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Huang G, Chang X, Hu Y, Li F, Wang N, Li R. SDE19, a SEC-dependent effector from 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' suppresses plant immunity and targets Citrus sinensis Sec12 to interfere with vesicle trafficking. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012542. [PMID: 39255299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 09/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Citrus huanglongbing (HLB), which is caused by the phloem-colonizing bacteria Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), poses a significant threat to citrus production worldwide. The pathogenicity mechanism of HLB remains poorly understood. SEC-dependent effectors (SDEs) have been suggested to play critical roles in the interaction between citrus and CLas. Here, we explored the function of CLIBASIA_05320 (SDE19), a core SDE from CLas, and its interaction with its host target. Our data revealed that SDE19 is expressed at higher level during infection of citrus than that during infection of the Asian citrus psyllid. Subcellular localization assays showed that SDE19 is localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm and is capable of moving from cell to cell in Nicotiana benthamiana. To investigate whether SDE19 facilitates pathogen infection, we generated transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana and citrus plants overexpressing SDE19. Transgenic A. thaliana and citrus plants were more susceptible to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) and Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), respectively. In addition, RNA-seq analysis demonstrated that overexpression of SDE19 resulted in a reprogramming of expression of genes related to biotic stimulus responses. SDE19 interacts with Citrus sinensis Sec12, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor responsible for the assembly of plant COPII (coat protein II)-coated vesicles, which mediate vesicle trafficking from the ER to the Golgi. SDE19 colocalizes with Sec12 in the ER by binding to its N-terminal catalytic region, affecting the stability of Sec12 through the 26S proteasome. This interaction hinders the secretion of apoplastic defense-related proteins such as PR1, P69B, GmGIP1, and RCR3. Furthermore, the secretion of PR1 and callose deposition is decreased in SDE19-transgenic A. thaliana. Taken together, SDE19 is a novel virulent SDE secreted by CLas that interacts with Sec12 to disrupt vesicle trafficking, inhibit defense-related proteins secretion, and promote bacterial infection. This study sheds light on how CLas manipulates the host vesicle trafficking pathway to suppress the secretion of defense-related proteins and interfere with plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiyan Huang
- China-USA Citrus Huanglongbing Joint Laboratory, National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Pest and Disease Control of Featured Horticultural Plants, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xiaopeng Chang
- China-USA Citrus Huanglongbing Joint Laboratory, National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yanan Hu
- China-USA Citrus Huanglongbing Joint Laboratory, National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Fuxuan Li
- China-USA Citrus Huanglongbing Joint Laboratory, National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ruimin Li
- China-USA Citrus Huanglongbing Joint Laboratory, National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Pest and Disease Control of Featured Horticultural Plants, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
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Zhang Y, Yang Z, Yang Y, Han A, Rehneke L, Ding L, Wei Y, Liu Z, Meng Y, Schäfer P, Shan W. A symbiont fungal effector relocalizes a plastidic oxidoreductase to nuclei to induce resistance to pathogens and salt stress. Curr Biol 2024; 34:2957-2971.e8. [PMID: 38917798 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The root endophytic fungus Serendipita indica establishes beneficial symbioses with a broad spectrum of plants and enhances host resilience against biotic and abiotic stresses. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying S. indica-mediated plant protection. Here, we report S. indica effector (SIE) 141 and its host target CDSP32, a conserved thioredoxin-like protein, and underlying mechanisms for enhancing pathogen resistance and abiotic salt tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. SIE141 binding interfered with canonical targeting of CDSP32 to chloroplasts, leading to its re-location into the plant nucleus. This nuclear translocation is essential for both their interaction and resistance function. Furthermore, SIE141 enhanced oxidoreductase activity of CDSP32, leading to CDSP32-mediated monomerization and activation of NON-EXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED 1 (NPR1), a key regulator of systemic resistance. Our findings provide functional insights on how S. indica transfers well-known beneficial effects to host plants and indicate CDSP32 as a genetic resource to improve plant resilience to abiotic and biotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ziran Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Aiping Han
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Laura Rehneke
- Institute of Phytopathology, Land Use and Nutrition, Research Centre for BioSystems, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Liwen Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yushu Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zeming Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yuling Meng
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Patrick Schäfer
- Institute of Phytopathology, Land Use and Nutrition, Research Centre for BioSystems, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Weixing Shan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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3
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Fu Q, Yang J, Zhang K, Yin K, Xiang G, Yin X, Liu G, Xu Y. Plasmopara viticola effector PvCRN11 induces disease resistance to downy mildew in grapevine. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:873-891. [PMID: 37950600 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The downy mildew of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is caused by Plasmopara viticola and is a major production problem in most grape-growing regions. The vast majority of effectors act as virulence factors and sabotage plant immunity. Here, we describe in detail one of the putative P. viticola Crinkler (CRN) effector genes, PvCRN11, which is highly transcribed during the infection stages in the downy mildew-susceptible grapevine V. vinifera cv. 'Pinot Noir' and V. vinifera cv. 'Thompson Seedless'. Cell death-inducing activity analyses reveal that PvCRN11 was able to induce spot cell death in the leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana but did not induce cell death in the leaves of the downy mildew-resistant V. riparia accession 'Beaumont' or of the downy mildew-susceptible 'Thompson Seedless'. Unexpectedly, stable expression of PvCRN11 inhibited the colonization of P. viticola in grapevine and Phytophthora capsici in Arabidopsis. Both transgenic grapevine and Arabidopsis constitutively expressing PvCRN11 promoted plant immunity. PvCRN11 is localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm, whereas PvCRN11-induced plant immunity is nucleus-independent. The purified protein PvCRN11Opt initiated significant plant immunity extracellularly, leading to enhanced accumulations of reactive oxygen species, activation of MAPK and up-regulation of the defense-related genes PR1 and PR2. Furthermore, PvCRN11Opt induces BAK1-dependent immunity in the apoplast, whereas PvCRN11 overexpression in intracellular induces BAK1-independent immunity. In conclusion, the PvCRN11 protein triggers resistance against P. viticola in grapevine, suggesting a potential for the use of PvCRN11 in grape production as a protectant against downy mildew.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Kangzhuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Kaixin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Gaoqing Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Guotian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
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Guo N, Qu H, Zhi Y, Zhang Y, Cheng S, Chu J, Zhang Z, Xu G. Knockout of amino acid transporter gene OsLHT1 accelerates leaf senescence and enhances resistance to rice blast fungus. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023:erad125. [PMID: 37010326 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant amino acid transporters (AATs) regulate not only long-distance transport and reallocation of nitrogen (N) from source to sink organs, but also amount of amino acids in leaves hijacked by invaded pathogens. However, the function of AATs in plant defense responses to pathogen infection remains unknown. In this study, we found that rice amino acid transporter gene OsLHT1 was expressed in leaves and up-regulated by maturing, N starvation and inoculation of blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Knockout of OsLHT1 resulted in development stage- and N supply-dependent premature senescence of leaves at vegetative growth stage. In comparison to wild type, Oslht1 mutant lines showed sustained rusty red spots on fully mature leaf blades irrespective of N supply levels. Notably, no relationship between the severity of leaf rusty red spots and concentration of total N or amino acids was found in Oslht1 mutants at different developmental stages. Disruption of OsLHT1 altered transport and metabolism of amino acids and biosynthesis of flavones and flavonoids, enhanced expression of jasmonic acid- and salicylic acid-related defense genes and production of jasmonic acid and salicylic acid, accumulation of reactive oxygen species. OsLHT1 inactivation dramatically prevented the leaf invasion of M. oryzae, the hemi-biotrophic ascomycete fungus. Overall, these results establish a module connecting the activity of amino acid transporter with leaf metabolism and defense to rice blast fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Guo
