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Zhang Z, Zheng H, Yu Q, Jing X. Understanding of Spinal Wide Dynamic Range Neurons and Their Modulation on Pathological Pain. J Pain Res 2024; 17:441-457. [PMID: 38318328 PMCID: PMC10840524 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s446803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The spinal dorsal horn (SDH) transmits sensory information from the periphery to the brain. Wide dynamic range (WDR) neurons within this relay site play a critical role in modulating and integrating peripheral sensory inputs, as well as the process of central sensitization during pathological pain. This group of spinal multi-receptive neurons has attracted considerable attention in pain research due to their capabilities for encoding the location and intensity of nociception. Meanwhile, transmission, processing, and modulation of incoming afferent information in WDR neurons also establish the underlying basis for investigating the integration of acupuncture and pain signals. This review aims to provide a comprehensive examination of the distinctive features of WDR neurons and their involvement in pain. Specifically, we will examine the regulation of diverse supraspinal nuclei on these neurons and analyze their potential in elucidating the mechanisms of acupuncture analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyun Zhang
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingquan Yu
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianghong Jing
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Wahezi SE, Caparo MA, Malhotra R, Sundaram L, Batti K, Ejindu P, Veeramachaneni R, Anitescu M, Hunter CW, Naeimi T, Farah F, Kohan L. Current Waveforms in Spinal Cord Stimulation and Their Impact on the Future of Neuromodulation: A Scoping Review. Neuromodulation 2024; 27:47-58. [PMID: 38184341 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurom.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuromodulation is a standard and well-accepted treatment for chronic refractory neuropathic pain. There has been progressive innovation in the field over the last decade, particularly in areas of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) and dorsal root ganglion stimulation. Improved outcomes using proprietary waveforms have become customary in the field, leading to an unprecedented expansion of these products and a plethora of options for the management of pain. Although advances in waveform technology have improved our fundamental understanding of neuromodulation, a scoping review describing new energy platforms and their associated clinical effects and outcomes is needed. The authors submit that understanding electrophysiological neuromodulation may be important for clinical decision-making and programming selection for personalized patient care. OBJECTIVE This review aims to characterize ways differences in mechanism of action and clinical outcomes of current spinal neuromodulation products may affect contemporary clinical decision-making while outlining a possible path for the future SCS. STUDY DESIGN The study is a scoping review of the literature about newer generation SCS waveforms. MATERIALS AND METHODS A literature report was performed on PubMed and chapters to include articles on spine neuromodulation mechanism of action and efficacy. RESULTS A total of 8469 studies were identified, 75 of which were included for the scoping review after keywords defining recent waveform technology were added. CONCLUSIONS Clinical data suggest that neuromodulation remains a promising tool in the treatment of chronic pain. The evidence for SCS for treating chronic pain seems compelling; however, more long-term and comparative data are needed for a comparison of waveforms when it comes to the etiology of pain. In addition, an exploration into combination waveform therapy and waveform cycling may be paramount for future clinical studies and the development of new technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed E Wahezi
- Multidisciplinary Pain Program, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA.
| | - Moorice A Caparo
- Multidisciplinary Pain Program, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Ria Malhotra
- Multidisciplinary Pain Program, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Lakshman Sundaram
- Multidisciplinary Pain Program, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Kevin Batti
- Multidisciplinary Pain Program, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Prince Ejindu
- Multidisciplinary Pain Program, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | | | - Magdalena Anitescu
- Multidisciplinary Pain Program, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Corey W Hunter
- Multidisciplinary Pain Program, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Tahereh Naeimi
- Multidisciplinary Pain Program, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Fadi Farah
- Multidisciplinary Pain Program, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Lynn Kohan
- Multidisciplinary Pain Program, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
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Akhilesh, Uniyal A, Mehta A, Tiwari V. Combination chemotherapy in rodents: a model for chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain and pharmacological screening. Metab Brain Dis 2024; 39:43-65. [PMID: 37991674 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01315-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain (CINP) remains a therapeutic challenge, with no US-FDA approved drugs or effective treatments available. Despite significant progress in unravelling the pathophysiology of CINP, the clinical translation of this knowledge into tangible outcome remains elusive. Here, we employed behavioural and pharmacological approaches to establish and validate a novel combination-based chemotherapeutic model of peripheral neuropathy. Male Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to chemotherapy administration followed by assessment of pain behaviour at different time-points post-chemotherapy. Paclitaxel-treated animals displayed an enhanced thermal and mechanical hypersensitivity from day four onwards which continued till day thirty-five post last paclitaxel injection. Notably, rats subjected to combination chemotherapy, displayed prolonged hypersensitivity that emerged on day four and persisted until day fifty-six. RT-PCR analysis revealed significant upregulation in DRG and spinal mRNA expressions of TRP channels (TRPA1, TRPV1, & TRPM8), pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α & IL-1β) and neuropeptides, Substance P and CGRP in both the pain models. Interestingly, the combination chemotherapy model demonstrated a significant increase in DRG and spinal NR2B expressions compared to rats solely treated with paclitaxel. Pharmacological investigations revealed that gabapentin treatment substantially mitigates pain hypersensitivity in both the combined chemotherapy and paclitaxel-administered groups, with the simultaneous reversal of cellular and molecular changes observed in the lumbar DRG and spinal cord of rats. The findings from this study suggests that combination chemotherapy model exhibits heightened and prolonged hypersensitivity in comparison to the conventional paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain model. This model not only recapitulates clinical biomarkers of neuropathy but also presents a potential alternative platform for screening analgesic drugs targeted at CINP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilesh
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Ankit Uniyal
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Anuj Mehta
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Vinod Tiwari
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India.
