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Shu X, Yin D, Liang J, Xiang T, Zhang C, Li H, Zheng A, Li P, Wang A. Tilletia horrida glycoside hydrolase family 128 protein, designated ThGhd_7, modulates plant immunity by blocking reactive oxygen species production. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:2459-2474. [PMID: 38501941 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Tilletia horrida is an important soilborne fungal pathogen that causes rice kernel smut worldwide. We found a glycoside hydrolase family 128 protein, designated ThGhd_7, caused cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. The predicted signal peptide (SP) of ThGhd_7 targets it for secretion. However, loss of the SP did not affect its ability to induce cell death. The 23-201 amino acid sequence of ThGhd_7 was sufficient to trigger cell death in N. benthamiana. ThGhd_7 expression was induced and upregulated during T. horrida infection. ThGhd_7 localised to both the cytoplasm and nucleus of plant cells, and nuclear localisation was required to induce cell death. The ability of ThGhd_7 to trigger cell death in N. benthamiana depends on RAR1 (required for Mla12 resistance), SGT1 (suppressor of G2 allele of Skp1), and BAK1/SERK3 (somatic embryogenesis receptor-like kinase 3). Heterologous overexpression of ThGhd_7 in rice reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and enhanced susceptibility to T. horrida. Further research revealed that ThGhd_7 interacted with and destabilised OsSGT1, which is required for ROS production and is a positive regulator of rice resistance to T. horrida. Taken together, these findings suggest that T. horrida employs ThGhd_7 to disrupt ROS production and thereby promote infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Shu
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Desuo Yin
- Food Crop Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Liang
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Xiang
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Honglian Li
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Aiping Zheng
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Li
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Aijun Wang
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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2
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Horton KN, Gassmann W. Greater than the sum of their parts: an overview of the AvrRps4 effector family. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1400659. [PMID: 38799092 PMCID: PMC11116571 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1400659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Phytopathogenic microbes use secreted effector proteins to increase their virulence in planta. If these effectors or the results of their activity are detected by the plant cell, the plant will mount an immune response which applies evolutionary pressure by reducing growth and success of the pathogen. Bacterial effector proteins in the AvrRps4 family (AvrRps4, HopK1, and XopO) have commonly been used as tools to investigate plant immune components. At the same time, the in planta functions of this family of effectors have yet to be fully characterized. In this minireview we summarize current knowledge about the AvrRps4 effector family with emphasis on properties of the proteins themselves. We hypothesize that the HopK1 C-terminus and the AvrRps4 C-terminus, though unrelated in sequence and structure, are broadly related in functions that counteract plant defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Walter Gassmann
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, Bond Life Sciences Center, and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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3
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Li GB, Liu J, He JX, Li GM, Zhao YD, Liu XL, Hu XH, Zhang X, Wu JL, Shen S, Liu XX, Zhu Y, He F, Gao H, Wang H, Zhao JH, Li Y, Huang F, Huang YY, Zhao ZX, Zhang JW, Zhou SX, Ji YP, Pu M, He M, Chen X, Wang J, Li W, Wu XJ, Ning Y, Sun W, Xu ZJ, Wang WM, Fan J. Rice false smut virulence protein subverts host chitin perception and signaling at lemma and palea for floral infection. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:2000-2020. [PMID: 38299379 PMCID: PMC11062437 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
The flower-infecting fungus Ustilaginoidea virens causes rice false smut, which is a severe emerging disease threatening rice (Oryza sativa) production worldwide. False smut not only reduces yield, but more importantly produces toxins on grains, posing a great threat to food safety. U. virens invades spikelets via the gap between the 2 bracts (lemma and palea) enclosing the floret and specifically infects the stamen and pistil. Molecular mechanisms for the U. virens-rice interaction are largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that rice flowers predominantly employ chitin-triggered immunity against U. virens in the lemma and palea, rather than in the stamen and pistil. We identify a crucial U. virens virulence factor, named UvGH18.1, which carries glycoside hydrolase activity. Mechanistically, UvGH18.1 functions by binding to and hydrolyzing immune elicitor chitin and interacting with the chitin receptor CHITIN ELICITOR BINDING PROTEIN (OsCEBiP) and co-receptor CHITIN ELICITOR RECEPTOR KINASE1 (OsCERK1) to impair their chitin-induced dimerization, suppressing host immunity exerted at the lemma and palea for gaining access to the stamen and pistil. Conversely, pretreatment on spikelets with chitin induces a defense response in the lemma and palea, promoting resistance against U. virens. Collectively, our data uncover a mechanism for a U. virens virulence factor and the critical location of the host-pathogen interaction in flowers and provide a potential strategy to control rice false smut disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Bang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jia-Xue He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Gao-Meng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ya-Dan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang 621023, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jin-Long Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shuai Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xin-Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Feng He
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Han Gao
- College of Plant Protection and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - He Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jing-Hao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Fu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yan-Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhi-Xue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ji-Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shi-Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yun-Peng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Mei Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Min He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xuewei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Weitao Li
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xian-Jun Wu
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuese Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenxian Sun
- College of Plant Protection and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zheng-Jun Xu
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wen-Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Yazhouwan National Laboratory, Sanya 572024, China
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Mou B, Zhao G, Wang J, Wang S, He F, Ning Y, Li D, Zheng X, Cui F, Xue F, Zhang S, Sun W. The OsCPK17-OsPUB12-OsRLCK176 module regulates immune homeostasis in rice. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:987-1006. [PMID: 37831412 PMCID: PMC10980343 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant immunity is fine-tuned to balance growth and defense. However, little is yet known about molecular mechanisms underlying immune homeostasis in rice (Oryza sativa). In this study, we reveal that a rice calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK), OsCPK17, interacts with and stabilizes the receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase (RLCK) OsRLCK176, a close homolog of Arabidopsis thaliana BOTRYTIS-INDUCED KINASE 1 (AtBIK1). Oxidative burst and pathogenesis-related gene expression triggered by pathogen-associated molecular patterns are significantly attenuated in the oscpk17 mutant. The oscpk17 mutant and OsCPK17-silenced lines are more susceptible to bacterial diseases than the wild-type plants, indicating that OsCPK17 positively regulates rice immunity. Furthermore, the plant U-box (PUB) protein OsPUB12 ubiquitinates and degrades OsRLCK176. OsCPK17 phosphorylates OsRLCK176 at Ser83, which prevents the ubiquitination of OsRLCK176 by OsPUB12 and thereby enhances the stability and immune function of OsRLCK176. The phenotypes of the ospub12 mutant in defense responses and disease resistance show that OsPUB12 negatively regulates rice immunity. Therefore, OsCPK17 and OsPUB12 reciprocally maintain OsRLCK176 homeostasis and function as positive and negative immune regulators, respectively. This study uncovers positive cross talk between CDPK- and RLCK-mediated immune signaling in plants and reveals that OsCPK17, OsPUB12, and OsRLCK176 maintain rice immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohui Mou
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guosheng Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiyang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shanzhi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Feng He
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuese Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dayong Li
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Xinhang Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fuhao Cui
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fang Xue
- Wetland Agriculture and Ecology Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Shiyong Zhang
- Wetland Agriculture and Ecology Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Wenxian Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
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5
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Chen X, Liu C, Wang H, Liu Q, Yue Y, Duan Y, Wang Z, Zheng L, Chen X, Wang Y, Huang J, Xu Q, Pan Y. Ustilaginoidea virens-secreted effector Uv1809 suppresses rice immunity by enhancing OsSRT2-mediated histone deacetylation. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:148-164. [PMID: 37715970 PMCID: PMC10754013 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Rice false smut caused by Ustilaginoidea virens is a devastating rice (Oryza sativa) disease worldwide. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying U. virens-rice interactions are largely unknown. In this study, we identified a secreted protein, Uv1809, as a key virulence factor. Heterologous expression of Uv1809 in rice enhanced susceptibility to rice false smut and bacterial blight. Host-induced gene silencing of Uv1809 in rice enhanced resistance to U. virens, suggesting that Uv1809 inhibits rice immunity and promotes infection by U. virens. Uv1809 suppresses rice immunity by targeting and enhancing rice histone deacetylase OsSRT2-mediated histone deacetylation, thereby reducing H4K5ac and H4K8ac levels and interfering with the transcriptional activation of defence genes. CRISPR-Cas9 edited ossrt2 mutants showed no adverse effects in terms of growth and yield but displayed broad-spectrum resistance to rice pathogens, revealing a potentially valuable genetic resource for breeding disease resistance. Our study provides insight into defence mechanisms against plant pathogens that inactivate plant immunity at the epigenetic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Chen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest ManagementAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Chen Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest ManagementAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Hailin Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest ManagementAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Qi Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest ManagementAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Yaping Yue