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hongye Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yue Zhi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shujing Cheng
- National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jinfang Chu
- National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guohua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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5
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Garcia K, Cloghessy K, Cooney DR, Shelley B, Chakraborty S, Kafle A, Busidan A, Sonawala U, Collier R, Jayaraman D, Ané JM, Pilot G. The putative transporter MtUMAMIT14 participates in nodule formation in Medicago truncatula. Sci Rep 2023; 13:804. [PMID: 36646812 PMCID: PMC9842706 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28160-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Transport systems are crucial in many plant processes, including plant-microbe interactions. Nodule formation and function in legumes involve the expression and regulation of multiple transport proteins, and many are still uncharacterized, particularly for nitrogen transport. Amino acids originating from the nitrogen-fixing process are an essential form of nitrogen for legumes. This work evaluates the role of MtN21 (henceforth MtUMAMIT14), a putative transport system from the MtN21/EamA-like/UMAMIT family, in nodule formation and nitrogen fixation in Medicago truncatula. To dissect this transporter's role, we assessed the expression of MtUMAMIT14 using GUS staining, localized the corresponding protein in M. truncatula root and tobacco leaf cells, and investigated two independent MtUMAMIT14 mutant lines. Our results indicate that MtUMAMIT14 is localized in endosomal structures and is expressed in both the infection zone and interzone of nodules. Comparison of mutant and wild-type M. truncatula indicates MtUMAMIT14, the expression of which is dependent on the presence of NIN, DNF1, and DNF2, plays a role in nodule formation and nitrogen-fixation. While the function of the transporter is still unclear, our results connect root nodule nitrogen fixation in legumes with the UMAMIT family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Garcia
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7619, USA.
| | - Kaylee Cloghessy
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Danielle R Cooney
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7619, USA
| | - Brett Shelley
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Sanhita Chakraborty
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Arjun Kafle
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7619, USA
| | - Aymeric Busidan
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Unnati Sonawala
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Ray Collier
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.,Molecular Technologies Department, Wisconsin Crop Innovation Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53562, USA
| | | | - Jean-Michel Ané
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.,Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Guillaume Pilot
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
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Vuong UT, Iswanto ABB, Nguyen Q, Kang H, Lee J, Moon J, Kim SH. Engineering plant immune circuit: walking to the bright future with a novel toolbox. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:17-45. [PMID: 36036862 PMCID: PMC9829404 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens destroy crops and cause severe yield losses, leading to an insufficient food supply to sustain the human population. Apart from relying on natural plant immune systems to combat biological agents or waiting for the appropriate evolutionary steps to occur over time, researchers are currently seeking new breakthrough methods to boost disease resistance in plants through genetic engineering. Here, we summarize the past two decades of research in disease resistance engineering against an assortment of pathogens through modifying the plant immune components (internal and external) with several biotechnological techniques. We also discuss potential strategies and provide perspectives on engineering plant immune systems for enhanced pathogen resistance and plant fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uyen Thi Vuong
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Arya Bagus Boedi Iswanto
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Quang‐Minh Nguyen
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Hobin Kang
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Jiyun Moon
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Sang Hee Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
- Division of Life ScienceGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
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Karhoff S, Vargas-Garcia C, Lee S, Mian MAR, Graham MA, Dorrance AE, McHale LK. Identification of Candidate Genes for a Major Quantitative Disease Resistance Locus From Soybean PI 427105B for Resistance to Phytophthora sojae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:893652. [PMID: 35774827 PMCID: PMC9237613 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.893652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora root and stem rot is a yield-limiting soybean disease caused by the soil-borne oomycete Phytophthora sojae. Although multiple quantitative disease resistance loci (QDRL) have been identified, most explain <10% of the phenotypic variation (PV). The major QDRL explaining up to 45% of the PV were previously identified on chromosome 18 and represent a valuable source of resistance for soybean breeding programs. Resistance alleles from plant introductions 427105B and 427106 significantly increase yield in disease-prone fields and result in no significant yield difference in fields with less to no disease pressure. In this study, high-resolution mapping reduced the QDRL interval to 3.1 cm, and RNA-seq analysis of near-isogenic lines (NILs) varying at QDRL-18 pinpointed a single gene of interest which was downregulated in inoculated NILs carrying the resistant allele compared to inoculated NILs with the susceptible allele. This gene of interest putatively encodes a serine-threonine kinase (STK) related to the AtCR4 family and may be acting as a susceptibility factor, based on the specific increase of jasmonic acid concentration in inoculated NILs. This work facilitates further functional analyses and marker-assisted breeding efforts by prioritizing candidate genes and narrowing the targeted region for introgression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Karhoff
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Center for Soybean Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Christian Vargas-Garcia
- Center for Soybean Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Sungwoo Lee
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - M. A. Rouf Mian
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Soybean Research Unit, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Michelle A. Graham
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Resources Unit, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Anne E. Dorrance
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Center for Soybean Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Leah K. McHale
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Center for Soybean Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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8