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Li Y, Jia Y, Hou W, Wei Z, Wen X, Tian Y, Bai L, Wang X, Zhang T, Guo A, Du G, Ma Z, Tan H. De novo aging-related NADPH diaphorase positive megaloneurites in the sacral spinal cord of aged dogs. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22193. [PMID: 38092874 PMCID: PMC10719289 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49594-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated aging-related changes in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) in the spinal cord of aged dogs. At all levels of the spinal cord examined, NADPH-d activities were observed in neurons and fibers in the superficial dorsal horn (DH), dorsal gray commissure (DGC) and around the central canal (CC). A significant number of NADPH-d positive macro-diameter fibers, termed megaloneurites, were discovered in the sacral spinal cord (S1-S3) segments of aged dogs. The distribution of megaloneurites was characterized from the dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) into the superficial dorsal horn, along the lateral collateral pathway (LCP) to the region of sacral parasympathetic nucleus (SPN), DGC and around the CC, but not in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar segments. Double staining of NADPH-d histochemistry and immunofluorescence showed that NADPH-d positive megaloneurites co-localized with vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) immunoreactivity. We believed that megaloneurites may in part represent visceral afferent projections to the SPN and/or DGC. The NADPH-d megaloneurites in the aged sacral spinal cord indicated some anomalous changes in the neurites, which might account for a disturbance in the aging pathway of the autonomic and sensory nerve in the pelvic visceral organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhua Li
- College of Physical Education and Sports Rehabilitation, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning, China
- Department of Anatomy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning, China
| | - Yunge Jia
- Department of Anatomy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning, China
- Department of Pathology, Heji Hospital Affiliated of Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, 040611, Shanxi, China
| | - Wei Hou
- Department of Anatomy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning, China
- Department of Neurology, Suizhou Central Hospital, Wuhan, 441300, China
| | - Zichun Wei
- Department of Anatomy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaoxin Wen
- Department of Anatomy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Department of Anatomy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning, China
| | - Lu Bai
- Department of Anatomy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning, China
| | - Xinghang Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning, China
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning, China
| | - Anchen Guo
- Laboratory of Clinical Medicine Research, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Guanghui Du
- Department of Urology, Tongji Medical College Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Zhuang Ma
- College of Physical Education and Sports Rehabilitation, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning, China
| | - Huibing Tan
- Department of Anatomy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning, China.
- Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases of Liaoning Province, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning, China.
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Yang S, Zhong S, Fan Y, Zhu Y, Xu N, Liao Y, Fan G, Liao X, He S. Research hotspots and trends on spinal cord stimulation for pain treatment: a two-decade bibliometric analysis. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1158712. [PMID: 37304039 PMCID: PMC10248081 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1158712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic pain poses a significant social burden. Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is considered to be the most promising treatment for refractory pain. The aim of this study was to summarize the current research hotspots on SCS for pain treatment during the past two decades and to predict the future research trends by bibliometric analysis. Methods The literature over the last two decades (2002-2022) which was related to SCS in pain treatment was obtained from the Web of Science Core Collection. Bibliometric analyses were conducted based on the following aspects: (1) Annual publication and citation trends; (2) Annual publication changes of different publication types; (3) Publications and citations/co-citations of different country/institution/journal/author; (4) Citations/co-citation and citation burst analysis of different literature; and (5) Co-occurrence, cluster, thematic map, trend topics, and citation burst analysis of different keywords. (6) Comparison between the United States and Europe. All analyses were performed on CiteSpace, VOSviewer, and R bibliometrix package. Results A total of 1,392 articles were included in this study, with an increasing number of publications and citations year by year. The most highly published type of literature was clinical trial. United States was the country with the most publications and citations; Johns Hopkins University was the institution with the most publications; NEUROMODULATION published the most papers; the most published author was Linderoth B; and the most cited paper was published in the PAIN by Kumar K in 2007. The most frequently occurring keywords were "spinal cord stimulation," "neuropathic pain," and "chronic pain," etc. Conclusion The positive effect of SCS on pain treatment has continued to arouse the enthusiasm of researchers in this field. Future research should focus on the development of new technologies, innovative applications, and clinical trials for SCS. This study might facilitate researchers to comprehensively understand the overall perspective, research hotspots, and future development trends in this field, as well as seek collaboration with other researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yang
- Department of Orthopedic, Spinal Pain Research Institute, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sen Zhong
- Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunshan Fan
- Department of Orthopedic, Spinal Pain Research Institute, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanjie Zhu
- Department of Orthopedic, Spinal Pain Research Institute, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ningze Xu
- Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Liao
- Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoxin Fan
- Department of Pain Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical school, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Spine Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Liao
- Department of Pain Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical school, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shisheng He
- Department of Orthopedic, Spinal Pain Research Institute, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Aureli V, Vat M, Hankov N, Théaudin M, Ravier J, Becce F, Demesmaeker R, Asboth L, Courtine G, Bloch J. Targeted dorsal root entry zone stimulation alleviates pain due to meralgia paresthetica. J Neural Eng 2022; 19. [PMID: 36541540 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/aca5f7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective.Meralgia paresthetica (MP) is a mononeuropathy of the exclusively sensory lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) that is difficult to treat with conservative treatments. Afferents from the LFCN enter the spinal cord through the dorsal root entry zones (DREZs) innervating L2 and L3 spinal segments. We previously showed that epidural electrical stimulation of the spinal cord can be configured to steer electrical currents laterally in order to target afferents within individual DREZs. Therefore, we hypothesized that this neuromodulation strategy is suitable to target the L2 and L3 DREZs that convey afferents from the painful territory, and thus alleviates MP related pain.Approach.A patient in her mid-30s presented with a four year history of dysesthesia and burning pain in the anterolateral aspect of the left thigh due to MP that was refractory to medical treatments. We combined neuroimaging and intraoperative neuromonitoring to guide the surgical placement of a paddle lead over the left DREZs innervating L2 and L3 spinal segments.Main results.Optimized electrode configurations targeting the left L2 and L3 DREZs mediated immediate and sustained alleviation of pain. The patient ceased all other medical management, reported improved quality of life, and resumed recreational physical activities.Significance.We introduced a new treatment option to alleviate pain due to MP, and demonstrated how neuromodulation strategies targeting specific DREZs is effective to reduce pain confined to specific regions of the body while avoiding disconfort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Aureli