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yuhang Duan
- The Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Zhaoyun Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest ManagementAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Lu Zheng
- The Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yaohui Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest ManagementAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Junbin Huang
- The Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Qiutao Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yuemin Pan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest ManagementAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
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Wen H, Meng S, Xie S, Shi H, Qiu J, Jiang N, Kou Y. Sucrose non-fermenting protein kinase gene UvSnf1 is required for virulence in Ustilaginoidea virens. Virulence 2023; 14:2235460. [PMID: 37450576 PMCID: PMC10351473 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2235460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice false smut caused by Ustilaginoidea virens is becoming one of the most devastating diseases in rice production areas in the world. Revealing U. virens potential pathogenic mechanisms provides ideas for formulating more effective prevention and control strategies. Sucrose non-fermenting 1 (Snf1) protein kinase plays a critical role in activating transcription and suppressing gene expression, as well as in cellular response to various stresses, such as nutrient limitation. In our study, we identified the Snf1 homolog UvSnf1 and analyzed its biological functions in U. virens. The expression level of UvSnf1 was dramatically up-regulated during invasion, indicating that UvSnf1 may participate in infection. Phenotypic analyses of UvSnf1 deletion mutants revealed that UvSnf1 is necessary for hyphae growth, spore production, and virulence in U. virens. Moreover, UvSnf1 promotes U. virens to use unfavorable carbon sources when the sucrose is insufficient. In addition, deletion of UvSnf1 down-regulates the expression of the cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) genes under sucrose limitation conditions in U. virens. Further analyses showed that CWDEs (UvCut1 and UvXyp1) are not only involved in growth, spore production, and virulence but are also required for the utilization of carbon sources. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that UvSnf1 plays vital roles in virulence and carbon source utilization in U. virens, and one of the possible mechanisms is playing a role in regulating the expression of CWDE genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuwei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huanbin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiehua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanjun Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
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Liu Z, Zhu Z, Huang Y, Nong S, Jiang M, Yi S, Xie D, Hu H. Identification of gene modules and hub genes associated with Colletotrichum siamense infection in mango using weighted gene co-expression network analysis. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:710. [PMID: 37996781 PMCID: PMC10668491 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09811-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Colletotrichum siamense is a hemibiotrophic ascomycetous fungus responsible for mango anthracnose. The key genes involved in C. siamense infection remained largely unknown. In this study, we conducted weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) of RNA-seq data to mine key genes involved in Colletotrichum siamense-mango interactions. Gene modules of Turquoise and Salmon, containing 1039 and 139 respectively, were associated with C. siamense infection, which were conducted for further analysis. GO enrichment analysis revealed that protein synthesis, organonitrogen compound biosynthetic and metabolic process, and endoplasmic reticulum-related genes were associated with C. siamense infection. A total of 568 proteins had homologs in the PHI database, 370 of which were related to virulence. The hub genes in each module were identified, which were annotated as O-methyltransferase (Salmon) and Clock-controlled protein 6 (Turquoise). A total of 24 proteins exhibited characteristics of SCRPs. By using transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana, the SCRPs of XM_036637681.1 could inhibit programmed cell death (PCD) that induced by BAX (BCL-2-associated X protein), suggesting that it may play important roles in C. siamense infection. A mango-C. siamense co-expression network was constructed, and the mango gene of XM_044632979.1 (auxin-induced protein 15A-like) was positively associated with 5 SCRPs. These findings help to deepen the current understanding of necrotrophic stage in C. siamense infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongling Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Mango, Baise, 533000, China.
| | - Zhengjie Zhu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Mango, Baise, 533000, China
| | - Yuanhe Huang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, China
| | - Song Nong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, China
| | - Minli Jiang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, China
| | - Sangui Yi
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, China
| | - Delong Xie
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, China
| | - Hongliu Hu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, China
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Mendoza CS, Findlay A, Judelson HS. A Variant of LbCas12a and Elevated Incubation Temperatures Enhance the Rate of Gene Editing in the Oomycete Phytophthora infestans. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:677-681. [PMID: 37470431 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-23-0072-sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas editing systems have proved to be powerful tools for functional genomics research, but their effectiveness in many non-model species remains limited. In the potato and tomato pathogen Phytophthora infestans, an editing system was previously developed that expresses the Lachnospiracae bacterium Cas12a endonuclease (LbCas12a) and guide RNA from a DNA vector. However, the method works at low efficiency. Based on a hypothesis that editing is constrained by a mismatch between the optimal temperatures for P. infestans growth and endonuclease catalysis, we tested two strategies that increased the frequency of editing of two target genes by about 10-fold. First, we found that editing was boosted by a mutation in LbCas12a (D156R) that had been reported to expand its catalytic activity over a broader temperature range. Second, we observed that editing was enhanced by transiently incubating transformed tissue at a higher temperature. These modifications should make CRISPR-Cas12a more useful for interrogating gene and protein function in P. infestans and its relatives, especially species that grow optimally at lower temperatures. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl S Mendoza
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Annika Findlay
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Howard S Judelson
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
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9
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Zou J, Jiang C, Qiu S, Duan G, Wang G, Li D, Yu S, Zhao D, Sun W. An Ustilaginoidea virens glycoside hydrolase 42 protein is an essential virulence factor and elicits plant immunity as a PAMP. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:1414-1429. [PMID: 37452482 PMCID: PMC10576179 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Rice false smut, caused by the ascomycete fungus Ustilaginoidea virens, which infects rice florets before heading, severely threatens rice grain yield and quality worldwide. The U. virens genome encodes a number of glycoside hydrolase (GH) proteins. So far, the functions of these GHs in U. virens are largely unknown. In this study, we identified a GH42 protein secreted by U. virens, named UvGHF1, that exhibits β-galactosidase activity. UvGHF1 not only functions as an essential virulence factor during U. virens infection, but also serves as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) in Nicotiana benthamiana and rice. The PAMP activity of UvGHF1 is independent of its β-galactosidase activity. Moreover, UvGHF1 triggers cell death in N. benthamiana in a BAK1-dependent manner. Ectopic expression of UvGHF1 in rice induces pattern-triggered immunity and enhances rice resistance to fungal and bacterial diseases. RNA-seq analysis revealed that UvGHF1 expression in rice not only activates expression of many defence-related genes encoding leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases and WRKY and ERF transcription factors, but also induces diterpenoid biosynthesis and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways. Therefore, UvGHF1 contributes to U. virens virulence, but is also recognized by the rice surveillance system to trigger plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Zou
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Chunquan Jiang
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Shanshan Qiu
- Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Guohua Duan
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Guanqun Wang
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Dayong Li
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Siwen Yu
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Dan Zhao
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Wenxian Sun
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
- Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
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10
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Wang J, Wang D, Ji X, Wang J, Klosterman SJ, Dai X, Chen J, Subbarao KV, Hao X, Zhang D. The Verticillium dahliae Small Cysteine-Rich Protein VdSCP23 Manipulates Host Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119403. [PMID: 37298354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Verticillium wilt caused by Verticillium dahliae is a notorious soil-borne fungal disease and seriously threatens the yield of economic crops worldwide. During host infection, V. dahliae secretes many effectors that manipulate host immunity, among which small cysteine-rich proteins (SCPs) play an important role. However, the exact roles of many SCPs from V. dahliae are unknown and varied. In this study, we show that the small cysteine-rich protein VdSCP23 inhibits cell necrosis in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, as well as the reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst, electrolyte leakage and the expression of defense-related genes. VdSCP23 is mainly localized in the plant cell plasma membrane and nucleus, but its inhibition of immune responses was independent of its nuclear localization. Site-directed mutagenesis and peptide truncation showed that the inhibition function of VdSCP23 was independent of cysteine residues but was dependent on the N-glycosylation sites and the integrity of VdSCP23 protein structure. Deletion of VdSCP23 did not affect the growth and development of mycelia or conidial production in V. dahliae. Unexpectedly, VdSCP23 deletion strains still maintained their virulence for N. benthamiana, Gossypium hirsutum and Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. This study demonstrates an important role for VdSCP23 in the inhibition of plant immune responses; however, it is not required for normal growth or virulence in V. dahliae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Dan Wang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaobin Ji
