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Tang Y, Zhang Z, Yang Z, Wu J. CRISPR/Cas9 and Agrobacterium tumefaciens virulence proteins synergistically increase efficiency of precise genome editing via homology directed repair in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:3518-3530. [PMID: 36919203 PMCID: PMC10797490 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing and Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation are widely-used plant biotechnology tools derived from bacterial immunity-related systems, each involving DNA modification. The Cas9 endonuclease introduces DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), and the A. tumefaciens T-DNA is released by the VirD2 endonuclease assisted by VirDl and attached by VirE2, transferred to the plant nucleus and integrated into the genome. Here, we explored the potential for synergy between the two systems and found that Cas9 and three virulence (Vir) proteins achieve precise genome editing via the homology directed repair (HDR) pathway in tobacco and rice plants. Compared with Cas9T (Cas9, VirD1, VirE2) and CvD (Cas9-VirD2) systems, the HDR frequencies of a foreign GFPm gene in the CvDT system (Cas9-VirD2, VirD1, VirE2) increased 52-fold and 22-fold, respectively. Further optimization of the CvDT process with a donor linker (CvDTL) achieved a remarkable increase in the efficiency of HDR-mediated genome editing. Additionally, the HDR efficiency of the three rice endogenous genes ACETOLACTATE SYNTHASE (ALS), PHYTOENE DESATURASE (PDS), and NITROGEN TRANSPORTER 1.1 B (NRT1.1B) increased 24-, 32- and 16-fold, respectively, in the CvDTL system, compared with corresponding Cas9TL (Cas9T process with a donor linker). Our results suggest that collaboration between CRISPR/Cas9 and Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation can make great progress towards highly efficient and precise genome editing via the HDR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhennan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahe Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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2
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Park I, Seo YS, Mannaa M. Recruitment of the rhizo-microbiome army: assembly determinants and engineering of the rhizosphere microbiome as a key to unlocking plant potential. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1163832. [PMID: 37213524 PMCID: PMC10196466 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1163832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The viable community of microorganisms in the rhizosphere significantly impacts the physiological development and vitality of plants. The assembly and functional capacity of the rhizosphere microbiome are greatly influenced by various factors within the rhizosphere. The primary factors are the host plant genotype, developmental stage and status, soil properties, and resident microbiota. These factors drive the composition, dynamics, and activity of the rhizosphere microbiome. This review addresses the intricate interplay between these factors and how it facilitates the recruitment of specific microbes by the host plant to support plant growth and resilience under stress. This review also explores current methods for engineering and manipulating the rhizosphere microbiome, including host plant-mediated manipulation, soil-related methods, and microbe-mediated methods. Advanced techniques to harness the plant's ability to recruit useful microbes and the promising use of rhizo-microbiome transplantation are highlighted. The goal of this review is to provide valuable insights into the current knowledge, which will facilitate the development of cutting-edge strategies for manipulating the rhizosphere microbiome for enhanced plant growth and stress tolerance. The article also indicates promising avenues for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmyoung Park
- School of Food and Culinary Arts, Youngsan University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Su Seo
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
- *Correspondence: Young-Su Seo
| | - Mohamed Mannaa
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Mohamed Mannaa
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Park YS, Ryu CM. Understanding Plant Social Networking System: Avoiding Deleterious Microbiota but Calling Beneficials. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073319. [PMID: 33805032 PMCID: PMC8037233 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant association with microorganisms elicits dramatic effects on the local phytobiome and often causes systemic and transgenerational modulation on plant immunity against insect pests and microbial pathogens. Previously, we introduced the concept of the plant social networking system (pSNS) to highlight the active involvement of plants in the recruitment of potentially beneficial microbiota upon exposure to insects and pathogens. Microbial association stimulates the physiological responses of plants and induces the development of their immune mechanisms while interacting with multiple enemies. Thus, beneficial microbes serve as important mediators of interactions among multiple members of the multitrophic, microscopic and macroscopic communities. In this review, we classify the steps of pSNS such as elicitation, signaling, secreting root exudates, and plant protection; summarize, with evidence, how plants and beneficial microbes communicate with each other; and also discuss how the molecular mechanisms underlying this communication are induced in plants exposed to natural enemies. Collectively, the pSNS modulates robustness of plant physiology and immunity and promotes survival potential by helping plants to overcome the environmental and biological challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Soon Park
- Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea;
| | - Choong-Min Ryu
