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Nxumalo KA, Adeyemi JO, Leta TB, Pfukwa TM, Okafor SN, Fawole OA. Antifungal properties and molecular docking of ZnO NPs mediated using medicinal plant extracts. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18071. [PMID: 39103387 PMCID: PMC11300460 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68979-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Significant postharvest losses and food safety issues persist in many developing nations, primarily due to fungal activities, including mycotoxin production. In this study, green synthesised zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) were prepared from leaf extracts of Syzygium cordatum (ZnO 1), Lippia javanica (ZnO 2), Bidens pilosa (ZnO 3), and Ximenia caffra (ZnO 4). Physicochemical characteristics of the ZnO-NPs were determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transmission Infrared spectroscopy and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The XRD analysis confirmed the presence of a wurtzite crystal structure in the hexagonal shape of the ZnO nanoparticles (NPs), with an average size ranging between 25 and 43 nm. The microscopic examination of the morphology revealed the presence of spherical particles with sizes ranging from 37 to 47 nm in diameter. The antifungal efficacy of the ZnO-NPs was assessed against pathogenic plant fungi, including Botrytis sp. (STEU 7866), Penicillium sp. (STEU 7865), and Pilidiella granati (STEU 7864), using the poisoned food technique. Further antifungal evaluation of the ZnOPs was performed using the broth microdilution assay. A significant interaction between the type of ZnO-NPs and fungal species was observed, with the highest susceptibility in Mucor sp. to ZnO 2, achieving over 50% inhibition. Penicillium sp. also showed high susceptibility to all ZnO-NPs. Molecular docking results confirmed the strong H-bonding interactions of ZnO-NPs with fungal receptors in Mucor sp. and Penicillium sp., Botrytis sp. and P. granati exhibited the least susceptibility. Further tests revealed that ZnO 2 exhibited the highest inhibitory effect on Botrytis sp., with a low minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 25 µg/mL, attributed to its larger positive zeta potential. This study indicates that ZnO NPs, particularly those mediated using Lippia javanica (ZnO 2), have promising potential as effective antifungal agents, which could play a significant role in reducing postharvest decay and losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwanele A Nxumalo
- Postharvest and Agroprocessing Research Centre, Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
| | - Jerry O Adeyemi
- Postharvest and Agroprocessing Research Centre, Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
- South African Research Chairs Initiative in Sustainable Preservation and Agroprocessing Research, Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
| | - Tshiamo B Leta
- Postharvest and Agroprocessing Research Centre, Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
- South African Research Chairs Initiative in Sustainable Preservation and Agroprocessing Research, Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
| | - Trust M Pfukwa
- Postharvest and Agroprocessing Research Centre, Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
- South African Research Chairs Initiative in Sustainable Preservation and Agroprocessing Research, Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
| | - Sunday N Okafor
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 41001, Nigeria
| | - Olaniyi A Fawole
- Postharvest and Agroprocessing Research Centre, Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa.
- South African Research Chairs Initiative in Sustainable Preservation and Agroprocessing Research, Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa.
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Xu X, Chen Y, Zhang Z, Chen T, Li B, Tian S. Set1/COMPASS regulates growth, pathogenicity, and patulin biosynthesis of Penicillium expansum via H3K4 methylation and the interaction with PeVelB. J Adv Res 2024; 62:47-57. [PMID: 37802147 PMCID: PMC11331175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Penicillium expansum is a harmful plant fungal pathogen that causes blue mold disease and produces mycotoxin patulin, leading to huge economic losses and food safety hazard. Set1 associated complex Set1/COMPASS deposits the methylation at lysine 4 of histone H3, which is associated with gene expression in diverse biological processes of fungi. However, the function and underlying mechanisms of Set1/COMPASS are poorly defined in P. expansum. OBJECTIVES The study aimed to identify Set1/COMPASS and investigate its regulation mechanisms on growth, pathogenicity, and patulin biosynthesis of P. expansum. METHODS Analyses of phylogenetic relationship, conserved structural domain, and gene deletion were used to identify components of Set1/COMPASS. Phenotype analysis and stress tolerance test of gene deletion mutants were conducted to analyze the function of these components. Yeast two-hybrid, Co-Immunoprecipitation (Co-IP), and point mutation were performed to verify the protein interaction. Western blot was conducted for detection of H3K4 methylation levels. RESULTS P. expansum owns six components of Set1/COMPASS besides PeSet1. Absence of each component resulted in reduction of H3K4 methylation levels and impaired growth, pathogenicity, and patulin biosynthesis, as well as altered stress responses of P. expansum. One component PeBre2p was found to interact with the conserved global regulator PeVelB (VelvetLike protein B) at Asp294 of PeBre2p. This interaction affected fungal growth and utilization of fructose, lactose, glycine, and proline in P. expansum. CONCLUSION This study revealed the important roles of Set1/COMPASS in P. expansum and clarified for the first time the combined regulation of PeBre2p and PeVelB in fungal growth and nutrition utilization. These results will provide potential targets for the control of blue mold disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Storage and Processing, Institute of Agri-food Processing and Nutrition, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Yong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Zhanquan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Boqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China.
| | - Shiping Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Cowled MS, Phippen CBW, Kromphardt KJK, Clemmensen SE, Frandsen RJN, Frisvad JC, Larsen TO. Unveiling the fungal diversity and associated secondary metabolism on black apples. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0034224. [PMID: 38899884 PMCID: PMC11267942 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00342-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Black apples are the result of late-stage microbial decomposition after falling to the ground. This phenomenon is highly comparable from year to year, with the filamentous fungus Monilinia fructigena most commonly being the first invader, followed by Penicillium expansum. Motivated by the fact that only little chemistry has been reported from apple microbiomes, we set out to investigate the chemical diversity and potential ecological roles of secondary metabolites (SMs) in a total of 38 black apples. Metabolomics analyses were conducted on either whole apples or small excisions of fungal biomass derived from black apples. Annotation of fungal SMs in black apple extracts was aided by the cultivation of 15 recently isolated fungal strains on 9 different substrates in a One Strain Many Compounds (OSMAC) approach, leading to the identification of 3,319 unique chemical features. Only 6.4% were attributable to known compounds based on analysis of high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS/MS) data using spectral library matching tools. Of the 1,606 features detected in the black apple extracts, 32% could be assigned as fungal-derived, due to their presence in the OSMAC-based training data set. Notably, the detection of several antifungal compounds indicates the importance of such compounds for the invasion of and control of other microbial competitors on apples. In conclusion, the diversity and abundance of microbial SMs on black apples were found to be much higher than that typically observed for other environmental microbiomes. Detection of SMs known to be produced by the six fungal species tested also highlights a succession of fungal growth following the initial invader M. fructigena.IMPORTANCEMicrobial secondary metabolites constitute a significant reservoir of biologically potent and clinically valuable chemical scaffolds. However, their usefulness is hampered by rapidly developing resistance, resulting in reduced profitability of such research endeavors. Hence, the ecological role of such microbial secondary metabolites must be considered to understand how best to utilize such compounds as chemotherapeutics. Here, we explore an under-investigated environmental microbiome in the case of black apples; a veritable "low-hanging fruit," with relatively high abundances and diversity of microbially produced secondary metabolites. Using both a targeted and untargeted metabolomics approach, the interplay between metabolites, other microbes, and the apple host itself was investigated. This study highlights the surprisingly low incidence of known secondary metabolites in such a system, highlighting the need to study the functionality of secondary metabolites in microbial interactions and complex microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Cowled
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christopher B. W. Phippen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kresten J. K. Kromphardt
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sidsel E. Clemmensen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rasmus J. N. Frandsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jens C. Frisvad
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas O. Larsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Luciano-Rosario D, Jurick WM, Gottschalk C. The Near-Gapless Penicillium fuscoglaucum Genome Enables the Discovery of Lifestyle Features as an Emerging Post-Harvest Phytopathogen. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:430. [PMID: 38921416 PMCID: PMC11204653 DOI: 10.3390/jof10060430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Penicillium spp. occupy many diverse biological niches that include plant pathogens, opportunistic human pathogens, saprophytes, indoor air contaminants, and those selected specifically for industrial applications to produce secondary metabolites and lifesaving antibiotics. Recent phylogenetic studies have established Penicillium fuscoglaucum as a synonym for Penicillium commune, which is an indoor air contaminant and toxin producer and can infect apple fruit during storage. During routine culturing on selective media in the lab, we obtained an isolate of P. fuscoglaucum Pf_T2 and sequenced its genome. The Pf_T2 genome is far superior to available genomic resources for the species. Our assembly exhibits a length of 35.1 Mb, a BUSCO score of 97.9% complete, and consists of five scaffolds/contigs representing the four expected chromosomes. It was determined that the Pf_T2 genome was colinear with a type specimen P. fuscoglaucum and contained a lineage-specific, intact cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) gene cluster. For comparison, a highly virulent postharvest apple pathogen, P. expansum strain TDL 12.1, was included and showed a similar growth pattern in culture to our Pf_T2 isolate but was far more aggressive in apple fruit than P. fuscoglaucum. The genome of Pf_T2 serves as a major improvement over existing resources, has superior annotation, and can inform forthcoming omics-based work and functional genetic studies to probe secondary metabolite production and disparities in aggressiveness during apple fruit decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianiris Luciano-Rosario
- Food Quality Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA;
- ORISE Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Wayne M. Jurick
- Food Quality Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA;
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Zheng R, Wang D, Li X, Yang M, Kong Q, Ren X. Screening of core microorganisms in healthy and diseased peaches and effect evaluation of biocontrol bacteria (Burkholderia sp.). Food Microbiol 2024; 120:104465. [PMID: 38431317 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2024.104465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Biological antagonists serve as the most important green alternatives to chemical fungicides, a class of microorganism that inhibits the growth of pathogenic fungi to reduce fruit incidence. In this paper, healthy and diseased peach fruit was selected for amplicon sequencing of the epiphytic microbiota on their surface to obtain a comprehensive understanding. Community structure, diversity and LefSe analysis were performed to screen Acetobacter, Muribaculaceae and Burkholderia as the core bacteria, Mycosphaerella, Penicillium and Alternaria as the core fungi, they showed significant differences and were highly enriched. Two strains fungi (Penicillium K3 and N1) and one strain antagonistic bacteria (Burkholderia J2) were isolated. The in intro test results indicated the bacterial suspension, fermentation broth and volatile organic compounds of antagonistic bacteria J2 were able to significantly inhibit pathogen growth. In vivo experiments, peach was stored at 28 °C for 6 days after different treatments, and samples were taken every day. It was found that Burkholderia J2 enhanced peach resistance by increasing the activities of antioxidant-related enzymes such as SOD, POD, PAL, PPO, GR, MDHAR, and DHAR. The results improved that Burkholderia J2 has great biocontrol potential and could be used as a candidate strain for green control of blue mold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renyu Zheng
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruit Storage and Preservation, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China; Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory of Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Di Wang
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruit Storage and Preservation, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China; Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory of Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xue Li
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruit Storage and Preservation, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China; Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory of Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Miao Yang
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruit Storage and Preservation, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China; Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory of Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qingjun Kong
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruit Storage and Preservation, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China; Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory of Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xueyan Ren
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruit Storage and Preservation, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China; Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory of Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China.