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jun Wang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Steven J Klosterman
- Crop Improvement and Protection Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Salinas, CA 93905, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Dai
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China
| | - Jieyin Chen
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China
| | - Krishna V Subbarao
- Crop Improvement and Protection Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Salinas, CA 93905, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, c/o U.S. Agricultural Research Station, Salinas, CA 93905, USA
| | - Xiaojuan Hao
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China
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11
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Yang D, He N, Huang F, Jin Y, Li S. The Genetic Mechanism of the Immune Response to the Rice False Smut (RFS) Fungus Ustilaginoidea virens. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:741. [PMID: 36840089 PMCID: PMC9961370 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Rice false smut (RFS), which is caused by Ustilaginoidea virens (U. virens), has become one of the most devastating diseases in rice-growing regions worldwide. The disease results in a significant yield loss and poses health threats to humans and animals due to producing mycotoxins. In this review, we update the understanding of the symptoms and resistance genes of RFS, as well as the genomics and effectors in U. virens. We also highlight the genetic mechanism of the immune response to RFS. Finally, we analyse and explore the identification method for RFS, breeding for resistance against the disease, and interactions between the effector proteins and resistance (R) proteins, which would be involved in the development of rice disease resistance materials for breeding programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewei Yang
- Institute of Rice, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350018, China
| | - Niqing He
- Institute of Rice, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350018, China
| | - Fenghuang Huang
- Institute of Rice, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350018, China
| | - Yidan Jin
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shengping Li
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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12
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Qi Y, Li J, Mapuranga J, Zhang N, Chang J, Shen Q, Zhang Y, Wei J, Cui L, Liu D, Yang W. Wheat leaf rust fungus effector Pt13024 is avirulent to TcLr30. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1098549. [PMID: 36726676 PMCID: PMC9885084 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1098549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Wheat leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina Eriks. (Pt), is a global wheat disease threatening wheat production. Dissecting how Pt effector proteins interact with wheat has great significance in understanding the pathogenicity mechanisms of Pt. In the study, the cDNA of Pt 13-5-72 interacting with susceptible cultivar Thatcher was used as template to amplify Pt13024 gene. The expression pattern and structure of Pt13024 were analyzed by qRT-PCR and online softwares. The secretion function of Pt13024 signal peptide was verified by the yeast system. Subcellular localization of Pt13024 was analyzed using transient expression on Nicotiana benthamiana. The verification that Pt13024 inhibited programmed cell death (PCD) was conducted on N. benthamiana and wheat. The deletion mutation of Pt13024 was used to identify the virulence function motif. The transient transformation of wheat mediated by the type III secretion system (TTSS) was used to analyze the activity of regulating the host defense response of Pt13024. Pt13024 gene silencing was performed by host-induced gene silencing (HIGS). The results showed that Pt13024 was identified as an effector and localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus on the N. benthamiana. It can inhibit PCD induced by the Bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX) from mice and infestans 1 (INF1) from Phytophthora infestans on N. benthamiana, and it can also inhibit PCD induced by DC3000 on wheat. The amino acids 22 to 41 at N-terminal of the Pt13024 are essential for the inhibition of programmed cell death (PCD) induced by BAX. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species and deposition of callose in near-isogenic line TcLr30, which is in Thatcher background with Lr30, induced by Pt13024 was higher than that in 41 wheat leaf rust-resistant near-isogenic lines (monogenic lines) with different resistance genes and Thatcher. Silencing of Pt13024 reduced the leaf rust resistance of Lr30 during the interaction between Pt and TcLr30. We can conclude that Pt13024 is avirulent to TcLr30 when Pt interacts with TcLr30. These findings lay the foundation for further investigations into the role of Pt effector proteins in pathogenesis and their regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Qi
- Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural University of Hebei/Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province/National Engineering Research Center for Agriculture in Northern Mountainous Areas, Baoding, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianyuan Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural University of Hebei/Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province/National Engineering Research Center for Agriculture in Northern Mountainous Areas, Baoding, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Xingtai University, Xingtai, China
| | - Johannes Mapuranga
- Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural University of Hebei/Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province/National Engineering Research Center for Agriculture in Northern Mountainous Areas, Baoding, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural University of Hebei/Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province/National Engineering Research Center for Agriculture in Northern Mountainous Areas, Baoding, China
| | - Jiaying Chang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural University of Hebei/Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province/National Engineering Research Center for Agriculture in Northern Mountainous Areas, Baoding, China
| | - Qianhua Shen
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural University of Hebei/Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province/National Engineering Research Center for Agriculture in Northern Mountainous Areas, Baoding, China
- Dryland Farming Institute, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Science, Hengshui, China
| | - Jie Wei
- Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural University of Hebei/Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province/National Engineering Research Center for Agriculture in Northern Mountainous Areas, Baoding, China
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Engineering, Cangzhou Technical College, Cangzhou, China
| | - Liping Cui
- Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural University of Hebei/Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province/National Engineering Research Center for Agriculture in Northern Mountainous Areas, Baoding, China
| | - Daqun Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural University of Hebei/Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province/National Engineering Research Center for Agriculture in Northern Mountainous Areas, Baoding, China
| | - Wenxiang Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural University of Hebei/Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province/National Engineering Research Center for Agriculture in Northern Mountainous Areas, Baoding, China
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13
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Identification of RT-qPCR reference genes suitable for gene function studies in the pitaya canker disease pathogen Neoscytalidium dimidiatum. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22357. [PMID: 36572711 PMCID: PMC9792573 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27041-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neoscytalidium dimidiatum is the main causal agent of pitaya canker. Most studies of virulence and pathogenicity genes have measured expression levels using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Suitable reference genes are essential for ensuring that estimates of gene expression levels by RT-qPCR are accurate. However, no reference genes can be robustly applied across all contexts and species. No studies to date have evaluated the most effective reference genes for normalizing gene expression levels estimated by RT-qPCR in N. dimidiatum. In this study, RT-qPCR data for individual candidate reference genes were analyzed using four different methods: the delta Ct method and the geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper algorithms. We evaluated the utility of eight candidate reference genes (18S rRNA, Actin (1), Actin (2), Actin, GAPDH (1), GAPDH (2), UBQ, and Tubulin) for normalizing expression levels estimated by RT-qPCR in N. dimidiatum at different developmental stages, at different temperatures, and during interaction with pitaya. All candidate reference genes were suitable for gene expression analysis except for Actin (2). Tubulin and Actin (1) were the most stably expressed reference genes under different temperatures. Actin (1) and Actin were the most stably expressed reference genes in N. dimidiatum at different developmental stages. Tubulin and UBQ were the most stably expressed reference genes during interaction with pitaya. Actin and 18s rRNA were the most stably expressed across all experimental conditions. Subsequently, Tubulin and UBQ were further investigated in analyses of pectinase expression during the pitaya-N. dimidiatum interaction. Our results provide insights that will aid future RT-qPCR studies of gene expression in N. dimidiatum.
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14
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ThSCSP_12: Novel Effector in Tilletia horrida That Induces Cell Death and Defense Responses in Non-Host Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314752. [PMID: 36499087 PMCID: PMC9736266 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The basidiomycete fungus Tilletia horrida causes rice kernel smut (RKS), a crucial disease afflicting hybrid-rice-growing areas worldwide, which results in significant economic losses. However, few studies have investigated the pathogenic mechanisms and functions of effectors in T. horrida. In this study, we found that the candidate effector ThSCSP_12 caused cell necrosis in the leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana. The predicted signal peptide (SP) of this protein has a secreting function, which is required for ThSCSP_12 to induce cell death. The 1- 189 amino acid (aa) sequences of ThSCSP_12 are sufficient to confer it the ability to trigger cell death in N. benthamiana. The expression of ThSCSP_12 was induced and up-regulated during T. horrida infection. In addition, we also found that ThSCSP_12 localized in both the cytoplasm and nucleus of plant cells and that nuclear localization of this protein is required to induce cell death. Furthermore, the ability of ThSCSP_12 to trigger cell death in N. benthamiana depends on the (RAR1) protein required for Mla12 resistance but not on the suppressor of the G2 allele of Skp1 (SGT1), heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), or somatic embryogenesis receptor-like kinase (SERK3). Crucially, however, ThSCSP_12 induced a defense response in N. benthamiana leaves; yet, the expression of multiple defense-related genes was suppressed in response to heterologous expression in host plants. To sum up, these results strongly suggest that ThSCSP_12 operates as an effector in T. horrida-host interactions.
