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van Eijnatten EJM, Roelofs JJM, Camps G, Huppertz T, Lambers TT, Smeets PAM. Gastric coagulation and postprandial amino acid absorption of milk is affected by mineral composition: a randomized crossover trial. Food Funct 2024; 15:3098-3107. [PMID: 38416477 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo04063a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Background: In vitro studies suggest that casein coagulation of milk is influenced by its mineral composition, and may therefore affect the dynamics of protein digestion, gastric emptying and appearance of amino acids (AA) in the blood, but this remains to be confirmed in vivo. Objective: This study aimed to compare gastrointestinal digestion between two milks with the same total calcium content but different casein mineralization (CM). Design: Fifteen males (age 30.9 ± 13.8 years, BMI 22.5 ± 2.2 kg m-2) participated in this randomized cross-over study with two treatments. Participants underwent gastric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans at the baseline and every 10 min up to 90 min after consumption of 600 ml milk with low or high CM. Blood samples were taken at the baseline and up to 5 hours postprandially. Primary outcomes were postprandial plasma AA concentrations and gastric emptying rate. Secondary outcomes were postprandial glucose and insulin levels, gastric coagulation as estimated by image texture metrics, and appetite ratings. Results: Gastric content volume over time was similar for both treatments. However, gastric content image analysis suggested that the liquid fraction emptied quicker in the high CM milk, while the coagulum emptied slower. Relative to high CM, low CM showed earlier appearance of AAs that are more dominant in casein, such as proline (MD 4.18 μmol L-1, 95% CI [2.38-5.98], p < 0.001), while there was no difference in appearance of AAs that are more dominant in whey protein, such as leucine. The image texture metrics homogeneity and busyness differed significantly between treatments (MD 0.007, 95% CI [0.001, 0.012], p = 0.022; MD 0.005, 95% CI [0.001, 0.010], p = 0.012) likely because of a reduced coagulation in the low CM milk. Conclusions: Mineral composition of milk can influence postprandial serum AA kinetics, likely due to differences in coagulation dynamics. The clinical trial registry number is NL8959 (https://clinicaltrials.gov).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise J M van Eijnatten
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Julia J M Roelofs
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Guido Camps
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Thom Huppertz
- Food Quality and Design group, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
- FrieslandCampina, Stationsplein 4, 3818 LE Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Tim T Lambers
- FrieslandCampina, Stationsplein 4, 3818 LE Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Paul A M Smeets
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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2
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van Eijnatten EJM, Camps G, Guerville M, Fogliano V, Hettinga K, Smeets PAM. Milk coagulation and gastric emptying in women experiencing gastrointestinal symptoms after ingestion of cow's milk. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2024; 36:e14696. [PMID: 37877465 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal symptoms after drinking milk are often attributed to lactose intolerance or cow's milk allergy. However, some individuals without either condition still report gastrointestinal symptoms after drinking milk. This may be caused by gastric emptying (GE) rate or gastric protein coagulation. This study aimed to compare GE rate and protein coagulation after milk consumption between individuals reporting gastrointestinal symptoms and those without symptoms using a novel gastric MRI approach. METHODS Thirty women were included in this case-control study, of whom 15 reported gastrointestinal symptoms after drinking milk and 15 were controls. Participants underwent gastric MRI before and up to 90 min after consumption of 250 mL cow's milk. Gastric content volume and image texture of the stomach contents were used to determine GE and changes in the degree of coagulation. KEY RESULTS GE half-time did not differ between the groups (gastrointestinal symptom group 66 ± 18 min; control group 61 ± 14 min, p = 0.845). The gastrointestinal symptom group reported symptoms from 30 min onwards and rated pain highest at 90 min. The control group reported no symptoms. Image texture analyses showed a significantly higher percentage of coagulum and lower percentage of liquid in the group in the GI symptom group (MD 11%, 95% CI [3.9, 17], p = 0.003). In vitro data suggests that pH and proteolytic enzyme activity influence the coagulum structure. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES Gastric milk coagulation and emptied fraction of stomach content may differ between individuals experiencing symptoms after milk consumption, possibly due to differences in pH and proteolytic enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guido Camps
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mathilde Guerville
- Nutrition Department, Lactalis Research and Development, Retiers, France
| | - Vincenzo Fogliano
- Food Quality & Design Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kasper Hettinga
- Food Quality & Design Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul A M Smeets
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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3