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Acar EG, Dikmetas DN, Devecioglu D, Ozer EM, Sarikece H, Karbancioglu-Guler F. Antagonistic Activities of Metschnikowia pulcherrima Isolates Against Penicillium expansum on Amasya Apples. Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:180. [PMID: 38761223 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-024-03700-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Postharvest fungal diseases cause serious fruit losses and food safety issues worldwide. The trend in preventing food loss and waste has shifted to environmentally friendly and sustainable methods, such as biological control. Penicillium expansum is a common postharvest contaminant fungus that causes blue mould disease and patulin formation on apples. This study aimed to provide biocontrol using Metschnikowia pulcherrima isolates against P. expansum, and to understand their antagonistic action mechanisms. In vitro, 38.77-51.69% of mycelial growth inhibition of P. expansum was achieved by M. pulcherrima isolates with the dual culture assay, while this rate was 69.45-84.89% in the disc diffusion assay. The disease symptoms of P. expansum on wounds were reduced by M. pulcherrima, on Amasya apples. The lesion diameter, 41.84 mm after 12 d of incubation in control, was measured as 24.14 mm when treated with the most effective M. pulcherrima DN-MP in vivo. Although the antagonistic mechanisms of M. pulcherrima isolates were similar, there was a difference between their activities. In general, DN-HS and DN-MP isolates were found to be more effective. In light of all these results, it can be said that M. pulcherrima isolates used in the study have an antagonistic effect against the growth of P. expansum both in vitro and in vivo in Amasya apples, therefore, when the appropriate formulation is provided, they can be used as an alternative biocontrol agent to chemical fungicides in the prevention of postharvest diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Gizem Acar
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Dilara Nur Dikmetas
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Dilara Devecioglu
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Elif Mehves Ozer
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Huseyin Sarikece
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Funda Karbancioglu-Guler
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Türkiye.
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Boateng NAS, Ackah M, Wang K, Dzah CS, Zhang H. Comparative physiological and transcriptomic analysis reveals an improved biological control efficacy of Sporidiobolus pararoseus Y16 enhanced with ascorbic acid against the oxidative stress tolerance caused by Penicillium expansum in pears. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 210:108627. [PMID: 38663265 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Sporidiobolus pararoseus Y16, a species of significant ecological importance, has distinctive physiological and biological regulatory systems that aid in its survival and environmental adaptation. The goal of this investigation was to understand the complex interactions between physiological and molecular mechanisms in pear fruits as induced by S. pararoseus Y16. The study investigated the use of S. pararoseus Y16 and ascorbic acid (VC) in combination in controlling blue mold decay in pears via physiological and transcriptomic approach. The study results showed that treatment of S. pararoseus Y16 with 150 μg/mL VC reduced pears blue mold disease incidence from 43% to 11%. Furthermore, the combination of S. pararoseus Y16 and VC significantly inhibited mycelia growth and spore germination of Penicillium expansum in the pear's wounds. The pre-treatment did not impair post-harvest qualities of pear fruit but increased antioxidant enzyme activity specifically polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) activities as well as phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) enzyme activity. The transcriptome analysis further uncovered 395 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and pathways involved in defense mechanisms and disease resistance. Notable pathways of the DEGs include plant-pathogen interaction, tyrosine metabolism, and hormone signal transduction pathways. The integrative approach with both physiological and transcriptomic tools to investigate postharvest pathology in pear fruits with clarification on how S. pararoseus Y16 enhanced with VC, improved gene expression for disease defense, and create alternative controls strategies for managing postharvest diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Adwoa Serwah Boateng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, PR China; Ho Technical University, P.O. Box HP 217. Ho, Volta Region, Ghana
| | - Michael Ackah
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Kaili Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | | | - Hongyin Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, PR China.
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de Ramón-Carbonell M, Sánchez-Torres P. Wide transcriptional outlook to uncover Penicillium expansum genes underlying fungal incompatible infection. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29124. [PMID: 38623190 PMCID: PMC11016614 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathogenesis of P. expansum involved different processes and one of them is the recognition between pathogen-host, which in the case of P. expansum is preferably pome fruit. In this work, the possible mechanisms connected to host recognition are addressed through the generation of a subtractive library carried out during the incompatible P. expansum-orange interaction in the initial stages of infection. The generated library was analyzed by massive sequencing and bioinformatic analysis. Of the identified genes, a total of 24 were selected for subsequent expression analysis by RT-qPCR in two incompatible interaction situations. The characterization of the overexpressed genes revealed the presence of CWDEs, ATPases, aldolases, detoxifying enzymes and virulent determinants that could act as effectors related to fungal virulence independently of the host. However, several identified genes, which could not be associated with the virulence of P. expansum under compatible conditions, were related to enzymes to obtain the nutrients necessary for the growth and development of the pathogen under stress conditions through basal metabolism that contributes to expand the range of adaptation of the pathogen to the environment and different hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta de Ramón-Carbonell
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Paloma Sánchez-Torres
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
- Food Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
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Ianiri G, Barone G, Palmieri D, Quiquero M, Gaeta I, De Curtis F, Castoria R. Transcriptomic investigation of the interaction between a biocontrol yeast, Papiliotrema terrestris strain PT22AV, and the postharvest fungal pathogen Penicillium expansum on apple. Commun Biol 2024; 7:359. [PMID: 38519651 PMCID: PMC10960036 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06031-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Biocontrol strategies offer a promising alternative to control plant pathogens achieving food safety and security. In this study we apply a RNAseq analysis during interaction between the biocontrol agent (BCA) Papiliotrema terrestris, the pathogen Penicillium expansum, and the host Malus domestica. Analysis of the BCA finds overall 802 upregulated DEGs (differentially expressed genes) when grown in apple tissue, with the majority being involved in nutrients uptake and oxidative stress response. This suggests that these processes are crucial for the BCA to colonize the fruit wounds and outcompete the pathogen. As to P. expansum analysis, 1017 DEGs are upregulated when grown in apple tissue, with the most represented GO categories being transcription, oxidation reduction process, and transmembrane transport. Analysis of the host M. domestica finds a higher number of DEGs in response to the pathogen compared to the BCA, with overexpression of genes involved in host defense signaling pathways in the presence of both of them, and a prevalence of pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) only during interaction with P. expansum. This analysis contributes to advance the knowledge on the molecular mechanisms that underlie biocontrol activity and the tritrophic interaction of the BCA with the pathogen and the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Ianiri
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, via F. De Sanctis snc, 86100, Campobasso, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Barone
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, via F. De Sanctis snc, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Davide Palmieri
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, via F. De Sanctis snc, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Michela Quiquero
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, via F. De Sanctis snc, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Ilenia Gaeta
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, via F. De Sanctis snc, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Filippo De Curtis
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, via F. De Sanctis snc, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Raffaello Castoria
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, via F. De Sanctis snc, 86100, Campobasso, Italy.
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Ye R, Biango-Daniels M, Steenwyk JL, Rokas A, Louw NL, Nardella R, Wolfe BE. Genomic, transcriptomic, and ecological diversity of Penicillium species in cheese rind microbiomes. Fungal Genet Biol 2024; 171:103862. [PMID: 38218228 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Although Penicillium molds can have significant impacts on agricultural, industrial, and biomedical systems, the ecological roles of Penicillium species in many microbiomes are not well characterized. Here we utilized a collection of 35 Penicillium strains isolated from cheese rinds to broadly investigate the genomic potential for secondary metabolism in cheese-associated Penicillium species, the impact of Penicillium on bacterial community assembly, and mechanisms of Penicillium-bacteria interactions. Using antiSMASH, we identified 1558 biosynthetic gene clusters, 406 of which were mapped to known pathways, including several mycotoxins and antimicrobial compounds. By measuring bacterial abundance and fungal mRNA expression when culturing representative Penicillium strains with a cheese rind bacterial community, we observed divergent impacts of different Penicillium strains, from strong inhibitors of bacterial growth to those with no impact on bacterial growth or community composition. Through differential mRNA expression analyses, Penicillium strains demonstrated limited differential gene expression in response to the bacterial community. We identified a few shared responses between the eight tested Penicillium strains, primarily upregulation of nutrient metabolic pathways, but we did not identify a conserved fungal response to growth in a multispecies community. These results in tandem suggest high variation among cheese-associated Penicillium species in their ability to shape bacterial community development and highlight important ecological diversity within this iconic genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Ye
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | | | - Jacob L Steenwyk
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Antonis Rokas
- Department of Biological Sciences and Evolutionary Studies Initiative, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Nicolas L Louw
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
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11
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Gong W, Sun Y, Tu T, Huang J, Zhu C, Zhang J, Salah M, Zhao L, Xia X, Wang Y. Chitosan inhibits Penicillium expansum possibly by binding to DNA and triggering apoptosis. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129113. [PMID: 38181919 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.129113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Chitosan is a natural polysaccharide that is abundant, biocompatible and exhibits effective antifungal activity against various pathogenic fungi. However, the potential intracellular targets of chitosan in pathogenic fungi and the way of activity of chitosan are far from well known. The present work demonstrated that chitosan could inhibit Penicillium expansum, the principal causal agent of postharvest blue mold decay on apple fruits, by binding to DNA and triggering apoptosis. UV-visible spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy and electrophoretic mobility assay proved the interaction between chitosan and DNA, while atomic force microscope (AFM) observation revealed the binding morphology of chitosan to DNA. Chitosan could inhibit in vitro DNA replication, and cell cycle analysis employing flow cytometry demonstrated that cell cycle was retarded by chitosan treatment. Furthermore, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay and membrane potential analysis showed that apoptosis was induced in P. expansum cells after exposure to chitosan. In conclusion, our results confirmed that chitosan interacts with DNA and induces apoptosis. These findings are expected to provide a feasible theoretical basis and practical direction for the promoting and implementing of chitosan in plant protection and further illuminate the possible antifungal mechanisms of chitosan against fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Gong
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yemei Sun
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Tingting Tu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Juanying Huang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Chenyang Zhu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Mahmoud Salah
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; Department of Environmental Agricultural Science, Faculty of Graduate Studies and Environmental Research, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Luning Zhao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Xia
- Center of Analysis, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yun Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
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12
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Llobregat B, González-Candelas L, Ballester AR. Exploring the Biocontrol Capability of Non-Mycotoxigenic Strains of Penicillium expansum. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:52. [PMID: 38251268 PMCID: PMC10820982 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Penicillium expansum is one the major postharvest pathogens of pome fruit during postharvest handling and storage. This fungus also produces patulin, which is a highly toxic mycotoxin that can contaminate infected fruits and their derived products and whose levels are regulated in many countries. In this study, we investigated the biocontrol potential of non-mycotoxigenic strains of Penicillium expansum against a mycotoxigenic strain. We analyzed the competitive behavior of two knockout mutants that were unable to produce patulin. The first mutant (∆patK) involved the deletion of the patK gene, which is the initial gene in patulin biosynthesis. The second mutant (∆veA) involved the deletion of veA, which is a global regulator of primary and secondary metabolism. At the phenotypic level, the ∆patK mutant exhibited similar phenotypic characteristics to the wild-type strain. In contrast, the ∆veA mutant displayed altered growth characteristics compared with the wild type, including reduced conidiation and abnormal conidiophores. Neither mutant produced patulin under the tested conditions. Under various stress conditions, the ∆veA mutants exhibited reduced growth and conidiation when exposed to stressors, including cell membrane stress, oxidative stress, osmotic stress, and different pH values. However, no significant changes were observed in the ∆patK mutant. In competitive growth experiments, the presence of non-mycotoxigenic strains reduced the population of the wild-type strain during in vitro growth. Furthermore, the addition of either of the non-mycotoxigenic strains resulted in a significant decrease in patulin levels. Overall, our results suggest the potential use of non-mycotoxigenic mutants, particularly ∆patK mutants, as biocontrol agents to reduce patulin contamination in food and feed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana-Rosa Ballester
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), CSIC, Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (B.L.); (L.G.-C.)