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Yang Y, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Niu L, Li W, Lu W, Li J, Schäfer P, Meng Y, Shan W. A mitochondrial RNA processing protein mediates plant immunity to a broad spectrum of pathogens by modulating the mitochondrial oxidative burst. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:2343-2363. [PMID: 35262740 PMCID: PMC9134091 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial function depends on the RNA processing of mitochondrial gene transcripts by nucleus-encoded proteins. This posttranscriptional processing involves the large group of nuclear-encoded pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins. Mitochondrial processes represent a crucial part in animal immunity, but whether mitochondria play similar roles in plants remains unclear. Here, we report the identification of RESISTANCE TO PHYTOPHTHORA PARASITICA 7 (AtRTP7), a P-type PPR protein, in Arabidopsis thaliana and its conserved function in immunity to diverse pathogens across distantly related plant species. RTP7 affects the levels of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) by participating in RNA splicing of nad7, which encodes a critical subunit of the mitochondrial respiratory chain Complex I, the largest of the four major components of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system. The enhanced resistance of rtp7 plants to Phytophthora parasitica is dependent on an elevated mROS burst, but might be independent from the ROS burst associated with plasma membrane-localized NADPH oxidases. Our study reveals the immune function of RTP7 and the defective processing of Complex I subunits in rtp7 plants resulted in enhanced resistance to both biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens without affecting overall plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yingqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Lihua Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Wanyue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Wenqin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jinfang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Patrick Schäfer
- Institute of Molecular Botany, Ulm University, Ulm 89069, Germany
| | - Yuling Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
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9
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Hilleary R. Do mitochondria hold the key to understanding growth-defense tradeoffs? THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:2118-2119. [PMID: 35349702 PMCID: PMC9134055 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
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10
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Li J, Deng F, Wang H, Qiang X, Meng Y, Shan W. The Raf-like kinase Raf36 negatively regulates plant resistance against the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora parasitica by targeting MKK2. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:530-542. [PMID: 34935273 PMCID: PMC8916217 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Oomycetes represent a unique group of plant pathogens that are phylogenetically distant from true fungi and cause significant crop losses and environmental damage. Understanding of the genetic basis of host plant susceptibility facilitates the development of novel disease resistance strategies. In this study, we report the identification of an Arabidopsis thaliana T-DNA mutant with enhanced resistance to Phytophthora parasitica with an insertion in the Raf-like mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase gene Raf36. We generated additional raf36 mutants by CRISPR/Cas9 technology as well as Raf36 complementation and overexpression transformants, with consistent results of infection assays showing that Raf36 mediates Arabidopsis susceptibility to P. parasitica. Using a virus-induced gene silencing assay, we silenced Raf36 homologous genes in Nicotiana benthamiana and demonstrated by infection assays the conserved immune function of Raf36. Mutagenesis analyses indicated that the kinase activity of Raf36 is important for its immune function and interaction with MKK2, a MAPK kinase. By generating and analysing mkk2 mutants and MKK2 complementation and overexpression transformants, we found that MKK2 is a positive immune regulator in the response to P. parasitica infection. Furthermore, infection assay on mkk2 raf36 double mutant plants indicated that MKK2 is required for the raf36-conferred resistance to P. parasitica. Taken together, we identified a Raf-like kinase Raf36 as a novel plant susceptibility factor that functions upstream of MKK2 and directly targets it to negatively regulate plant resistance to P. parasitica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfang Li
- College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Fengyan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- College of Life SciencesNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Hongmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- College of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Xiaoyu Qiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- College of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Yuling Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- College of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Weixing Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- College of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
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11
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Lan X, Wang X, Tao Q, Zhang H, Li J, Meng Y, Shan W. Activation of the VQ Motif-Containing Protein Gene VQ28 Compromised Nonhost Resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana to Phytophthora Pathogens. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11070858. [PMID: 35406838 PMCID: PMC9002740 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Nonhost resistance refers to resistance of a plant species to all genetic variants of a non-adapted pathogen. Such resistance has the potential to become broad-spectrum and durable crop disease resistance. We previously employed Arabidopsis thaliana and a forward genetics approach to identify plant mutants susceptible to the nonhost pathogen Phytophthora sojae, which resulted in identification of the T-DNA insertion mutant esp1 (enhanced susceptibility to Phytophthora). In this study, we report the identification of VQ motif-containing protein 28 (VQ28), whose expression was highly up-regulated in the mutant esp1. Stable transgenic A. thaliana plants constitutively overexpressing VQ28 compromised nonhost resistance (NHR) against P. sojae and P. infestans, and supported increased infection of P. parasitica. Transcriptomic analysis showed that overexpression of VQ28 resulted in six differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that are involved in the response to abscisic acid (ABA). High performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) detection showed that the contents of endogenous ABA, salicylic acid (SA), and jasmonate (JA) were enriched in VQ28 overexpression lines. These findings suggest that overexpression of VQ28 may lead to an imbalance in plant hormone homeostasis. Furthermore, transient overexpression of VQ28 in Nicotiana benthamiana rendered plants more susceptible to Phytophthora pathogens. Deletion mutant analysis showed that the C-terminus and VQ-motif were essential for plant susceptibility. Taken together, our results suggest that VQ28 negatively regulates plant NHR to Phytophthora pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjie Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (X.L.); (X.W.); (Q.T.); (H.Z.); (J.L.); (Y.M.)
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (X.L.); (X.W.); (Q.T.); (H.Z.); (J.L.); (Y.M.)
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Quandan Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (X.L.); (X.W.); (Q.T.); (H.Z.); (J.L.); (Y.M.)
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Haotian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (X.L.); (X.W.); (Q.T.); (H.Z.); (J.L.); (Y.M.)
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Jinyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (X.L.); (X.W.); (Q.T.); (H.Z.); (J.L.); (Y.M.)
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Yuling Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (X.L.); (X.W.); (Q.T.); (H.Z.); (J.L.); (Y.M.)
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Weixing Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (X.L.); (X.W.); (Q.T.); (H.Z.); (J.L.); (Y.M.)
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
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12
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Genome-Wide Profiling of Alternative Splicing and Gene Fusion during Rice Black-Streaked Dwarf Virus Stress in Maize (Zea mays L.). Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13030456. [PMID: 35328010 PMCID: PMC8955601 DOI: 10.3390/genes13030456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) causes maize rough dwarf disease (MRDD), which is a viral disease that significantly affects maize yields worldwide. Plants tolerate stress through transcriptional reprogramming at the alternative splicing (AS), transcriptional, and fusion gene (FG) levels. However, it is unclear whether and how AS and FG interfere with transcriptional reprogramming in MRDD. In this study, we performed global profiling of AS and FG on maize response to RBSDV and compared it with transcriptional changes. There are approximately 1.43 to 2.25 AS events per gene in maize infected with RBSDV. GRMZM2G438622 was only detected in four AS modes (A3SS, A5SS, RI, and SE), whereas GRMZM2G059392 showed downregulated expression and four AS events. A total of 106 and 176 FGs were detected at two time points, respectively, including six differentially expressed genes and five differentially spliced genes. The gene GRMZM2G076798 was the only FG that occurred at two time points and was involved in two FG events. Among these, 104 GOs were enriched, indicating that nodulin-, disease resistance-, and chloroplastic-related genes respond to RBSDV stress in maize. These results provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying post-transcriptional and transcriptional regulation of maize response to RBSDV stress.