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Bertoli D, Steinkohl E, Mark EB, Brock C, Drewes AM, Frøkjaer JB. Quantification of gastric emptying with magnetic resonance imaging in healthy volunteers: A systematic review. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2022; 34:e14371. [PMID: 35340100 PMCID: PMC10078504 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocols have been used to assess gastric emptying (GE) with MRI. This systematic review summarizes the current literature on the topic. The aim was to provide an overview of the available imaging protocols and underline the items that appear most agreed upon and those that deserve further investigation. METHODS According to PRISMA guidelines, two independent reviewers conducted a systematic literature search with a pre-specified strategy in different databases. Peer-reviewed articles that utilized MRI techniques to assess GE in healthy volunteers (HVs) were included. The quality and the outcomes of the studies were reported and analyzed. KEY RESULTS The literature search yielded 30 studies (531 HVs, weighted mean age 27.4, weighted mean body mass index 23.0 kg/m2 ), T2-weighted sequences, balanced turbo field echo, and balanced gradient echo were evenly utilized, with volunteers in the supine position (74% of the studies). After overnight fasting, both liquid (56%) and mixed (44%) meals were equally utilized. Segmentation of the volumes was predominantly performed manually (63%) with a reported mean T50 ranging from 7 to 330 min. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES As observed in this systematic review, MRI is a flexible tool for assessing GE. Different protocols were analyzed, showing an equal capacity to assess the GE. However, many items in these protocols still require further investigation to obtain a common standard and increase this assessment quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Bertoli
- Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Emily Steinkohl
- Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.,Mech-Sense, Department of Radiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Esben Bolvig Mark
- Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Mech-Sense, Department of Radiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Christina Brock
- Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Asbjørn Mohr Drewes
- Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jens Brøndum Frøkjaer
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.,Mech-Sense, Department of Radiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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4
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von Gerichten J, Elnesr MH, Prollins JE, De Mel IA, Flanagan A, Johnston JD, Fielding BA, Short M. The [ 13 C]octanoic acid breath test for gastric emptying quantification: A focus on nutrition and modeling. Lipids 2022; 57:205-219. [PMID: 35799422 PMCID: PMC9546385 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gastric emptying (GE) is the process of food being processed by the stomach and delivered to the small intestine where nutrients such as lipids are absorbed into the blood circulation. The combination of an easy and inexpensive method to measure GE such as the CO2 breath test using the stable isotope [13C]octanoic acid with semi‐mechanistic modeling could foster a wider application in nutritional studies to further understand the metabolic response to food. Here, we discuss the use of the [13C]octanoic acid breath test to label the solid phase of a meal, and the factors that influence GE to support mechanistic studies. Furthermore, we give an overview of existing mathematical models for the interpretation of the breath test data and how much nutritional studies could benefit from a physiological based pharmacokinetic model approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna von Gerichten
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Marwan H Elnesr
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Joe E Prollins
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Ishanki A De Mel
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Alan Flanagan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.,Section of Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Jonathan D Johnston
- Section of Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Barbara A Fielding
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Michael Short
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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5
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Sclocco R, Nguyen C, Staley R, Fisher H, Mendez A, Velez C, Kettner NW, Kuo B, Napadow V. Non-uniform gastric wall kinematics revealed by 4D Cine magnetic resonance imaging in humans. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2021; 33:e14146. [PMID: 33797166 PMCID: PMC10315015 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessment of gastric function in humans has relied on modalities with varying degrees of invasiveness, which are usually limited to the evaluation of single aspects of gastric function, thus requiring patients to undergo a number of often invasive tests for a full clinical understanding. Therefore, the development of a non-invasive tool able to concurrently assess multiple aspects of gastric function is highly desirable for both research and clinical assessments of gastrointestinal (GI) function. Recently, technological advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have provided new tools for dynamic (or "cine") body imaging. Such approaches can be extended to GI applications. METHODS In the present work, we propose a non-invasive assessment of gastric function using a four-dimensional (4D, volumetric cine imaging), free-breathing MRI sequence with gadolinium-free contrast enhancement achieved through a food-based meal. In healthy subjects, we successfully estimated multiple parameters describing gastric emptying, motility, and peristalsis propagation patterns. KEY RESULTS Our data demonstrated non-uniform kinematics of the gastric wall during peristaltic contraction, highlighting the importance of using volumetric data to derive motility measures. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES MRI has the potential of becoming an important clinical and gastric physiology research tool, providing objective parameters for the evaluation of impaired gastric function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Sclocco
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology, Harvard Medical School, Center for Neurointestinal Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Logan University, Chesterfield, MO, USA
| | - Christopher Nguyen
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rowan Staley
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology, Harvard Medical School, Center for Neurointestinal Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Harrison Fisher
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - April Mendez
- Department of Gastroenterology, Harvard Medical School, Center for Neurointestinal Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher Velez
