1
|
Veber A, Zancajo VMR, Puskar L, Schade U, Kneipp J. In situ infrared imaging of the local orientation of cellulose fibrils in plant secondary cell walls. Analyst 2023; 148:4138-4147. [PMID: 37496329 DOI: 10.1039/d3an00897e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical and chemical properties of plant cell walls greatly rely on the supramolecular assembly of cellulose fibrils. To study the local orientation of cellulose in secondary plant cell walls, diffraction limited infrared (IR) micro-spectroscopic mapping experiments were conducted at different orientation of transverse leaf section of the grass Sorghum bicolor with respect to the polarization direction of the IR radiation. Two-dimensional maps, based on polarization-sensitive absorption bands of cellulose were obtained for different polarization angles. They reveal a significant degree of anisotropy of the cellulose macromolecules as well as of other biopolymers in sclerenchyma and xylem regions of the cross section. Quantification of the signals assigned to polarization sensitive vibrational modes allowed to determine the preferential orientation of the sub-micron cellulose fibrils in single cell walls. A sample of crystalline nano-cellulose comprising both a single microcrystal as well as unordered layers of nanocrystals was used for validation of the approach. The results demonstrate that diffraction limited IR micro-spectroscopy can be used to study hierarchically structured materials with complex anisotropic behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Veber
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
- Institute for Electronic Structure Dynamics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Victor M R Zancajo
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ljiljana Puskar
- Institute for Electronic Structure Dynamics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schade
- Institute for Electronic Structure Dynamics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Janina Kneipp
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Intra-annual fluctuation in morphology and microfibril angle of tracheids revealed by novel microscopy-based imaging. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277616. [PMID: 36378676 PMCID: PMC9665381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Woody cells, such as tracheids, fibers, vessels, rays etc., have unique structural characteristics such as nano-scale ultrastructure represented by multilayers, microfibril angle (MFA), micro-scale anatomical properties and spatial arrangement. Simultaneous evaluation of the above indices is very important for their adequate quantification and extracting the effects of external stimuli from them. However, it is difficult in general to achieve the above only by traditional methodologies. To overcome the above point, a new methodological framework combining polarization optical microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, and image segmentation is proposed. The framework was tested to a model softwood species, Chamaecyparis obtusa for characterizing intra-annual transition of MFA and tracheid morphology in a radial file unit. According our result, this framework successfully traced the both characteristics tracheid by tracheid and revealed the high correlation (|r| > 0.5) between S2 microfibril angles and tracheidal morphology (lumen radial diameter, tangential wall thickness and cell wall occupancy). In addition, radial file based evaluation firstly revealed their complex transitional behavior in transition and latewood. The proposed framework has great potential as one of the unique tools to provide detailed insights into heterogeneity of intra and inter-cells in the wide field of view through the simultaneous evaluation of cells' ultrastructure and morphological properties.
Collapse
|
3
|
Lindtner T, Uzan AY, Eder M, Bar-On B, Elbaum R. Repetitive hygroscopic snapping movements in awns of wild oats. Acta Biomater 2021; 135:483-492. [PMID: 34506974 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Wild oat (Avena sterilis) is a very common annual plant species. Successful seed dispersion support its wide distribution in Africa, Asia and Europe. The seed dispersal units are made of two elongated stiff awns that are attached to a pointy compartment containing two seeds. The awns bend and twist with changes in humidity, pushing the seeds along and into the soil. The present work reveals the material structure of the awns, and models their functionality as two-link robotic arms. Based on nano-to-micro structure analyses the bending and twisting hygroscopic movements are explained. The coordinated movements of two sister awns attached to one dispersal unit were followed. Our work shows that sister awns intersect typically twice every wetting-drying cycle. Once the awns cross each other, epidermal silica hairs are suggested to lock subsequent movements, resulting in stress accumulation. Sudden release of the interlocked awns induces jumps of the dispersal unit and changes in its movement direction. Our findings propose a new role to epidermis silica hairs and a new facet of wild oat seed dispersion. Reversible jumping mechanism in multiple-awn seed dispersal units may serve as a blueprint for reversibly jumping robotic systems. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The seed dispersal unit of wild oats carries two elongated stiff awns covered by unidirectional silica hairs. The awns bend and twist with changes in humidity, pushing the seed capsule along and into the ground. We studied structures constructing the movement mechanism and modeled the awn as a two-link robotic arm. We show that sister awns, attached to the same seed capsule, intersect twice every drying cycle. Once the awns cross each other, the epidermal silica hairs are suggested to lock any subsequent movements, causing stress accumulation. Sudden release of the interlocked awns may cause the dispersal unit to jump and change its direction. Our findings suggest a new role to silica hairs and a new dispersal mechanism in multiple-awn seed dispersal units.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Lindtner
- School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof (SALSA), Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Straße 5-9, 12489, Berlin-Adlershof, Germany; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Chemistry, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin-Adlershof, Germany; The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Avihai Yosef Uzan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Michaela Eder
- Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Benny Bar-On
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Rivka Elbaum