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13
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Lai D, Wang D, Shao X, Qin J, Zhuang Q, Xu H, Xiao W. Comparative physiological and transcriptome analysis provide insights into the inhibitory effect of osthole on Penicillium choerospondiatis. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 198:105749. [PMID: 38225092 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Blue mold induced by Penicillium choerospondiatis is a primary cause of growth and postharvest losses in the fruit of Phyllanthus emblica. There is an urgent need to explore novel and safe fungicides to control this disease. Here, we demonstrated osthole, a natural coumarin compound isolated from Cnidium monnieri, exhibited a strong inhibitory effect on mycelia growth, conidial germination rate and germ tube length of P. choerospondiatis, and effectively suppressed the blue mold development in postharvest fruit of P. emblica. The median effective concentration of osthole was 9.86 mg/L. Osthole treatment resulted in cellular structural disruption, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and induced autophagic vacuoles containing cytoplasmic components in fungal cells. Transcriptome analysis revealed that osthole treatment led to the differentially expressed genes mainly enriched in the cell wall synthesis, TCA cycle, glycolysis/ gluconeogenesis, oxidative phosphorylation. Moreover, osthole treatment led to increase genes expression involved in peroxisome, autophagy and endocytosis. Particularly, the autophagy pathway related genes (PcATG1, PcATG3, PcATG15, PcATG27, PcYPT7 and PcSEC18) were prominently up-regulated by osthole. Summarily, these results revealed the potential antifungal mechanism of osthole against P. choerospondiatis. Osthole has potentials to develop as a natural antifungal agent for controlling blue mold disease in postharvest fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Lai
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Delin Wang
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuehua Shao
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Qin
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingli Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanhong Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiqiang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Luciano-Rosario D, Barda O, Tannous J, Frawley D, Bayram Ö, Prusky D, Sionov E, Keller NP. The histone demethylase KdmB is part of a trimeric protein complex and mediates virulence and mycotoxin production in Penicillium expansum. Fungal Genet Biol 2023; 169:103837. [PMID: 37722619 PMCID: PMC10755807 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic modification of chromosome structure has increasingly been associated with alterations in secondary metabolism and sporulation defects in filamentous fungal pathogens. Recently, the epigenetic reader protein SntB was shown to govern virulence, spore production and mycotoxin synthesis in the fruit pathogen Penicillium expansum. Through immunoprecipitation-coupled mass spectrometry, we found that SntB is a member of a protein complex with KdmB, a histone demethylase and the essential protein RpdA, a histone deacetylase. Deletion of kdmB phenocopied some but not all characteristics of the ΔsntB mutant. KdmB deletion strains exhibited reduced lesion development on Golden Delicious apples and this was accompanied by decreased production of patulin and citrinin in host tissue. In addition, ΔkdmB mutants were sensitive to several cell wall stressors which possibly contributed to the decreased virulence observed on apples. Slight differences in spore production and germination rates of ΔkdmB mutants in vitro did not impact overall diameter growth in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Omer Barda
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Joanna Tannous
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Dean Frawley
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Kildare, Ireland
| | - Özgür Bayram
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Kildare, Ireland
| | - Dov Prusky
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Edward Sionov
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Nancy P Keller
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
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15
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Fincheira P, Jofré I, Espinoza J, Levío-Raimán M, Tortella G, Oliveira HC, Diez MC, Quiroz A, Rubilar O. The efficient activity of plant essential oils for inhibiting Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum: Mechanistic insights into antifungal activity. Microbiol Res 2023; 277:127486. [PMID: 37742453 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum produce deterioration in fruit quality, causing losses to the food industry. Thus, plant essential oils (EOs) have been proposed as a sustainable alternative for minimizing the application of synthetic fungicides due to their broad-spectrum antifungal properties. This study investigated the efficacy of five EOs in suppressing the growth of B. cinerea and P. expansum and their potential antifungal mechanisms. EOs of Mentha × piperita L., Origanum vulgare L., Thymus vulgaris L., Eucalyptus globules Labill., and Lavandula angustifolia Mill., were screened for both fungi. The results showed that the EO of T. vulgaris and O. vulgare were the most efficient in inhibiting the growth of B. cinerea and P. expansum. The concentration increase of all EO tested increased fungi growth inhibition. Exposure of fungi to EOs of T. vulgaris and O. vulgare increased the pH and the release of constituents absorbing 260 nm and soluble proteins, reflecting membrane permeability alterations. Fluorescence microscopic examination revealed that tested EOs produce structural alteration in cell wall component deposition, decreasing the hypha width. Moreover, propidium iodide and Calcein-AM stains evidenced the loss of membrane integrity and reduced cell viability of fungi treated with EOs. Fungi treated with EOs decreased the mitochondria activity and the respiratory process. Therefore, these EOs are effective antifungal agents against B. cinerea and P. expansum, which is attributed to changes in the cell wall structure, the breakdown of the cell membrane, and the alteration of the mitochondrial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Fincheira
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnological Research Applied to the Environment (CIBAMA-UFRO), Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile.
| | - Ignacio Jofré
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile; Laboratory of Geomicrobiology, Department of Chemical Sciences and Natural Resources. Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - Javier Espinoza
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnological Research Applied to the Environment (CIBAMA-UFRO), Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile; Department of Chemical Sciences and Natural Resources. Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - Marcela Levío-Raimán
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnological Research Applied to the Environment (CIBAMA-UFRO), Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Tortella
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnological Research Applied to the Environment (CIBAMA-UFRO), Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile; Department of Chemical Engineering. Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - Halley Caixeta Oliveira
- Department of Animal and Plant Biology, University of Londrina, PR 445, km 380, CEP 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - María Cristina Diez
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnological Research Applied to the Environment (CIBAMA-UFRO), Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile; Department of Chemical Engineering. Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - Andrés Quiroz
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnological Research Applied to the Environment (CIBAMA-UFRO), Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile; Department of Chemical Sciences and Natural Resources. Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - Olga Rubilar
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnological Research Applied to the Environment (CIBAMA-UFRO), Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile; Department of Chemical Engineering. Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile
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16
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Huang K, Sun X, Li X, Huang X, Sun Z, Li W, Wang J, Tian D, Lin C, Wu X, Miao C, Li Y, Xu P, Fan T, Zhu S, Li N, Zeng L, Liu J, Sui Y. Pathogenic fungi shape the fungal community, network complexity, and pathogenesis in kiwifruit. Microb Biotechnol 2023; 16:2264-2277. [PMID: 37750437 PMCID: PMC10686113 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Kiwifruit decay caused by endophytic fungi is affected by exogenous pathogens that trigger changes in fungal community composition and interact with the endophytic fungal community. Four fungal pathogens of kiwifruit were identified. These were Aspergillus japonicus, Aspergillus flavus, Botryosphaeria dothidea, and Penicillium oxalicum. Except for P. oxalicum, the remaining three species represent newly described pathogens of kiwifruit. All four fungal species caused disease and decay in mature kiwifruit. Results of the fungal community analysis indicated that three pathogens that A. japonicus, A. flavus and P. oxalicum were the most dominant, however, other fungal species that did not cause disease symptoms were also present. Positive interactions between fungal species were found in asymptomatic, symptomatic, and infected kiwifruit. The ability of all four pathogens to infect kiwifruit was confirmed in an inoculation experiment. The presence of any one of the four identified pathogens accelerated decay development and limited the postharvest longevity of harvested kiwifruit. Results of the study identified and confirmed the ability of four fungal species to infect and cause decay in harvested kiwifruit. Changes in the structure and composition of the kiwifruit microbiome during the decay process were also characterized. This provides a foundation for the further study of the microbiome of kiwifruit and their involvement in postharvest diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Huang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Life Science/Institute of Special PlantsChongqing University of Arts & SciencesChongqingChina
| | - Xiangcheng Sun
- West China Biopharm Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversitySichuanChina
| | - Xiaojiao Li
- School of Biotechnology and BioengineeringWest Yunnan UniversityLincangChina
| | | | | | - Wenhua Li
- Yantai Lvyun Biotechnology Co., LtdYantaiChina
| | - Junkui Wang
- Yantai Lvyun Biotechnology Co., LtdYantaiChina
| | - Dawei Tian
- Yantai Lvyun Biotechnology Co., LtdYantaiChina
| | | | - Xuehong Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Cailing Miao
- College of Landscape Architecture and Life Science/Institute of Special PlantsChongqing University of Arts & SciencesChongqingChina
- College of Biology and Food EngineeringChongqing Three Gorges UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yujing Li
- College of Landscape Architecture and Life Science/Institute of Special PlantsChongqing University of Arts & SciencesChongqingChina
- College of Biology and Food EngineeringChongqing Three Gorges UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Panpan Xu
- Division of Liver Surgery, Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of Liver Surgery, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyWest China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Tianyu Fan
- College of Landscape Architecture and Life Science/Institute of Special PlantsChongqing University of Arts & SciencesChongqingChina
- College of Biology and Food EngineeringChongqing Three Gorges UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Shuxin Zhu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Life Science/Institute of Special PlantsChongqing University of Arts & SciencesChongqingChina
- College of Biology and Food EngineeringChongqing Three Gorges UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Na Li
- College of Landscape Architecture and Life Science/Institute of Special PlantsChongqing University of Arts & SciencesChongqingChina
| | - Li Zeng
- College of Landscape Architecture and Life Science/Institute of Special PlantsChongqing University of Arts & SciencesChongqingChina
| | - Jia Liu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Life Science/Institute of Special PlantsChongqing University of Arts & SciencesChongqingChina
| | - Yuan Sui
- College of Landscape Architecture and Life Science/Institute of Special PlantsChongqing University of Arts & SciencesChongqingChina
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17
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Luciano-Rosario D, Peng H, Gaskins VL, Fonseca JM, Keller NP, Jurick WM. Mining the Penicillium expansum Genome for Virulence Genes: A Functional-Based Approach to Discover Novel Loci Mediating Blue Mold Decay of Apple Fruit. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1066. [PMID: 37998873 PMCID: PMC10672711 DOI: 10.3390/jof9111066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Blue mold, a postharvest disease of pome fruits, is caused by the filamentous fungus Penicillium expansum. In addition to the economic losses caused by P. expansum, food safety can be compromised, as this pathogen is mycotoxigenic. In this study, forward and reverse genetic approaches were used to identify genes involved in blue mold infection in apple fruits. For this, we generated a random T-DNA insertional mutant library. A total of 448 transformants were generated and screened for the reduced decay phenotype on apples. Of these mutants, six (T-193, T-275, T-434, T-588, T-625, and T-711) were selected for continued studies and five unique genes were identified of interest. In addition, two deletion mutants (Δt-625 and Δt-588) and a knockdown strain (t-434KD) were generated for three loci. Data show that the ∆t-588 mutant phenocopied the T-DNA insertion mutant and had virulence penalties during apple fruit decay. We hypothesize that this locus encodes a glyoxalase due to bioinformatic predictions, thus contributing to reduced colony diameter when grown in methylglyoxal (MG). This work presents novel members of signaling networks and additional genetic factors that regulate fungal virulence in the blue mold fungus during apple fruit decay.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hui Peng
- Everglades Research and Education Center, Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Belle Glade, FL 33430, USA;
| | - Verneta L. Gaskins
- Food Quality Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (V.L.G.); (J.M.F.)
| | - Jorge M. Fonseca
- Food Quality Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (V.L.G.); (J.M.F.)
| | - Nancy P. Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Wayne M. Jurick
- Food Quality Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (V.L.G.); (J.M.F.)