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Neurosurgery, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Molywan Vat
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Neurosurgery, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.,NeuroRestore, Defitech Center for Interventional Neurotherapies, EPFL/CHUV/UNIL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Hankov
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,NeuroRestore, Defitech Center for Interventional Neurotherapies, EPFL/CHUV/UNIL, Lausanne, Switzerland.,NeuroX Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneve, Switzerland
| | - Marie Théaudin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jimmy Ravier
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,NeuroRestore, Defitech Center for Interventional Neurotherapies, EPFL/CHUV/UNIL, Lausanne, Switzerland.,NeuroX Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneve, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Becce
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Robin Demesmaeker
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,NeuroRestore, Defitech Center for Interventional Neurotherapies, EPFL/CHUV/UNIL, Lausanne, Switzerland.,NeuroX Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneve, Switzerland
| | - Leonie Asboth
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,NeuroRestore, Defitech Center for Interventional Neurotherapies, EPFL/CHUV/UNIL, Lausanne, Switzerland.,NeuroX Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneve, Switzerland
| | - Grégoire Courtine
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Neurosurgery, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.,NeuroRestore, Defitech Center for Interventional Neurotherapies, EPFL/CHUV/UNIL, Lausanne, Switzerland.,NeuroX Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneve, Switzerland
| | - Jocelyne Bloch
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Neurosurgery, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.,NeuroRestore, Defitech Center for Interventional Neurotherapies, EPFL/CHUV/UNIL, Lausanne, Switzerland.,NeuroX Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneve, Switzerland
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7
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Bandres MF, Gomes JL, McPherson JG. Spinal stimulation for motor rehabilitation immediately modulates nociceptive transmission. J Neural Eng 2022; 19:10.1088/1741-2552/ac9a00. [PMID: 36228593 PMCID: PMC9797038 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac9a00] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Objective. Spinal cord injury (SCI) often results in debilitating movement impairments and neuropathic pain. Electrical stimulation of spinal neurons holds considerable promise both for enhancing neural transmission in weakened motor pathways and for reducing neural transmission in overactive nociceptive pathways. However, spinal stimulation paradigms currently under development for individuals living with SCI continue overwhelmingly to be developed in the context of motor rehabilitation alone. The objective of this study is to test the hypothesis that motor-targeted spinal stimulation simultaneously modulates spinal nociceptive transmission.Approach. We characterized the neuromodulatory actions of motor-targeted intraspinal microstimulation (ISMS) on the firing dynamics of large populations of discrete nociceptive specific and wide dynamic range (WDR) neurons. Neurons were accessed via dense microelectrode arrays implantedin vivointo lumbar enlargement of rats. Nociceptive and non-nociceptive cutaneous transmission was induced before, during, and after ISMS by mechanically probing the L5 dermatome.Main results. Our primary findings are that (a) sub-motor threshold ISMS delivered to spinal motor pools immediately modulates concurrent nociceptive transmission; (b) the magnitude of anti-nociceptive effects increases with longer durations of ISMS, including robust carryover effects; (c) the majority of all identified nociceptive-specific and WDR neurons exhibit firing rate reductions after only 10 min of ISMS; and (d) ISMS does not increase spinal responsiveness to non-nociceptive cutaneous transmission. These results lead to the conclusion that ISMS parameterized to enhance motor output results in an overall net decrease n spinal nociceptive transmission.Significance. These results suggest that ISMS may hold translational potential for neuropathic pain-related applications and that it may be uniquely suited to delivering multi-modal therapeutic benefits for individuals living with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria F. Bandres
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Jefferson L. Gomes
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
| | - Jacob G. McPherson
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
- Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
- Program in Neuroscience; Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Washington University in St. Louis
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Carta G, Fornasari BE, Fregnan F, Ronchi G, De Zanet S, Muratori L, Nato G, Fogli M, Gambarotta G, Geuna S, Raimondo S. Neurodynamic Treatment Promotes Mechanical Pain Modulation in Sensory Neurons and Nerve Regeneration in Rats. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061296. [PMID: 35740318 PMCID: PMC9220043 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Somatic nerve injuries are a rising problem leading to disability associated with neuropathic pain commonly reported as mechanical allodynia (MA) and hyperalgesia. These symptoms are strongly dependent on specific processes in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Neurodynamic treatment (NDT), consisting of selective uniaxial nerve repeated tension protocols, effectively reduces pain and disability in neuropathic pain patients even though the biological mechanisms remain poorly characterized. We aimed to define, both in vivo and ex vivo, how NDT could promote nerve regeneration and modulate some processes in the DRG linked to MA and hyperalgesia. Methods: We examined in Wistar rats, after unilateral median and ulnar nerve crush, the therapeutic effects of NDT and the possible protective effects of NDT administered for 10 days before the injury. We adopted an ex vivo model of DRG organotypic explant subjected to NDT to explore the selective effects on DRG cells. Results: Behavioural tests, morphological and morphometrical analyses, and gene and protein expression analyses were performed, and these tests revealed that NDT promotes nerve regeneration processes, speeds up sensory motor recovery, and modulates mechanical pain by affecting, in the DRG, the expression of TACAN, a mechanosensitive receptor shared between humans and rats responsible for MA and hyperalgesia. The ex vivo experiments have shown that NDT increases neurite regrowth and confirmed the modulation of TACAN. Conclusions: The results obtained in this study on the biological and molecular mechanisms induced by NDT will allow the exploration, in future clinical trials, of its efficacy in different conditions of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Carta
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Torino, Italy; (G.C.); (B.E.F.); (G.R.); (S.D.Z.); (L.M.); (G.G.); (S.G.); (S.R.)