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Infection Disease Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Biosystem and Bioengineering Program, University of Science and Technology (UST) KRIBB School, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Correspondence:
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Chen L, Wang X, Ma Q, Bian L, Liu X, Xu Y, Zhang H, Shao J, Liu Y. Bacillus velezensis CLA178-Induced Systemic Resistance of Rosa multiflora Against Crown Gall Disease. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:587667. [PMID: 33193244 PMCID: PMC7642876 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.587667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) are able to activate induced systemic resistance (ISR) of the plants against phytopathogens. However, whether and how ISR can be activated by PGPRs in plants of the Rosa genus is unclear. The effects of PGPR Bacillus velezensis CLA178 and the pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58 on the growth, plant defense-related genes, hormones, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the rose plants were compared. Pretreatment with CLA178 significantly reduced crown gall tumor biomass and relieved the negative effects of the C58 pathogen on plant biomass, chlorophyll content, and photosynthesis of roses. Pretreatment of the roots with CLA178 activated ISR and significantly reduced disease severity. Pretreatment with CLA178 enhanced plant defense response to C58, including the accumulation of ROS, antioxidants, and plant hormones. Moreover, pretreatment with CLA178 enhanced C58-dependent induction of the expression of the genes related to the salicylic acid (SA) or ethylene (ET) signaling pathways. This result suggested that SA- and ET-signaling may participate in CLA178-mediated ISR in roses. Additional experiments in the Arabidopsis mutants showed that CLA178 triggered ISR against C58 in the pad4 and jar1 mutants and not in the etr1 and npr1 mutants. The ISR phenotypes of the Arabidopsis mutants indicated that CLA178-mediated ISR is dependent on the ET-signaling pathway in an NPR1-dependent manner. Overall, this study provides useful information to expand the application of PGPRs to protect the plants of the Rosa genus from phytopathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Experimental Center of Forestry in North China, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Xinghong Wang
- Experimental Center of Forestry in North China, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Qinghua Ma
- Experimental Center of Forestry in North China, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Lusen Bian
- Experimental Center of Forestry in North China, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Liu
- Experimental Center of Forestry in North China, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Experimental Center of Forestry in North China, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Huihui Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiahui Shao
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunpeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbial Resources Collection and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Karssemeijer PN, Reichelt M, Gershenzon J, van Loon J, Dicke M. Foliar herbivory by caterpillars and aphids differentially affects phytohormonal signalling in roots and plant defence to a root herbivore. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:775-786. [PMID: 31873957 PMCID: PMC7065167 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plant-mediated interactions are an important force in insect ecology. Through such interactions, herbivores feeding on leaves can affect root feeders. However, the mechanisms regulating the effects of above-ground herbivory on below-ground herbivores are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the performance of cabbage root fly larvae (Delia radicum) on cabbage plants (Brassica oleracea) previously exposed to above ground herbivores belonging to two feeding guilds: leaf chewing diamondback moth caterpillars (Plutella xylostella) or phloem-feeding cabbage aphids (Brevicoryne brassicae). Our study focusses on root-herbivore performance and defence signalling in primary roots by quantifying phytohormones and gene expression. We show that leaf herbivory by caterpillars, but not by aphids, strongly attenuates root herbivore performance. Above-ground herbivory causes changes in primary roots in terms of gene transcripts and metabolites involved in plant defence. Feeding by below-ground herbivores strongly induces the jasmonate pathway in primary roots. Caterpillars feeding on leaves cause a slight induction of the primary root jasmonate pathway and interact with plant defence signalling in response to root herbivores. In conclusion, feeding by a leaf chewer and a phloem feeder differentially affects root-herbivore performance, root-herbivore-induced phytohormonal signalling, and secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Joop van Loon
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
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Rolfe SA, Griffiths J, Ton J. Crying out for help with root exudates: adaptive mechanisms by which stressed plants assemble health-promoting soil microbiomes. Curr Opin Microbiol 2019; 49:73-82. [PMID: 31731229 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants employ immunological and ecological strategies to resist biotic stress. Recent evidence suggests that plants adapt to biotic stress by changing their root exudation chemistry to assemble health-promoting microbiomes. This so-called 'cry-for-help' hypothesis provides a mechanistic explanation for previously characterized soil feedback responses to plant disease, such as the development of disease-suppressing soils upon successive cultivations of take all-infected wheat. Here, we divide the hypothesis into individual stages and evaluate the evidence for each component. We review how plant immune responses modify root exudation chemistry, as well as what impact this has on microbial activities, and the subsequent plant responses to these activities. Finally, we review the ecological relevance of the interaction, along with its translational potential for future crop protection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Rolfe
