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Fu Q, Chen T, Wang Y, Zhou H, Zhang K, Zheng R, Zhang Y, Liu R, Yin X, Liu G, Xu Y. Plasmopara viticola effector PvCRN20 represses the import of VvDEG5 into chloroplasts to suppress immunity in grapevine. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:2311-2331. [PMID: 39091140 DOI: 10.1111/nph.20002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Chloroplasts play a crucial role in plant defense against pathogens, making them primary targets for pathogen effectors that suppress host immunity. This study characterizes the Plasmopara viticola CRN-like effector, PvCRN20, which interacts with DEG5 in the cytoplasm but not with its interacting protein, DEG8, which is located in the chloroplast. By transiently overexpressing in tobacco leaves, we show that PvCRN20 could inhibit INF1- and Bax-triggered cell death. Constitutive expression of PvCRN20 suppresses the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and promotes pathogen colonization. PvCRN20 reduces DEG5 entry into chloroplasts, thereby disrupting DEG5 and DEG8 interactions in chloroplasts. Overexpression of VvDEG5 and VvDEG8 induces ROS accumulation and enhances grapevine resistance to P. viticola, whereas knockout of VvDEG8 represses ROS production and promotes P. viticola colonization. Consistently, ectopic expression of VvDEG5 and VvDEG8 in tobacco promotes chloroplast-derived ROS accumulation, whereas co-expression of PvCRN20 counteracted this promotion by VvDEG5. Therefore, DEG5 is essential for the virulence function of PvCRN20. Although PvCRN20 is located in both the nucleus and cytoplasm, only cytoplasmic PvCRN20 suppresses plant immunity and promotes pathogen infection. Our results reveal that PvCRN20 dampens plant defenses by repressing the chloroplast import of DEG5, thus reducing host ROS accumulation and facilitating pathogen colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- College of Agricultural Science, Xichang University, Xichang, 615000, China
| | - Yunlei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Huixuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Kangzhuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Runlong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Ruiqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Guotian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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Shu X, Yin D, Liang J, Xiang T, Zhang C, Li H, Zheng A, Li P, Wang A. Tilletia horrida glycoside hydrolase family 128 protein, designated ThGhd_7, modulates plant immunity by blocking reactive oxygen species production. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:2459-2474. [PMID: 38501941 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Tilletia horrida is an important soilborne fungal pathogen that causes rice kernel smut worldwide. We found a glycoside hydrolase family 128 protein, designated ThGhd_7, caused cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. The predicted signal peptide (SP) of ThGhd_7 targets it for secretion. However, loss of the SP did not affect its ability to induce cell death. The 23-201 amino acid sequence of ThGhd_7 was sufficient to trigger cell death in N. benthamiana. ThGhd_7 expression was induced and upregulated during T. horrida infection. ThGhd_7 localised to both the cytoplasm and nucleus of plant cells, and nuclear localisation was required to induce cell death. The ability of ThGhd_7 to trigger cell death in N. benthamiana depends on RAR1 (required for Mla12 resistance), SGT1 (suppressor of G2 allele of Skp1), and BAK1/SERK3 (somatic embryogenesis receptor-like kinase 3). Heterologous overexpression of ThGhd_7 in rice reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and enhanced susceptibility to T. horrida. Further research revealed that ThGhd_7 interacted with and destabilised OsSGT1, which is required for ROS production and is a positive regulator of rice resistance to T. horrida. Taken together, these findings suggest that T. horrida employs ThGhd_7 to disrupt ROS production and thereby promote infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Shu
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Desuo Yin
- Food Crop Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Liang
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Xiang
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Honglian Li
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Aiping Zheng
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Li
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Aijun Wang
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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Li W, Li P, Deng Y, Zhang Z, Situ J, Huang J, Li M, Xi P, Jiang Z, Kong G. Litchi aspartic protease LcAP1 enhances plant resistance via suppressing cell death triggered by the pectate lyase PlPeL8 from Peronophythora litchii. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:2682-2701. [PMID: 38622771 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Plant cell death is regulated in plant-pathogen interactions. While some aspartic proteases (APs) participate in regulating programmed cell death or defense responses, the defense functions of most APs remain largely unknown. Here, we report on a virulence factor, PlPeL8, which is a pectate lyase found in the hemibiotrophic pathogen Peronophythora litchii. Through in vivo and in vitro assays, we confirmed the interaction between PlPeL8 and LcAP1 from litchi, and identified LcAP1 as a positive regulator of plant immunity. PlPeL8 induced cell death associated with NbSOBIR1 and NbMEK2. The 11 conserved residues of PlPeL8 were essential for inducing cell death and enhancing plant susceptibility. Twenty-three LcAPs suppressed cell death induced by PlPeL8 in Nicotiana benthamiana depending on their interaction with PlPeL8. The N-terminus of LcAP1 was required for inhibiting PlPeL8-triggered cell death and susceptibility. Furthermore, PlPeL8 led to higher susceptibility in NbAPs-silenced N. benthamiana than the GUS-control. Our results indicate the crucial roles of LcAP1 and its homologs in enhancing plant resistance via suppression of cell death triggered by PlPeL8, and LcAP1 represents a promising target for engineering disease resistance. Our study provides new insights into the role of plant cell death in the arms race between plants and hemibiotrophic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Peng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yizhen Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Integrative Microbiology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zijing Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Junjian Situ
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ji Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Minhui Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Pinggen Xi
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zide Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Guanghui Kong
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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4
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Cui JR, Zhou B, Tang YJ, Zhou JY, Ren L, Liu F, Hoffmann AA, Hong XY. A new spider mite elicitor triggers plant defence and promotes resistance to herbivores. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:1493-1509. [PMID: 37952109 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Herbivore-associated elicitors (HAEs) are active molecules produced by herbivorous insects. Recognition of HAEs by plants induces defence that resist herbivore attacks. We previously demonstrated that the tomato red spider mite Tetranychus evansi triggered defence in Nicotiana benthamiana. However, our knowledge of HAEs from T. evansi remains limited. Here, we characterize a novel HAE, Te16, from T. evansi and dissect its function in mite-plant interactions. We investigate the effects of Te16 on spider mites and plants by heterologous expression, virus-induced gene silencing assay, and RNA interference. Te16 induces cell death, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, callose deposition, and jasmonate (JA)-related responses in N. benthamiana leaves. Te16-mediated cell death requires a calcium signalling pathway, cytoplasmic localization, the plant co-receptor BAK1, and the signalling components SGT1 and HSP90. The active region of Te16-induced cell death is located at amino acids 114-293. Moreover, silencing Te16 gene in T. evansi reduces spider mite survival and hatchability, but expressing Te16 in N. benthamiana leaves enhances plant resistance to herbivores. Finally, Te16 gene is specific to Tetranychidae species and is highly conserved in activating plant immunity. Our findings reveal a novel salivary protein produced by spider mites that elicits plant defence and resistance to insects, providing valuable clues for pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Rong Cui
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Yi-Jing Tang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Jia-Yi Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Lu Ren
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Fan Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Xiao-Yue Hong
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
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Fu Q, Yang J, Zhang K, Yin K, Xiang G, Yin X, Liu G, Xu Y. Plasmopara viticola effector PvCRN11 induces disease resistance to downy mildew in grapevine. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:873-891. [PMID: 37950600 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The downy mildew of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is caused by Plasmopara viticola and is a major production problem in most grape-growing regions. The vast majority of effectors act as virulence factors and sabotage plant immunity. Here, we describe in detail one of the putative P. viticola Crinkler (CRN) effector genes, PvCRN11, which is highly transcribed during the infection stages in the downy mildew-susceptible grapevine V. vinifera cv. 'Pinot Noir' and V. vinifera cv. 'Thompson Seedless'. Cell death-inducing activity analyses reveal that PvCRN11 was able to induce spot cell death in the leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana but did not induce cell death in the leaves of the downy mildew-resistant V. riparia accession 'Beaumont' or of the downy mildew-susceptible 'Thompson Seedless'. Unexpectedly, stable expression of PvCRN11 inhibited the colonization of P. viticola in grapevine and Phytophthora capsici in Arabidopsis. Both transgenic grapevine and Arabidopsis constitutively expressing PvCRN11 promoted plant immunity. PvCRN11 is localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm, whereas PvCRN11-induced plant immunity is nucleus-independent. The purified protein PvCRN11Opt initiated significant plant immunity extracellularly, leading to enhanced accumulations of reactive oxygen species, activation of MAPK and up-regulation of the defense-related genes PR1 and PR2. Furthermore, PvCRN11Opt induces BAK1-dependent immunity in the apoplast, whereas PvCRN11 overexpression in intracellular induces BAK1-independent immunity. In conclusion, the PvCRN11 protein triggers resistance against P. viticola in grapevine, suggesting a potential for the use of PvCRN11 in grape production as a protectant against downy mildew.