- Department of Gastroenterology, Harvard Medical School, Center for Neurointestinal Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Braden Kuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Harvard Medical School, Center for Neurointestinal Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vitaly Napadow
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Logan University, Chesterfield, MO, USA
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6
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Raoufi N, Ye A, Han J. New insights into in vivo gastroduodenal digestion of oil-in-water emulsions: gastric stability and in vitro digestion modeling. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:3723-3737. [PMID: 33432823 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1868396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, effect of emulsion stability on gastroduodenal emptying/secretion was reviewed and differentiated. Moreover, novel perspectives on physiology of gastric lumen, duodenum, and gall bladder were achieved using mathematical models, being useful for designing artificial digestive systems. In this regard, numerical data for dynamic gastric emptying/secretion were offered for gastric-stable and gastric-unstable emulsion intakes. It was shown that alterations in human gastric and duodenal volume follow, respectively, linear and sinusoidal curves, with high correlation coefficients (r2 > 0.93). For both emulsions, about 30-40 mL ingesta discharged rapidly from stomach upon ingestion; However, further gastric emptying was regulated for the rest of digestion period, so that 0.1 mL/min oil was passing through duodenum. Intragastric evacuation of both emulsions started with a lag phase during which stomach stored secretions incrementally by slow gastric discharge. Lag phase ended with fat layering, when emptying considerably enhanced. This reduction was gradual for stable emulsion while unstable emulsion experienced a rapid emptying before slow declining trend. Along with initial gastric emptying, 87% of gallbladder content discharged into duodenum, prolonged up to the gradual reduction phase of stomach. Supplementary investigations are needed to quantify gastroduodenal secretions, particularly pepsin and pancreas in response to emulsion ingesta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nassim Raoufi
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Aiqian Ye
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jianzhong Han
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, PR China
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7
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Gastrointestinal dysfunction in the synucleinopathies. Clin Auton Res 2020; 31:77-99. [PMID: 33247399 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-020-00745-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Interest in gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease has blossomed over the past 30 years and has generated a wealth of investigation into this non-motor aspect of the disorder, research that has encompassed its pathophysiology, its clinical features, and its impact on quality of life. The question of gastrointestinal dysfunction in the other synucleinopathies has not received nearly as much attention, but information and knowledge are growing. In this review, the current knowledge, controversies, and gaps in our understanding of the pathophysiology of gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease and the other synucleinopathies will be addressed, and extended focus will be directed toward the clinical problems involving saliva management, swallowing, gastric emptying, small intestinal function, and bowel function that are so problematic in these disorders.
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8
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Müller M, Hermes GDA, Emanuel E. C, Holst JJ, Zoetendal EG, Smidt H, Troost F, Schaap FG, Damink SO, Jocken JWE, Lenaerts K, Masclee AAM, Blaak EE. Effect of wheat bran derived prebiotic supplementation on gastrointestinal transit, gut microbiota, and metabolic health: a randomized controlled trial in healthy adults with a slow gut transit. Gut Microbes 2020; 12:1704141. [PMID: 31983281 PMCID: PMC7524158 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2019.1704141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute intake of the wheat bran extract Arabinoxylan-Oligosaccharide (AXOS) modulates the gut microbiota, improves stool characteristics and postprandial glycemia in healthy humans. Yet, little is known on how long-term AXOS intake influences gastrointestinal (GI) functioning, gut microbiota, and metabolic health. In this randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study, we evaluated the effects of AXOS intake on GI function and metabolic health in adults with slow GI transit without constipation. Forty-eight normoglycemic adults were included with whole-gut transit time (WGTT) of >35 h receiving either 15 g/day AXOS or placebo (maltodextrin) for 12-wks. The primary outcome was WGTT, and secondary outcomes included stool parameters, gut permeability, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), microbiota composition, energy expenditure, substrate oxidation, glucose, insulin, lipids, gut hormones, and adipose tissue (AT) function. WGTT was unchanged, but stool consistency softened after AXOS. 12-wks of AXOS intake significantly changed the microbiota by increasing Bifidobacterium and decreasing microbial alpha-diversity. With a good classification accuracy, overall microbiota composition classified responders with decreased WGTT after AXOS. The incretin hormone Glucagon-like protein 1 was reduced after AXOS compared to placebo. Energy expenditure, plasma metabolites, AT parameters, SCFA, and gut permeability were unchanged. In conclusion, intake of wheat bran extract increases fecal Bifidobacterium and softens stool consistency without major effects on energy metabolism in healthy humans with a slow GI transit. We show that overall gut microbiota classified responders with decreased WGTT after AXOS highlighting that GI transit and change thereof were associated with gut microbiota independent of Bifidobacterium. NCT02491125.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattea Müller
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerben D. A. Hermes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Canfora Emanuel E.