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13
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Zhang M, Zhong X, Li M, Yang X, Abou Elwafa SF, Albaqami M, Tian H. Genome-wide analyses of the Nodulin-like gene family in bread wheat revealed its potential roles during arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 201:424-436. [PMID: 35041884 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Nodulin-like (NL) genes are involved in transporting of various substances and may play key roles during the establishment of symbiosis in legumes plants. However, basic biological information of NL genes in the wheat genome is still largely unknown. Here, we identified and characterized NL genes in wheat via integrating genomic information, collinearity analysis, co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and transcriptome analysis. In addition, we analyzed the polymorphisms and the roles of NL genes during arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis using a large wheat panel consists of 259 wheat genotypes. We identified 181 NL genes in the wheat genome, which were classified into SWEET, Early Nodulin-Like (ENODL), Major Facilitator Superfamily-Nodulin (MFS), Vacuolar Iron Transporter (VIT) and Early nodulin 93 (ENOD93) subfamily. The expansion of NL genes was mainly driven by segmental duplication. The bHLH genes are potential unrecognized transcription factors regulating NL genes. Moreover, two NL genes were more sensitive than other NL genes to AM colonization. The polymorphisms of NL genes are mainly due to random drift, and the natural mutation of NL genes led to significant differences in the mycorrhizal dependence of wheat in phosphorus uptake. The results concluded that NL genes potentially play important roles during AM symbiosis with wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiong Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Mengjiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiuming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Salah F Abou Elwafa
- Agronomy department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, 71526 Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Albaqami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hui Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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14
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Fang ZT, Kapoor R, Datta A, Okumoto S. Tissue specific expression of UMAMIT amino acid transporters in wheat. Sci Rep 2022; 12:348. [PMID: 35013480 PMCID: PMC8748447 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04284-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheat grain protein content and composition are important for its end-use quality. Protein synthesis during the grain filling phase is supported by the amino acids remobilized from the vegetative tissue, the process in which both amino acid importers and exporters are expected to be involved. Previous studies identified amino acid importers that might function in the amino acid remobilization in wheat. However, the amino acid exporters involved in this process have been unexplored so far. In this study, we have curated the Usually Multiple Amino acids Move In and out Transporter (UMAMIT) family of transporters in wheat. As expected, the majority of UMAMITs were found as triads in the A, B, and D genomes of wheat. Expression analysis using publicly available data sets identified groups of TaUMAMITs expressed in root, leaf, spike, stem and grain tissues, many of which were temporarily regulated. Strong expression of TaUMAMITs was detected in the late senescing leaves and transfer cells in grains, both of which are the expected site of apoplastic amino acid transport during grain filling. Biochemical characterization of selected TaUMAMITs revealed that TaUMAMIT17 shows a strong amino acid export activity and might play a role in amino acid transfer to the grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Tian Fang
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Rajan Kapoor
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Aniruddha Datta
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Sakiko Okumoto
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX, USA.
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15
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Kim JY, Loo EPI, Pang TY, Lercher M, Frommer WB, Wudick MM. Cellular export of sugars and amino acids: role in feeding other cells and organisms. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:1893-1914. [PMID: 34015139 PMCID: PMC8644676 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose, hexoses, and raffinose play key roles in the plant metabolism. Sucrose and raffinose, produced by photosynthesis, are translocated from leaves to flowers, developing seeds and roots. Translocation occurs in the sieve elements or sieve tubes of angiosperms. But how is sucrose loaded into and unloaded from the sieve elements? There seem to be two principal routes: one through plasmodesmata and one via the apoplasm. The best-studied transporters are the H+/SUCROSE TRANSPORTERs (SUTs) in the sieve element-companion cell complex. Sucrose is delivered to SUTs by SWEET sugar uniporters that release these key metabolites into the apoplasmic space. The H+/amino acid permeases and the UmamiT amino acid transporters are hypothesized to play analogous roles as the SUT-SWEET pair to transport amino acids. SWEETs and UmamiTs also act in many other important processes-for example, seed filling, nectar secretion, and pollen nutrition. We present information on cell type-specific enrichment of SWEET and UmamiT family members and propose several members to play redundant roles in the efflux of sucrose and amino acids across different cell types in the leaf. Pathogens hijack SWEETs and thus represent a major susceptibility of the plant. Here, we provide an update on the status of research on intercellular and long-distance translocation of key metabolites such as sucrose and amino acids, communication of the plants with the root microbiota via root exudates, discuss the existence of transporters for other important metabolites and provide potential perspectives that may direct future research activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yun Kim
- Institute for Molecular Physiology and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Eliza P -I Loo
- Institute for Molecular Physiology and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Tin Yau Pang
- Institute for Computer Science and Department of Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Martin Lercher
- Institute for Computer Science and Department of Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Wolf B Frommer
- Institute for Molecular Physiology and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Michael M Wudick
- Institute for Molecular Physiology and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
- Author for communication:
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16
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Phosphorus Starvation- and Zinc Excess-Induced Astragalus sinicus AsZIP2 Zinc Transporter Is Suppressed by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7110892. [PMID: 34829181 PMCID: PMC8623892 DOI: 10.3390/jof7110892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is one of the most essential micronutrients for plant growth and metabolism, but Zn excess can impair many basic metabolic processes in plant cells. In agriculture, crops often experience low phosphate (Pi) and high Zn double nutrient stresses because of inordinate agro-industrial activities, while the dual benefit of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi protects plants from experiencing both deficient and toxic nutrient stresses. Although crosstalk between Pi and Zn nutrients in plants have been extensively studied at the physiological level, the molecular basis of how Pi starvation triggers Zn over-accumulation in plants and how AM plants coordinately modulate the Pi and Zn nutrient homeostasis remains to be elucidated. Here, we report that a novel AsZIP2 gene, a Chinese milk vetch (Astragalus sinicus) member of the ZIP gene family, participates in the interaction between Pi and Zn nutrient homeostasis in plants. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that this AsZIP2 protein was closely related to the orthologous Medicago MtZIP2 and Arabidopsis AtZIP2 transporters. Gene expression analysis indicated that AsZIP2 was highly induced in roots by Pi starvation or Zn excess yet attenuated by arbuscular mycorrhization in a Pi-dependent manner. Subcellular localization and heterologous expression experiments further showed that AsZIP2 encoded a functional plasma membrane-localized transporter that mediated Zn uptake in yeast. Moreover, overexpression of AsZIP2 in A. sinicus resulted in the over-accumulation of Zn concentration in roots at low Pi or excessive Zn concentrations, whereas AsZIP2 silencing lines displayed an even more reduced Zn concentration than control lines under such conditions. Our results reveal that the AsZIP2 transporter functioned in Zn over-accumulation in roots during Pi starvation or high Zn supply but was repressed by AM symbiosis in a Pi-dependent manner. These findings also provide new insights into the AsZIP2 gene acting in the regulation of Zn homeostasis in mycorrhizal plants through Pi signal.