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liedtke I, Diehn S, Heiner Z, Seifert S, Obenaus S, Büttner C, Kneipp J. Multivariate Raman mapping for phenotypic characterization in plant tissue sections. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 251:119418. [PMID: 33461131 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Identifying and characterizing the biochemical variation in plant tissues is an important task in many research fields. Small spectral differences of the plant cell wall that are caused by genetic or environmental influences may be superimposed by individual variation as well as by a microscopic heterogeneity in molecular composition and structure of different histological substructures. A set of 56 samples from Cucumis sativus (cucumber) plants, comprising a total of ~168,000 spectra from tissue sections of leaf, stem, and roots was investigated by Raman microspectroscopic mapping excited at 532 nm. A multivariate analysis was carried out in order to assess the variation of the spectra with respect to origin of the tissue, the histological (cell wall) substructures, and the possibility to discriminate the spectra obtained from different individuals that had been subjected to two different conditions during growth. Combining the results of principal component analysis (PCA) based classification with the original spatial information in the maps of 23 sections of leaf xylem, variation in cell wall composition is found for four different individuals that also includes a discrimination of tissue grown in the presence and absence of additional silicic acid in the irrigation water of the plants. The spectral data point to differences in a contribution by carotenoids, as well as by hydroxycinnamic acids to the spectra. The results give new insight into the chemical heterogeneity of plant tissues and may be useful for elucidating biochemical processes associated with biomineralization by vibrational spectroscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Liedtke
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabrina Diehn
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Zsuzsanna Heiner
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany; School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof SALSA, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Straße 5-11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Seifert
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Obenaus
- Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Gartenbauwissenschaften, Fachgebiet Phytomedizin, Lentzeallee 55/57, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carmen Büttner
- Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Gartenbauwissenschaften, Fachgebiet Phytomedizin, Lentzeallee 55/57, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Janina Kneipp
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zancajo VMR, Lindtner T, Eisele M, Huber AJ, Elbaum R, Kneipp J. FTIR Nanospectroscopy Shows Molecular Structures of Plant Biominerals and Cell Walls. Anal Chem 2020; 92:13694-13701. [PMID: 32847355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Plant tissues are complex composite structures of organic and inorganic components whose function relies on molecular heterogeneity at the nanometer scale. Scattering-type near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) in the mid-infrared (IR) region is used here to collect IR nanospectra from both fixed and native plant samples. We compared structures of chemically extracted silica bodies (phytoliths) to silicified and nonsilicified cell walls prepared as a flat block of epoxy-embedded awns of wheat (Triticum turgidum), thin sections of native epidermis cells from sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) comprising silica phytoliths, and isolated cells from awns of oats (Avena sterilis). The correlation of the scanning-probe IR images and the mechanical phase image enables a combined probing of mechanical material properties together with the chemical composition and structure of both the cell walls and the phytolith structures. The data reveal a structural heterogeneity of the different silica bodies in situ, as well as different compositions and crystallinities of cell wall components. In conclusion, IR nanospectroscopy is suggested as an ideal tool for studies of native plant materials of varied origins and preparations and could be applied to other inorganic-organic hybrid materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor M R Zancajo
- School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof (SALSA), Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany.,Chemistry Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.,BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tom Lindtner
- School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof (SALSA), Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany.,Chemistry Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Max Eisele
- Neaspec GmbH, Eglfinger Weg 2, D-85540 Munich-Haar, Germany
| | | | - Rivka Elbaum
- School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof (SALSA), Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany.,The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Janina Kneipp
- School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof (SALSA), Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany.,Chemistry Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Raimo M. Structure and morphology of cellulose fibers in garlic skin. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2635. [PMID: 32060307 PMCID: PMC7021805 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59479-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The knowledge of the texture and morphology of cellulose is essential for reliable modelling of cell growth and mechanical resistance of vegetal systems. Microscopic observations on thin layers of the skin of Allium sativum have shown elongated structures (i.e. cellulose fibers) imbedded in a matrix of more or less rounded cells. Examination by an optical polarizing microscope (OPM) has shown an intermittent high and low birefringence along fibers. Transversal regions with a reduced brightness along fibers are expected to contain a higher amount of amorphous lignin, hemicelluloses and waxes, some of which might also be birefringent, but at a much lower degree than cellulose. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has also evidenced an alternating growth of the fibers. Moreover, the negative sign of birefringence suggests a parallel orientation of cellulose nanofibrils transversally to the fiber axis. The characteristic modulation of intensity along lignocellulosic fibers can be due to variation of the cellulose concentration or orientation, perhaps caused by circadian cycles of temperature and light during growth. Indeed, imperfect orthogonal light can be totally reflected at the interface between regions with different values of the refractive index, contributing to the optical effect of banding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Raimo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per i Polimeri, Compositi e Biomateriali, Via Campi Flegrei, 34-80078, Pozzuoli, NA, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
A study on the tubular composite with tunable compression mechanical behavior inspired by wood cell. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 89:132-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
8
|