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jens J. Holst
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erwin G. Zoetendal
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Freddy Troost
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands,Food Innovation and Health Research, Centre for Healthy Eating and Food Innovation, Maastricht University, Venlo, The Netherlands
| | - Frank G. Schaap
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Steven Olde Damink
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan W. E. Jocken
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kaatje Lenaerts
- Department of Internal Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ad A. M. Masclee
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen E. Blaak
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands,CONTACT Ellen E. Blaak Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht6200, The Netherlands
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9
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Abstract
This review outlines the current use of magnetic resonance (MR) techniques to study digestion and highlights their potential for providing markers of digestive processes such as texture changes and nutrient breakdown. In vivo digestion research can be challenging due to practical constraints and biological complexity. Therefore, digestion is primarily studied using in vitro models. These would benefit from further in vivo validation. NMR is widely used to characterise food systems. MRI is a related technique that can be used to study both in vitro model systems and in vivo gastro-intestinal processes. MRI allows visualisation and quantification of gastric processes such as gastric emptying and coagulation. Both MRI and NMR scan sequences can be configured to be sensitive to different aspects of gastric or intestinal contents. For example, magnetisation transfer and chemical exchange saturation transfer can detect proton (1H) exchange between water and proteins. MRI techniques have the potential to provide molecular-level and quantitative information on in vivo gastric (protein) digestion. This requires careful validation in order to understand what these MR markers of digestion mean in a specific digestion context. Combined with other measures they can be used to validate and inform in vitro digestion models. This may bridge the gap between in vitro and in vivo digestion research and can aid the optimisation of food properties for different applications in health and disease.
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10
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Short Communication: The effects of physical feed properties on gastric emptying in pigs measured with the 13C breath test. Animal 2020; 14:1892-1898. [PMID: 32264990 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731120000646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The performance of pigs is affected by the rate of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, which depends in turn strongly on the rate of stomach emptying. The 13C breath test provides a non-invasive diagnostic tool to measure gastric emptying patterns. Despite the wide acceptance of this method in human intervention studies, it has not found its way to the domain of animal sciences. In this study, we used the breath test to measure gastric emptying in young growing pigs using [1-13C] octanoic acid to trace digesta solids and [1-13C] glycine to study liquids. Pigs were fed a starch-rich diet, varying in starch source (isolated starch from barley, maize or high-amylose maize) or form (isolated barley starch, ground barley or extruded barley), after which 13CO2 enrichment was frequently measured during 11 h. Outliers in 13CO2 enrichment in the response curve of each pig were identified with a Cook's distance outlier test in combination with a leave-one-out analysis. Effects of experimental treatments on breath test parameters were tested using a GLM. In general, pigs were easy to train and the tailor-made mask allowed effortless sampling. Gastric emptying of all pigs followed a biphasic pattern, with a higher 13C recovery during the first peak. The first peak in gastric emptying of solids reached its maximum enrichment within 2 h after feeding in all cases. For digesta liquids, this peak was reached earlier for pigs fed ground barley (2.2 h after feeding), compared to pigs fed diets containing isolated starch (2.8 h after feeding). The second peak in gastric emptying of solids was reached later for pigs fed ground barley (5.9 h after feeding), compared with pigs fed extruded barley (4.5 h after feeding) and pigs fed diets containing isolated barley starch (4.8 h after feeding). In conclusion, the 13C breath test is a convenient, non-invasive tool to gain more insights into the gastric emptying pattern of pigs.