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17
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Zhao C, Pratelli R, Yu S, Shelley B, Collakova E, Pilot G. Detailed characterization of the UMAMIT proteins provides insight into their evolution, amino acid transport properties, and role in the plant. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:6400-6417. [PMID: 34223868 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Amino acid transporters play a critical role in distributing amino acids within the cell compartments and between plant organs. Despite this importance, relatively few amino acid transporter genes have been characterized and their role elucidated with certainty. Two main families of proteins encode amino acid transporters in plants: the amino acid-polyamine-organocation superfamily, containing mostly importers, and the UMAMIT (usually multiple acids move in and out transporter) family, apparently encoding exporters, totaling 63 and 44 genes in Arabidopsis, respectively. Knowledge of UMAMITs is scarce, based on six Arabidopsis genes and a handful of genes from other species. To gain insight into the role of the members of this family and provide data to be used for future characterization, we studied the evolution of the UMAMITs in plants, and determined the functional properties, the structure, and localization of the 47 Arabidopsis UMAMITs. Our analysis showed that the AtUMAMITs are essentially localized at the tonoplast or the plasma membrane, and that most of them are able to export amino acids from the cytosol, confirming a role in intra- and intercellular amino acid transport. As an example, this set of data was used to hypothesize the role of a few AtUMAMITs in the plant and the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengsong Zhao
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Réjane Pratelli
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Shi Yu
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Brett Shelley
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Eva Collakova
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Guillaume Pilot
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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18
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Cui B, Ma X, Li Y, Zhou Y, Ju X, Hussain A, Umbreen S, Yuan B, Tabassum A, Lubega J, Shan W, Loake GJ, Pan Q. Perturbations in nitric oxide homeostasis promote Arabidopsis disease susceptibility towards Phytophthora parasitica. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:1134-1148. [PMID: 34242483 PMCID: PMC8359001 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora species can infect hundreds of different plants, including many important crops, causing a number of agriculturally relevant diseases. A key feature of attempted pathogen infection is the rapid production of the redox active molecule nitric oxide (NO). However, the potential role(s) of NO in plant resistance against Phytophthora is relatively unexplored. Here we show that the level of NO accumulation is crucial for basal resistance in Arabidopsis against Phytophthora parasitica. Counterintuitively, both relatively low or relatively high NO accumulation leads to reduced resistance against P. parasitica. S-nitrosylation, the addition of a NO group to a protein cysteine thiol to form an S-nitrosothiol, is an important route for NO bioactivity and this process is regulated predominantly by S-nitrosoglutathione reductase 1 (GSNOR1). Loss-of-function mutations in GSNOR1 disable both salicylic acid accumulation and associated signalling, and also the production of reactive oxygen species, leading to susceptibility towards P. parasitica. Significantly, we also demonstrate that secreted proteins from P. parasitica can inhibit Arabidopsis GSNOR1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beimi Cui
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu ProvinceSchool of Life ScienceJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina
- Jiangsu Normal University–Edinburgh University, Centre for Transformative Biotechnology of Medicinal and Food PlantsJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina
- Institute of Molecular Plant SciencesSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Xiangren Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu ProvinceSchool of Life ScienceJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Yuan Li
- Institute of Molecular Plant SciencesSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Yu Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu ProvinceSchool of Life ScienceJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Xiuyun Ju
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu ProvinceSchool of Life ScienceJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Adil Hussain
- Department of AgricultureAbdul Wali Khan UniversityMardanPakistan
| | - Saima Umbreen
- Institute of Molecular Plant SciencesSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Bo Yuan
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu ProvinceSchool of Life ScienceJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina
- Jiangsu Normal University–Edinburgh University, Centre for Transformative Biotechnology of Medicinal and Food PlantsJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Anika Tabassum
- Institute of Molecular Plant SciencesSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Jibril Lubega
- Institute of Molecular Plant SciencesSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Weixing Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Gary J. Loake
- Jiangsu Normal University–Edinburgh University, Centre for Transformative Biotechnology of Medicinal and Food PlantsJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina
- Institute of Molecular Plant SciencesSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Qiaona Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu ProvinceSchool of Life ScienceJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina
- Jiangsu Normal University–Edinburgh University, Centre for Transformative Biotechnology of Medicinal and Food PlantsJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina
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19
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McIntyre KE, Bush DR, Argueso CT. Cytokinin Regulation of Source-Sink Relationships in Plant-Pathogen Interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:677585. [PMID: 34504504 PMCID: PMC8421792 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.677585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins are plant hormones known for their role in mediating plant growth. First discovered for their ability to promote cell division, this class of hormones is now associated with many other cellular and physiological functions. One of these functions is the regulation of source-sink relationships, a tightly controlled process that is essential for proper plant growth and development. As discovered more recently, cytokinins are also important for the interaction of plants with pathogens, beneficial microbes and insects. Here, we review the importance of cytokinins in source-sink relationships in plants, with relation to both carbohydrates and amino acids, and highlight a possible function for this regulation in the context of plant biotic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E. McIntyre
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Daniel R. Bush
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Cristiana T. Argueso
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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20
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Qiang X, Liu X, Wang X, Zheng Q, Kang L, Gao X, Wei Y, Wu W, Zhao H, Shan W. Susceptibility factor RTP1 negatively regulates Phytophthora parasitica resistance via modulating UPR regulators bZIP60 and bZIP28. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:1269-1287. [PMID: 33720348 PMCID: PMC8608195 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a conserved stress adaptive signaling pathway in eukaryotic organisms activated by the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). UPR can be elicited in the course of plant defense, playing important roles in plant-microbe interactions. The major signaling pathways of plant UPR rely on the transcriptional activity of activated forms of ER membrane-associated stress sensors bZIP60 and bZIP28, which are transcription factors that modulate expression of UPR genes. In this study, we report the plant susceptibility factor Resistance to Phytophthora parasitica 1 (RTP1) is involved in ER stress sensing and rtp1-mediated resistance against P. parasitica is synergistically regulated with UPR, as demonstrated by the simultaneous strong induction of UPR and ER stress-associated immune genes in Arabidopsis thaliana rtp1 mutant plants during the infection by P. parasitica. We further demonstrate RTP1 contributes to stabilization of the ER membrane-associated bZIP60 and bZIP28 through manipulating the bifunctional protein kinase/ribonuclease IRE1-mediated bZIP60 splicing activity and interacting with bZIP28. Consequently, we find rtp1bzip60 and rtp1bzip28 mutant plants exhibit compromised resistance accompanied with attenuated induction of ER stress-responsive immune genes and reduction of callose deposition in response to P. parasitica infection. Taken together, we demonstrate RTP1 may exert negative modulating roles in the activation of key UPR regulators bZIP60 and bZIP28, which are required for rtp1-mediated plant resistance to P. parasitica. This facilitates our understanding of the important roles of stress adaptive UPR and ER stress in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Qiang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling,
Shaanxi 712100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F
University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xingshao Liu
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling,
Shaanxi 712100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F
University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiaoxue Wang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling,
Shaanxi 712100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F
University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F
University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University,
Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lijuan Kang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling,
Shaanxi 712100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F
University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xianxian Gao
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling,
Shaanxi 712100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F
University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yushu Wei
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling,
Shaanxi 712100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F
University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Wenjie Wu
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling,
Shaanxi 712100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F
University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F
University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University,
Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Weixing Shan
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling,
Shaanxi 712100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F
University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Author for communication:
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21