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Torino, 10043 Torino, Italy; (G.N.); (M.F.)
- Department of Rehabilitation, ASST (Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriali) Nord Milano, Sesto San Giovanni Hospital, Sesto San Giovanni, 20099 Milano, Italy
| | - Benedetta Elena Fornasari
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Torino, Italy; (G.C.); (B.E.F.); (G.R.); (S.D.Z.); (L.M.); (G.G.); (S.G.); (S.R.)
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Torino, 10043 Torino, Italy; (G.N.); (M.F.)
| | - Federica Fregnan
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Torino, Italy; (G.C.); (B.E.F.); (G.R.); (S.D.Z.); (L.M.); (G.G.); (S.G.); (S.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-(0)1-1670-5433; Fax: +39-(0)1-1903-8639
| | - Giulia Ronchi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Torino, Italy; (G.C.); (B.E.F.); (G.R.); (S.D.Z.); (L.M.); (G.G.); (S.G.); (S.R.)
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Torino, 10043 Torino, Italy; (G.N.); (M.F.)
| | - Stefano De Zanet
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Torino, Italy; (G.C.); (B.E.F.); (G.R.); (S.D.Z.); (L.M.); (G.G.); (S.G.); (S.R.)
| | - Luisa Muratori
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Torino, Italy; (G.C.); (B.E.F.); (G.R.); (S.D.Z.); (L.M.); (G.G.); (S.G.); (S.R.)
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Torino, 10043 Torino, Italy; (G.N.); (M.F.)
| | - Giulia Nato
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Torino, 10043 Torino, Italy; (G.N.); (M.F.)
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Fogli
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Torino, 10043 Torino, Italy; (G.N.); (M.F.)
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy
| | - Giovanna Gambarotta
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Torino, Italy; (G.C.); (B.E.F.); (G.R.); (S.D.Z.); (L.M.); (G.G.); (S.G.); (S.R.)
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Torino, 10043 Torino, Italy; (G.N.); (M.F.)
| | - Stefano Geuna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Torino, Italy; (G.C.); (B.E.F.); (G.R.); (S.D.Z.); (L.M.); (G.G.); (S.G.); (S.R.)
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Torino, 10043 Torino, Italy; (G.N.); (M.F.)
| | - Stefania Raimondo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Torino, Italy; (G.C.); (B.E.F.); (G.R.); (S.D.Z.); (L.M.); (G.G.); (S.G.); (S.R.)
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Torino, 10043 Torino, Italy; (G.N.); (M.F.)
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9
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Mi J, Xu J, Yao Z, Yao H, Li Y, He X, Dai B, Zou L, Tong W, Zhang X, Hu P, Ruan YC, Tang N, Guo X, Zhao J, He J, Qin L. Implantable Electrical Stimulation at Dorsal Root Ganglions Accelerates Osteoporotic Fracture Healing via Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2103005. [PMID: 34708571 PMCID: PMC8728818 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The neuronal engagement of the peripheral nerve system plays a crucial role in regulating fracture healing, but how to modulate the neuronal activity to enhance fracture healing remains unexploited. Here it is shown that electrical stimulation (ES) directly promotes the biosynthesis and release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) by activating Ca2+ /CaMKII/CREB signaling pathway and action potential, respectively. To accelerate rat femoral osteoporotic fracture healing which presents with decline of CGRP, soft electrodes are engineered and they are implanted at L3 and L4 dorsal root ganglions (DRGs). ES delivered at DRGs for the first two weeks after fracture increases CGRP expression in both DRGs and fracture callus. It is also identified that CGRP is indispensable for type-H vessel formation, a biological event coupling angiogenesis and osteogenesis, contributing to ES-enhanced osteoporotic fracture healing. This proof-of-concept study shows for the first time that ES at lumbar DRGs can effectively promote femoral fracture healing, offering an innovative strategy using bioelectronic device to enhance bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Mi
- Musculoskeletal Research LaboratoryDepartment of Orthopedics & TraumatologyInnovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research LaboratoryLi Ka Shing Institute of Health SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongHong Kong999077China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic ImplantsDepartment of OrthopaedicsShanghai Ninth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine639 Zhizaoju RoadShanghai200011People's Republic of China
| | - Jian‐Kun Xu
- Musculoskeletal Research LaboratoryDepartment of Orthopedics & TraumatologyInnovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research LaboratoryLi Ka Shing Institute of Health SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongHong Kong999077China
| | - Zhi Yao
- Musculoskeletal Research LaboratoryDepartment of Orthopedics & TraumatologyInnovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research LaboratoryLi Ka Shing Institute of Health SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongHong Kong999077China
| | - Hao Yao
- Musculoskeletal Research LaboratoryDepartment of Orthopedics & TraumatologyInnovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research LaboratoryLi Ka Shing Institute of Health SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongHong Kong999077China
| | - Ye Li
- Musculoskeletal Research LaboratoryDepartment of Orthopedics & TraumatologyInnovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research LaboratoryLi Ka Shing Institute of Health SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongHong Kong999077China
| | - Xuan He
- Musculoskeletal Research LaboratoryDepartment of Orthopedics & TraumatologyInnovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research LaboratoryLi Ka Shing Institute of Health SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongHong Kong999077China
| | - Bing‐Yang Dai
- Musculoskeletal Research LaboratoryDepartment of Orthopedics & TraumatologyInnovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research LaboratoryLi Ka Shing Institute of Health SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongHong Kong999077China
| | - Li Zou