Ben-Tov D, Idan-Molakandov A, Hugger A, Ben-Shlush I, Günl M, Yang B, Usadel B, Harpaz-Saad S. The role of COBRA-LIKE 2 function, as part of the complex network of interacting pathways regulating Arabidopsis seed mucilage polysaccharide matrix organization. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 94:497-512. [PMID: 29446495 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The production of hydrophilic mucilage along the course of seed coat epidermal cell differentiation is a common adaptation in angiosperms. Previous studies have identified COBRA-LIKE 2 (COBL2), a member of the COBRA-LIKE gene family, as a novel component required for crystalline cellulose deposition in seed coat epidermal cells. In recent years, Arabidopsis seed coat epidermal cells (SCEs), also called mucilage secretory cells, have emerged as a powerful model system for the study of plant cell wall components biosynthesis, secretion, assembly and de muro modification. Despite accumulating data, the molecular mechanism of COBL function remains largely unknown. In the current research, we utilized genetic interactions to study the role of COBL2 as part of the protein network required for seed mucilage production. Using correlative phenotyping of structural and biochemical characteristics, unique features of the cobl2 extruded mucilage are revealed, including: 'unraveled' ray morphology, loss of primary cell wall 'pyramidal' organization, reduced Ruthenium red staining intensity of the adherent mucilage layer, and increased levels of the monosaccharides arabinose and galactose. Examination of the cobl2cesa5 double mutant provides insight into the interface between COBL function and cellulose deposition. Additionally, genetic interactions between cobl2 and fei1fei2 as well as between each of these mutants to mucilage-modified 2 (mum2) suggest that COBL2 functions independently of the FEI-SOS pathway. Altogether, the presented data place COBL2 within the complex protein network required for cell wall deposition in the context of seed mucilage and introduce new methodology expending the seed mucilage phenotyping toolbox.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ben-Tov
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Anat Idan-Molakandov
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Anat Hugger
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Ilan Ben-Shlush
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Markus Günl
- Institute for Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-2: Plant Sciences), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, 52425, Germany
| | - Bo Yang
- Institute for Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-2: Plant Sciences), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, 52425, Germany
| | - Björn Usadel
- Institute for Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-2: Plant Sciences), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, 52425, Germany
| | - Smadar Harpaz-Saad
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Heiner Z, Zeise I, Elbaum R, Kneipp J. Insight into plant cell wall chemistry and structure by combination of multiphoton microscopy with Raman imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201700164. [PMID: 29024576 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201700164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous Raman scattering microspectroscopy, second harmonic generation (SHG) and 2-photon excited fluorescence (2PF) were used in combination to characterize the morphology together with the chemical composition of the cell wall in native plant tissues. As the data obtained with unstained sections of Sorghum bicolor root and leaf tissues illustrate, nonresonant as well as pre-resonant Raman microscopy in combination with hyperspectral analysis reveals details about the distribution and composition of the major cell wall constituents. Multivariate analysis of the Raman data allows separation of different tissue regions, specifically the endodermis, xylem and lumen. The orientation of cellulose microfibrils is obtained from polarization-resolved SHG signals. Furthermore, 2-photon autofluorescence images can be used to image lignification. The combined compositional, morphological and orientational information in the proposed coupling of SHG, Raman imaging and 2PF presents an extension of existing vibrational microspectroscopic imaging and multiphoton microscopic approaches not only for plant tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Heiner
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- SALSA School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingrid Zeise
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rivka Elbaum
- The Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Janina Kneipp
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- SALSA School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gallenmüller F, Langer M, Poppinga S, Kassemeyer HH, Speck T. Spore liberation in mosses revisited. AOB PLANTS 2018; 10:plx075. [PMID: 29372045 PMCID: PMC5777488 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plx075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The ability to perform hygroscopic movements has evolved in many plant lineages and relates to a multitude of different functions such as seed burial, flower protection or regulation of diaspore release. In most mosses, spore release is controlled by hygroscopic movements of the peristome teeth and also of the spore capsule. Our study presents, for the first time, temporally and spatially well-resolved kinematic analyses of these complex shape changes in response to humidity conditions and provides insights into the sophisticated functional morphology and anatomy of the peristome teeth. In Brachythecium populeum the outer teeth of the peristome perform particularly complex hygroscopic movements during hydration and desiccation. Hydration induces fast inward dipping followed by partial re-straightening of the teeth. In their final shape, wet teeth close the capsule. During desiccation, the teeth perform an outward flicking followed by a re-straightening which opens the capsule. We present a kinematic analysis of these shape changes and of the underlying functional anatomy of the teeth. These teeth are shown to be composed of two layers which show longitudinal gradients in their material composition, structure and geometry. We hypothesize that these gradients result in (i) differences in swelling/shrinking capacity and velocity between the two layers composing the teeth, and in (ii) a gradient of velocity of swelling and shrinking from the tip to the base of the teeth. We propose these processes explain the observed movements regulating capsule opening or closing. This hypothesis is corroborated by experiments with isolated layers of peristome teeth. During hydration and desiccation, changes to the shape and mass of the whole spore capsule accompany the opening and closing. Results are discussed in relation to their significance for humidity-based regulation of spore release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Gallenmüller
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Corresponding author’s e-mail address:
| | - Max Langer
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Simon Poppinga
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Hanns-Heinz Kassemeyer
- Department of Biology, State Institute of Viticulture and Enology, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Thomas Speck