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Chen X, Wang W, Cai P, Wang Z, Li T, Du Y. The role of the MAP kinase-kinase protein StMKK1 in potato immunity to different pathogens. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:117. [PMID: 34059659 PMCID: PMC8167122 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00556-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play important roles in plant immunity. Previously, we reported that the potato StMKK1 protein negatively regulates Nicotiana benthamiana resistance to Phytophthora infestans. However, the functions of StMKK1 in potato immunity are unknown. To investigate the roles of StMKK1 in potato resistance to different pathogens, such as the potato late-blight pathogen P. infestans, the bacterial wilt pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum, and the gray-mold fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea, we generated StMKK1 transgenic lines and investigated the response of potato transformants to destructive oomycete, bacterial, and fungal pathogens. The results showed that overexpression and silencing of StMKK1 do not alter plant growth and development. Interestingly, we found that StMKK1 negatively regulated potato resistance to the hemibiotrophic/biotrophic pathogens P. infestans and R. solanacearum, while it positively regulated potato resistance to the necrotrophic pathogen B. cinerea. Further investigation showed that overexpression of StMKK1 suppressed potato pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) and salicylic acid (SA)-related responses, while silencing of StMKK1 enhanced PTI and SA-related immune responses. Taken together, our results showed that StMKK1 plays dual roles in potato defense against different plant pathogens via negative regulation of PTI and SA-related signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokang Chen
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Wenbin Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Pingping Cai
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Ziwei Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Tingting Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Yu Du
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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22
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Besnard J, Sonawala U, Maharjan B, Collakova E, Finlayson SA, Pilot G, McDowell J, Okumoto S. Increased Expression of UMAMIT Amino Acid Transporters Results in Activation of Salicylic Acid Dependent Stress Response. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:606386. [PMID: 33574824 PMCID: PMC7870477 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.606386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In addition to their role in the biosynthesis of important molecules such as proteins and specialized metabolites, amino acids are known to function as signaling molecules through various pathways to report nitrogen status and trigger appropriate metabolic and cellular responses. Moreover, changes in amino acid levels through altered amino acid transporter activities trigger plant immune responses. Specifically, loss of function of major amino acid transporter, over-expression of cationic amino acid transporter, or over-expression of the positive regulators of membrane amino acid export all lead to dwarfed phenotypes and upregulated salicylic acid (SA)-induced stress marker genes. However, whether increasing amino acid exporter protein levels lead to similar stress phenotypes has not been investigated so far. Recently, a family of transporters, namely USUALLY MULTIPLE ACIDS MOVE IN AND OUT TRANSPORTERS (UMAMITs), were identified as amino acid exporters. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of increased amino acid export on plant development, growth, and reproduction to further examine the link between amino acid transport and stress responses. The results presented here show strong evidence that an increased expression of UMAMIT transporters induces stress phenotypes and pathogen resistance, likely due to the establishment of a constitutive stress response via a SA-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Besnard
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Unnati Sonawala
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Bal Maharjan
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Eva Collakova
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Scott A. Finlayson
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Faculty of Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Guillaume Pilot
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - John McDowell
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Sakiko Okumoto
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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23
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Yang C, Li J, Huang Z, Zhang X, Gao X, Zhu C, Morris PF, Zhang X. Structural and catalytic analysis of two diverse uridine phosphorylases in Phytophthora capsici. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9051. [PMID: 32493959 PMCID: PMC7271239 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65935-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Uridine phosphorylase (UP) is a key enzyme of pyrimidine salvage pathways that enables the recycling of endogenous or exogenous-supplied pyrimidines and plays an important intracellular metabolic role. Here, we biochemically and structurally characterized two evolutionarily divergent uridine phosphorylases, PcUP1 and PcUP2 from the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora capsici. Our analysis of other oomycete genomes revealed that both uridine phosphorylases are present in Phytophthora and Pythium genomes, but only UP2 is seen in Saprolegnia spp. which are basal members of the oomycetes. Moreover, uridine phosphorylases are not found in obligate oomycete pathogens such as Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis and Albugo spp. PcUP1 and PcUP2 are upregulated 300 and 500 fold respectively, within 90 min after infection of pepper leaves. The crystal structures of PcUP1 in ligand-free and in complex with uracil/ribose-1-phosphate, 2'-deoxyuridine/phosphate and thymidine/phosphate were analyzed. Crystal structure of this uridine phosphorylase showed strict conservation of key residues in the binding pocket. Structure analysis of PcUP1 with bound ligands, and site-directed mutagenesis of key residues provide additional support for the "push-pull" model of catalysis. Our study highlights the importance of pyrimidine salvage during the earliest stages of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cancan Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271000, China
| | - Jing Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271000, China
| | - Zhenling Huang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271000, China
| | - Xuefa Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271000, China
| | - Xiaolei Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271000, China
| | - Chunyuang Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271000, China
| | - Paul F Morris
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA
| | - XiuGuo Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271000, China.
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24
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Fan X, Che X, Lai W, Wang S, Hu W, Chen H, Zhao B, Tang M, Xie X. The auxin-inducible phosphate transporter AsPT5 mediates phosphate transport and is indispensable for arbuscule formation in Chinese milk vetch at moderately high phosphate supply. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:2053-2079. [PMID: 32079042 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorus is a macronutrient that is essential for plant survival. Most land plants have evolved the ability to form a mutualistic symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, which enhances phosphate (Pi) acquisition. Modulation of Pi transporter systems is the master strategy used by mycorrhizal plants to adapt to ambient Pi concentrations. However, the specific functions of PHOSPHATE TRANSPORTER 1 (PHT1) genes, which are Pi transporters that are responsive to high Pi availability, are largely unknown. Here, we report that AsPT5, an Astragalus sinicus (Chinese milk vetch) member of the PHT1 gene family, is conserved across dicotyledons and is constitutively expressed in a broad range of tissues independently of Pi supply, but is remarkably induced by indole-3-acetic acid (auxin) treatment under moderately high Pi conditions. Subcellular localization experiments indicated that AsPT5 localizes to the plasma membrane of plant cells. Using reverse genetics, we showed that AsPT5 not only mediates Pi transport and remodels root system architecture but is also essential for arbuscule formation in A. sinicus under moderately high Pi concentrations. Overall, our study provides insight into the function of AsPT5 in Pi transport, AM development and the cross-talk between Pi nutrition and auxin signalling in mycorrhizal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xianrong Che
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wenzhen Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | | | - Wentao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Ming Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xianan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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25
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Li W, Zhao D, Dong J, Kong X, Zhang Q, Li T, Meng Y, Shan W. AtRTP5 negatively regulates plant resistance to Phytophthora pathogens by modulating the biosynthesis of endogenous jasmonic acid and salicylic acid. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:95-108. [PMID: 31701600 PMCID: PMC6913198 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved powerful immune systems to recognize pathogens and avoid invasions, but the genetic basis of plant susceptibility is less well-studied, especially to oomycetes, which cause disastrous diseases in many ornamental plants and food crops. In this research, we identified a negative regulator of plant immunity to the oomycete Phytophthora parasitica, AtRTP5 (Arabidopsis thaliana Resistant to Phytophthora 5), which encodes a WD40 repeat domain-containing protein. The AtRTP5 protein, which was tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP), is localized in the nucleus and plasma membrane. Both the A. thaliana T-DNA insertion rtp5 mutants and the Nicotiana benthamiana RTP5 (NbRTP5) silencing plants showed enhanced resistance to P. parasitica, while overexpression of AtRTP5 rendered plants more susceptible. The transcriptomic analysis showed that mutation of AtRTP5 suppressed the biosynthesis of endogenous jasmonic acid (JA) and JA-dependent responses. In contrast, salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis and SA-dependent responses were activated in the T-DNA insertion mutant rtp5-3. These results show that AtRTP5 acts as a conserved negative regulator of plant immunity to Phytophthora pathogens by interfering with JA and SA signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
| | - Dan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
| | - Jingwen Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
| | - Xianglan Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
| | - Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
| | - Yuling Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
| | - Weixing Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
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26
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Nitrate Reductase-Mediated Nitric Oxide Regulates the Leaf Shape in Arabidopsis by Mediating the Homeostasis of Reactive Oxygen Species. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092235. [PMID: 31067654 PMCID: PMC6539879 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As a gaseous biological signaling molecule, nitric oxide (NO) regulates many physiological processes in plants. Over the last decades, this low molecular weight compound has been identified as a key signaling molecule to regulate plant stress responses, and also plays an important role in plant development. However, elucidation of the molecular mechanisms for NO in leaf development has so far been limited due to a lack of mutant resources. Here, we employed the NO-deficient mutant nia1nia2 to examine the role of NO in leaf development. We have found that nia1nia2 mutant plants displayed very different leaf phenotypes as compared to wild type Col-0. Further studies have shown that reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels are higher in nia1nia2 mutant plants. Interestingly, ROS-related enzymes ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalases (CAT), and peroxidases (POD) have shown decreases in their activities. Our transcriptome data have revealed that the ROS synthesis gene RBOHD was enhanced in nia1nia2 mutants and the photosynthesis-related pathway was impaired, which suggests that NO is required for chloroplast development and leaf development. Together, these results imply that NO plays a significant role in plant leaf development by regulating ROS homeostasis.