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18
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Lai T, Yu Q, Pan J, Wang J, Tang Z, Bai X, Shi L, Zhou T. The Identification and Comparative Analysis of Non-Coding RNAs in Spores and Mycelia of Penicillium expansum. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:999. [PMID: 37888255 PMCID: PMC10607695 DOI: 10.3390/jof9100999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Penicillium expansum is the most popular post-harvest pathogen and causes blue mold disease in pome fruit and leads to significant economic losses worldwide every year. However, the fundamental regulation mechanisms of growth in P. expansum are unclear. Recently, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have attracted more attention due to critical roles in normalizing gene expression and maintaining cellular genotypes in organisms. However, the research related to ncRNAs in P. expansum have not been reported. Therefore, to provide an overview of ncRNAs on composition, distribution, expression changes, and potential targets in the growth process, a comparative transcriptomic analysis was performed on spores and mycelia of P. expansum in the present study. A total of 2595 novel mRNAs, 3362 long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), 10 novel microRNAs (miRNAs), 86 novel small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and 11,238 circular RNAs (circRNAs) were predicted and quantified. Of these, 1482 novel mRNAs, 5987 known mRNAs, 2047 lncRNAs, 40 miRNAs, 38 novel siRNAs, and 9235 circRNAs were differentially expressed (DE) in response to the different development stages. Afterward, the involved functions and pathways of DE RNAs were revealed via Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database enrichment analysis. The interaction networks between mRNAs, lncRNAs, and miRNAs were also predicted based on their correlation coefficient of expression profiles. Among them, it was found that miR168 family members may play important roles in fungal growth due to their central location in the network. These findings will contribute to a better understanding on regulation machinery at the RNA level on fungal growth and provide a theoretical basis to develop novel control strategies against P. expansum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongfei Lai
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; (T.L.); (Q.Y.); (J.P.); (J.W.); (X.B.); (L.S.)
| | - Qinru Yu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; (T.L.); (Q.Y.); (J.P.); (J.W.); (X.B.); (L.S.)
| | - Jingjing Pan
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; (T.L.); (Q.Y.); (J.P.); (J.W.); (X.B.); (L.S.)
| | - Jingjing Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; (T.L.); (Q.Y.); (J.P.); (J.W.); (X.B.); (L.S.)
| | - Zhenxing Tang
- School of Culinary Arts, Tourism College of Zhejiang, Hangzhou 311231, China;
| | - Xuelian Bai
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; (T.L.); (Q.Y.); (J.P.); (J.W.); (X.B.); (L.S.)
| | - Lue Shi
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; (T.L.); (Q.Y.); (J.P.); (J.W.); (X.B.); (L.S.)
| | - Ting Zhou
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; (T.L.); (Q.Y.); (J.P.); (J.W.); (X.B.); (L.S.)
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Chen Y, Zhang Y, Xu D, Zhang Z, Li B, Tian S. PeAP1-mediated oxidative stress response plays an important role in the growth and pathogenicity of Penicillium expansum. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0380822. [PMID: 37732795 PMCID: PMC10581040 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03808-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Penicillium expansum is the causal agent of post-harvest blue mold in various fruits and serves as a model for understanding fungal pathogenicity and mycotoxin production. The relevance of oxidative stress response in the growth and virulence of P. expansum has been largely unexplored. Here, we identify the transcriptional factor PeAP1 as a regulator of oxidative stress response in P. expansum. Gene expression and protein abundance of PeAP1, as well as its nuclear localization, are specifically induced by H2O2. Deletion of PeAP1 results in increased sensitivity to H2O2, and PeAP1 mutants exhibit a variety of defects in hyphal growth and virulence. PeAP1 prevents the accumulation of both intracellular H2O2 during vegetative growth and host-derived H2O2 during biotrophic growth. Application of an antioxidant glutathione and a NADPH oxidase inhibitor, diphenylene iodonium, to the PeAP1 mutant partially restored fungal growth and virulence. RNA sequencing analysis revealed 144 H2O2-induced PeAP1 target genes, including four antioxidant-related genes, PeGST1, PePrx1, PePrx2, and PeTRX2, that were also demonstrated to be involved in oxidative stress response and/or virulence. Collectively, our results demonstrate the global regulatory role of PeAP1 in response to oxidative stress and provide insights into the critical role of the PeAP1-mediated oxidative stress response to regulate growth and virulence of P. expansum. IMPORTANCE Reactive oxygen species are the core of host plant defense and also play a vital role in the successful invasion of host plants by pathogenic fungi. Despite its importance, the relevance of oxidative stress response in fungal growth and virulence is poorly understood in P. expansum. In this study, we reveal that the transcription factor PeAP1 acts as a central regulator of oxidative stress response in P. expansum and that there is a major link between PeAP1-mediated oxidative stress response and fungal growth and virulence. To explore the underlying mechanisms, we performed comparative transcriptomic studies and identified a number of H2O2-induced PeAP1 target genes, including four novel ones, PePrx1, PePrx2, PeGST1, and PeTRX2, whose functions were linked to PeAP1 and pathogenicity. These findings provide novel insights into the regulation mechanism of PeAP1 on growth and virulence, which might offer promising targets for control of blue mold and patulin contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, China
| | - Yichen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanquan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, China
| | - Boqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, China
| | - Shiping Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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20
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Wang Y, Yang Q, Godana EA, Zhang Y, Zhang H. Ultrastructural observation and transcriptome analysis provide insights into mechanisms of Penicillium expansum invading apple wounds. Food Chem 2023; 414:135633. [PMID: 36809724 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Penicillium expansum is a pathogen causing enormous postharvest losses of fruits, especially apples. In this study, we first investigated the morphological changes of P. expansum within apple wounds during infectious process by microscopic observation. We found that conidia swelled and secreted potential hydrophobin in 4 h, germinated in 8 h, and finally formed conidiophores in 36 h, a critical control time point to prevent the second contamination of spores. We then compared the transcript accumulation of P. expansum in apple tissues and liquid culture at 12 h. In total, 3168 and 1318 up-regulated and down-regulated genes were identified. Among them, genes regarding the biosynthesis of substances such as ergosterol, organic acid, cell wall degrading enzymes, and patulin were induced in expression. Pathways were activated, including autophagy, the mitogen-activated protein kinase, and pectin degradation. Our findings provide insights into the lifestyle and the mechanisms of P. expansum invading apple fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiya Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Esa Abiso Godana
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyin Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Han Z, Zong Y, Zhang X, Gong D, Wang B, Prusky D, Sionov E, Xue H, Bi Y. Erg4 Is Involved in Ergosterol Biosynthesis, Conidiation and Stress Response in Penicillium expansum. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9050568. [PMID: 37233279 DOI: 10.3390/jof9050568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
erg4 is a key gene for ergosterol biosynthesis in filamentous fungi, but its function in Penicillium expansum remains unknown. Our results showed that P. expansum contains three erg4 genes, including erg4A, erg4B and erg4C. The expression levels of the three genes showed differences in the wild-type (WT) strain, and the expression level of erg4B was the highest, followed by erg4C. Deletion of erg4A, erg4B or erg4C in the WT strain revealed functional redundancy between them. Compared to the WT strain, erg4A, erg4B or erg4C knockout mutants reduced ergosterol levels, with erg4B deletion having the greatest effect. Furthermore, deletion of the three genes reduced sporulation of the strain, and Δerg4B and Δerg4C mutants showed defective spore morphology. In addition, Δerg4B and Δerg4C mutants were found to be more sensitive to cell wall integrity and oxidative stress. However, deletion of erg4A, erg4B or erg4C had no significant effect on colony diameter, spore germination rate, conidiophore structure of P. expansum or pathogenicity to apple fruit. Taken together, erg4A, erg4B and erg4C have redundant functions and are all involved in ergosterol synthesis and sporulation in P. expansum. In addition, erg4B and erg4C contribute to spore morphogenesis, cell wall integrity and response to oxidative stress in P. expansum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanhong Han
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Di Gong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Bin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Dov Prusky
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 50250, Israel
| | - Edward Sionov
- Department of Food Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 50250, Israel
| | - Huali Xue
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yang Bi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
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22
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Fenta L, Mekonnen H, Kabtimer N. The Exploitation of Microbial Antagonists against Postharvest Plant Pathogens. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11041044. [PMID: 37110467 PMCID: PMC10143894 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11041044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Postharvest disease management is vital to increase the quality and productivity of crops. As part of crop disease protection, people used different agrochemicals and agricultural practices to manage postharvest diseases. However, the widespread use of agrochemicals in pest and disease control has detrimental effects on consumer health, the environment, and fruit quality. To date, different approaches are being used to manage postharvest diseases. The use of microorganisms to control postharvest disease is becoming an eco-friendly and environmentally sounds approach. There are many known and reported biocontrol agents, including bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes. Nevertheless, despite the abundance of publications on biocontrol agents, the use of biocontrol in sustainable agriculture requires substantial research, effective adoption, and comprehension of the interactions between plants, pathogens, and the environment. To accomplish this, this review made an effort to locate and summarize earlier publications on the function of microbial biocontrol agents against postharvest crop diseases. Additionally, this review aims to investigate biocontrol mechanisms, their modes of operation, potential future applications for bioagents, as well as difficulties encountered during the commercialization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamenew Fenta
- Department of Biology, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos P.O. Box 269, Ethiopia
| | - Habtamu Mekonnen
- Department of Biology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar P.O. Box 79, Ethiopia
| | - Negash Kabtimer
- Department of Biology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar P.O. Box 79, Ethiopia
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Jiang L, Huang H, Shi X, Wu J, Ye J, Xu Q, Fang S, Wu C, Luo R, Lu C, Liu D. Biocontrol Microneedle Patch: A Promising Agent for Protecting Citrus Fruits from Postharvest Infection. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041219. [PMID: 37111704 PMCID: PMC10142349 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
With increasing human awareness of food safety, the replacement of highly toxic pesticides with biocompatible antimicrobials has become a trend. This study proposes a biocontrol microneedle (BMN) to expand the application of the food-grade preservative epsilon-poly-L-lysine (ε-PL) in fruit preservatives by utilizing a dissolving microneedle system. The macromolecular polymer ε-PL not only possesses broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity but also exhibits good mechanical properties. With the addition of a small amount of polyvinyl alcohol, the mechanical strength of the ε-PL-based microneedle patch could be further improved to achieve an enhanced failure force of needles at 1.6 N/needle and induce an approximately 96% insertion rate in citrus fruit pericarps. An ex vivo insertion test revealed that the microneedle tips could be effectively inserted into the citrus fruit pericarp, rapidly dissolve within 3 min, and produce inconspicuous needle holes. Moreover, the high drug loading capacity of BMN was observed to reach approximately 1890 μg/patch, which is essential for enhancing the concentration-dependent antifungal activity of ε-PL. The drug distribution study has confirmed the feasibility of mediating the local diffusion of EPL in the pericarp through BMN. Therefore, BMN has great potential to reduce the incidence of invasive fungal infections in local areas of citrus fruit pericarp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Huan Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Xingyu Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Juexian Ye
- Department of Pharmacy, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Shaobin Fang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515000, China
| | - Chuanbin Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Rui Luo
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Chao Lu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511436, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Daojun Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
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24
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Secondary metabolites isolated from Penicillium expansum and their chemotaxonomic value. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2023.104584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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25