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15
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Fu R, Chen C, Wang J, Liu Y, Zhao L, Lu D. Diversity Analysis of the Rice False Smut Pathogen Ustilaginoidea virens in Southwest China. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:1204. [PMID: 36422026 PMCID: PMC9694781 DOI: 10.3390/jof8111204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Rice false smut caused by Ustilaginoidea virens is a destructive disease in rice cropping areas of the world. The present study is focused on the morphology, pathogenicity, mating-type loci distribution, and genetic characterization of different isolates of U. virens. A total of 221 strains of U. virens were collected from 13 rice-growing regions in southwest China. The morphological features of these strains exhibited high diversity, and the pathogenicity of the smut fungus showed significant differentiation. There was no correlation between pathogenicity and sporulation. Mating-type locus (MAT) analysis revealed that all 221 isolates comprised heterothallic and homothallic forms, wherein 204 (92.31%) and 17 (7.69%) isolates belonged to heterothallic and homothallic mating types, respectively. Among 204 strains of heterothallic mating types, 62 (28.05%) contained MAT1-1-1 idiomorphs, and 142 isolates (64.25%) had the MAT1-2-1 idiomorph. Interestingly, strains isolated from the same fungus ball had different mating types. The genetic structure of the isolates was analyzed using simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). All isolates were clustered into five genetic groups. The values of Nei's gene diversity (H) and Shannon's information index (I) indicated that all strains as a group had higher genetic diversity than strains from a single geographical population. The pairwise population fixation index (FST) values also indicated significant genetic differentiation among all compared geographical populations. The analysis of molecular variation (AMOVA) indicated greater genetic variation within individual populations and less genetic variation among populations. The results showed that most of the strains were not clustered according to their geographical origin, showing the rich genetic diversity and the complex and diverse genetic background of U. virens in southwest China. These results should help to better understand the biological and genetic diversity of U. virens in southwest China and provide a theoretical basis for building effective management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongtao Fu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Science, 20# Jingjusi Rd., Chengdu 610066, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Science, 20# Jingjusi Rd., Chengdu 610066, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Science, 20# Jingjusi Rd., Chengdu 610066, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Science, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Liyu Zhao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Science, 20# Jingjusi Rd., Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Daihua Lu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Science, 20# Jingjusi Rd., Chengdu 610066, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 610066, China
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16
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Li GB, He JX, Wu JL, Wang H, Zhang X, Liu J, Hu XH, Zhu Y, Shen S, Bai YF, Yao ZL, Liu XX, Zhao JH, Li DQ, Li Y, Huang F, Huang YY, Zhao ZX, Zhang JW, Zhou SX, Ji YP, Pu M, Qin P, Li S, Chen X, Wang J, He M, Li W, Wu XJ, Xu ZJ, Wang WM, Fan J. Overproduction of OsRACK1A, an effector-targeted scaffold protein promoting OsRBOHB-mediated ROS production, confers rice floral resistance to false smut disease without yield penalty. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:1790-1806. [PMID: 36245122 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Grain formation is fundamental for crop yield but is vulnerable to abiotic and biotic stresses. Rice grain production is threatened by the false smut fungus Ustilaginoidea virens, which specifically infects rice floral organs, disrupting fertilization and seed formation. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of the U. virens-rice interaction and the genetic basis of floral resistance. Here, we report that U. virens secretes a cytoplasmic effector, UvCBP1, to facilitate infection of rice flowers. Mechanistically, UvCBP1 interacts with the rice scaffold protein OsRACK1A and competes its interaction with the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase OsRBOHB, leading to inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Although the analysis of natural variation revealed no OsRACK1A variants that could avoid being targeted by UvCBP1, expression levels of OsRACK1A are correlated with field resistance against U. virens in rice germplasm. Overproduction of OsRACK1A restores the OsRACK1A-OsRBOHB association and promotes OsRBOHB phosphorylation to enhance ROS production, conferring rice floral resistance to U. virens without yield penalty. Taken together, our findings reveal a new pathogenic mechanism mediated by an essential effector from a flower-specific pathogen and provide a valuable genetic resource for balancing disease resistance and crop yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Bang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jia-Xue He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jin-Long Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - He Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shuai Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yi-Fei Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zong-Lin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xin-Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jing-Hao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - De-Qiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Fu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yan-Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhi-Xue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ji-Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shi-Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yun-Peng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Mei Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Peng Qin
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shigui Li
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xuewei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Min He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Weitao Li
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xian-Jun Wu
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zheng-Jun Xu
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wen-Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Jing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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17
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Yang J, Zhang N, Wang J, Fang A, Fan J, Li D, Li Y, Wang S, Cui F, Yu J, Liu Y, Wang WM, Peng YL, He SY, Sun W. SnRK1A-mediated phosphorylation of a cytosolic ATPase positively regulates rice innate immunity and is inhibited by Ustilaginoidea virens effector SCRE1. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:1422-1440. [PMID: 36068953 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rice false smut caused by Ustilaginoidea virens is becoming one of the most recalcitrant rice diseases worldwide. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying rice immunity against U. virens remain unknown. Using genetic, biochemical and disease resistance assays, we demonstrated that the xb24 knockout lines generated in non-Xa21 rice background exhibit an enhanced susceptibility to the fungal pathogens U. virens and Magnaporthe oryzae. Consistently, flg22- and chitin-induced oxidative burst and expression of pathogenesis-related genes in the xb24 knockout lines were greatly attenuated. As a central mediator of energy signaling, SnRK1A interacts with and phosphorylates XB24 at Thr83 residue to promote ATPase activity. SnRK1A is activated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns and positively regulates plant immune responses and disease resistance. Furthermore, the virulence effector SCRE1 in U. virens targets host ATPase XB24. The interaction inhibits ATPase activity of XB24 by blocking ATP binding to XB24. Meanwhile, SCRE1 outcompetes SnRK1A for XB24 binding, and thereby suppresses SnRK1A-mediated phosphorylation and ATPase activity of XB24. Our results indicate that the conserved SnRK1A-XB24 module in multiple crop plants positively contributes to plant immunity and uncover an unidentified molecular strategy to promote infection in U. virens and a novel host target in fungal pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyun Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiyang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Anfei Fang
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jing Fan
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Dayong Li
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yuejiao Li
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shanzhi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fuhao Cui
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Junjie Yu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongfeng Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen-Ming Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - You-Liang Peng
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Sheng Yang He
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Wenxian Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
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18
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Tan Z, Bai Z, Qin Y, Du J, Zhang R, Tian B, Yang Y, Yu Y, Bi C, Sun W, Fang A. Characterization of Genetic Diversity and Variation in Pathogenicity of the Rice False Smut Pathogen Ustilaginoidea virens from a Single Source. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:2648-2655. [PMID: 35394330 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-21-2546-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Rice false smut, caused by Ustilaginoidea virens, is one of the most destructive fungal diseases in rice-growing countries. Studies of the genetic diversity, evolution, and pathogenicity of U. virens can provide more information for disease control and cultivar breeding. Contrary to previous studies on the genetic diversity of different geographical populations of U. virens, this study analyzed the genetic variation of U. virens from different panicles of the same rice cultivar in a field in Yunnan Province using single nucleotide polymorphism molecular markers. A total of 183 polymorphic loci and five haplotypes, hap_1 to hap_5, were identified based on the 1,350-bp combined DNA fragment of 127 isolates, showing some genetic diversity. Hap_1 and hap_3 had the highest occurrence, indicating they were the dominant haplotypes in the field. Further analysis showed that most rice panicles could be coinfected by different haplotypes, and even a few spikelets could be coinfected by multiple haplotypes. The phylogeny indicated that all isolates were divided into five genetic groups. Groups I, II, and III clustered together and were distinguished from Groups IV and V. Significant genetic variations in five pairwise comparisons of panicle populations, accounting for 72.45% of the total variation, were found according to FST values. This variation might be caused by different field microenvironments and the uneven distribution of inoculum sources. An unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means dendrogram and the population structure revealed that the genetic composition of the isolates collected from YN1, YN2, and YN4, which were dominated by the same genetic subgroup, was different from that collected from YN3. Finally, genetic recombination was found in 11 isolates; hap_2 and hap_5, probably as genetic recombination progenies produced by sexual hybridization between hap_1 and hap_3, acquired a greater virulence than their ancestors according to population structure and pathogenicity analyses. These results will help us understand the genetic diversity, evolution, and infection process of U. virens and aid in the development of more effective management strategies for rice false smut, including new cultivars with improved resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Tan
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhenxu Bai
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yubao Qin
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jianhang Du
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ruixuan Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Binnian Tian
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuheng Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yang Yu
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chaowei Bi
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wenxian Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Anfei Fang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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19
