further functional studies on lipid A modifications in Pph 1448A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Gerster
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany;
| | - Michelle Wröbel
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, 23845 Borstel, Germany; (M.W.); (D.S.)
| | - Casey E. Hofstaedter
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (C.E.H.); (R.K.E.)
| | - Dominik Schwudke
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, 23845 Borstel, Germany; (M.W.); (D.S.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Thematic Translational Unit Tuberculosis, Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 23845 Borstel, Germany
- Airway Research Center North, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Site Research Center Borstel, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Robert K. Ernst
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (C.E.H.); (R.K.E.)
| | - Stefanie Ranf
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany;
| | - Nicolas Gisch
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, 23845 Borstel, Germany; (M.W.); (D.S.)
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12
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Analysis of the Structure and Biosynthesis of the Lipopolysaccharide Core Oligosaccharide of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063250. [PMID: 33806795 PMCID: PMC8005017 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, is important for bacterial viability in general and host-pathogen interactions in particular. Negative charges at its core oligosaccharide (core-OS) contribute to membrane integrity through bridging interactions with divalent cations. The molecular structure and synthesis of the core-OS have been resolved in various bacteria including the mammalian pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A few core-OS structures of plant-associated Pseudomonas strains have been solved to date, but the genetic components of the underlying biosynthesis remained unclear. We conducted a comparative genome analysis of the core-OS gene cluster in Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000, a widely used model pathogen in plant-microbe interactions, within the P. syringae species complex and to other plant-associated Pseudomonas strains. Our results suggest a genetic and structural conservation of the inner core-OS but variation in outer core-OS composition within the P. syringae species complex. Structural analysis of the core-OS of Pst DC3000 shows an uncommonly high phosphorylation and presence of an O-acetylated sugar. Finally, we combined the results of our genomic survey with available structure information to estimate the core-OS composition of other Pseudomonas species.
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Jayaraman J, Jones WT, Harvey D, Hemara LM, McCann HC, Yoon M, Warring SL, Fineran PC, Mesarich CH, Templeton MD. Variation at the common polysaccharide antigen locus drives lipopolysaccharide diversity within the Pseudomonas syringae species complex. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:5356-5372. [PMID: 32985740 PMCID: PMC7820976 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The common polysaccharide antigen (CPA) of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Pseudomonas syringae is highly variable, but the genetic basis for this is poorly understood. We have characterized the CPA locus from P. syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa). This locus has genes for l- and d-rhamnose biosynthesis and an operon coding for ABC transporter subunits, a bifunctional glycosyltransferase and an o-methyltransferase. This operon is predicted to have a role in the transport, elongation and termination of the CPA oligosaccharide and is referred to as the TET operon. Two alleles of the TET operon were present in different biovars (BV) of Psa and lineages of the closely related pathovar P. syringae pv. actinidifoliorum. This allelic variation was reflected in the electrophoretic properties of purified LPS from the different isolates. Gene knockout of the TET operon allele from BV1 and replacement with that from BV3, demonstrated the link between the genetic locus and the biochemical properties of the LPS molecules in Psa. Sequence analysis of the TET operon from a range of P. syringae and P. viridiflava isolates displayed a phylogenetic history incongruent with core gene phylogeny but correlates with previously reported tailocin sensitivity, suggesting a functional relationship between LPS structure and tailocin susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Jayaraman
- Bioprotection TechnologiesThe New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research LimitedAucklandNew Zealand
- Bioprotection Centre for Research ExcellenceNew Zealand
| | - William T. Jones
- Bioprotection TechnologiesThe New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research LimitedPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Dawn Harvey
- Bioprotection TechnologiesThe New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research LimitedPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Lauren M. Hemara
- Bioprotection TechnologiesThe New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research LimitedAucklandNew Zealand
- Bioprotection Centre for Research ExcellenceNew Zealand
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AucklandNew Zealand
| | - Honour C. McCann
- Institute of Advanced StudiesMassey UniversityAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Minsoo Yoon
- Bioprotection TechnologiesThe New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research LimitedAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Suzanne L. Warring
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Peter C. Fineran
- Bioprotection Centre for Research ExcellenceNew Zealand
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Carl H. Mesarich
- Bioprotection Centre for Research ExcellenceNew Zealand
- School of Agriculture and EnvironmentMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Matthew D. Templeton
- Bioprotection TechnologiesThe New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research LimitedAucklandNew Zealand
- Bioprotection Centre for Research ExcellenceNew Zealand
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AucklandNew Zealand
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