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Alimadadi N, Pourvali Z, Nasr S, Fazeli SAS. Screening of antagonistic yeast strains for postharvest control of Penicillium expansum causing blue mold decay in table grape. Fungal Biol 2023; 127:901-908. [PMID: 36906380 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Blue mold decay caused by Penicillium expansum is one of the most important postharvest diseases of grapes, leading to considerable economic losses. Regarding the increasing demand for pesticide-free foods, this study aimed to find potential yeast strains for biological control of blue mold on table grapes. A total of 50 yeast strains were screened for antagonistic activity against P. expansum using the dual culture method and six strains significantly inhibited the fungal growth. All six yeast strains (Coniochaeta euphorbiae, Auerobasidium mangrovei, Tranzscheliella sp., Geotrichum candidum, Basidioascus persicus, and Cryptococcus podzolicus) reduced the fungal growth (29.6-85.0%) and the decay degree of wounded grape berries inoculated with P. expansum while G. candidum was found to be the most efficient biocontrol agent. On the basis of antagonistic activity, the strains were further characterized by in vitro assays involving inhibition of conidial germination, production of volatile compounds, iron competition, production of hydrolytic enzymes, biofilm-forming capacity, and exhibited three or more putative mechanisms. To our knowledge, the yeasts are reported for the first time as potential biocontrol agents against the blue mold of grapes but more study is required to evaluate their efficiency related to field application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayyereh Alimadadi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Pourvali
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic Sciences and Advanced Technologies in Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Nasr
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic Sciences and Advanced Technologies in Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran; Microorganisms Bank, Iranian Biological Resource Center (IBRC), ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyed Abolhassan Shahzadeh Fazeli
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences and Advanced Technologies in Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran; Departement of Genetics, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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26
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Buonsenso F, Schiavon G, Spadaro D. Efficacy and Mechanisms of Action of Essential Oils' Vapours against Blue Mould on Apples Caused by Penicillium expansum. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032900. [PMID: 36769223 PMCID: PMC9917833 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofumigation with slow-release diffusers of essential oils (EOs) of basil, oregano, savoury, thyme, lemon, and fennel was assessed for the control of blue mould of apples, caused by Penicillium expansum. In vitro, the ability of the six EOs to inhibit the mycelial growth was evaluated at concentrations of 1.0, 0.5, and 0.1%. EOs of thyme, savoury, and oregano, at all three concentrations, and basil, at 1.0 and 0.5%, were effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth of P. expansum. In vivo, disease incidence and severity were evaluated on 'Opal' apples artificially inoculated with the pathogen and treated at concentrations of 1.0% and 0.5% of EOs. The highest efficacy in reducing blue mould was observed with EOs of lemon and oregano at 1.0% after 60 days of storage at 1 ± 1 °C (incidence of rot, 3 and 1%, respectively) and after a further 14 days of shelf-life at 15 ± 1 °C (15 and 17%). Firmness, titratable acidity, and total soluble solids were evaluated at harvest, after cold storage, and after shelf-life. Throughout the storage period, no evident phytotoxic effects were observed. The EOs used were characterised through GC-MS to analyse their compositions. Moreover, the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in the cabinets were characterised during storage using the SPME-GC-MS technique. The antifungal effects of EOs were confirmed both in vitro and in vivo and the possible mechanisms of action were hypothesised. High concentrations of antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds in the EOs explain the efficacy of biofumigation in postharvest disease control. These findings provide new insights for the development of sustainable strategies for the management of postharvest diseases and the reduction of fruit losses during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Buonsenso
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
- Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector—AGROINNOVA, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Giada Schiavon
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
- Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector—AGROINNOVA, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Davide Spadaro
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
- Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector—AGROINNOVA, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
- Correspondence:
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27
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Abad AV, Manzanares P, Marcos JF, Martínez-Culebras PV. The Penicillium digitatum antifungal protein PdAfpB shows high activity against mycobiota involved in sliced bread spoilage. Food Microbiol 2023; 109:104142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Elicitation of Fruit Fungi Infection and Its Protective Response to Improve the Postharvest Quality of Fruits. STRESSES 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/stresses3010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Fruit diseases brought on by fungus infestation leads to postharvest losses of fresh fruit. Approximately 30% of harvested fruits do not reach consumers’ plates due to postharvest losses. Fungal pathogens play a substantial part in those losses, as they cause the majority of fruit rots and consumer complaints. Understanding fungal pathogenic processes and control measures is crucial for developing disease prevention and treatment strategies. In this review, we covered the presented pathogen entry, environmental conditions for pathogenesis, fruit’s response to pathogen attack, molecular mechanisms by which fungi infect fruits in the postharvest phase, production of mycotoxin, virulence factors, fungal genes involved in pathogenesis, and recent strategies for protecting fruit from fungal attack. Then, in order to investigate new avenues for ensuring fruit production, existing fungal management strategies were then assessed based on their mechanisms for altering the infection process. The goal of this review is to bridge the knowledge gap between the mechanisms of fungal disease progression and numerous disease control strategies being developed for fruit farming.
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Transcriptome Analysis and Functional Characterization Reveal That Peclg Gene Contributes to the Virulence of Penicillium expansum on Apple Fruits. Foods 2023; 12:foods12030479. [PMID: 36766008 PMCID: PMC9914705 DOI: 10.3390/foods12030479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Penicillium expansum is the causal agent of blue mold decay on apple fruits and is also known to be the major producer of patulin, a mycotoxin that represents serious hazard to human health. Several mechanisms have been suggested to explain the pathogenesis of P. expansum in host plants. Secreted effector proteins are vital for the pathogenicity of many fungal pathogens through manipulating their hosts for efficient colonization. In this study, we performed a RNA-Seq analysis followed by computational prediction of effector proteins from P. expansum during infection of the host apple fruits, and a total of 212 and 268 candidate effector protein genes were identified at 6 and 9 h after inoculation (hai), respectively. One of the candidate effector protein genes was identified as a concanavalin A-like lectin/glucanase (Peclg), which was dramatically induced during the pathogen-host interaction. Targeted knockout of Peclg resulted in significant reduction in conidial production and germination relative to the wild type. Further studies showed that in addition to salt stress, the mutant was much more sensitive to SDS and Congo red, suggesting a defect in cell wall integrity. Pathogenicity assays revealed that the ΔPeclg mutant showed significant decrease in virulence and infectious growth on apple fruits. All these results suggest that Peclg is required for fungal growth, stress response, and the virulence of P. expansum.
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30
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The Hydrophobin Gene Family Confers a Fitness Trade-off between Spore Dispersal and Host Colonization in Penicillium expansum. mBio 2022; 13:e0275422. [PMID: 36374077 PMCID: PMC9765440 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02754-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrophobins are small amphipathic surface proteins found exclusively in fungi. In filamentous ascomycetes, one conserved role of a subset of hydrophobins is their requirement for spore dispersal. Other contributions of these proteins to fungal biology are less clear and vary across genera. To determine the functions of hydrophobins in the biology and virulence of this fungus, we created seven single mutants and a septuple-deletion mutant (Δsep) of the entire putative P. expansum hydrophobin gene family. One spore hydrophobin, HfbA, shared 72.56% sequence identity to the Aspergillus fumigatus spore hydrophobin RodA and was required for efficient spore dispersion in P. expansum. The Δsep mutant was likewise reduced in spore dispersal, hypothesized to be due to the aberrant shape and clumping of the Δsep conidia and conidiophores. Additionally, the Δsep mutant presented several differences in physiological traits, including decreased survival in extreme cold temperatures and increased production of several toxic secondary metabolites. Most striking was the unexpected fitness advantage that the Δsep strain displayed in competitive passaging with the wild-type strain on host apple where the mutant significantly increased in percentage of the colonizing population. This work uncovers potential ecological trade-offs of hydrophobin presence in filamentous fungi. IMPORTANCE Hydrophobins are amphipathic secreted proteins uniquely found in filamentous fungi. These proteins self-assemble and constitute the outer most layer of fungal surfaces thus mediating multiple aspects of fungal interactions with their environments. Hydrophobins facilitate spore dispersal, yet a full understanding of the function and need for multiple hydrophobins in fungal species remains elusive. To address the role of this protein family in Penicillium expansum, the causative agent of blue mold disease in pome fruit, all seven putative hydrophobin genes were deleted and the mutant assessed for numerous physiological traits and virulence on fruit. Despite showing a decrease in spore dispersal, the septuple-deletion mutant was more fit than the wild type in competitive pathogenicity tests on apple. Our findings suggest this gene family illustrates a functional trade-off between dispersal and host colonization in P. expansum.
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31
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Comparative Penicillium spp. Transcriptomics: Conserved Pathways and Processes Revealed in Ungerminated Conidia and during Postharvest Apple Fruit Decay. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122414. [PMID: 36557667 PMCID: PMC9788453 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Blue mold, caused by Penicillium spp., is an impactful postharvest disease resulting in significant economic losses due to reduced pome fruit quality and mycotoxin contamination. Using two Penicillium species with different levels of aggressiveness, transcriptomics were implemented in order to identify genes expressed during apple fruit decay and loci expressed in ungerminated conidia. Total RNA was isolated from ungerminated conidia and decayed apple fruit infected with P. expansum R19 or P. polonicum RS1. There were 2442 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the R19 and RS1 in apple. Comparisons within species between apple and conidia revealed 4404 DEGs for R19 and 2935 for RS1, respectively. Gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed differential regulation in fungal transport and metabolism genes during decay, suggesting a flux in nutrient acquisition and detoxification strategies. In R19, the oxidoreductase GO category comprised 20% of all DEG groups in apple verses conidia. Ungerminated conidia from both species showed DEGs encoding the glyoxylate shunt and beta-oxidation, specifying the earliest metabolic requirements for germination. This is the first study to identify pre-loaded transcripts in conidia from blue mold fungi, reveal unique genes between species expressed during apple decay, and show the expression dynamics of known fungal virulence factors. These findings will enable development of targeted approaches for blue mold abatement strategies.
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Dynamic Change of Carbon and Nitrogen Sources in Colonized Apples by Penicillium expansum. Foods 2022; 11:foods11213367. [PMID: 36359980 PMCID: PMC9657820 DOI: 10.3390/foods11213367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Penicillium expansum is a necrotrophic pathogen, which actively kills host cells and obtains nutrients from dead cells to achieve infection. However, few reports have elucidated the differential levels of carbon and nitrogen sources over increasing distances of the leading edge in fungal colonized fruit tissues during colonization. Our results showed that the highest consumption of sucrose and fructose, as well as the accumulation of glucose, were found in the decayed region of P. expansum-colonized ‘Delicious’ apple fruit compared with the healthy region at the leading edge and the healthy region 6 mm away from the leading edge. As nitrogen sources, the contents of methionine, glutamate, leucine, valine, isoleucine and serine were the lowest in the decayed region compared with the healthy regions during colonization. In addition, the titratable acidity, oxalic acid, citric acid, succinic acid and malic acid showed the highest accumulation in the decayed region compared with the healthy regions. P. expansum colonization induced the accumulation of saturated fatty acids in the decayed region, while the level of unsaturated fatty acids was the lowest. These changes were not observed in the healthy regions. These results indicated that P. expansum kills cells in advance of its colonization in order to obtain the nutrients of the apple tissue from the distal leading tissue of the colonized apple. It is understood that more carbon and nitrogen sources are required for fungal colonization, and a stronger defense response against colonization occurred in the fruit, causing the transit of nutrients from the distal tissue to the infected sites.