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Freiburg Centre for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Competence Network Biomimetic, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang T, Cosgrove DJ. Preparation of Onion Epidermal Cell Walls for Imaging by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Bio Protoc 2017; 7:e2647. [PMID: 34595310 PMCID: PMC8438486 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing plant cell wall is comprised of long, thin cellulose microfibrils embedded in a hydrated matrix of polysaccharides and glycoproteins. These components are typically constructed in layers (lamellae) on the inner surface of the cell wall, i.e., between the existing wall and the plasma membrane. The organization of these components is an important feature for plant cell growth and mechanics. To directly visualize the nano-scale structure of the newly-deposited surface of primary plant cell walls without dehydration or chemical extraction, a protocol of cell wall preparation for AFM imaging the most recently-synthesized cell wall surface in aqueous solutions was developed. Although the method was developed for onion scale epidermal peels, it can also be adapted to other organs, such as Arabidopsis hypocotyls, as well as ground samples of cell walls from the leaf petioles or hypocotyls of Arabidopsis and cucumber, maize coleoptiles and onion parenchyma. Potential artifacts of AFM imaging of plant cell walls are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zhang
- Department of Biology and Center for LignoCellulose Structure and Formation, 208 Mueller Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel J. Cosgrove
- Department of Biology and Center for LignoCellulose Structure and Formation, 208 Mueller Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gierlinger N. New insights into plant cell walls by vibrational microspectroscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY REVIEWS 2017; 53:517-551. [PMID: 30057488 PMCID: PMC6050719 DOI: 10.1080/05704928.2017.1363052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Vibrational spectroscopy provides non-destructively the molecular fingerprint of plant cells in the native state. In combination with microscopy, the chemical composition can be followed in context with the microstructure, and due to the non-destructive application, in-situ studies of changes during, e.g., degradation or mechanical load are possible. The two complementary vibrational microspectroscopic approaches, Fourier-Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Microspectroscopy and Confocal Raman spectroscopy, are based on different physical principles and the resulting different drawbacks and advantages in plant applications are reviewed. Examples for FT-IR and Raman microscopy applications on plant cell walls, including imaging as well as in-situ studies, are shown to have high potential to get a deeper understanding of structure-function relationships as well as biological processes and technical treatments. Both probe numerous different molecular vibrations of all components at once and thus result in spectra with many overlapping bands, a challenge for assignment and interpretation. With the help of multivariate unmixing methods (e.g., vertex components analysis), the most pure components can be revealed and their distribution mapped, even tiny layers and structures (250 nm). Instrumental as well as data analysis progresses make both microspectroscopic methods more and more promising tools in plant cell wall research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Notburga Gierlinger
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Borowska-Wykręt D, Rypień A, Dulski M, Grelowski M, Wrzalik R, Kwiatkowska D. Gradient of structural traits drives hygroscopic movements of scarious bracts surrounding Helichrysum bracteatum capitulum. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:1365-1383. [PMID: 28334385 PMCID: PMC5604587 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims The capitulum of Helichrysum bracteatum is surrounded by scarious involucral bracts that perform hygroscopic movements leading to bract bending toward or away from the capitulum, depending on cell wall water status. The present investigation aimed at explaining the mechanism of these movements. Methods Surface strain and bract shape changes accompanying the movements were quantified using the replica method. Dissection experiments were used to assess the contribution of different tissues in bract deformation. Cell wall structure and composition were examined with the aid of light and electron microscopy as well as confocal Raman spectroscopy. Key Results At the bract hinge (organ actuator) longitudinal strains at opposite surfaces differ profoundly. This results in changes of hinge curvature that drive passive displacement of distal bract portions. The distal portions in turn undergo nearly uniform strain on both surfaces and also minute shape changes. The hinge is built of sclerenchyma-like abaxial tissue, parenchyma and adaxial epidermis with thickened outer walls. Cell wall composition is rather uniform but tissue fraction occupied by cell walls, cell wall thickness, compactness and cellulose microfibril orientation change gradually from abaxial to adaxial hinge surface. Dissection experiments show that the presence of part of the hinge tissues is enough for movements. Conclusions Differential strain at the hinge is due to adaxial-abaxial gradient in structural traits of hinge tissues and cell walls. Thus, the bract hinge of H. bracteatum is a structure comprising gradually changing tissues, from highly resisting to highly active, rather than a bi-layered structure with distinct active and resistance parts, often ascribed for hygroscopically moving organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Borowska-Wykręt
- Department of Biophysics and Morphogenesis of Plants, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Rypień
- Department of Biophysics and Morphogenesis of Plants, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Mateusz Dulski
- Institute of Material Science, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
| | - Michał Grelowski
- Department of Biophysics and Morphogenesis of Plants, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
- A. Chełkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Roman Wrzalik
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
- A. Chełkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Dorota Kwiatkowska