- Musculoskeletal Research LaboratoryDepartment of Orthopedics & TraumatologyInnovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research LaboratoryLi Ka Shing Institute of Health SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongHong Kong999077China
| | - Wen‐Xue Tong
- Musculoskeletal Research LaboratoryDepartment of Orthopedics & TraumatologyInnovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research LaboratoryLi Ka Shing Institute of Health SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongHong Kong999077China
| | - Xiao‐Tian Zhang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung Hom999077Hong Kong
| | - Pei‐Jie Hu
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung Hom999077Hong Kong
| | - Ye Chun Ruan
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung Hom999077Hong Kong
| | - Ning Tang
- Musculoskeletal Research LaboratoryDepartment of Orthopedics & TraumatologyInnovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research LaboratoryLi Ka Shing Institute of Health SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongHong Kong999077China
| | - Xia Guo
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung Hom999077Hong Kong
| | - Jie Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic ImplantsDepartment of OrthopaedicsShanghai Ninth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine639 Zhizaoju RoadShanghai200011People's Republic of China
| | - Ju‐Fang He
- Departments of Neuroscience and Biomedical SciencesCity University of Hong KongKowloon Tong999077Hong Kong
| | - Ling Qin
- Musculoskeletal Research LaboratoryDepartment of Orthopedics & TraumatologyInnovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research LaboratoryLi Ka Shing Institute of Health SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongHong Kong999077China
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10
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D'Souza RS, Kubrova E, Her YF, Barman RA, Smith BJ, Alvarez GM, West TE, Abd-Elsayed A. Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation for Lower Extremity Neuropathic Pain Syndromes: An Evidence-Based Literature Review. Adv Ther 2022; 39:4440-4473. [PMID: 35994195 PMCID: PMC9464732 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-022-02244-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Dorsal root ganglion stimulation (DRG-S) is a form of selective neuromodulation therapy that targets the dorsal root ganglion. DRG-S offers analgesia in a variety of chronic pain conditions and is approved for treatment of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). There has been increasing utilization of DRG-S to treat various neuropathic pain syndromes of the lower extremity, although evidence remains limited to one randomized controlled trial and 39 observational studies. In this review, we appraised the current evidence for DRG-S in the treatment of lower extremity neuropathic pain using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE) criteria. The primary outcome was change in pain intensity after DRG-S compared to baseline. We stratified presentation of results based of type of neuropathy (CRPS, painful diabetic neuropathy, mononeuropathy, polyneuropathy) as well as location of neuropathy (hip, knee, foot). Future powered randomized controlled trials with homogeneous participants are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S D'Souza
- Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Eva Kubrova
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Yeng F Her
- Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ross A Barman
- Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Brandon J Smith
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Gabriel M Alvarez
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Tyler E West
- Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Alaa Abd-Elsayed
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
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11
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Fan W, Sdrulla AD. Differential modulation of excitatory and inhibitory populations of superficial dorsal horn neurons in lumbar spinal cord by Aβ-fiber electrical stimulation. Pain 2021; 161:1650-1660. [PMID: 32068665 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Activation of Aβ-fibers is fundamental to numerous analgesic therapies, yet its effects on dorsal horn neuronal activity remain unclear. We used multiphoton microscopy of the genetically encoded calcium indicator GCaMP6s to characterize the effects of Aβ-fiber electrical stimulation (Aβ-ES) on neural activity. Specifically, we quantified somatic responses evoked by C-fiber intensity stimulation before and after a 10-minute train of dorsal root Aβ-ES in superficial dorsal horn (SDH) neurons, in mouse lumbar spinal cord. Aβ-ES did not alter C-fiber-evoked activity when GCaMP6s was virally expressed in all neurons, in an intact lumbar spinal cord preparation. However, when we restricted the expression of GCaMP6s to excitatory or inhibitory populations, we observed that Aβ-ES modestly potentiated evoked activity of excitatory neurons and depressed that of inhibitory neurons. Aβ-ES had no significant effects in a slice preparation in either SDH population. A larger proportion of SDH neurons was activated by Aβ-ES when delivered at a root rostral or caudal to the segment where the imaging and C-fiber intensity stimulation occurred. Aβ-ES effects on excitatory and inhibitory populations depended on the root used. Our findings suggest that Aβ-ES differentially modulates lumbar spinal cord SDH populations in a cell type- and input-specific manner. Furthermore, they underscore the importance of the Aβ-ES delivery site, suggesting that Aβ stimulation at a segment adjacent to where the pain is may improve analgesic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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12