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Chen X, Li X, Duan Y, Pei Z, Liu H, Yin W, Huang J, Luo C, Chen X, Li G, Xie K, Hsiang T, Zheng L. A secreted fungal subtilase interferes with rice immunity via degradation of SUPPRESSOR OF G2 ALLELE OF skp1. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:1474-1489. [PMID: 35861434 PMCID: PMC9516721 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Serine protease subtilase, found widely in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, participates in various biological processes. However, how fungal subtilase regulates plant immunity is a major concern. Here, we identified a secreted fungal subtilase, UvPr1a, from the rice false smut (RFS) fungus Ustilaginoidea virens. We characterized UvPr1a as a virulence effector localized to the plant cytoplasm that inhibits plant cell death induced by Bax. Heterologous expression of UvPr1a in rice (Oryza sativa) enhanced plant susceptibility to rice pathogens. UvPr1a interacted with the important rice protein SUPPRESSOR OF G2 ALLELE OF skp1 (OsSGT1), a positive regulator of innate immunity against multiple rice pathogens, degrading OsSGT1 in a protease activity-dependent manner. Furthermore, host-induced gene silencing of UvPr1a compromised disease resistance of rice plants. Our work reveals a previously uncharacterized fungal virulence strategy in which a fungal pathogen secretes a subtilase to interfere with rice immunity through degradation of OsSGT1, thereby promoting infection. These genetic resources provide tools for introducing RFS resistance and further our understanding of plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yuhang Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology/Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhangxin Pei
- Wuhan Institute of Landscape Architecture, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology/Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Weixiao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology/Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Junbin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology/Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chaoxi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology/Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology/Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Guotian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology/Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Kabin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology/Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tom Hsiang
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Canada
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20
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Ustilaginoidea virens Nuclear Effector SCRE4 Suppresses Rice Immunity via Inhibiting Expression of a Positive Immune Regulator OsARF17. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810527. [PMID: 36142440 PMCID: PMC9501289 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice false smut caused by the biotrophic fungal pathogen Ustilaginoidea virens has become one of the most important diseases in rice. The large effector repertory in U. virens plays a crucial role in virulence. However, current knowledge of molecular mechanisms how U. virens effectors target rice immune signaling to promote infection is very limited. In this study, we identified and characterized an essential virulence effector, SCRE4 (Secreted Cysteine-Rich Effector 4), in U. virens. SCRE4 was confirmed as a secreted nuclear effector through yeast secretion, translocation assays and protein subcellular localization, as well as up-regulation during infection. The SCRE4 gene deletion attenuated the virulence of U. virens to rice. Consistently, ectopic expression of SCRE4 in rice inhibited chitin-triggered immunity and enhanced susceptibility to false smut, substantiating that SCRE4 is an essential virulence factor. Furthermore, SCRE4 transcriptionally suppressed the expression of OsARF17, an auxin response factor in rice, which positively regulates rice immune responses and resistance against U. virens. Additionally, the immunosuppressive capacity of SCRE4 depended on its nuclear localization. Therefore, we uncovered a virulence strategy in U. virens that transcriptionally suppresses the expression of the immune positive modulator OsARF17 through nucleus-localized effector SCRE4 to facilitate infection.
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21
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Chen X, Duan Y, Qiao F, Liu H, Huang J, Luo C, Chen X, Li G, Xie K, Hsiang T, Zheng L. A secreted fungal effector suppresses rice immunity through host histone hypoacetylation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:1977-1994. [PMID: 35592995 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Histone acetylation is a critical epigenetic modification that regulates plant immunity. Fungal pathogens secrete effectors that modulate host immunity and facilitate infection, but whether fungal pathogens have evolved effectors that directly target plant histone acetylation remains unknown. Here, we identified a secreted protein, UvSec117, from the rice false smut fungus, Ustilaginoidea virens, as a key effector that can target the rice histone deacetylase OsHDA701 and negatively regulates rice broad-spectrum resistance against rice pathogens. UvSec117 disrupts host immunity by recruiting OsHDA701 to the nucleus and enhancing OsHDA701-modulated deacetylation, thereby reducing histone H3K9 acetylation levels in rice plants and interfering with defense gene activation. Host-induced gene silencing of UvSec117 promotes rice resistance to U. virens, thus providing an alternative way for developing rice false smut-resistant plants. This is the first direct evidence demonstrating that a fungal effector targets a histone deacetylase to suppress plant immunity. Our data provided insight into a counter-defense mechanism in a plant pathogen that inactivates host defense responses at the epigenetic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yuhang Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Fugang Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Junbin Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chaoxi Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Guotian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Kabin Xie
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Tom Hsiang
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Lu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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22
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Hu LJ, Wu XQ, Wen TY, Ye JR, Qiu YJ, Rui L, Zhang Y. The key molecular pattern BxCDP1 of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus induces plant immunity and enhances plant defense response via two small peptide regions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:937473. [PMID: 35991456 PMCID: PMC9382027 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.937473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The migratory plant-parasitic nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is the pathogen of the pine wilt disease (PWD), causing serious damage to pine forests in China. During the process of plant resistance to multiple pathogens, plant immunity plays a key role. In this current study, the pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) BxCDP1 in B. xylophilus has been identified, but the host target protein of BxCDP1 and its key amino acid region inducing the plant immunity have yet to be elucidated. We found that BxCDP1 could trigger superoxide production, H2O2 production, and callose deposits. A RING-H2 finger protein 1 (RHF1) of Pinus thunbergii was screened and characterized as a target protein of BxCDP1 by yeast two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP). Moreover, two peptides (namely M9 and M16) proved to be key regions of BxCDP1 to induce PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) in Nicotiana benthamiana, which also induced the expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes (PtPR-3, PtPR-4, and PtPR-5) in P. thunbergii and enhanced the resistance of the host to B. xylophilus. These results indicate that BxCDP1 plays a critical role in the interaction between B. xylophilus and P. thunbergii, and both peptides M9 and M16 have the potential to be developed and utilized as immune inducers of pines against B. xylophilus in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Jiao Hu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Wu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tong-Yue Wen
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian-Ren Ye
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi-Jun Qiu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Rui
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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23
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Zheng X, Fang A, Qiu S, Zhao G, Wang J, Wang S, Wei J, Gao H, Yang J, Mou B, Cui F, Zhang J, Liu J, Sun W. Ustilaginoidea virens secretes a family of phosphatases that stabilize the negative immune regulator OsMPK6 and suppress plant immunity. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:3088-3109. [PMID: 35639755 PMCID: PMC9338817 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Rice false smut caused by Ustilaginoidea virens is emerging as a devastating disease of rice (Oryza sativa) worldwide; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying U. virens virulence and pathogenicity remain largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that the small cysteine-rich secreted protein SCRE6 in U. virens is translocated into host cells during infection as a virulence factor. Knockout of SCRE6 leads to attenuated U. virens virulence to rice. SCRE6 and its homologs in U. virens function as a novel family of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatases harboring no canonical phosphatase motif. SCRE6 interacts with and dephosphorylates the negative immune regulator OsMPK6 in rice, thus enhancing its stability and suppressing plant immunity. Ectopic expression of SCRE6 in transgenic rice promotes pathogen infection by suppressing the host immune responses. Our results reveal a previously unidentified fungal infection strategy in which the pathogen deploys a family of tyrosine phosphatases to stabilize a negative immune regulator in the host plant to facilitate its infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhang Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Anfei Fang
- Department of Plant Pathology, the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shanshan Qiu
- Department of Plant Pathology, the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guosheng Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiyang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shanzhi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Junjun Wei
- Department of Plant Pathology, the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Han Gao
- Department of Plant Pathology, the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiyun Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Baohui Mou
- Department of Plant Pathology, the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fuhao Cui
- Department of Plant Pathology, the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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24
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Sun X, Fang X, Wang D, Jones DA, Ma L. Transcriptome Analysis of Fusarium–Tomato Interaction Based on an Updated Genome Annotation of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Identifies Novel Effector Candidates That Suppress or Induce Cell Death in Nicotiana benthamiana. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070672. [PMID: 35887429 PMCID: PMC9316272 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) causes vascular wilt disease in tomato. Upon colonization of the host, Fol secretes many small effector proteins into the xylem sap to facilitate infection. Besides known SIX (secreted in xylem) proteins, the identity of additional effectors that contribute to Fol pathogenicity remains largely unexplored. We performed a deep RNA-sequencing analysis of Fol race 2-infected tomato, used the sequence data to annotate a published genome assembly generated via PacBio SMRT sequencing of the Fol race 2 reference strain Fol4287, and analysed the resulting transcriptome to identify Fol effector candidates among the newly annotated genes. We examined the Fol-infection expression profiles of all 13 SIX genes present in Fol race 2 and identified 27 new candidate effector genes that were likewise significantly upregulated upon Fol infection. Using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, we tested the ability of 22 of the new candidate effector genes to suppress or induce cell death in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana. One effector candidate designated Fol-EC19, encoding a secreted guanyl-specific ribonuclease, was found to trigger cell death and two effector candidates designated Fol-EC14 and Fol-EC20, encoding a glucanase and a secreted trypsin, respectively, were identified that can suppress Bax-mediated cell death. Remarkably, Fol-EC14 and Fol-EC20 were also found to suppress I-2/Avr2- and I/Avr1-mediated cell death. Using the yeast secretion trap screening system, we showed that these three biologically-active effector candidates each contain a functional signal peptide for protein secretion. Our findings provide a basis for further understanding the virulence functions of Fol effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xizhe Sun
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (X.S.); (D.W.)