- Department of Biophysics and Morphogenesis of Plants, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Shtein I, Shelef Y, Marom Z, Zelinger E, Schwartz A, Popper ZA, Bar-On B, Harpaz-Saad S. Stomatal cell wall composition: distinctive structural patterns associated with different phylogenetic groups. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:1021-1033. [PMID: 28158449 PMCID: PMC5604698 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Stomatal morphology and function have remained largely conserved throughout ∼400 million years of plant evolution. However, plant cell wall composition has evolved and changed. Here stomatal cell wall composition was investigated in different vascular plant groups in attempt to understand their possible effect on stomatal function. Methods A renewed look at stomatal cell walls was attempted utilizing digitalized polar microscopy, confocal microscopy, histology and a numerical finite-elements simulation. The six species of vascular plants chosen for this study cover a broad structural, ecophysiological and evolutionary spectrum: ferns ( Asplenium nidus and Platycerium bifurcatum ) and angiosperms ( Arabidopsis thaliana and Commelina erecta ) with kidney-shaped stomata, and grasses (angiosperms, family Poaceae) with dumbbell-shaped stomata ( Sorghum bicolor and Triticum aestivum ). Key Results Three distinct patterns of cellulose crystallinity in stomatal cell walls were observed: Type I (kidney-shaped stomata, ferns), Type II (kidney-shaped stomata, angiosperms) and Type III (dumbbell-shaped stomata, grasses). The different stomatal cell wall attributes investigated (cellulose crystallinity, pectins, lignin, phenolics) exhibited taxon-specific patterns, with reciprocal substitution of structural elements in the end-walls of kidney-shaped stomata. According to a numerical bio-mechanical model, the end walls of kidney-shaped stomata develop the highest stresses during opening. Conclusions The data presented demonstrate for the first time the existence of distinct spatial patterns of varying cellulose crystallinity in guard cell walls. It is also highly intriguing that in angiosperms crystalline cellulose appears to have replaced lignin that occurs in the stomatal end-walls of ferns serving a similar wall strengthening function. Such taxon-specific spatial patterns of cell wall components could imply different biomechanical functions, which in turn could be a consequence of differences in environmental selection along the course of plant evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Shtein
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Yaniv Shelef
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Ziv Marom
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Einat Zelinger
- The Interdepartmental Equipment Unit, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Amnon Schwartz
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Zoë A. Popper
- Botany and Plant Science, Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Benny Bar-On
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Smadar Harpaz-Saad
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mannan S, Paul Knox J, Basu S. Correlations between axial stiffness and microstructure of a species of bamboo. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017. [PMID: 28280545 DOI: 10.5061/dryad.5ch51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Bamboo is a ubiquitous monocotyledonous flowering plant and is a member of the true grass family Poaceae. In many parts of the world, it is widely used as a structural material especially in scaffolding and buildings. In spite of its wide use, there is no accepted methodology for standardizing a species of bamboo for a particular structural purpose. The task of developing structure-property correlations is complicated by the fact that bamboo is a hierarchical material whose structure at the nanoscopic level is not very well explored. However, we show that as far as stiffness is concerned, it is possible to obtain reliable estimates of important structural properties like the axial modulus from the knowledge of certain key elements of the microstructure. Stiffness of bamboo depends most sensitively on the size and arrangement of the fibre sheaths surrounding the vascular bundles and the arrangement of crystalline cellulose microfibrils in their secondary cell walls. For the species of bamboo studied in this work, we have quantitatively determined the radial gradation that the arrangement of fibres renders to the structure. The arrangement of the fibres gives bamboo a radially graded property variation across its cross section.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sayyad Mannan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur , Kanpur , Uttar Pradesh 208016 , India
| | - J Paul Knox
- Centre for Plant Sciences , Faculty of Biological Sciences , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , UK
| | - Sumit Basu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur , Kanpur , Uttar Pradesh 208016 , India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mannan S, Paul Knox J, Basu S. Correlations between axial stiffness and microstructure of a species of bamboo. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:160412. [PMID: 28280545 PMCID: PMC5319311 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Bamboo is a ubiquitous monocotyledonous flowering plant and is a member of the true grass family Poaceae. In many parts of the world, it is widely used as a structural material especially in scaffolding and buildings. In spite of its wide use, there is no accepted methodology for standardizing a species of bamboo for a particular structural purpose. The task of developing structure-property correlations is complicated by the fact that bamboo is a hierarchical material whose structure at the nanoscopic level is not very well explored. However, we show that as far as stiffness is concerned, it is possible to obtain reliable estimates of important structural properties like the axial modulus from the knowledge of certain key elements of the microstructure. Stiffness of bamboo depends most sensitively on the size and arrangement of the fibre sheaths surrounding the vascular bundles and the arrangement of crystalline cellulose microfibrils in their secondary cell walls. For the species of bamboo studied in this work, we have quantitatively determined the radial gradation that the arrangement of fibres renders to the structure. The arrangement of the fibres gives bamboo a radially graded property variation across its cross section.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sayyad Mannan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - J. Paul Knox
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Sumit Basu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mannan S, Zaffar M, Pradhan A, Basu S. Measurement of microfibril angles in bamboo using Mueller matrix imaging. APPLIED OPTICS 2016; 55:8971-8978. [PMID: 27857282 DOI: 10.1364/ao.55.008971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The microfibril angle (MFA) giving the orientation of cellulose chains in hard sclerenchymatous bamboo fibers is one of the most important parameters determining the overall strength of the bamboo culm. In this work, Mueller matrix imaging polarimetry is implemented for determining MFA measured over a transverse section of group of fibers and parenchyma cells in bamboo of Dendrocalamus strictus species. The method, based on the Stokes-Mueller formalism, decouples the birefringence exhibited by crystalline cellulose from the clumped polarization parameters using 16 images taken with different polarization states at subcellular resolution. Retardance values, obtained from polar decomposition of the Mueller matrix, are extracted from different locations in the specimen, and distribution of MFA over the entire section is presented. The method permits simultaneous measurement of MFA in a transverse section of several fibers and parenchyma cells. The range of MFA obtained for bamboo fibers from Mueller matrix imaging is verified with the results obtained through x-ray diffraction using the pole figure method.