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27
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Warmerdam S, Sterken MG, Van Schaik C, Oortwijn MEP, Lozano‐Torres JL, Bakker J, Goverse A, Smant G. Mediator of tolerance to abiotic stress ERF6 regulates susceptibility of Arabidopsis to Meloidogyne incognita. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:137-152. [PMID: 30160354 PMCID: PMC6430479 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes transform vascular host cells into permanent feeding structures to selectively withdraw their nutrients from host plants during the course of several weeks. The susceptibility of host plants to root-knot nematode infections is thought to be a complex trait involving many genetic loci. However, genome-wide association (GWA) analysis has so far revealed only four quantitative trait loci (QTLs) linked to the reproductive success of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in Arabidopsis thaliana, which suggests that the genetic architecture underlying host susceptibility could be much simpler than previously thought. Here, we report that, by using a relaxed stringency approach in a GWA analysis, we could identify 15 additional loci linked to quantitative variation in the reproductive success of M. incognita in Arabidopsis. To test the robustness of our analysis, we functionally characterized six genes located in a QTL with the lowest acceptable statistical support and smallest effect size. This led us to identify ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR 6 (ERF6) as a novel susceptibility gene for M. incognita in Arabidopsis. ERF6 functions as a transcriptional activator and suppressor of genes in response to various abiotic stresses independent of ethylene signalling. However, whole-transcriptome analysis of nematode-infected roots of the Arabidopsis erf6-1 knockout mutant line showed that allelic variation at this locus may regulate the conversion of aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) into ethylene by altering the expression of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase 3 (ACO3). Our data further suggest that tolerance to abiotic stress mediated by ERF6 forms a novel layer of control in the susceptibility of Arabidopsis to M. incognita.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Warmerdam
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Mark G. Sterken
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Casper Van Schaik
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Marian E. P. Oortwijn
- Plant BreedingWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Jose L. Lozano‐Torres
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Jaap Bakker
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Aska Goverse
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Geert Smant
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
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28
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Sonawala U, Dinkeloo K, Danna CH, McDowell JM, Pilot G. Review: Functional linkages between amino acid transporters and plant responses to pathogens. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 277:79-88. [PMID: 30466603 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Upon infection, plant pathogens become dependent on their hosts for nutrition. Therefore, the interaction between the two organisms is tightly linked to the availability and flux of nutrients in the plant. The plant's nitrogen metabolism is reprogrammed during pathogen attack, likely reflecting plant's response to invasion by the pathogen and active modification by the pathogen to promote feeding. Several lines of evidence indicate that plant-derived amino acids are an important source of nitrogen for diverse pathogens. Moreover, amino acid homeostasis is interconnected with the plant's immune signaling pathways. Here, we critically examine the knowns and unknowns about connections between plant-encoded amino acid transporters and resistance or susceptibility to pathogens and pests. We use recent insights into sugar transporters to frame a perspective with potential applicability to amino acids and other nutrients. We emphasize different approaches that have provided insight in this topic and we conclude with suggestions to fill gaps in foundational knowledge and explore new avenues for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unnati Sonawala
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, 24060 VA, USA
| | - Kasia Dinkeloo
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, 24060 VA, USA
| | - Cristian H Danna
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - John M McDowell
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, 24060 VA, USA.
| | - Guillaume Pilot
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, 24060 VA, USA.
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29
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Cui B, Pan Q, Clarke D, Villarreal MO, Umbreen S, Yuan B, Shan W, Jiang J, Loake GJ. S-nitrosylation of the zinc finger protein SRG1 regulates plant immunity. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4226. [PMID: 30315167 PMCID: PMC6185907 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06578-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) orchestrates a plethora of incongruent plant immune responses, including the reprograming of global gene expression. However, the cognate molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here we show a zinc finger transcription factor (ZF-TF), SRG1, is a central target of NO bioactivity during plant immunity, where it functions as a positive regulator. NO accumulation promotes SRG1 expression and subsequently SRG1 occupies a repeated canonical sequence within target promoters. An EAR domain enables SRG1 to recruit the corepressor TOPLESS, suppressing target gene expression. Sustained NO synthesis drives SRG1 S-nitrosylation predominantly at Cys87, relieving both SRG1 DNA binding and transcriptional repression activity. Accordingly, mutation of Cys87 compromises NO-mediated control of SRG1-dependent transcriptional suppression. Thus, the SRG1-SNO formation may contribute to a negative feedback loop that attenuates the plant immune response. SRG1 Cys87 is evolutionary conserved and thus may be a target for redox regulation of ZF-TF function across phylogenetic kingdoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beimi Cui
- Jiangsu Normal University - Edinburgh University, Centre for Transformative Biotechnology of Medicinal and Food Plants, Jiangsu Normal University, 101 Shanghai Road, Xuzhou, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants, Jiangsu Normal University, 101 Shanghai Road, Xuzhou, P.R. China
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Qiaona Pan
- Jiangsu Normal University - Edinburgh University, Centre for Transformative Biotechnology of Medicinal and Food Plants, Jiangsu Normal University, 101 Shanghai Road, Xuzhou, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants, Jiangsu Normal University, 101 Shanghai Road, Xuzhou, P.R. China
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - David Clarke
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | | | - Saima Umbreen
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Bo Yuan
- Jiangsu Normal University - Edinburgh University, Centre for Transformative Biotechnology of Medicinal and Food Plants, Jiangsu Normal University, 101 Shanghai Road, Xuzhou, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants, Jiangsu Normal University, 101 Shanghai Road, Xuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Weixing Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jihong Jiang
- Jiangsu Normal University - Edinburgh University, Centre for Transformative Biotechnology of Medicinal and Food Plants, Jiangsu Normal University, 101 Shanghai Road, Xuzhou, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants, Jiangsu Normal University, 101 Shanghai Road, Xuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Gary J Loake
- Jiangsu Normal University - Edinburgh University, Centre for Transformative Biotechnology of Medicinal and Food Plants, Jiangsu Normal University, 101 Shanghai Road, Xuzhou, P.R. China.