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, the Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Xiangling Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China;
| | - Dongmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (X.S.); (D.W.)
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - David A. Jones
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, the Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
- Correspondence: (D.A.J.); (L.M.)
| | - Lisong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (X.S.); (D.W.)
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, the Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
- Correspondence: (D.A.J.); (L.M.)
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25
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UvKmt2-Mediated H3K4 Trimethylation Is Required for Pathogenicity and Stress Response in Ustilaginoidea virens. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8060553. [PMID: 35736036 PMCID: PMC9225167 DOI: 10.3390/jof8060553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modification is important for cellular functions. Trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3), which associates with transcriptional activation, is one of the important epigenetic modifications. In this study, the biological functions of UvKmt2-mediated H3K4me3 modification were characterized in Ustilaginoidea virens, which is the causal agent of the false smut disease, one of the most destructive diseases in rice. Phenotypic analyses of the ΔUvkmt2 mutant revealed that UvKMT2 is necessary for growth, conidiation, secondary spore formation, and virulence in U. virens. Immunoblotting and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay followed by sequencing (ChIP-seq) showed that UvKMT2 is required for the establishment of H3K4me3, which covers 1729 genes of the genome in U. virens. Further RNA-seq analysis demonstrated that UvKmt2-mediated H3K4me3 acts as an important role in transcriptional activation. In particular, H3K4me3 modification involves in the transcriptional regulation of conidiation-related and pathogenic genes, including two important mitogen-activated protein kinases UvHOG1 and UvPMK1. The down-regulation of UvHOG1 and UvPMK1 genes may be one of the main reasons for the reduced pathogenicity and stresses adaptability of the ∆Uvkmt2 mutant. Overall, H3K4me3, established by histone methyltransferase UvKMT2, contributes to fungal development, secondary spore formation, virulence, and various stress responses through transcriptional regulation in U. virens.
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Prediction of effector proteins and their implications in pathogenicity of phytopathogenic filamentous fungi: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 206:188-202. [PMID: 35227707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Plant pathogenic fungi encode and secrete effector proteins to promote pathogenesis. In recent years, the important role of effector proteins in fungi and plant host interactions has become increasingly prominent. In this review, the functional characterization and molecular mechanisms by which fungal effector proteins modulate biological processes and suppress the defense of plant hosts are discussed, with an emphasis on cell localization during fungal infection. This paper also provides a comprehensive review of bioinformatic and experimental methods that are currently available for the identification of fungal effector proteins. We additionally summarize the secretion pathways and the methods for verifying the presence effector proteins in plant host cells. For future research, comparative genomic studies of different pathogens with varying life cycles will allow comprehensive and systematic identification of effector proteins. Additionally, functional analysis of effector protein interactions with a wider range of hosts (especially non-model crops) will provide more detailed repertoires of fungal effectors. Identifying effector proteins and verifying their functions will improve our understanding of their role in causing disease and in turn guide future strategies for combatting fungal infections.
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Zhang W, Li H, Wang L, Xie S, Zhang Y, Kang R, Zhang M, Zhang P, Li Y, Hu Y, Wang M, Chen L, Yuan H, Ding S, Li H. A novel effector, CsSp1, from Bipolaris sorokiniana, is essential for colonization in wheat and is also involved in triggering host immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:218-236. [PMID: 34741560 PMCID: PMC8743017 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The hemibiotrophic pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana causes root rot, leaf blotching, and black embryos in wheat and barley worldwide, resulting in significant yield and quality reductions. However, the mechanism underlying the host-pathogen interactions between B. sorokiniana and wheat or barley remains unknown. The B. sorokiniana genome encodes a large number of uncharacterized putative effector proteins. In this study, we identified a putative secreted protein, CsSp1, with a classic N-terminal signal peptide, that is induced during early infection. A split-marker approach was used to knock out CsSP1 in the Lankao 9-3 strain. Compared with the wild type, the deletion mutant ∆Cssp1 displayed less radial growth on potato dextrose agar plates and produced fewer spores, and complementary transformation completely restored the phenotype of the deletion mutant to that of the wild type. The pathogenicity of the deletion mutant in wheat was attenuated even though appressoria still penetrated the host. Additionally, the infectious hyphae in the deletion mutant became swollen and exhibited reduced growth in plant cells. The signal peptide of CsSp1 was functionally verified through a yeast YTK12 secretion system. Transient expression of CsSp1 in Nicotiana benthamiana inhibited lesion formation caused by Phytophthora capsici. Moreover, CsSp1 localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm of plant cells. In B. sorokiniana-infected wheat leaves, the salicylic acid-regulated genes TaPAL, TaPR1, and TaPR2 were down-regulated in the ∆Cssp1 strain compared with the wild-type strain under the same conditions. Therefore, CsSp1 is a virulence effector and is involved in triggering host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanying Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Haiyang Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Limin Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Shunpei Xie
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Ruijiao Kang
- Department of Landscape Architecture and Food EngineeringXuchang Vocational Technical CollegeXuchangChina
| | - Mengjuan Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Panpan Zhang
- Agriculture and Rural Affairs BureauXuchangChina
| | - Yonghui Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Yanfeng Hu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Linlin Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Hongxia Yuan
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Shengli Ding
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Honglian Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
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Liao B, Chen X, Zhou X, Zhou Y, Shi Y, Ye X, Liao M, Zhou Z, Cheng L, Ren B. Applications of CRISPR/Cas gene-editing technology in yeast and fungi. Arch Microbiol 2021; 204:79. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02723-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Meng S, Liu Z, Shi H, Wu Z, Qiu J, Wen H, Lin F, Tao Z, Luo C, Kou Y. UvKmt6-mediated H3K27 trimethylation is required for development, pathogenicity, and stress response in Ustilaginoidea virens. Virulence 2021; 12:2972-2988. [PMID: 34895056 PMCID: PMC8667953 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.2008150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) is responsible for the trimethylation of lysine 27 of histone H3 (H3K27me3)-mediated transcriptional silencing. At present, its biological roles in the devastating rice pathogenic fungus Ustilaginoidea virens remain unclear. In this study, we analyzed the function of a putative PRC2 catalytic subunit UvKmt6. The results showed that disruption of UvKMT6 resulted in reduced growth, conidiation and pathogenicity in U. virens. Furthermore, UvKmt6 is essential for establishment of H3K27me3 modification, which covers 321 genes in the genome. Deletion of UvKMT6 led to transcriptional derepression of 629 genes, 140 of which were occupied with H3K27me3 modification. Consistent with RNA-seq and ChIP-seq analysis, UvKmt6 was further confirmed to participate in the transcriptional repression of genes encoding effectors and genes associated with secondary metabolites production, such as PKSs, NRPSs and Cytochrome P450s. Notably, we found that UvKmt6 is involved in transcriptional repression of oxidative, osmotic, cell wall and nutrient starvation stresses response-related genes. From the perspective of gene expression and phenotype, in addition to the relatively conservative role in fungal development, virulence and production of secondary metabolites, we further reported that UvKmt6-mdediated H3K27me3 plays a critical role in the response to various stresses in U. virens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huanbin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhongling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiehua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fucheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zeng Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaoxi Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanjun Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
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30
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Genome-Wide Identification and Functional Characterization of CCHC-Type Zinc Finger Genes in Ustilaginoidea virens. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7110947. [PMID: 34829234 PMCID: PMC8619310 DOI: 10.3390/jof7110947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice false smut caused by Ustilaginoidea virens is a serious disease of rice (Oryza sativa), severely reducing plant mass and yields worldwide. We performed genome-wide analysis of the CCHC-type zinc-finger transcription factor family in this pathogen. We identified and functionally characterized seven UvCCHC genes in U. virens. The deletion of various UvCCHC genes affected the stress responses, vegetative growth, conidiation, and virulence of U. virens. ∆UvCCHC5 mutants infected rice spikelets normally but could not form smut balls. Sugar utilization experiments showed that the ∆UvCCHC5 mutants were defective in the utilization of glucose, sucrose, lactose, stachyose, and trehalose. Deletion of UvCCHC5 did not affect the expression of rice genes associated with grain filling, as revealed by RT-qPCR. We propose that the ∆UvCCHC5 mutants are impaired in transmembrane transport, and the resulting nutrient deficiencies prevent them from using nutrients from rice to form smut balls. RNA-seq data analysis indicated that UvCCHC4 affects the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, ribosomes, transporters, and ribosome biogenesis. These findings improve our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying smut ball formation in rice by U. virens.