Collapse
|
18
|
Shtein I, Elbaum R, Bar-On B. The Hygroscopic Opening of Sesame Fruits Is Induced by a Functionally Graded Pericarp Architecture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1501. [PMID: 27777579 PMCID: PMC5056167 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
To enhance the distribution of their seeds, plants often utilize hygroscopic deformations that actuate dispersal mechanisms. Such movements are based on desiccation-induced shrinkage of tissues in predefined directions. The basic hygroscopic deformations are typically actuated by a bi-layer configuration, in which shrinking of an active tissue layer is resisted by a stiff layer, generating a set of basic movements including bending, coiling, and twisting. In this study, we investigate a new type of functionally graded hygroscopic movement in the fruit (capsule) of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). Microscopic observations of the capsules showed that the inner stiff endocarp layer is built of a bilayer of transverse (i.e., circumferential) and longitudinal fiber cells with the layers positioned in a semi-circle, one inside the other. The outer mesocarp layer is made of soft parenchyma cells. The thickness of the fibrous layers and of the mesocarp exhibits a graded architecture, with gradual changes in their thickness around the capsule circumference. The cellulose microfibrils in the fiber cell walls are lying parallel to the cell long axis, rendering them stiff. The outer mesocarp layer contracted by 300% as it dried. Removal of this outer layer inhibited the opening movement, indicating that it is the active tissue. A biomechanical hygro-elastic model based on the relative thicknesses of the layers successfully simulated the opening curvature. Our findings suggest that the sesame capsules possess a functionally graded architecture, which promotes a non-uniform double-curvature hygroscopic bending movement. In contrast to other hygroscopic organs described in the literature, the sesame capsule actuating and resisting tissues are not uniform throughout the device, but changing gradually. This newly described mechanism can be exploited in bio-inspired designs of novel actuating platforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Shtein
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the NegevBeer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Rivka Elbaum
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovot, Israel
| | - Benny Bar-On
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the NegevBeer-Sheva, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Li C, Chen S, Klemba M, Zhu Y. Integrated quantitative phase and birefringence microscopy for imaging malaria-infected red blood cells. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:90501. [PMID: 27598559 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.9.090501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A dual-modality birefringence/phase imaging system is presented. The system features a crystal retarder that provides polarization mixing and generates two interferometric carrier waves in a single signal spectrum. The retardation and orientation of sample birefringence can then be measured simultaneously based on spectral multiplexing interferometry. Further, with the addition of a Nomarski prism, the same setup can be used for quantitative differential interference contrast (DIC) imaging. Sample phase can then be obtained with two-dimensional integration. In addition, birefringence-induced phase error can be corrected using the birefringence data. This dual-modality approach is analyzed theoretically with Jones calculus and validated experimentally with malaria-infected red blood cells. The system generates not only corrected DIC and phase images, but a birefringence map that highlights the distribution of hemozoin crystals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengshuai Li
- Virginia Tech, The Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 1185 Perry Street, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Shichao Chen
- Virginia Tech, The Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 1185 Perry Street, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Michael Klemba
- Virginia Tech, Department of Biochemistry, 340 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Yizheng Zhu
- Virginia Tech, The Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 1185 Perry Street, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Fridman Y, Holland N, Elbaum R, Savaldi-Goldstein S. High Resolution Quantification of Crystalline Cellulose Accumulation in Arabidopsis Roots to Monitor Tissue-specific Cell Wall Modifications. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27214583 DOI: 10.3791/53707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cells are surrounded by a cell wall, the composition of which determines their final size and shape. The cell wall is composed of a complex matrix containing polysaccharides that include cellulose microfibrils that form both crystalline structures and cellulose chains of amorphous organization. The orientation of the cellulose fibers and their concentrations dictate the mechanical properties of the cell. Several methods are used to determine the levels of crystalline cellulose, each bringing both advantages and limitations. Some can distinguish the proportion of crystalline regions within the total cellulose. However, they are limited to whole-organ analyses that are deficient in spatiotemporal information. Others relying on live imaging, are limited by the use of imprecise dyes. Here, we report a sensitive polarized light-based system for specific quantification of relative light retardance, representing crystalline cellulose accumulation in cross sections of Arabidopsis thaliana roots. In this method, the cellular resolution and anatomical data are maintained, enabling direct comparisons between the different tissues composing the growing root. This approach opens a new analytical dimension, shedding light on the link between cell wall composition, cellular behavior and whole-organ growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Fridman
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology;
| | - Neta Holland
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology
| | - Rivka Elbaum
- Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Corrigendum. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 207:248. [PMID: 26046545 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
|
22
|
Li C, Zhu Y. Quantitative polarized light microscopy using spectral multiplexing interferometry. OPTICS LETTERS 2015; 40:2622-5. [PMID: 26030573 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.002622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We propose an interferometric spectral multiplexing method for measuring birefringent specimens with simple configuration and high sensitivity. The retardation and orientation of sample birefringence are simultaneously encoded onto two spectral carrier waves, generated interferometrically by a birefringent crystal through polarization mixing. A single interference spectrum hence contains sufficient information for birefringence determination, eliminating the need for mechanical rotation or electrical modulation. The technique is analyzed theoretically and validated experimentally on cellulose film. System simplicity permits the possibility of mitigating system birefringence background. Further analysis demonstrates the technique's exquisite sensitivity as high as ∼20 pm for retardation measurement.