- Plant Production and Protection (P(3)), Institute for Sustainable Food, The University of Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK; Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Joseph Griffiths
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Jurriaan Ton
- Plant Production and Protection (P(3)), Institute for Sustainable Food, The University of Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK; Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
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Kong HG, Song GC, Ryu CM. Inheritance of seed and rhizosphere microbial communities through plant-soil feedback and soil memory. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2019; 11:479-486. [PMID: 31054200 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the role of microbes in the phytobiome, microbial communities (microbiota) have been identified and characterized based on host species, development, distribution, and condition. The microbiota in the plant rhizosphere is believed to have been established prior to seed germination and innate immune development. However, the microbiota in seeds has received little attention. Although our knowledge of the distribution of microbiota in plant seeds and rhizosphere is currently limited, the impact of these microbiota is likely to be greater than expected. This minireview suggests a new function of microbial inheritance from the seed to root and from the first generation of plants to the next. Surprisingly, recruitment and accumulation of microbiota by biotic and abiotic stresses affect plant immunity in the next generation through plant-soil feedback and soil memory. To illustrate this process, we propose a new term called 'microbiota-induced soil inheritance (MISI).' A comprehensive understanding of MISI will provide novel insights into plant-microbe interactions and plant immunity inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Gi Kong
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, KRIBB, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Geun Cheol Song
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, KRIBB, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Choong-Min Ryu
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, KRIBB, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
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Song GC, Im H, Jung J, Lee S, Jung M, Rhee S, Ryu C. Plant growth‐promoting archaea trigger induced systemic resistance inArabidopsis thalianaagainstPectobacterium carotovorumandPseudomonas syringae. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:940-948. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geun Cheol Song
- Molecular Phytobacteriology LaboratoryKRIBB Daejeon 34141 South Korea
| | - Hyunjoo Im
- Molecular Phytobacteriology LaboratoryKRIBB Daejeon 34141 South Korea
- Biosystems and Bioengineering ProgramUniversity of Science and Technology Daejeon 34113 South Korea
| | - Jihye Jung
- Molecular Phytobacteriology LaboratoryKRIBB Daejeon 34141 South Korea
- Department of Biological SciencesKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 South Korea
| | - Soohyun Lee
- Molecular Phytobacteriology LaboratoryKRIBB Daejeon 34141 South Korea
| | - Man‐Young Jung
- Department of MicrobiologyChungbuk National University Cheongju 28644 South Korea
| | - Sung‐Keun Rhee
- Department of MicrobiologyChungbuk National University Cheongju 28644 South Korea
| | - Choong‐Min Ryu
- Molecular Phytobacteriology LaboratoryKRIBB Daejeon 34141 South Korea
- Biosystems and Bioengineering ProgramUniversity of Science and Technology Daejeon 34113 South Korea
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Lee HR, Lee S, Park S, van Kleeff PJM, Schuurink RC, Ryu CM. Transient Expression of Whitefly Effectors in Nicotiana benthamiana Leaves Activates Systemic Immunity Against the Leaf Pathogen Pseudomonas syringae and Soil-Borne Pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum. Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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10
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Li P, Shu YN, Fu S, Liu YQ, Zhou XP, Liu SS, Wang XW. Vector and nonvector insect feeding reduces subsequent plant susceptibility to virus transmission. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 215:699-710. [PMID: 28382644 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The interactions of vector-virus-plant have important ecological and evolutionary implications. While the tripartite interactions have received some attention, little is known about whether vector infestation affects subsequent viral transmission and infection. Working with the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, begomovirus and tobacco/tomato, we demonstrate that pre-infestation of plants by the whitefly vector reduced subsequent plant susceptibility to viral transmission. Pre-infestation by the cotton bollworm, a nonvector of the virus, likewise repressed subsequent viral transmission. The two types of insects, with piercing and chewing mouthparts, respectively, activated different plant signaling pathways in the interactions. Whitefly pre-infestation activated the salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway, leading to deposition of callose that inhibited begomovirus replication/movement. Although cotton bollworm infestation elicited the jasmonic acid (JA) defense pathway and was beneficial to virus replication, the pre-infested plants repelled whiteflies from feeding and so decreased virus transmission. Experiments using a pharmaceutical approach with plant hormones or a genetic approach using hormone transgenic or mutant plants further showed that SA played a negative but JA played a positive role in begomovirus infection. These novel findings indicate that both vector and nonvector insect feeding of a plant may have substantial negative consequences for ensuing viral transmission and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yan-Ni Shu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shuai Fu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yin-Quan Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xue-Ping Zhou