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Tariqjaveed M, Mateen A, Wang S, Qiu S, Zheng X, Zhang J, Bhadauria V, Sun W. Versatile effectors of phytopathogenic fungi target host immunity. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:1856-1873. [PMID: 34383388 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phytopathogenic fungi secrete a large arsenal of effector molecules, including proteinaceous effectors, small RNAs, phytohormones and derivatives thereof. The pathogenicity of fungal pathogens is primarily determined by these effectors that are secreted into host cells to undermine innate immunity, as well as to facilitate the acquisition of nutrients for their in planta growth and proliferation. After conventional and non-conventional secretion, fungal effectors are translocated into different subcellular compartments of the host cells to interfere with various biological processes. In extracellular spaces, apoplastic effectors cope with physical and chemical barriers to break the first line of plant defenses. Intracellular effectors target essential immune components on the plasma membrane, in the cytosol, including cytosolic organelles, and in the nucleus to suppress host immunity and reprogram host physiology, favoring pathogen colonization. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the recent advances in fungal effector biology, with a focus on the versatile virulence functions of fungal effectors in promoting pathogen infection and colonization. A perspective of future research on fungal effector biology is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tariqjaveed
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Abdul Mateen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shanzhi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shanshan Qiu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xinhang Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Institute of Microbiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Vijai Bhadauria
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wenxian Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
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Yu M, Yu J, Cao H, Song T, Pan X, Qi Z, Du Y, Zhang R, Huang S, Liu W, Liu Y. SUN-Family Protein UvSUN1 Regulates the Development and Virulence of Ustilaginoidea virens. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:739453. [PMID: 34589077 PMCID: PMC8473917 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.739453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ustilaginoidea virens, the causal agent of rice false smut disease, is an important plant pathogen that causes severe quantitative and qualitative losses in rice worldwide. UvSUN1 is the only member of Group-I SUN family proteins in U. virens. In this work, the role of UvSUN1 in different aspects of the U. virens biology was studied by phenotypic analysis of Uvsun1 knockout strains. We identified that UvSUN1 was expressed during both conidial germination and the infection of rice. Disruption of the Uvsun1 gene affected the hyphal growth, conidiation, morphology of hyphae and conidia, adhesion and virulence. We also found that UvSUN1 is involved in the production of toxic compounds, which are able to inhibit elongation of the germinated seeds. Moreover, RNA-seq data showed that knockout of Uvsun1 resulted in misregulation of a subset of genes involved in signal recognition and transduction system, glycometabolism, cell wall integrity, and secondary metabolism. Collectively, this study reveals that Uvsun1 is required for growth, cell wall integrity and pathogenicity of U. virens, thereby providing new insights into the function of SUN family proteins in the growth and pathogenesis of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Yu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Junjie Yu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, China
| | - Huijuan Cao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianqiao Song
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiayan Pan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongqiang Qi
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Du
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, China
| | - Rongsheng Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, China
| | - Shiwen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wende Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Yongfeng Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, China
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Li GB, Fan J, Wu JL, He JX, Liu J, Shen S, Gishkori ZGN, Hu XH, Zhu Y, Zhou SX, Ji YP, Pu M, Zhao JH, Zhao ZX, Wang H, Zhang JW, Huang YY, Li Y, Huang F, Wang WM. The Flower-Infecting Fungus Ustilaginoidea virens Subverts Plant Immunity by Secreting a Chitin-Binding Protein. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:733245. [PMID: 34421978 PMCID: PMC8377610 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.733245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ustilaginoidea virens is a biotrophic fungal pathogen specifically colonizing rice floral organ and causes false smut disease of rice. This disease has emerged as a serious problem that hinders the application of high-yield rice cultivars, by reducing grain yield and quality as well as introducing mycotoxins. However, the pathogenic mechanisms of U. virens are still enigmatic. Here we demonstrate that U. virens employs a secreted protein UvCBP1 to manipulate plant immunity. In planta expression of UvCBP1 led to compromised chitin-induced defense responses in Arabidopsis and rice, including burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS), callose deposition, and expression of defense-related genes. In vitro-purified UvCBP1 protein competes with rice chitin receptor OsCEBiP to bind to free chitin, thus impairing chitin-triggered rice immunity. Moreover, UvCBP1 could significantly promote infection of U. virens in rice flowers. Our results uncover a mechanism of a floral fungus suppressing plant immunity and pinpoint a universal role of chitin-battlefield during plant-fungi interactions.
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Chen X, Li P, Liu H, Chen X, Huang J, Luo C, Li G, Hsiang T, Collinge DB, Zheng L. A novel transcription factor UvCGBP1 regulates development and virulence of rice false smut fungus Ustilaginoidea virens. Virulence 2021; 12:1563-1579. [PMID: 34348597 PMCID: PMC8344781 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1936768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ustilaginoidea virens, causing rice false smut (RFS) is an economically important ascomycetous fungal pathogen distributed in rice-growing regions worldwide. Here, we identified a novel transcription factor UvCGBP1 (Cutinase G-box binding protein) from this fungus, which is unique to ascomycetes. Deletion of UvCGBP1 affected development and virulence of U. virens. A total of 865 downstream target genes of UvCGBP1 was identified using ChIP-seq and the most significant KEGG enriched functional pathway was the MAPK signaling pathway. Approximately 36% of target genes contain the AGGGG (G-box) motif in their promoter. Among the targets, deletion of UvCGBP1 affected transcriptional and translational levels of UvPmk1 and UvSlt2, both of which were important in virulence. ChIP-qPCR, yeast one-hybrid and EMSA confirmed that UvCGBP1 can bind the promoter of UvPmk1 or UvSlt2. Overexpression of UvPmk1 in the ∆UvCGBP1-33 mutant restored partially its virulence and hyphae growth, indicating that UvCGBP1 could function via the MAPK pathway to regulate fungal virulence. Taken together, this study uncovered a novel regulatory mechanism of fungal virulence linking the MAPK pathway mediated by a G-box binding transcription factor, UvCGBP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology/Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Pingping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology/Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology/Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology/Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Junbin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology/Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chaoxi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology/Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guotian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology/Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tom Hsiang
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - David B Collinge
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology/Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Wang H, Yang X, Wei S, Wang Y. Proteomic Analysis of Mycelial Exudates of Ustilaginoidea virens. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10030364. [PMID: 33803797 PMCID: PMC8003167 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice false smut (RFS) disease, which is caused by Ustilaginoidea virens, has been widespread all over the world in recent years, causing irreversible losses. Under artificial culture conditions, exudates will appear on colonies of U. virens during the growth of the hyphae. Exudation of droplets is a common feature in many fungi, but the functions of exudates are undetermined. As the executors of life functions, proteins can intuitively reflect the functions of exudates. Shotgun proteomics were used in this study. A total of 650 proteins were identified in the exudate of U. virens, and the raw data were made available via ProteomeXchange with the identifier PXD019861. There were 57 subcategories and 167 pathways annotated with Gene Ontology (GO) classification and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, respectively. Through protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis, it was found that 20 proteins participated in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Two separate PPI analyses were performed for carbon metabolism and microbial metabolism in diverse environments. After comparing and annotating the functions of proteins of the exudate, it was speculated that the exudate was involved in the construction and remodeling of the fungal cell wall. Pathogenicity, sporulation, and antioxidant effects might all be affected by the exudate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haining Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China;
| | - Xiaohe Yang
- Jiamusi Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiamusi 154007, China;
| | - Songhong Wei
- Department of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China;
- Correspondence: (S.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China;
- Correspondence: (S.W.); (Y.W.)