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK.
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Besnard J, Zhao C, Avice JC, Vitha S, Hyodo A, Pilot G, Okumoto S. Arabidopsis UMAMIT24 and 25 are amino acid exporters involved in seed loading. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:5221-5232. [PMID: 30312461 PMCID: PMC6184519 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Phloem-derived amino acids are the major source of nitrogen supplied to developing seeds. Amino acid transfer from the maternal to the filial tissue requires at least one cellular export step from the maternal tissue prior to the import into the symplasmically isolated embryo. Some members of UMAMIT (usually multiple acids move in an out transporter) family (UMAMIT11, 14, 18, 28, and 29) have previously been implicated in this process. Here we show that additional members of the UMAMIT family, UMAMIT24 and UMAMIT25, also function in amino acid transfer in developing seeds. Using a recently published yeast-based assay allowing detection of amino acid secretion, we showed that UMAMIT24 and UMAMIT25 promote export of a broad range of amino acids in yeast. In plants, UMAMIT24 and UMAMIT25 are expressed in distinct tissues within developing seeds; UMAMIT24 is mainly expressed in the chalazal seed coat and localized on the tonoplast, whereas the plasma membrane-localized UMAMIT25 is expressed in endosperm cells. Seed amino acid contents of umamit24 and umamit25 knockout lines were both decreased during embryogenesis compared with the wild type, but recovered in the mature seeds without any deleterious effect on yield. The results suggest that UMAMIT24 and 25 play different roles in amino acid translocation from the maternal to filial tissue; UMAMIT24 could have a role in temporary storage of amino acids in the chalaza, while UMAMIT25 would mediate amino acid export from the endosperm, the last step before amino acids are taken up by the developing embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Besnard
- Department of Soil and Crop, Texas A&M, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Chengsong Zhao
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Jean-Christophe Avice
- UMR INRA - UCBN 950 EVA, UFR des Sciences, Département de Biologie, Université de Caen Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix, Caen cedex, France
| | - Stanislav Vitha
- Microscopy and Imaging Center, Texas A&M, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ayumi Hyodo
- Stable Isotopes for Biosphere Science Laboratory, Texas A&M, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Guillaume Pilot
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Sakiko Okumoto
- Department of Soil and Crop, Texas A&M, College Station, TX, USA
- Correspondence: or
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31
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Fan G, Yang Y, Li T, Lu W, Du Y, Qiang X, Wen Q, Shan W. A Phytophthora capsici RXLR Effector Targets and Inhibits a Plant PPIase to Suppress Endoplasmic Reticulum-Mediated Immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT 2018; 11:1067-1083. [PMID: 29864524 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora pathogens secrete a large arsenal of effectors that manipulate host processes to create an environment conducive to pathogen colonization. However, the underlying mechanisms by which Phytophthora effectors manipulate host plant cells still remain largely unclear. In this study, we report that PcAvr3a12, a Phytophthora capsici RXLR effector and a member of the Avr3a effector family, suppresses plant immunity by targeting and inhibiting host plant peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase). Overexpression of PcAvr3a12 in Arabidopsis thaliana enhanced plant susceptibility to P. capsici. FKBP15-2, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized protein, was identified as a host target of PcAvr3a12 during early P. capsici infection. Analyses of A. thaliana T-DNA insertion mutant (fkbp15-2), RNAi, and overexpression lines consistently showed that FKBP15-2 positively regulates plant immunity in response to Phytophthora infection. FKBP15-2 possesses PPIase activity essential for its contribution to immunity but is directly suppressed by PcAvr3a12. Interestingly, we found that FKBP15-2 is involved in ER stress sensing and is required for ER stress-mediated plant immunity. Taken together, these results suggest that P. capsici deploys an RXLR effector, PcAvr3a12, to facilitate infection by targeting and suppressing a novel ER-localized PPIase, FKBP15-2, which is required for ER stress-mediated plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Wenqin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiaoyu Qiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qujiang Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Weixing Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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32
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Dinkeloo K, Boyd S, Pilot G. Update on amino acid transporter functions and on possible amino acid sensing mechanisms in plants. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 74:105-113. [PMID: 28705659 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids are essential components of plant metabolism, not only as constituents of proteins, but also as precursors of important secondary metabolites and as carriers of organic nitrogen between the organs of the plant. Transport across intracellular membranes and translocation of amino acids within the plant is mediated by membrane amino acid transporters. The past few years have seen the identification of a new family of amino acid transporters in Arabidopsis, the characterization of intracellular amino acid transporters, and the discovery of new roles for already known proteins. While amino acid metabolism needs to be tightly coordinated with amino acid transport activity and carbohydrate metabolism, no gene involved in amino acid sensing in plants has been unequivocally identified to date. This review aims at summarizing the recent data accumulated on the identity and function of amino acid transporters in plants, and discussing the possible identity of amino acid sensors based on data from other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasia Dinkeloo
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Shelton Boyd
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Guillaume Pilot
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA.
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33
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Hu W, Zhang H, Zhang X, Chen H, Tang M. Characterization of six PHT1 members in Lycium barbarum and their response to arbuscular mycorrhiza and water stress. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:351-366. [PMID: 28062728 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is vitally important for most plant processes. However, the P available to plants is present in the soil in the form of inorganic phosphate (Pi), and is often present in only limited amounts. Water stress further reduces Pi availability. Previous studies have highlighted the important roles of members of the PHOSPHATE TRANSPORTER 1 (PHT1) family and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) associations for Pi acquisition by plants growing in various environments. In order to understand the Pi uptake of Lycium barbarumL., a drought-tolerant ligneous species belonging to the Solanaceae family, we cloned and characterized six L. barbarum genes encoding transporter proteins belonging to the PHT1 family, and investigated their transcriptional response to AM associations and water stress. The six cloned PHT1 genes of L. barbarum had a similar evolutionary history to that of PHT1 genes found in other Solanaceae species. Three of these genes (LbPT3, LbPT4 and LbPT5) were AM-induced; the other three genes (LbPT1, LbPT2 and LbPT7) played distinct roles in Pi acquisition, translocation and remobilization in roots and leaves. AM-induced PHT1 genes maintained their function under water stress, while moderate and severe water stress upregulated non-AM-induced PHT1 genes in roots and leaves, respectively. Moreover, although LbPT1 was upregulated in AM roots under water stress, LbPT2 and LbPT7 were inhibited in AM roots, which suggested that an AM association satisfied the demand for Pi in roots under water stress and that LbPT1 may play a role in translocating Pi from roots to shoots in this situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Haoqiang Zhang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Ming Tang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
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