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Wang X, Zhang X, Sun M, Wang L, Zou Y, Fu L, Han C, Li A, Li L, Zhu C. Impact of vanillin on postharvest disease control of apple. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:979737. [PMID: 36090122 PMCID: PMC9456617 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.979737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Apple fruits are susceptible to infection by postharvest fungal pathogens, which may cause fruit decay and severe economic losses. This study investigated the antifungal spectrum of vanillin against common decay pathogens of apple and explored the antifungal mechanisms of vanillin in vitro. In vivo experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of vanillin on apple postharvest disease control and fruit quality. Moreover, the induced resistance mechanism of vanillin on apple fruit was preliminarily explored. The results showed that vanillin has broad-spectrum antifungal effects, especially on Alternaria alternata. Vanillin could significantly inhibit the growth rate, mycelium biomass, and spore germination of pathogenic fungi by increasing the cell membrane permeability and lipid peroxidation. Importantly, vanillin treatment reduced the incidence of apple decay caused by A. alternata and Penicillium expansum, and contributed to improve fruit quality. Further studies indicated that vanillin could induce elevation in the activities of defense-related enzymes in apple fruit, such as phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chitinase (CHI) and β-1,3-glucanase (β-1,3-GA), and increase total phenols and flavonoids contents. Generally, these results suggest that vanillin may contribute to the induced resistance of apple fruits to pathogenic fungi. To conclude, the results of this research provide theoretical foundations for the application of vanillin in the control of apple postharvest decay caused by fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Wang
- College of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xuemin Zhang
- College of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Meng Sun
- College of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yaoyuan Zou
- College of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lin Fu
- College of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chuanyu Han
- College of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Anqing Li
- College of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Limei Li
- Jilin Provincial Academy of Forestry Science, Changchun, China
- Limei Li,
| | - Chunyu Zhu
- College of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Chunyu Zhu,
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Leng J, Yu L, Dai Y, Leng Y, Wang C, Chen Z, Wisniewski M, Wu X, Liu J, Sui Y. Recent advances in research on biocontrol of postharvest fungal decay in apples. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:10607-10620. [PMID: 35608023 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2080638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Apple is the largest fruit crop produced in temperate regions and is a popular fruit worldwide. It is, however, susceptible to a variety of postharvest fungal pathogens, including Penicillium expansum, Botrytis cinerea, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Monilia spp., and Alternaria spp. Decays resulting from fungal infections severely reduce apple quality and marketable yield. Biological control utilizing bacterial and fungal antagonists is an eco-friendly and effective method of managing postharvest decay in horticultural crops. In the current review, research on the pathogenesis of major decay fungi and isolation of antagonists used to manage postharvest decay in apple is presented. The mode of action of postharvest biocontrol agents (BCAs), including recent molecular and genomic studies, is also discussed. Recent research on the apple microbiome and its relationship to disease management is highlighted, and the use of additives and physical treatments to enhance biocontrol efficacy of BCAs is reviewed. Biological control is a critical component of an integrated management system for the sustainable approaches to apple production. Additional research will be required to explore the feasibility of developing beneficial microbial consortia and novel antimicrobial compounds derived from BCAs for postharvest disease management, as well as genetic approaches, such as the use of CRISPR/Cas9 technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Leng
- Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, Chongqing, China
| | - Longfeng Yu
- School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, West Yunnan University, Lincang, Yunan, China
| | - Yuan Dai
- Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Leng
- School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, West Yunnan University, Lincang, Yunan, China
| | - Chaowen Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, West Yunnan University, Lincang, Yunan, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Michael Wisniewski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Xuehong Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan Sui
- Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, Chongqing, China
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Bartholomew HP, Bradshaw MJ, Macarisin O, Gaskins VL, Fonseca JM, Jurick WM. More than a Virulence Factor: Patulin Is a Non-Host-Specific Toxin that Inhibits Postharvest Phytopathogens and Requires Efflux for Penicillium Tolerance. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:1165-1174. [PMID: 35365059 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-21-0371-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination is a leading cause of food spoilage and waste on a global scale. Patulin, a mycotoxin produced by Penicillium spp. during postharvest pome fruit decay, causes acute and chronic effects in humans, withstands pasteurization, and is not eliminated by fermentation. While much is known about the impact of patulin on human health, there are significant knowledge gaps concerning the effect of patulin during postharvest fruit-pathogen interactions. Application of patulin on six apple cultivars reproduced some blue mold symptoms that were cultivar-independent and dose-dependent. Identical symptoms were also observed in pear and mandarin orange. Six Penicillium isolates exposed to exogenous patulin exhibited delayed germination after 24 h, yet all produced viable colonies in 7 days. However, four common postharvest phytopathogenic fungi were completely inhibited by patulin during conidial germination and growth, suggesting the toxin is important for Penicillium to dominate the postharvest niche. Using clorgyline, a broad-spectrum efflux pump inhibitor, we demonstrated that efflux plays a role in Penicillium auto-resistance to patulin during conidial germination. The work presented here contributes new knowledge of patulin auto-resistance, its mode of action, and inhibitory role in fungal-fungal interactions. Our findings provide a solid foundation to develop toxin and decay mitigation approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly P Bartholomew
- Food Quality Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Michael J Bradshaw
- Food Quality Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Otilia Macarisin
- Food Quality Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Verneta L Gaskins
- Food Quality Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Jorge M Fonseca
- Food Quality Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Wayne M Jurick
- Food Quality Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705
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36
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Marker-free CRISPR-Cas9 based genetic engineering of the phytopathogenic fungus, Penicillium expansum. Fungal Genet Biol 2022; 160:103689. [PMID: 35339702 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2022.103689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are prolific producers of secondary metabolites (SecMets), including compounds with antibiotic properties, like penicillin, that allows the producing fungus to combat competitors in a shared niche. However, the biological function of the majority of these small complex metabolites for the producing fungi remains unclear (Macheleidt et al., 2016). In an effort to address this lack of knowledge, we have chosen to study the microbial community of moldy apples in the hope of shedding more light on the role of SecMets for the dynamics of the microbial community. Penicillium expansum is one of the prevalent fungal species in this system, and in co-culture experiments with other apple fungal pathogens, we have observed up- and downregulation of several SecMets when compared to monocultures. However, molecular genetic dissection of the observed changes is challenging, and new methodologies for targeted genetic engineering in P. expansum are needed. In the current study, we have established a CRISPR-Cas9 dependent genetic engineering toolbox for the targeted genetic manipulation of P. expansum to allow for single-step construction of marker-free strains. The method and effect of different combinations of a Cas9-sgRNA expressing plasmids and repair template substrates in the NHEJ-proficient WT strain is tested by targeted deletion of melA, encoding a PKS responsible for pigment formation, which upon deletion resulted in white mutants. Co-transformation with a linear double-stranded DNA fragment consisting of two 2 kb homology arms flanking the PKS gene proved to be the most efficient strategy with 100% confirmed deletions by diagnostic PCR. Shorter homology arms (500-1000bp) resulted in 20-30% deletion efficiency. Furthermore, we demonstrate the application of the CRISPR-Cas9 method for targeted deletion of biosynthetic genes without a visible phenotype, insertion of a visual reporter-encoding gene (mRFP), and overexpression of biosynthetic genes. Combined, these tools will advance in enabling the deciphering of SecMet biosynthetic pathways, provide in situ insight into when and where SecMets are produced, and provide an avenue to study the role of P. expansum SecMets in shaping the microbial community development on moldy apples via marker-free targeted genetic engineering of P. expansum.
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Žebeljan A, Duduk N, Vučković N, Jurick WM, Vico I. Incidence, Speciation, and Morpho-Genetic Diversity of Penicillium spp. Causing Blue Mold of Stored Pome Fruits in Serbia. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7121019. [PMID: 34947001 PMCID: PMC8709240 DOI: 10.3390/jof7121019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Blue mold, caused by Penicillium spp., is one of the most economically important postharvest diseases of pome fruits, globally. Pome fruits, in particular apple, is the most widely grown pome fruit in Serbia, and the distribution of Penicillium spp. responsible for postharvest decay is unknown. A two-year survey was conducted in 2014 and 2015, where four pome fruits (apple, pear, quince, and medlar) with blue mold symptoms were collected from 20 storage locations throughout Serbia. Detailed morphological characterization, analysis of virulence in three apple cultivars, and multilocus phylogeny revealed three main Penicillium spp. in order of abundance: P. expansum, P. crustosum, and P. solitum. Interestingly, P. expansum split into two distinct clades with strong statistical support that coincided with several morphological observations. Findings from this study are significant and showed previously undocumented diversity in blue mold fungi responsible for postharvest decay including the first finding of P. crustosum, and P. solitum as postharvest pathogens of quince and P. crustosum of medlar fruit in the world, and P. expansum of quince in Serbia. Data from this study provide timely information regarding phenotypic, morphological and genotypic plasticity in P. expansum that will impact the design of species-specific detection tools and guide the development of blue mold management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Žebeljan
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (A.Ž.); (N.V.); (I.V.)
| | - Nataša Duduk
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (A.Ž.); (N.V.); (I.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-381-11-441-3555
| | - Nina Vučković
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (A.Ž.); (N.V.); (I.V.)
| | - Wayne M. Jurick
- USDA-ARS, Food Quality Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA;
| | - Ivana Vico
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (A.Ž.); (N.V.); (I.V.)
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38
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Dor S, Prusky D, Afriat-Jurnou L. Bacterial Quorum-Quenching Lactonase Hydrolyzes Fungal Mycotoxin and Reduces Pathogenicity of Penicillium expansum-Suggesting a Mechanism of Bacterial Antagonism. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7100826. [PMID: 34682247 PMCID: PMC8537011 DOI: 10.3390/jof7100826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Penicillium expansum is a necrotrophic wound fungal pathogen that secrets virulence factors to kill host cells including cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs), proteases, and mycotoxins such as patulin. During the interaction between P. expansum and its fruit host, these virulence factors are strictly modulated by intrinsic regulators and extrinsic environmental factors. In recent years, there has been a rapid increase in research on the molecular mechanisms of pathogenicity in P. expansum; however, less is known regarding the bacteria–fungal communication in the fruit environment that may affect pathogenicity. Many bacterial species use quorum-sensing (QS), a population density-dependent regulatory mechanism, to modulate the secretion of quorum-sensing signaling molecules (QSMs) as a method to control pathogenicity. N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs) are Gram-negative QSMs. Therefore, QS is considered an antivirulence target, and enzymes degrading these QSMs, named quorum-quenching enzymes, have potential antimicrobial properties. Here, we demonstrate that a bacterial AHL lactonase can also efficiently degrade a fungal mycotoxin. The mycotoxin is a lactone, patulin secreted by fungi such as P. expansum. The bacterial lactonase hydrolyzed patulin at high catalytic efficiency, with a kcat value of 0.724 ± 0.077 s−1 and KM value of 116 ± 33.98 μM. The calculated specific activity (kcat/KM) showed a value of 6.21 × 103 s−1M−1. While the incubation of P. expansum spores with the purified lactonase did not inhibit spore germination, it inhibited colonization by the pathogen in apples. Furthermore, adding the purified enzyme to P. expansum culture before infecting apples resulted in reduced expression of genes involved in patulin biosynthesis and fungal cell wall biosynthesis. Some AHL-secreting bacteria also express AHL lactonase. Here, phylogenetic and structural analysis was used to identify putative lactonase in P. expansum. Furthermore, following recombinant expression and purification of the newly identified fungal enzyme, its activity with patulin was verified. These results indicate a possible role for patulin and lactonases in inter-kingdom communication between fungi and bacteria involved in fungal colonization and antagonism and suggest that QQ lactonases can be used as potential antifungal post-harvest treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomit Dor
- Migal-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel;
| | - Dov Prusky
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
- Correspondence: (D.P.); (L.A.-J.)
| | - Livnat Afriat-Jurnou
- Migal-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel;
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Tel-Hai Academic College, Upper Galilee 1220800, Israel
- Correspondence: (D.P.); (L.A.-J.)