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Zhang CJ, Wang SX, Liang YN, Wen SH, Dong BZ, Ding Z, Guo LY, Zhu XQ. Candidate Effectors from Botryosphaeria dothidea Suppress Plant Immunity and Contribute to Virulence. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E552. [PMID: 33430504 PMCID: PMC7826910 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal effectors play important roles in host-pathogen interactions. Botryosphaeria dothidea is an ascomycetous fungus that is responsible for the diseases of hundreds of woody plant species, including apple ring rot, which seriously affects apples worldwide. However, little is known about the effectors of B. dothidea. In this study, we analyzed the B. dothidea genome and predicted 320 candidate effector genes, 124 of which were successfully amplified and cloned. We investigated the effects of these genes on plant cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana while using a transient expression system. Twenty-four hours after initial inoculation with Agrobacterium tumefaciens cells carrying candidate effectors, the infiltrated leaves were challenged with A. tumefaciens cells carrying the BAX gene. In total, 116 candidate effectors completely inhibited, while one partially inhibited, the programmed cell death (PCD) of N. benthamiana induced by BAX, whereas seven candidate effectors had no effect. We then further tested seven candidate effectors able to suppress BAX-triggered PCD (BT-PCD) and found that they all completely inhibited PCD triggered by the elicitors INF1, MKK1, and NPK1. This result suggests that these effectors were activated in order to suppress pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity. The signal peptides of these candidate effectors exhibited secretory activity in yeast (pSUC2 vector). Moreover, the respective deletion of Bdo_11198 and Bdo_12090 significantly reduced the virulence of B. dothidea. These results suggest that these effectors play important roles in the interaction of B. dothidea with its hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiao-Qiong Zhu
- Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (C.-J.Z.); (S.-X.W.); (Y.-N.L.); (S.-H.W.); (B.-Z.D.); (Z.D.); (L.-Y.G.)
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Li S, Xiang S, Wang Y, Zhou J, Hai Y, Peng X, Wang Y, Wei S. UvHrip1, an effector secreted by Ustilaginoidea virens, suppresses basal defense and promotes disease development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Gene 2020; 751:144776. [PMID: 32428700 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Rice false smut (RFS), caused by Ustilaginoidea virens, is one of the most detrimental rice fungal diseases and pose a severe threat to rice production and quality. Effectors in U. virens often act as a set of essential virulence factors that play crucial roles in the interaction between host and the pathogen. Thus, the functions of each effector in U. virens need to be further explored. Here, a conserved small secreted hypersensitive response-inducing protein (hrip) was named UvHrip1. Functional validation was investigated to prove that UvHrip1 suppressed cell death symptom and ROS accumulation in Nicotiana benthamiana triggered by Burkholderia glumae. We performed transgenic technology to demonstrate UvHrip1 remarkably inhibited pathogen-associated molecular pattern-induced defense responses in Arabidopsis seedlings and plants, including the expression of defense-response genes. Furthermore, disease progression caused by the type III secretion system-defective mutant from Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 was strongly facilitated in transgenic Arabidopsis ectopic expressing UvHrip1. Our data demonstrated UvHrip1 suppresses plant innate immunity and promoting disease multiplication in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Li
- College of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
| | - Shibo Xiang
- College of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
| | - Yingling Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
| | - Jianming Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
| | - Yingfan Hai
- College of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
| | - Xunwen Peng
- College of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
| | - Songhong Wei
- College of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China.
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Wang Y, Li J, Xiang S, Zhou J, Peng X, Hai Y, Wang Y, Li S, Wei S. A putative effector UvHrip1 inhibits BAX-triggered cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana, and infection of Ustilaginoidea virens suppresses defense-related genes expression. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9354. [PMID: 32566413 PMCID: PMC7295024 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice false smut (RFS), caused by Ustilaginoidea virens, is one of the most detrimental rice fungal diseases and pose a severe threat to rice production and quality. Effectors in U. virens often act as a set of essential virulence factors that play crucial roles in the interaction between host and the pathogen. Thus, the functions of each effector in U. virens need to be further explored. Here, we performed multiple alignment analysis and demonstrated a small secreted hypersensitive response-inducing protein (hrip), named UvHrip1, was highly conserved in fungi. The predicted SP of UvHrip1 was functional, which guided SUC secreted from yeast and was recognized by plant cells. The localization of UvHrip1 was mainly in the nucleus and cytoplasm monitored through the GFP fusion protein in Nicotiana benthamiana cells. uvhrip1 was drastically up-regulated in the susceptible cultivar LYP9 of rice during the pathogen infection, while did not in the resistant cultivar IR28. We also proved that UvHrip1 suppressed the mammalian BAX-induced necrosis-like defense symptoms in N. benthamiana. Furthermore, patterns of expression of defense-related genes, OsPR1#012 and OsPR10b, were regulated over U. virens infection in rice. Collectively, our data demonstrated that infection of U. virens suppresses defense-related genes expression and UvHrip1 was most likely a core effector in regulating plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingling Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shibo Xiang
- College of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jianming Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xunwen Peng
- College of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yingfan Hai
- College of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shuai Li
- College of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Songhong Wei
- College of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Wei S, Wang Y, Zhou J, Xiang S, Sun W, Peng X, Li J, Hai Y, Wang Y, Li S. The Conserved Effector UvHrip1 interacts with OsHGW, and Infection of Ustilaginoidea virens Regulates Defense- and Heading Date-Related Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3376. [PMID: 32397668 PMCID: PMC7246986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ustilaginoidea virens, which causes rice false smut (RFS), is one of the most detrimental rice fungal diseases and poses a severe threat to rice production and quality. Effectors in U. virens often act as a group of essential virulence factors that play crucial roles in the interaction between host and the pathogen. Thus, the functions of individual effectors in U. virens need to be further explored. Here, we demonstrated a small secreted hypersensitive response-inducing protein (hrip), named UvHrip1, which was highly conserved in U. virens isolates. UvHrip1 was also proven to suppress necrosis-like defense symptoms in N. benthamiana induced by the oomycete elicitor INF1. The localization of UvHrip1 was mainly in the nuclei and cytoplasm via monitoring the UvHrip1-GFP fusion protein in rice cells. Furthermore, Y2H and BiFC assay demonstrated that UvHrip1 interacted with OsHGW, which is a critical regulator in heading date and grain weight signaling pathways in rice. Expression patterns of defense- and heading date-related genes, OsPR1#051 and OsMYB21, were down-regulated over U. virens infection in rice. Collectively, our data provide a theory for gaining an insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the UvHrip1 virulence function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songhong Wei
- College of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (S.W.); (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (S.X.); (X.P.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yingling Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (S.W.); (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (S.X.); (X.P.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (Y.W.)
| | - Jianming Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (S.W.); (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (S.X.); (X.P.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (Y.W.)
| | - Shibo Xiang
- College of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (S.W.); (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (S.X.); (X.P.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (Y.W.)
| | - Wenxian Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China;
| | - Xunwen Peng
- College of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (S.W.); (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (S.X.); (X.P.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (Y.W.)
| | - Jing Li
- College of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (S.W.); (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (S.X.); (X.P.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yingfan Hai
- College of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (S.W.); (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (S.X.); (X.P.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (S.W.); (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (S.X.); (X.P.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (Y.W.)
| | - Shuai Li
- College of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (S.W.); (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (S.X.); (X.P.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (Y.W.)
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