Collapse
|
23
|
Abu-Abied M, Rogovoy Stelmakh O, Mordehaev I, Grumberg M, Elbaum R, Wasteneys GO, Sadot E. Dissecting the contribution of microtubule behaviour in adventitious root induction. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:2813-24. [PMID: 25788735 PMCID: PMC4986881 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Induction of adventitious roots (ARs) in recalcitrant plants often culminates in cell division and callus formation rather than root differentiation. Evidence is provided here to suggest that microtubules (MTs) play a role in the shift from cell division to cell differentiation during AR induction. First, it was found that fewer ARs form in the temperature-sensitive mutant mor1-1, in which the MT-associated protein MOR1 is mutated, and in bot1-1, in which the MT-severing protein katanin is mutated. In the two latter mutants, MT dynamics and form are perturbed. By contrast, the number of ARs increased in RIC1-OX3 plants, in which MT bundling is enhanced and katanin is activated. In addition, any1 plants in which cell walls are perturbed made more ARs than wild-type plants. MT perturbations during AR induction in mor1-1 or in wild-type hypocotyls treated with oryzalin led to the formation of amorphous clusters of cells reminiscent of callus. In these cells a specific pattern of polarized light retardation by the cell walls was lost. PIN1 polarization and auxin maxima were hampered and differentiation of the epidermis was inhibited. It is concluded that a fine-tuned crosstalk between MTs, cell walls, and auxin transport is required for proper AR induction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Abu-Abied
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, ARO, PO Box 6, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel
| | | | - Inna Mordehaev
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, ARO, PO Box 6, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Marina Grumberg
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, ARO, PO Box 6, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Rivka Elbaum
- The Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Geoffrey O Wasteneys
- Department of Botany, The University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Einat Sadot
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, ARO, PO Box 6, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ben-Tov D, Abraham Y, Stav S, Thompson K, Loraine A, Elbaum R, de Souza A, Pauly M, Kieber JJ, Harpaz-Saad S. COBRA-LIKE2, a member of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored COBRA-LIKE family, plays a role in cellulose deposition in arabidopsis seed coat mucilage secretory cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:711-24. [PMID: 25583925 PMCID: PMC4347734 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.240671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation of the maternally derived seed coat epidermal cells into mucilage secretory cells is a common adaptation in angiosperms. Recent studies identified cellulose as an important component of seed mucilage in various species. Cellulose is deposited as a set of rays that radiate from the seed upon mucilage extrusion, serving to anchor the pectic component of seed mucilage to the seed surface. Using transcriptome data encompassing the course of seed development, we identified COBRA-LIKE2 (COBL2), a member of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored COBRA-LIKE gene family in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), as coexpressed with other genes involved in cellulose deposition in mucilage secretory cells. Disruption of the COBL2 gene results in substantial reduction in the rays of cellulose present in seed mucilage, along with an increased solubility of the pectic component of the mucilage. Light birefringence demonstrates a substantial decrease in crystalline cellulose deposition into the cellulosic rays of the cobl2 mutants. Moreover, crystalline cellulose deposition into the radial cell walls and the columella appears substantially compromised, as demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy and in situ quantification of light birefringence. Overall, the cobl2 mutants display about 40% reduction in whole-seed crystalline cellulose content compared with the wild type. These data establish that COBL2 plays a role in the deposition of crystalline cellulose into various secondary cell wall structures during seed coat epidermal cell differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ben-Tov
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel (D.B.-T., Y.A., R.E., S.H.-S.);Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081 (S.S., K.T., A.L.);Energy Biosciences Institute (A.d.S., M.P.) and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology (M.P.), University of California, Berkeley, California 94720; andBiology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 (J.J.K.)
| | - Yael Abraham
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel (D.B.-T., Y.A., R.E., S.H.-S.);Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081 (S.S., K.T., A.L.);Energy Biosciences Institute (A.d.S., M.P.) and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology (M.P.), University of California, Berkeley, California 94720; andBiology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 (J.J.K.)
| | - Shira Stav
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel (D.B.-T., Y.A., R.E., S.H.-S.);Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081 (S.S., K.T., A.L.);Energy Biosciences Institute (A.d.S., M.P.) and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology (M.P.), University of California, Berkeley, California 94720; andBiology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 (J.J.K.)
| | - Kevin Thompson
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel (D.B.-T., Y.A., R.E., S.H.-S.);Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081 (S.S., K.T., A.L.);Energy Biosciences Institute (A.d.S., M.P.) and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology (M.P.), University of California, Berkeley, California 94720; andBiology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 (J.J.K.)
| | - Ann Loraine
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel (D.B.-T., Y.A., R.E., S.H.-S.);Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081 (S.S., K.T., A.L.);Energy Biosciences Institute (A.d.S., M.P.) and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology (M.P.), University of California, Berkeley, California 94720; andBiology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 (J.J.K.)
| | - Rivka Elbaum
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel (D.B.-T., Y.A., R.E., S.H.-S.);Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081 (S.S., K.T., A.L.);Energy Biosciences Institute (A.d.S., M.P.) and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology (M.P.), University of California, Berkeley, California 94720; andBiology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 (J.J.K.)
| | - Amancio de Souza
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel (D.B.-T., Y.A., R.E., S.H.-S.);Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081 (S.S., K.T., A.L.);Energy Biosciences Institute (A.d.S., M.P.) and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology (M.P.), University of California, Berkeley, California 94720; andBiology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 (J.J.K.)
| | - Markus Pauly
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel (D.B.-T., Y.A., R.E., S.H.-S.);Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081 (S.S., K.T., A.L.);Energy Biosciences Institute (A.d.S., M.P.) and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology (M.P.), University of California, Berkeley, California 94720; andBiology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 (J.J.K.)
| | - Joseph J Kieber
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel (D.B.-T., Y.A., R.E., S.H.-S.);Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081 (S.S., K.T., A.L.);Energy Biosciences Institute (A.d.S., M.P.) and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology (M.P.), University of California, Berkeley, California 94720; andBiology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 (J.J.K.)