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Chapman KB, Groenen PS, Vissers KC, van Helmond N, Stanton-Hicks MD. The Pathways and Processes Underlying Spinal Transmission of Low Back Pain: Observations From Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation Treatment. Neuromodulation 2020; 24:610-621. [PMID: 32329155 DOI: 10.1111/ner.13150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dorsal root ganglion stimulation (DRG-S) is a novel approach to treat chronic pain. Lead placement at L2 has been reported to be an effective treatment for axial low back pain (LBP) primarily of discogenic etiology. We have recently shown, in a diverse cohort including cases of multilevel instrumentation following extensive prior back surgeries, that DRG-S lead placement at T12 is another promising target. Local effects at the T12 DRG, alone, are insufficient to explain these results. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a literature review to explore the mechanisms of LBP relief with T12 DRG-S. FINDINGS Branches of individual spinal nerve roots innervate facet joints and posterior spinal structures, while the discs and anterior vertebrae are carried via L2, and converge in the dorsal horn (DH) of the spinal cord at T8-T9. The T12 nerve root contains cutaneous afferents from the low back and enters the DH of the spinal cord at T10. Low back Aδ and C-fibers then ascend via Lissauer's tract (LT) to T8-T9, converging with other low back afferents. DRG-S at T12, then, results in inhibition of the converged low back fibers via endorphin-mediated and GABAergic frequency-dependent mechanisms. Therefore, T12 lead placement may be the optimal location for DRG-S to treat LBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth B Chapman
- The Spine & Pain Institute of New York, New York City, NY, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA.,Northwell Health Systems, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Pauline S Groenen
- The Spine & Pain Institute of New York, New York City, NY, USA.,College of Medicine, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Kris C Vissers
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain, and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Noud van Helmond
- The Spine & Pain Institute of New York, New York City, NY, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Cooper University Hospital, Camden, NJ, USA
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13
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Esposito MF, Malayil R, Hanes M, Deer T. Unique Characteristics of the Dorsal Root Ganglion as a Target for Neuromodulation. PAIN MEDICINE 2020; 20:S23-S30. [PMID: 31152179 PMCID: PMC6544557 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnz012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective The dorsal root ganglion (DRG) is a novel target for neuromodulation, and DRG stimulation is proving to be a viable option in the treatment of chronic intractable neuropathic pain. Although the overall principle of conventional spinal cord stimulation (SCS) and DRG stimulation—in which an electric field is applied to a neural target with the intent of affecting neural pathways to decrease pain perception—is similar, there are significant differences in the anatomy and physiology of the DRG that make it an ideal target for neuromodulation and may account for the superior outcomes observed in the treatment of certain chronic neuropathic pain states. This review highlights the anatomy of the DRG, its function in maintaining homeostasis and its role in neuropathic pain, and the unique value of DRG as a target in neuromodulation for pain. Methods A narrative literature review was performed. Results Overall, the DRG is a critical structure in sensory transduction and modulation, including pain transmission and the maintenance of persistent neuropathic pain states. Unique characteristics including selective somatic organization, specialized membrane characteristics, and accessible and consistent location make the DRG an ideal target for neuromodulation. Because DRG stimulation directly recruits the somata of primary sensory neurons and harnesses the filtering capacity of the pseudounipolar neural architecture, it is differentiated from SCS, peripheral nerve stimulation, and other neuromodulation options. Conclusions There are several advantages to targeting the DRG, including lower energy usage, more focused and posture-independent stimulation, reduced paresthesia, and improved clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rudy Malayil
- St. Mary's Pain Relief Specialists, Huntington, West Virginia
| | | | - Timothy Deer
- The Spine and Nerve Center of the Virginias, Charleston, West Virginia, USA
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14
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Effects of external low intensity focused ultrasound on electrophysiological changes in vivo in a rodent model of common peroneal nerve injury. Neuroscience 2020; 429:264-272. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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15
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Agrawal D, Garg K. Microscissor DREZotomy - A New Way for 'Atraumatic Lesioning' of DREZ. Neurol India 2019; 67:1320-1322. [PMID: 31744967 DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.271271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background and Aims Dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) lesioning is a widely-used procedure for neuropathic pain which is refractory to other modes of treatment. However, all current techniques depend on thermal or radiofrequency (RF) lesioning of the DREZ. The authors describe a new technique in which mechanical lesioning of DREZ using microscissors. Methods The authors describe their technique of only using straight microscissors for the whole procedure of DREZotomy. No cautery is used except for hemostasis. Results Our technique is a continuing evolution of the original DREZotomy described by Nashold and Sindou, and appears more atraumatic and simpler. Conclusion Microscissor DREZotomy appears to be the most atraumatic way of carrying out DREZ lesioning and overcomes the disadvantages of other methods like thermal and RF lesioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Agrawal
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kanwaljeet Garg
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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16
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Ogawa T, Kimoto S, Nakashima Y, Furuse N, Ono M, Furokawa S, Okubo M, Yamaguchi H, Kawai Y. Differences in pain thresholds elicited by intraoral electrical stimuli between individuals with and without diabetes mellitus. J Oral Rehabil 2018; 45:235-239. [DOI: 10.1111/joor.12601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Ogawa
- Removable Prosthodontics; Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry at Matsudo; Matsudo Japan
| | - S. Kimoto