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Arginine Methyltransferase PeRmtC Regulates Development and Pathogenicity of Penicilliumexpansum via Mediating Key Genes in Conidiation and Secondary Metabolism. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7100807. [PMID: 34682229 PMCID: PMC8537047 DOI: 10.3390/jof7100807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Penicillium expansum is one of the most common and destructive post-harvest fungal pathogens that can cause blue mold rot and produce mycotoxins in fruit, leading to significant post-harvest loss and food safety concerns. Arginine methylation by protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) modulates various cellular processes in many eukaryotes. However, the functions of PRMTs are largely unknown in post-harvest fungal pathogens. To explore their roles in P. expansum, we identified four PRMTs (PeRmtA, PeRmtB, PeRmtC, and PeRmt2). The single deletion of PeRmtA, PeRmtB, or PeRmt2 had minor or no impact on the P. expansum phenotype while deletion of PeRmtC resulted in decreased conidiation, delayed conidial germination, impaired pathogenicity and pigment biosynthesis, and altered tolerance to environmental stresses. Further research showed that PeRmtC could regulate two core regulatory genes, PeBrlA and PeAbaA, in conidiation, a series of backbone genes in secondary metabolism, and affect the symmetric ω-NG, N’G-dimethylarginine (sDMA) modification of proteins with molecular weights of primarily 16–17 kDa. Collectively, this work functionally characterized four PRMTs in P. expansum and showed the important roles of PeRmtC in the development, pathogenicity, and secondary metabolism of P. expansum.
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40
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Yin G, Zhao H, Pennerman KK, Jurick WM, Fu M, Bu L, Guo A, Bennett JW. Genomic Analyses of Penicillium Species Have Revealed Patulin and Citrinin Gene Clusters and Novel Loci Involved in Oxylipin Production. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:743. [PMID: 34575780 PMCID: PMC8464941 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Blue mold of apple is caused by several different Penicillium species, among which P. expansum and P. solitum are the most frequently isolated. P. expansum is the most aggressive species, and P. solitum is very weak when infecting apple fruit during storage. In this study, we report complete genomic analyses of three different Penicillium species: P. expansum R21 and P. crustosum NJ1, isolated from stored apple fruit; and P. maximae 113, isolated in 2013 from a flooded home in New Jersey, USA, in the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy. Patulin and citrinin gene cluster analyses explained the lack of patulin production in NJ1 compared to R21 and lack of citrinin production in all three strains. A Drosophila bioassay demonstrated that volatiles emitted by P. solitum SA and P. polonicum RS1 were more toxic than those from P. expansum and P. crustosum strains (R27, R11, R21, G10, and R19). The toxicity was hypothesized to be related to production of eight-carbon oxylipins. Putative lipoxygenase genes were identified in P. expansum and P. maximae strains, but not in P. crustosum. Our data will provide a better understanding of Penicillium spp. complex secondary metabolic capabilities, especially concerning the genetic bases of mycotoxins and toxic VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Yin
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (H.Z.); (M.F.)
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA;
| | - Hui Zhao
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (H.Z.); (M.F.)
| | - Kayla K. Pennerman
- Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA ARS), Athens, GA 30605, USA;
| | - Wayne M. Jurick
- Food Quality Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA ARS), Beltsville, MD 20705, USA;
| | - Maojie Fu
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (H.Z.); (M.F.)
| | - Lijing Bu
- Center for Evolutionary & Theoretical Immunology (CETI), Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA;
| | - Anping Guo
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (H.Z.); (M.F.)
| | - Joan W. Bennett
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA;
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Yang J, Wang T, Di J, Liu Y, Hao X, Wang Y. l
‐glutamate inhibits blue mould caused by
Penicillium expansum
in apple fruits by altering the primary nitrogen and carbon metabolisms. Int J Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering Shanxi Agricultural University Taigu Shanxi 030801 China
| | - Tengfei Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering Shanxi Agricultural University Taigu Shanxi 030801 China
| | - Jianbing Di
- College of Food Science and Engineering Shanxi Agricultural University Taigu Shanxi 030801 China
| | - Yaping Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering Shanxi Agricultural University Taigu Shanxi 030801 China
| | - Xiaoling Hao
- College of Food Science and Engineering Shanxi Agricultural University Taigu Shanxi 030801 China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering Shanxi Agricultural University Taigu Shanxi 030801 China
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Rosa S, Pesaresi P, Mizzotti C, Bulone V, Mezzetti B, Baraldi E, Masiero S. Game-changing alternatives to conventional fungicides: small RNAs and short peptides. Trends Biotechnol 2021; 40:320-337. [PMID: 34489105 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fungicide use is one of the core elements of intensive agriculture because it is necessary to fight pathogens that would otherwise cause large production losses. Oomycete and fungal pathogens are kept under control using several active compounds, some of which are predicted to be banned in the near future owing to serious concerns about their impact on the environment, non-targeted organisms, and human health. To avoid detrimental repercussions for food security, it is essential to develop new biomolecules that control existing and emerging pathogens but are innocuous to human health and the environment. This review presents and discusses the use of novel low-risk biological compounds based on small RNAs and short peptides that are attractive alternatives to current contentious fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Rosa
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, I-20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Pesaresi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, I-20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Mizzotti
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, I-20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Vincent Bulone
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia; Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bruno Mezzetti
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, I-60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Elena Baraldi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Simona Masiero
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, I-20133, Milano, Italy.
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Zhang Y, Gao C, Masum MMI, Cheng Y, Wei C, Guan Y, Guan J. Dynamic Microbiome Changes Reveal the Effect of 1-Methylcyclopropene Treatment on Reducing Post-harvest Fruit Decay in "Doyenne du Comice" Pear. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:729014. [PMID: 34512605 PMCID: PMC8430257 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.729014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogen-induced decay is one of the most common causes of fruit loss, resulting in substantial economic loss and posing a health risk to humans. As an ethylene action inhibitor, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) can significantly reduce fruit decay, but its effect on fruit pathogens remains unclear. Herein, the change in microbial community structure was analyzed using the high-throughput sequencing technology, and characteristics related to fruit quality were determined after 1-MCP (1.0 M l L-1) treatment in "Doyenne du Comiceis" pear fruit during storage at ambient temperature. Overall, 1-MCP was highly effective in reducing disease incidence and induced multiple changes of the fungal and bacterial microbiota. At day 15, the microbial diversity of fungi or bacteria was reduced significantly in the control fruit (non-treated with 1-MCP), which had the most severe decay incidence. For fungi, in addition to Alternaria being the most abundant in both 1-MCP treatment (59.89%) and control (40.18%), the abundances of Botryosphaeria (16.75%), Penicillium (8.81%), and Fusarium (6.47%) increased significantly with the extension of storage time. They became the primary pathogens to cause fruit decay in control, but they were markedly decreased in 1-MCP treatment, resulting in reduced disease incidence. For bacteria, the abundance of Gluconobacter (50.89%) increased dramatically at day 15 in the control fruit, showing that it also played a crucial role in fruit decay. In addition, Botryosphaeria, Fusarium fungi, and Massilia, Kineococcus bacteria were identified as biomarkers to distinguish 1-MCP treatment and control using Random Forest analysis. The redundancy analysis (RDA) result showed that the amount of Botryosphaeria, Penicillium, and Fusarium were positively correlated with disease incidence and respiration rate of pear fruits while negatively correlated with fruit firmness. This investigation is the first comprehensive analysis of the microbiome response to 1-MCP treatment in post-harvest pear fruit, and reveals the relationship between fruit decay and microbial composition in pear fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Plant Genetic Engineering Center of Hebei Province, Institute of Biotechnology and Food Science, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Congcong Gao
- Plant Genetic Engineering Center of Hebei Province, Institute of Biotechnology and Food Science, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Md. Mahidul Islam Masum
- Department of Plant Pathology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Yudou Cheng
- Plant Genetic Engineering Center of Hebei Province, Institute of Biotechnology and Food Science, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chuangqi Wei
- Plant Genetic Engineering Center of Hebei Province, Institute of Biotechnology and Food Science, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yeqing Guan
- Plant Genetic Engineering Center of Hebei Province, Institute of Biotechnology and Food Science, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Junfeng Guan
- Plant Genetic Engineering Center of Hebei Province, Institute of Biotechnology and Food Science, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
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Chen Y, Zhang Z, Li B, Tian S. PeMetR-mediated sulfur assimilation is essential for virulence and patulin biosynthesis in Penicillium expansum. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:5555-5568. [PMID: 34347341 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Penicillium expansum, as the causal agent of blue mould and a main producer of mycotoxin patulin, is a global concern for economic and food safety. To date, the nutritional requirements of the pathogen during infection and patulin biosynthesis are poorly understood. Here, we genetically characterized the role of the bZIP transcription factor PeMetR in sulfur metabolism, virulence and patulin biosynthesis of P. expansum. The PeMetR regulator is crucial for normal germination and growth on inorganic S-sources but dispensable for utilization of organic S-sources. Accordingly, it is involved in regulating the expression of genes in sulfur assimilation pathway rather than methionine metabolic processes. Disruption of PeMetR resulted in a complete loss of virulence on various fruits. Additionally, the mutant showed a remarkably reduced ability to produce patulin. Exogenous methionine could partially or completely rescue the impaired phenotypes of the mutant. Inactivation of the sulfur assimilation pathway genes, PesA, PesB, PesC, PesF, generated growth, virulence and patulin production defects similar to those of ΔPeMetR. Overall, our study provides evidence that PeMetR-mediated sulfur assimilation is essential for growth and infection and shows for the first time that regulation of sulfur assimilation affects biosynthesis of an important mycotoxin patulin in P. expansum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Zhanquan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.,Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handing of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Boqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.,Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handing of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Shiping Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.,Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handing of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100093, China.,The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
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Shao D, Smith DL, Kabbage M, Roth MG. Effectors of Plant Necrotrophic Fungi. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:687713. [PMID: 34149788 PMCID: PMC8213389 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.687713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant diseases caused by necrotrophic fungal pathogens result in large economic losses in field crop production worldwide. Effectors are important players of plant-pathogen interaction and deployed by pathogens to facilitate plant colonization and nutrient acquisition. Compared to biotrophic and hemibiotrophic fungal pathogens, effector biology is poorly understood for necrotrophic fungal pathogens. Recent bioinformatics advances have accelerated the prediction and discovery of effectors from necrotrophic fungi, and their functional context is currently being clarified. In this review we examine effectors utilized by necrotrophic fungi and hemibiotrophic fungi in the latter stages of disease development, including plant cell death manipulation. We define "effectors" as secreted proteins and other molecules that affect plant physiology in ways that contribute to disease establishment and progression. Studying and understanding the mechanisms of necrotrophic effectors is critical for identifying avenues of genetic intervention that could lead to improved resistance to these pathogens in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mitchell G. Roth
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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46
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Ogórek R, Speruda M, Borzęcka J, Piecuch A, Cal M. First Speleomycological Study on the Occurrence of Psychrophilic and Psychrotolerant Aeromycota in the Brestovská Cave (Western Tatras Mts., Slovakia) and First Reports for Some Species at Underground Sites. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:497. [PMID: 34199665 PMCID: PMC8226529 DOI: 10.3390/biology10060497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Most underground ecosystems are heterotrophic, fungi in these objects are dispersed in the air in the form of spores, and they may be potentially hazardous to mammals. Research in underground sites has focused on mesophilic airborne fungi and only a few concerned cold-adapted species. Therefore, the goal of our research was the first report of psychrophilic and psychrotolerant aeromycota in the Brestovská Cave using culture-based techniques with genetic and phenotypic identification. Plates with PDA medium containing sampled biological material were incubated at 8 ± 0.5 °C. The density of mycobiota inside the cave ranged from 37.4 to 71 CFU 1 m-3 of air and 63.3 CFU 1 m-3 of air outside the cave. Thus, the level of fungal spores did not exceed the standards for the mycological quality of the air. A total of 18 species were isolated during the study, and some species may be potentially dangerous to people with weakened immune system. All fungal species were present inside the cave and only seven of them were outside. Cladosporium cladosporioides dominated in the external air samples and Mortierella parvispora was cultured most frequently from internal air samples. To our knowledge, this is the first discovery of the fungal species such as Coniothyrium pyrinum, Cystobasidium laryngis, Filobasidium wieringae, Leucosporidium drummii, M. parvispora, Mrakia blollopis, Nakazawaea holstii, and Vishniacozyma victoriae in the air inside the underground sites. Moreover, C. pyrinum, C. laryngis, L. drummii, M. blollopis, and N. holstii have never been detected in any component of the underground ecosystems. There are possible reasons explaining the detection of those species, but global warming is the most likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Ogórek
- Department of Mycology and Genetics, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego Street 63-77, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland; (M.S.); (J.B.); (A.P.); (M.C.)