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shu-Sheng Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Cheol Song G, Sim HJ, Kim SG, Ryu CM. Root-mediated signal transmission of systemic acquired resistance against above-ground and below-ground pathogens. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 118:821-831. [PMID: 27555496 PMCID: PMC5055637 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Plants modulate defence signalling networks in response to various biotic stresses via inter-organ communications. The root-mediated transmission of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) against soil-borne and air-borne plant pathogens from SAR-induced plants to neighbouring plants subjected to local chemical and pathogen treatments was evaluated. Methods The first two plants out of ten Nicotiana benthamiana seedlings were pre-treated with the SAR-triggering chemical benzothiadiazole (BTH). All ten seedlings were then challenged with two pathogenic bacteria, i.e. the root (bacterial wilt) pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum and the leaf (wildfire) pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci, at 7 d after SAR induction. Key Results Disease severity was noticeably lower in BTH-pre-treated plants than in the control. Surprisingly, two plants located next to BTH-treated plants exhibited reduced disease symptoms indicating that SAR signal transmission occurred through the root system. Determinant(s) secreted from the root system were search for and it was found that salicylic acid (SA) is a major molecule involved in SAR transmission through the root. Analysis of the expression of the defence-related genes N. benthamiana pathogenesis-related gene 1a (NbPR1a) and NbPR2 confirmed that BTH treatment elicited SAR via root-root transmission between plants. Plants with knock-down of the multiple resistance component SGT1 and SA biosynthesis-related gene ICS1 by Tobacco rattle virus-mediated virus-induced gene silencing exhibited a lack of root-mediated SAR transmission. The biological relevance of this finding was validated by challenge with the SAR-inducing avirulent pathogen P. syringae pv. syringae instead of BTH, which produced similar results. Conclusions Our findings demonstrated that SAR is transmissible through the root system from SAR-triggered plants to neighbouring plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geun Cheol Song
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Superbacteria Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Hee-Jung Sim
- Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Sang-Gyu Kim
- Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Choong-Min Ryu
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Superbacteria Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Biosystems and Bioengineering Program, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, South Korea
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Kong HG, Kim BK, Song GC, Lee S, Ryu CM. Aboveground Whitefly Infestation-Mediated Reshaping of the Root Microbiota. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1314. [PMID: 27656163 PMCID: PMC5013075 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants respond to various types of herbivore and pathogen attack using well-developed defensive machinery designed for self-protection. Infestation from phloem-sucking insects such as whitefly and aphid on plant leaves was previously shown to influence both the saprophytic and pathogenic bacterial community in the plant rhizosphere. However, the modulation of the root microbial community by plants following insect infestation has been largely unexplored. Only limited studies of culture-dependent bacterial diversity caused by whitefly and aphid have been conducted. In this study, to obtain a complete picture of the belowground microbiome community, we performed high-speed and high-throughput next-generation sequencing. We sampled the rhizosphere soils of pepper seedlings at 0, 1, and 2 weeks after whitefly infestation versus the water control. We amplified a partial 16S ribosomal RNA gene (V1-V3 region) by polymerase chain reaction with specific primers. Our analysis revealed that whitefly infestation reshaped the overall microbiota structure compared to that of the control rhizosphere, even after 1 week of infestation. Examination of the relative abundance distributions of microbes demonstrated that whitefly infestation shifted the proteobacterial groups at week 2. Intriguingly, the population of Pseudomonadales of the class Gammaproteobacteria significantly increased after 2 weeks of whitefly infestation, and the fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. recruited to the rhizosphere were confirmed to exhibit insect-killing capacity. Additionally, three taxa, including Caulobacteraceae, Enterobacteriaceae, and Flavobacteriaceae, and three genera, including Achromobacter, Janthinobacterium, and Stenotrophomonas, were the most abundant bacterial groups in the whitefly infested plant rhizosphere. Our results indicate that whitefly infestation leads to the recruitment of specific groups of rhizosphere bacteria by the plant, which confer beneficial traits to the host plant. This study provides a new framework for investigating how aboveground insect feeding modulates the belowground microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun G. Kong
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Super-Bacteria Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and BiotechnologyDaejeon, South Korea