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics; Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo; Matsudo Japan
| | - Y. Nakashima
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics; Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo; Matsudo Japan
| | - N. Furuse
- Removable Prosthodontics; Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry at Matsudo; Matsudo Japan
| | - M. Ono
- Removable Prosthodontics; Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry at Matsudo; Matsudo Japan
| | - S. Furokawa
- Removable Prosthodontics; Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry at Matsudo; Matsudo Japan
| | - M. Okubo
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics; Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo; Matsudo Japan
| | - H. Yamaguchi
- Department of Anesthesiology; Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo; Matsudo Japan
| | - Y. Kawai
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics; Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo; Matsudo Japan
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Ahmed S, Yearwood T, De Ridder D, Vanneste S. Burst and high frequency stimulation: underlying mechanism of action. Expert Rev Med Devices 2017; 15:61-70. [PMID: 29249191 DOI: 10.1080/17434440.2018.1418662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Paresthesia-free spinal cord stimulation (SCS) techniques, such as burst and high-frequency (HF) SCS, have been developed and demonstrated to be successful for treating chronic pain, albeit via different mechanisms of action. The goal of this review is to discuss the mechanisms of action for pain suppression at both the cellular and systems levels for burst and HF SCS. In addition, we also discuss the neuromodulation devices that mimic these paradigms. AREAS COVERED The authors performed a literature review to unravel the mechanisms of action for burst and HF SCS coupled with booklets and user manuals from neuromodulation companies to understand the programmable parameters and operating ranges. Burst SCS modulates the medial pathway to suppress pain. On cellular level, burst SCS is independent on activation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors to inhibit neuronal firing. HF SCS blocks large-diameter fibers from producing action potentials with little influence on smaller fibers, increasing pain suppression as frequency increases. EXPERT COMMENTARY The neuromodulation industry is in a phase of intense innovation characterized by adaptive stimulation to improve patients' experience and experiment with alternative frequencies and novel stimulation targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaheen Ahmed
- a Lab for Clinical and Integrative Neuroscience, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences , The University of Texas at Dallas , Dallas , TX , USA
| | | | - Dirk De Ridder
- c Department of Surgical Sciences, Dunedin School of Medicine , University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
| | - Sven Vanneste
- a Lab for Clinical and Integrative Neuroscience, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences , The University of Texas at Dallas , Dallas , TX , USA
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Kapural L, Yu C, Doust MW, Gliner BE, Vallejo R, Sitzman BT, Amirdelfan K, Morgan DM, Yearwood TL, Bundschu R, Yang T, Benyamin R, Burgher AH. Comparison of 10-kHz High-Frequency and Traditional Low-Frequency Spinal Cord Stimulation for the Treatment of Chronic Back and Leg Pain: 24-Month Results From a Multicenter, Randomized, Controlled Pivotal Trial. Neurosurgery 2017; 79:667-677. [PMID: 27584814 PMCID: PMC5058646 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000001418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain relief with spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has focused historically on paresthesias overlapping chronically painful areas. A higher level evidence supports the use of SCS in treating leg pain than supports back pain, as it is difficult to achieve adequate paresthesia coverage, and then pain relief, in the low back region. In comparison, 10-kHz high-frequency (HF10 therapy) SCS therapy does not rely on intraoperative paresthesia mapping and remains paresthesia-free during therapy. OBJECTIVE To compare long-term results of HF10 therapy and traditional low-frequency SCS. METHODS A pragmatic randomized, controlled, pivotal trial with 24-month follow-up was conducted across 11 comprehensive pain treatment centers. Subjects had Visual Analog Scale scores of ≥5.0/10.0 cm for both back and leg pain, and were assigned randomly (1:1) to receive HF10 therapy or low-frequency SCS. The primary end point was a responder rate, defined as ≥50% back pain reduction from baseline at 3 months with a secondary end point at 12 months (previously reported). In this article, 24-month secondary results are presented. Non-inferiority was first assessed, and if demonstrated the results were tested for superiority. RESULTS In the study, 198 subjects were randomized (101 HF10 therapy, 97 traditional SCS). One hundred seventy-one subjects (90 HF10 therapy, 81 traditional SCS) successfully completed a short-term trial and were implanted. Subjects averaged 54.9 ± 12.9 years old, 13.6 ± 11.3 years since diagnosis, 86.6% had back surgery, 88.3% were taking opioid analgesics. At 3 months, 84.5% of implanted HF10 therapy subjects were responders for back pain and 83.1% for leg pain, and 43.8% of traditional SCS subjects were responders for back pain and 55.5% for leg pain (P < .001 for both back and leg pain comparisons, non-inferiority and superiority). At 24 months, more subjects were responders to HF10 therapy than traditional SCS (back pain: 76.5% vs 49.3%; 27.2% difference, 95% CI, 10.1%-41.8%; P < .001 for non-inferiority and superiority; leg pain: 72.9% vs 49.3%; 23.6% difference, 95% CI, 5.9%-38.6%; P < .001 for non-inferiority and P = .003 for superiority). Also at 24 months, back pain decreased to a greater degree with HF10 therapy (66.9% ± 31.8%) than traditional SCS (41.1% ± 36.8%, P < .001 for non-inferiority and superiority). Leg pain also decreased to a greater degree with HF10 therapy (65.1% ± 36.0%) than traditional SCS (46.0% ± 40.4%, P < .001 for non-inferiority and P = .002 for superiority). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates long-term superiority of HF10 therapy compared with traditional SCS in treating both back and leg pain. The advantages of HF10 therapy are anticipated to impact the management of chronic pain patients substantially. ABBREVIATIONS IPG, implantable pulse generatorMCID, minimal clinically important differencePI, permanent implantODI, Oswestry Disability IndexSCS, spinal cord stimulationVAS, Visual Analog Scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Kapural