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11
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Camps G, de Graaf K, Smeets PAM. Men and Women Differ in Gastric Fluid Retention and Neural Activation after Consumption of Carbonated Beverages. J Nutr 2018; 148:1976-1983. [PMID: 30517723 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The most commonly consumed carbonated beverages are soda and beer. Carbon dioxide increases gastric volume, which can lead to epigastric discomfort. Women are more susceptible to this; however, correlations with neural activity and gastric distention are unknown. Objective This study sought to determine the subjective, gastric, and neural correlates of epigastric discomfort in men and women. Methods Thirty-four healthy, normal-weight adults [17 women; mean ± SD body mass index (BMI; kg/m2): 22.3 ± 1.9; 17 men; BMI: 22.8 ± 1.8] participated in a randomized crossover study with 2 treatments: ingestion of 500 mL beer or soda. Before and after consumption, gastric content and brain activity were measured with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Participants rated fullness, bloating, hunger, and nausea at baseline and at t = 0, 10, 20, and 30 min together with gastric MRI. Brain activity [cerebral blood flow (CBF)] was measured at baseline and at t = 5 and 35 min. Liquid, gas, and total gastric volume (TGV) were segmented from gastric MRI. Ratings and gastric content areas under the curve (AUCs) were tested with a mixed model with sex and drink as factors. Results For subjective ratings, only nausea in the beer condition scored significantly greater for women (9.4-point increase; P = 0.045). Liquid stomach content was significantly greater for women (2525 mL × min increase; P = 0.019). In both men and women, the strongest correlation for bloating was with TGV (r = 0.45, P < 0.01) and for nausea was with the liquid fraction AUC (r = 0.45, P < 0.01). CBF changes did not differ between the drinks. Men showed greater CBF than women in the left precentral and postcentral gyri at t = 5 min. Conclusions There are differences between sexes when it comes to appetite ratings, gastric fluid retention, and neural activation. Discomfort in women may be related to fluid rather than gas in the stomach, because they retain more fluid than men. Differences between men and women should be considered when studying digestion. This study was registered with the Dutch Trial Registry as NTR5418 (http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=5418).
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Camps
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Kees de Graaf
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Paul A M Smeets
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Image Sciences Institute, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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12
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Ménard O, Famelart MH, Deglaire A, Le Gouar Y, Guérin S, Malbert CH, Dupont D. Gastric Emptying and Dynamic In Vitro Digestion of Drinkable Yogurts: Effect of Viscosity and Composition. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1308. [PMID: 30223532 PMCID: PMC6163255 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric emptying of food is mainly driven by the caloric concentration, the rheological properties of the chyme, and the physical state (liquid/solid) of food once in the stomach. The present work investigated: (1) The effect of the composition and the viscosity of drinkable yogurts on gastric emptying in pigs, and (2) the behavior of yogurts during dynamic in vitro digestion. Three isocaloric liquid yogurts were manufactured: Two enriched in protein and fiber showing either a low (LV) or high (HV) viscosity, one control enriched in sugar and starch (CT). They were labelled with 99mTc-sulfur colloid and given to pigs (n = 11) to determine gastric emptying pattern by gamma scintigraphy. Then dynamic in vitro digestion of the yogurts was done using the parameters of gastric emptying determined in vivo. Gastric emptying half-times were significantly longer for LV than CT, whereas HV exhibited an intermediate behavior. In vitro gastric digestion showed a quick hydrolysis of caseins, whereas whey proteins were more resistant in the stomach particularly for LV and HV. During the intestinal phase, both whey proteins and caseins were almost fully hydrolyzed. Viscosity was shown to affect the behavior of yogurt in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Ménard
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Agrocampus Ouest, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'œuf (STLO), 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, 35042 Rennes CEDEX, France.
| | - Marie-Hélène Famelart
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Agrocampus Ouest, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'œuf (STLO), 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, 35042 Rennes CEDEX, France.
| | - Amélie Deglaire
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Agrocampus Ouest, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'œuf (STLO), 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, 35042 Rennes CEDEX, France.
| | - Yann Le Gouar
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Agrocampus Ouest, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'œuf (STLO), 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, 35042 Rennes CEDEX, France.
| | - Sylvie Guérin
- Institut Nutrition-Métabolisme-Cancer, INRA, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Rennes 1, Domaine de la prise, 35590 Saint-Gilles, France.
| | | | - Didier Dupont
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Agrocampus Ouest, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'œuf (STLO), 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, 35042 Rennes CEDEX, France.
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