| | | | - Geun C. Song
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Super-Bacteria Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and BiotechnologyDaejeon, South Korea
| | - Soohyun Lee
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Super-Bacteria Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and BiotechnologyDaejeon, South Korea
| | - Choong-Min Ryu
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Super-Bacteria Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and BiotechnologyDaejeon, South Korea
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Biere A, Goverse A. Plant-Mediated Systemic Interactions Between Pathogens, Parasitic Nematodes, and Herbivores Above- and Belowground. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 54:499-527. [PMID: 27359367 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080615-100245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants are important mediators of interactions between aboveground (AG) and belowground (BG) pathogens, arthropod herbivores, and nematodes (phytophages). We highlight recent progress in our understanding of within- and cross-compartment plant responses to these groups of phytophages in terms of altered resource dynamics and defense signaling and activation. We review studies documenting the outcome of cross-compartment interactions between these phytophage groups and show patterns of cross-compartment facilitation as well as cross-compartment induced resistance. Studies involving soilborne pathogens and foliar nematodes are scant. We further highlight the important role of defense signaling loops between shoots and roots to activate a full resistance complement. Moreover, manipulation of such loops by phytophages affects systemic interactions with other plant feeders. Finally, cross-compartment-induced changes in root defenses and root exudates extend systemic defense loops into the rhizosphere, enhancing or reducing recruitment of microbes that induce systemic resistance but also affecting interactions with root-feeding phytophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjen Biere
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, NIOO-KNAW, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Aska Goverse
- Lab of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6700 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Yi HS, Ahn YR, Song GC, Ghim SY, Lee S, Lee G, Ryu CM. Impact of a Bacterial Volatile 2,3-Butanediol on Bacillus subtilis Rhizosphere Robustness. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:993. [PMID: 27446033 PMCID: PMC4923110 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile compounds, such as short chain alcohols, acetoin, and 2,3-butanediol, produced by certain strains of root-associated bacteria (rhizobacteria) elicit induced systemic resistance in plants. The effects of bacterial volatile compounds (BVCs) on plant and fungal growth have been extensively studied; however, the impact of bacterial BVCs on bacterial growth remains poorly understood. In this study the effects of a well-characterized bacterial volatile, 2,3-butanediol, produced by the rhizobacterium Bacillus subtilis, were examined in the rhizosphere. The nature of 2,3-butanediol on bacterial cells was assessed, and the effect of the molecule on root colonization was also determined. Pepper roots were inoculated with three B. subtilis strains: the wild type, a 2,3-butanediol overexpressor, and a 2,3-butanediol null mutant. The B. subtilis null strain was the first to be eliminated in the rhizosphere, followed by the wild-type strain. The overexpressor mutant was maintained at roots for the duration of the experiment. Rhizosphere colonization by a saprophytic fungus declined from 14 days post-inoculation in roots treated with the B. subtilis overexpressor strain. Next, exudates from roots exposed to 2,3-butanediol were assessed for their impact on fungal and bacterial growth in vitro. Exudates from plant roots pre-treated with the 2,3-butanediol overexpressor were used to challenge various microorganisms. Growth was inhibited in a saprophytic fungus (Trichoderma sp.), the 2,3-butanediol null B. subtilis strain, and a soil-borne pathogen, Ralstonia solanacearum. Direct application of 2,3-butanediol to pepper roots, followed by exposure to R. solanacearum, induced expression of Pathogenesis-Related (PR) genes such as CaPR2, CaSAR8.2, and CaPAL. These results indicate that 2,3-butanediol triggers the secretion of root exudates that modulate soil fungi and rhizosphere bacteria. These data broaden our knowledge regarding bacterial volatiles in the rhizosphere and their roles in bacterial fitness and as important inducers of plant defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwe-Su Yi
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, DaejeonSouth Korea; School of Life Science, Kyungpook National University, DaeguSouth Korea
| | - Yeo-Rim Ahn
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, DaejeonSouth Korea; Department of Biological Science, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, DaejeonSouth Korea
| | - Geun C Song
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon South Korea
| | - Sa-Youl Ghim
- School of Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu South Korea
| | - Soohyun Lee
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon South Korea
| | - Gahyung Lee
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon South Korea
| | - Choong-Min Ryu
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, DaejeonSouth Korea; Biosystems and Bioengineering Program, School of Science, University of Science and Technology, DaejeonSouth Korea
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15