- *Center for Clinical Research and Carolina's Pain Institute, Winston-Salem, North Carolina;‡Swedish Pain Center, Seattle, Washington;§The Pain Center of Arizona and HOPE Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona;¶Clinical and Regulatory Affairs, Nevro Corp., Menlo Park, California;‖Millennium Pain Center, Bloomington, Illinois;#Advanced Pain Therapy, PLLC, Hattiesburg, Mississippi;**IPM Medical Group, Inc., Walnut Creek, California;‡‡Pain Consultants of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon;§§Comprehensive Pain & Rehabilitation, Pascagoula, Mississippi;¶¶Coastal Orthopedics and Pain Medicine, Bradenton, Florida
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Takai K, Taniguchi M. Modified dorsal root entry zone lesioning for intractable pain relief in patients with root avulsion injury. J Neurosurg Spine 2017; 27:178-184. [PMID: 28574334 DOI: 10.3171/2017.1.spine16234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) lesioning has been the most effective surgical treatment for the relief of intractable pain due to root avulsion injury, but residual pain and a decrease in pain relief in the follow-up period have been reported in 23%-70% of patients. Based on pain topography in the most recent studies on neuropathic pain, the authors modified the conventional DREZ lesioning procedure to improve clinical outcomes. The presumed rationale for this procedure is to eliminate the spontaneous discharges of neurons in the superficial spinal dorsal horn as well as wide dynamic range neurons in the deep spinal dorsal horn. METHODS Ten patients with avulsion-related pain underwent surgery between 2011 and 2015. The surgical procedure was described and postoperative pain relief was assessed as follows: excellent (residual pain never exceeded 3 on the visual analog scale [VAS] without medication), good (residual pain never exceeded 5 on the VAS with medication), and poor (residual pain was greater than 5 with medication). Specific perioperative complications were assessed. RESULTS The aim of this surgical procedure was to destroy the deeper layers of the posterior horn of spinal gray matter, which was in contrast to the procedures of Nashold and Sindou, which were to destroy the superficial layers. All patients achieved excellent (n = 7, pain relief without medication) or good (n = 3, pain relief with medication) pain relief postoperatively, and the recurrence of pain was not reported in any patients (median 29 months after surgery, range 12-64 months). Nine patients (90%) achieved complete pain relief (a score of 0 or 1 on the VAS) with or without medication. No surgical site complications such as infection or CSF leakage were noted. No motor deficit was observed in any patient. A sensory deficit was observed in 2 patients and disappeared within 1 month in 1 patient. New pain at the adjacent level of DREZ lesioning was observed in 3 patients and disappeared within 1 month in 2 patients. In the other patient, new pain persisted and required analgesics. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary results demonstrated that total and persistent global pain relief was achieved with the modified DREZ lesioning procedure in 90% of patients without major neurological deficits. The clinical improvements achieved by this modified surgical procedure support the hypothesis that not only the superficial layers, but also deeper layers of the spinal dorsal horn are associated with intractable pain due to root avulsion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Takai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Taniguchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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20
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Yang F, Zhang T, Tiwari V, Shu B, Zhang C, Wang Y, Vera-Portocarrero LP, Raja SN, Guan Y. Effects of Combined Electrical Stimulation of the Dorsal Column and Dorsal Roots on Wide-Dynamic-Range Neuronal Activity in Nerve-Injured Rats. Neuromodulation 2015; 18:592-7; discussion 598. [PMID: 26307526 DOI: 10.1111/ner.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Electrical stimulation at the dorsal column (DC) and dorsal root (DR) may inhibit spinal wide-dynamic-range (WDR) neuronal activity in nerve-injured rats. The objective of this study was to determine if applying electrical conditioning stimulation (CS) at both sites provides additive or synergistic benefits. MATERIALS AND METHODS By conducting in vivo extracellular recordings of WDR neurons in rats that had undergone L5 spinal nerve ligation, we tested whether combining 50 Hz CS at the two sites in either a concurrent (2.5 min) or alternate (5 min) pattern inhibits WDR neuronal activity better than CS at DC alone (5 min). The intensities of CS were determined by recording antidromic compound action potentials to graded stimulation at the DC and DR. We measured the current thresholds that resulted in the first detectable Aα/β waveform (Ab0) and the peak Aα/β waveform (Ab1) to select CS intensity at each site. The same number of electrical pulses and amount of current were delivered in different patterns to allow comparison. RESULTS At a moderate intensity of 50% (Ab0 + Ab1), different patterns of CS all attenuated the C-component of WDR neurons in response to graded intracutaneous electrical stimuli (0.1-10 mA, 2 msec) and inhibited windup in response to repetitive noxious stimuli (0.5 Hz). However, the inhibitory effects did not differ significantly between different patterns. At the lower intensity (Ab0), no CS inhibited WDR neurons. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that combined stimulation of DC and DR may not be superior to DC stimulation alone for inhibition of WDR neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tong Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Vinod Tiwari
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bin Shu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Srinivasa N Raja
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yun Guan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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