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Dai Y, Wang Z, Leng J, Sui Y, Jiang M, Wisniewski M, Liu J, Wang Q. Eco-friendly management of postharvest fungal decays in kiwifruit. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:8307-8318. [PMID: 33998844 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1926908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Kiwifruit is purchased by consumers worldwide and is increasing in demand. Unfortunately, kiwifruit is susceptible to postharvest decay caused by a variety of fungal pathogens, including Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium expansum, Alternaria alternata, Botryosphaeria dothidea, and Diaporthe spp. Among these pathogens, B. cinerea is the most prevalent and devastating. Infections by these fungal pathogens result in a deterioration in fruit quality and a reduction in marketable yield. Eco-friendly methods to control kiwifruit postharvest decay have been explored as alternatives to the use of synthetic fungicides. In this review, we provide an overview and discuss the virulence and pathogenesis of fungi that are causal agents of kiwifruit decay, especially B. cinerea, including recent molecular and genomic studies. Advances in pre- and postharvest measures for postharvest decay management, including biological control, physical applications, the use of natural compounds and plant hormones, and the use of combined methods, are also reviewed. Eco-friendly control measures are a critical component of an integrated management approach for sustainable production of kiwifruit. The need for further research on the use of microbial consortia for the management of postharvest diseases of kiwifruit is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Dai
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology, College of Landscape Architecture and Life Science/Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhenshuo Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinsong Leng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology, College of Landscape Architecture and Life Science/Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan Sui
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology, College of Landscape Architecture and Life Science/Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingguo Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China
| | - Michael Wisniewski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Jia Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology, College of Landscape Architecture and Life Science/Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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48
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Wu L, Li Z, Zhao F, Zhao B, Phillip FO, Feng J, Liu H, Yu K. Increased Organic Fertilizer and Reduced Chemical Fertilizer Increased Fungal Diversity and the Abundance of Beneficial Fungi on the Grape Berry Surface in Arid Areas. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:628503. [PMID: 34025598 PMCID: PMC8139630 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.628503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Fertilizer practices can significantly impact the fruit quality and microbial diversity of the orchards. The fungi on the surface of fruits are essential for fruit storability and safety. However, it is not clear whether fertilization affects the fungal diversity and community structure on the surface of grape berries. Here, grape quality and the fungal diversity on the surface of grapes harvested from three fertilizer treatments were analyzed shortly after grape picking (T0) and following 8 days of storage (T1). The study involved three treatments: (1) common chemical fertilizer for 2 years (CH); (2) increased organic fertilizer and reduced chemical fertilizer for 1 year (A.O); and (3) increased organic fertilizer and reduced chemical fertilizer for 2 years (B.O). The application of increased organic fertilizer and reduced chemical fertilizer increased the soluble solids content (SSC) of the grape berries and decreased the pH of the grape juice. A total of 827,947 high-quality fungal sequences were recovered and assigned to 527 operational taxonomic units. Members of the Ascomycota phylum were dominant in all samples and accounted for 94.41% of the total number of detected sequences, followed by the Basidiomycota (5.05%), and unidentified fungi (0.54%). Alpha and beta diversity analyses revealed significantly different fungal populations in the three fertilizer treatments over the two time periods. The fungal diversity and richness on the grape berry surface in the B.O and A.O treatments were higher than those in the CH treatment. Among the detected fungi, the B.O treatments were mainly Pichia, Aureobasidium, and Candida genera, while the CH treatments were Botrytis, Aspergillus, and Penicillium. Moreover, significant differences were revealed between the two assessment times (T0 and T1). The samples from the T0 timepoint had higher fungal richness and diversity than the samples from T1 timepoint. Increasing organic fertilizer usage in grape management could improve grape quality and went on to increase the fungal diversity, as well as the relative abundance (RA) of beneficial fungi on grape berry surfaces. The correlation analysis suggested that the pH of the grape juice was significantly negatively correlated with fungal diversity parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnan Wu
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, The Key Laboratory of Characteristics of Fruit and Vegetable Cultivation and Utilization of Germoplasm Resources of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Crops, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- Shihezi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shihezi, China
| | - Fengyun Zhao
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, The Key Laboratory of Characteristics of Fruit and Vegetable Cultivation and Utilization of Germoplasm Resources of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Crops, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Benzhou Zhao
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, The Key Laboratory of Characteristics of Fruit and Vegetable Cultivation and Utilization of Germoplasm Resources of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Crops, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Fesobi Olumide Phillip
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, The Key Laboratory of Characteristics of Fruit and Vegetable Cultivation and Utilization of Germoplasm Resources of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Crops, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Jianrong Feng
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, The Key Laboratory of Characteristics of Fruit and Vegetable Cultivation and Utilization of Germoplasm Resources of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Crops, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Huaifeng Liu
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, The Key Laboratory of Characteristics of Fruit and Vegetable Cultivation and Utilization of Germoplasm Resources of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Crops, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Kun Yu
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, The Key Laboratory of Characteristics of Fruit and Vegetable Cultivation and Utilization of Germoplasm Resources of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Crops, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
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Rajski Ł, Petromelidou S, Díaz-Galiano FJ, Ferrer C, Fernández-Alba AR. Improving the simultaneous target and non-target analysis LC-amenable pesticide residues using high speed Orbitrap mass spectrometry with combined multiple acquisition modes. Talanta 2021; 228:122241. [PMID: 33773743 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) for the simultaneous target and non-target analysis of pesticide residues in food control is a subject that has been studied over the last decade. However, proving its efficacy compared to the more established triple quadrupole mass spectrometers (QQQ-MS2) is challenging. Various HRMS platforms have been evaluated, seemingly showing this approach not to be as effective as QQQ-MS2 for quantitative analysis, especially in routine food testing laboratories. The two main reasons are (i) the lower sensitivity especially in the case of the fragment ions produced and (ii) the lack of familiarity and an understanding of the most appropriate combination of HRMS acquisition modes to use. In fact, the number of different acquisition modes can appear as a puzzle to inexperienced users. This work was therefore focused on obtaining experimental data to gain a better understanding of the extended acquisition capabilities of a new Q-Orbitrap platform. Experimental data were obtained for 244 pesticides and their degradation products in commodities of varying matrix complexity (tomato, onion, avocado, and orange) using various combinations of acquisition modes. The best results for targeted analysis were obtained with a combination of full scan (FS), all-ions fragmentation (AIF) and target MS2 (tMS2) modes, and for non-target analysis using full scan (FS) and data-dependent MS2 (ddMS2) modes. All these acquisition modes (FS, AIF, tMS2, and ddMS2) could be applied simultaneously with cycle times ≤ 1 s. The tMS2 especially, proved to be a very powerful approach to increase sensitivity for MS2 fragments and identification rates. Overall, the results for the various pesticide-commodity combinations were fully satisfactory in terms of limit of quantitation (LOQ) repeatability and identification when considered against the SANTE EU Guideline criteria. In addition, the screening capabilities were evaluated for a non-target survey with the use of spectral libraries, the presence of non-target compounds was detected, thus proving the efficacy of the proposed approach. Another issue often overlooked is the optimization of use of spectral libraries, but in our experiments the compounds present in these libraries were not blindly sought in the screening analyses. To minimize the potential for false positives detects in our study, the extractability of the compounds present in the libraries, was also taken into account. The extractability of compounds using a QuEChERS acetonitrile procedure was estimated based on the physicochemical properties of target compounds. By removing compounds that will not be extracted, reduces the occurrences of false detects, reducing the time required for data processing and thus improving the efficiency of the overall screening workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Rajski
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Pesticide Residues in Fruit & Vegetables, University of Almería, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3). Ctra, Sacramento s/n. La Cañada de San Urbano 04120-Almería, Spain
| | - Styliani Petromelidou
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GR-541 24, Greece
| | - Francisco José Díaz-Galiano
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Pesticide Residues in Fruit & Vegetables, University of Almería, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3). Ctra, Sacramento s/n. La Cañada de San Urbano 04120-Almería, Spain
| | - Carmen Ferrer
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Pesticide Residues in Fruit & Vegetables, University of Almería, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3). Ctra, Sacramento s/n. La Cañada de San Urbano 04120-Almería, Spain
| | - Amadeo Rodríguez Fernández-Alba
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Pesticide Residues in Fruit & Vegetables, University of Almería, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3). Ctra, Sacramento s/n. La Cañada de San Urbano 04120-Almería, Spain.
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50
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Lai T, Sun Y, Liu Y, Li R, Chen Y, Zhou T. Cinnamon Oil Inhibits Penicillium expansum Growth by Disturbing the Carbohydrate Metabolic Process. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7020123. [PMID: 33572180 PMCID: PMC7915993 DOI: 10.3390/jof7020123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Penicillium expansum is a major postharvest pathogen that mainly threatens the global pome fruit industry and causes great economic losses annually. In the present study, the antifungal effects and potential mechanism of cinnamon oil against P. expansum were investigated. Results indicated that 0.25 mg L−1 cinnamon oil could efficiently inhibit the spore germination, conidial production, mycelial accumulation, and expansion of P. expansum. In addition, it could effectively control blue mold rots induced by P. expansum in apples. Cinnamon oil could also reduce the expression of genes involved in patulin biosynthesis. Through a proteomic quantitative analysis, a total of 146 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) involved in the carbohydrate metabolic process, most of which were down-regulated, were noticed for their large number and functional significance. Meanwhile, the expressions of 14 candidate genes corresponding to DEPs and the activities of six key regulatory enzymes (involving in cellulose hydrolyzation, Krebs circle, glycolysis, and pentose phosphate pathway) showed a similar trend in protein levels. In addition, extracellular carbohydrate consumption, intracellular carbohydrate accumulation, and ATP production of P. expansum under cinnamon oil stress were significantly decreased. Basing on the correlated and mutually authenticated results, we speculated that disturbing the fungal carbohydrate metabolic process would be partly responsible for the inhibitory effects of cinnamon oil on P. expansum growth. The findings would provide new insights into the antimicrobial mode of cinnamon oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongfei Lai
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; (T.L.); (R.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yangying Sun
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory for Safety of Agricultural Products, College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; (Y.S.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yaoyao Liu
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory for Safety of Agricultural Products, College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; (Y.S.); (Y.L.)
| | - Ran Li
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; (T.L.); (R.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yuanzhi Chen
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; (T.L.); (R.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Ting Zhou
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; (T.L.); (R.L.); (Y.C.)
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory for Safety of Agricultural Products, College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; (Y.S.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +86-571-28861007; Fax: +86-571-28866065
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