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Nam HS, Yang HJ, Oh BJ, Anderson AJ, Kim YC. Biological Control Potential of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens KB3 Isolated from the Feces of Allomyrina dichotoma Larvae. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 32:273-80. [PMID: 27298603 PMCID: PMC4892824 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.nt.12.2015.0274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Most biocontrol agents for plant diseases have been isolated from sources such as soils and plants. As an alternative source, we examined the feces of tertiary larvae of the herbivorous rhino beetle, Allomyrina dichotoma for presence of biocontrol-active microbes. The initial screen was performed to detect antifungal activity against two common fungal plant pathogens. The strain with strongest antifungal activity was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens KB3. The inhibitory activity of this strain correlated with lipopeptide productions, including iturin A and surfactin. Production of these surfactants in the KB3 isolate varied with the culture phase and growth medium used. In planta biocontrol activities of cell-free culture filtrates of KB3 were similar to those of the commercial biocontrol agent, B. subtilis QST-713. These results support the presence of microbes with the potential to inhibit fungal growth, such as plant pathogens, in diverse ecological niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Song Nam
- Jeonnam Bioindustry Foundation, BioControl Research Center, Gokseong 57510,
Korea
| | - Hyun-Ju Yang
- Jeonnam Bioindustry Foundation, BioControl Research Center, Gokseong 57510,
Korea
| | - Byung Jun Oh
- Jeonnam Bioindustry Foundation, BioControl Research Center, Gokseong 57510,
Korea
| | - Anne J. Anderson
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 843220-5305,
USA
| | - Young Cheol Kim
- Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture, Jeonnam National University, Gwangju 61186,
Korea
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16
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Park YS, Ryu CM. Insect stings to change gear for healthy plant: Improving maize drought tolerance by whitefly infestation. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2016; 11:e1179420. [PMID: 27164447 PMCID: PMC4973787 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1179420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Since plants first appeared about 1.1 billion years ago, they have been faced with biotic and abiotic stresses in their environment. To overcome these stresses, plants developed defense strategies. Accumulating evidence suggests that the whitefly [Bemisia tabaci (Genn.)] affects the regulation of plant defenses and physiology. A recent study demonstrates that aboveground whitefly infestation positively modulates root biomass and anthocyanin pigmentation on brace roots of maize plants (Zea mays L.). In agreement with these observations, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and jasmonic acid (JA) contents and the expression of IAA- and JA-related genes are higher in whitefly-infested maize plants than in non-infected control plants. Interestingly, the fresh weight of whitefly-infested maize plants is approximately 20% higher than in non-infected control plants under water stress conditions. Further investigation has revealed that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulates in whitefly-infested maize plants after water stoppage. Taken together, these results suggest that activation of phytohormones- (i.e., IAA and JA) and H2O2-mediated maize signaling pathways triggered by aboveground whitefly infestation promotes drought resistance. They also provide an insight into how inter-kingdom interactions can improve drought tolerance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Soon Park
- Division of Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Choong-Min Ryu
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Superbacteria Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, South Korea
- Biosystem and Bioengineering Program, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea
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17
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Park YS, Ryu CM. Inter-organ defense networking: Leaf whitefly sucking elicits plant immunity to crown gall disease caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2015; 10:e1081325. [PMID: 26357873 PMCID: PMC4883951 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2015.1081325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants have elaborate defensive machinery to protect against numerous pathogens and insects. Plant hormones function as modulators of defensive mechanisms to maintain plant resistance to natural enemies. Our recent study suggests that salicylic acid (SA) is the primary phytohormone regulating plant responses to Agrobacterium tumefaciens infection. Tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana Domin.) immune responses against Agrobacterium-mediated crown gall disease were activated by exposure to the sucking insect whitefly, which stimulated SA biosynthesis in aerial tissues; in turn, SA synthesized in aboveground tissues systemically modulated SA secretion in root tissues. Further investigation revealed that endogenous SA biosynthesis negatively modulated Agrobacterium-mediated plant genetic transformation. Our study provides novel evidence that activation of the SA-signaling pathway mediated by a sucking insect infestation has a pivotal role in subsequently attenuating Agrobacterium infection. These results demonstrate new insights into interspecies cross-talking among insects, plants, and soil bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Soon Park
- Agricultural Microbiology Division; National Academy of Agricultural Science; Wanju, South Korea
| | - Choong-Min Ryu
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory; Superbacteria Research Center; Daejeon, South Korea
- Biosystem and Bioengineering Program; University of Science and Technology (UST); Daejeon, South Korea
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