| | - Smadar Harpaz-Saad
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel (D.B.-T., Y.A., R.E., S.H.-S.);Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081 (S.S., K.T., A.L.);Energy Biosciences Institute (A.d.S., M.P.) and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology (M.P.), University of California, Berkeley, California 94720; andBiology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 (J.J.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Rivkin A, Abitbol T, Nevo Y, Verker R, Lapidot S, Komarov A, Veldhuis SC, Zilberman G, Reches M, Cranston ED, Shoseyov O. Bionanocomposite Films from Resilin-CBD Bound to Cellulose Nanocrystals. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2015. [DOI: 10.1089/ind.2014.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Rivkin
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tiffany Abitbol
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Rehovot, Israel
- McMaster University, Department of Chemical Engineering, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Yuval Nevo
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ronen Verker
- Soreq NRC, Space Environment Department, Yavne, Israel
| | - Shaul Lapidot
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Anton Komarov
- McMaster University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hamilton, Canada
| | | | - Galit Zilberman
- RD&E Division, Elbit Systems Electro-optics-Elop Ltd., Rehovot, Israel
| | - Meital Reches
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Institute of Chemistry, Givat Ram, Israel
| | - Emily D. Cranston
- McMaster University, Department of Chemical Engineering, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Oded Shoseyov
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Rehovot, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Idris NA, Collings DA. The life of phi: the development of phi thickenings in roots of the orchids of the genus Miltoniopsis. PLANTA 2015; 241:489-506. [PMID: 25377920 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2194-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Phi thickenings, bands of secondary wall thickenings that reinforce the primary wall of root cortical cells in a wide range of species, are described for the first time in the epiphytic orchid Miltoniopsis. As with phi thickenings found in other plants, the phi thickenings in Miltoniopsis contain highly aligned cellulose running along the lengths of the thickenings, and are lignified but not suberized. Using a combination of histological and immunocytochemical techniques, thickening development can be categorized into three different stages. Microtubules align lengthwise along the thickening during early and intermediate stages of development, and callose is deposited within the thickening in a pattern similar to the microtubules. These developing thickenings also label with the fluorescently tagged lectin wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). These associations with microtubules and callose, and the WGA labeling, all disappear when the phi thickenings are mature. This pattern of callose and WGA deposition show changes in the thickened cell wall composition and may shed light on the function of phi thickenings in plant roots, a role for which has yet to be established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nurul A Idris
- School of Biological Science, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Fridman Y, Elkouby L, Holland N, Vragović K, Elbaum R, Savaldi-Goldstein S. Root growth is modulated by differential hormonal sensitivity in neighboring cells. Genes Dev 2014; 28:912-20. [PMID: 24736847 PMCID: PMC4003282 DOI: 10.1101/gad.239335.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Coherent plant growth requires spatial integration of hormonal pathways and cell wall remodeling activities. However, the mechanisms governing sensitivity to hormones and how cell wall structure integrates with hormonal effects are poorly understood. We found that coordination between two types of epidermal root cells, hair and nonhair cells, establishes root sensitivity to the plant hormones brassinosteroids (BRs). While expression of the BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1) in hair cells promotes cell elongation in all tissues, its high relative expression in nonhair cells is inhibitory. Elevated ethylene and deposition of crystalline cellulose underlie the inhibitory effect of BRI1. We propose that the relative spatial distribution of BRI1, and not its absolute level, fine-tunes growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Fridman
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bertinetti L, Fischer FD, Fratzl P. Physicochemical basis for water-actuated movement and stress generation in nonliving plant tissues. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:238001. [PMID: 24476305 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.238001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Generating stresses and strains through water uptake from atmospheric humidity is a common process in nature, e.g., in seed dispersal. Actuation depends on a balance between chemical interactions and the elastic energy required to accomplish the volume change. In order to study the poorly understood chemical interactions, we combine mechanosorption experiments with theoretical calculations of the swelling behavior to estimate the mechanical energy and extract the contribution of the chemical energy per absorbed water molecule. The latter is highest in the completely dry state and stays almost constant at about 1.2 kT for higher hydrations. This suggests that water bound to the macromolecular components of the wood tissues acquires one additional hydrogen bond per eight water molecules, thus providing energy for actuation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Bertinetti
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterial Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - F D Fischer
- Institute of Mechanics, Montanuniversität Leoben, Franz-Josef-Straße 18, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - P Fratzl
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterial Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abraham Y, Elbaum R. Hygroscopic movements in Geraniaceae: the structural variations that are responsible for coiling or bending. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 199:584-594. [PMID: 23574364 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The family Geraniaceae is characterized by a beak-like fruit, consisting of five seeds appended by a tapering awn. The awns exhibit coiling or bending hygroscopic movement as part of the seed dispersal strategy. Here we explain the variation in the hygroscopic reaction based on structural principles. We examined five representative species from three genera: Erodium, Geranium, and Pelargonium. Using X-ray diffraction, and electron and polarized light microscopy, we measured the cellulose microfibril angles in relation to the cell and cellulose helix axes. The behavior of separated single cells during dehydration was also examined. A bi-layered structure characterizes all the representative genera studied, with a hygroscopically contracting inner layer, and a stiff outer layer. We found that the cellulose arrangement in the inner layer is responsible for the type of awn deformation (coiling or bending). In three of the five awns examined, we identified an additional coiling outer sublayer, which adds coiling deformation to the awn. We divide the movements into three types: bending, coiling, and coiled-bending. All movement types are found in the Geranium genus. These characteristics are of importance for understanding the evolution of seed dispersal mechanisms in the Geraniaceae family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yael Abraham
- The Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Rivka Elbaum
- The Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| |
Collapse
|