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Kangzhuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Kaixin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Gaoqing Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Guotian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
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Zhao Y, Zheng X, Tabima JF, Zhu S, Søndreli KL, Hundley H, Bauer D, Barry K, Zhang Y, Schmutz J, Wang Y, LeBoldus JM, Xiong Q. Secreted Effector Proteins of Poplar Leaf Spot and Stem Canker Pathogen Sphaerulina musiva Manipulate Plant Immunity and Contribute to Virulence in Diverse Ways. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:779-795. [PMID: 37551980 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-23-0091-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Fungal effectors play critical roles in manipulating plant immune responses and promoting colonization. Sphaerulina musiva is a heterothallic ascomycete fungus that causes Septoria leaf spot and stem canker disease in poplar (Populus spp.) plantations. This disease can result in premature defoliation, branch and stem breakage, increased mortality, and plantation failure. However, little is known about the interaction between S. musiva and poplar. Previous work predicted 142 candidate secreted effector proteins in S. musiva (SmCSEPs), 19 of which were selected for further functional characterization in this study. SmCSEP3 induced plant cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana, while 8 out of 19 tested SmCSEPs suppressed cell death. The signal peptides of these eight SmCSEPs exhibited secretory activity in a yeast signal sequence trap assay. Confocal microscopy revealed that four of these eight SmCSEPs target both the cytoplasm and the nucleus, whereas four predominantly localize to discrete punctate structures. Pathogen challenge assays in N. benthamiana demonstrated that the transient expression of six SmCSEPs promoted Fusarium proliferatum infection. The expression of these six SmCSEP genes were induced during infection. SmCSEP2, SmCSEP13, and SmCSEP25 suppressed chitin-triggered reactive oxygen species burst and callose deposition in N. benthamiana. The candidate secreted effector proteins of S. musiva target multiple compartments in the plant cell and modulate different pattern-triggered immunity pathways. [Formula: see text] The author(s) have dedicated the work to the public domain under the Creative Commons CC0 "No Rights Reserved" license by waiving all of his or her rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xinyue Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Javier F Tabima
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
- Department of Forest Engineering, Resources and Management, College of Forestry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
| | - Sheng Zhu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kelsey L Søndreli
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
| | - Hope Hundley
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, U.S.A
| | - Diane Bauer
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, U.S.A
| | - Kerrie Barry
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, U.S.A
| | - Yaxin Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jeremy Schmutz
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jared M LeBoldus
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
- Department of Biology, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, U.S.A
| | - Qin Xiong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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7
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Jiang H, Xia Y, Zhang S, Zhang Z, Feng H, Zhang Q, Chen X, Xiao J, Yang S, Zeng M, Chen Z, Ouyang H, He X, Sun G, Wu J, Dong S, Ye W, Ma Z, Wang Y, Wang Y. The CAP superfamily protein PsCAP1 secreted by Phytophthora triggers immune responses in Nicotiana benthamiana through a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:784-801. [PMID: 37615219 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The role of cysteine-rich secretory proteins, antigen 5, and pathogenesis-related 1 (CAP) superfamily proteins in the innate immune responses of mammals is well characterized. However, the biological function of CAP superfamily proteins in plant-microbe interactions is poorly understood. We used proteomics and transcriptome analyses to dissect the apoplastic effectors secreted by the oomycete Phytophthora sojae during early infection of soybean leaves. By transiently expressing these effectors in Nicotiana benthamiana, we identified PsCAP1, a novel type of secreted CAP protein that triggers immune responses in multiple solanaceous plants including N. benthamiana. This secreted CAP protein is conserved among oomycetes, and multiple PsCAP1 homologs can be recognized by N. benthamiana. PsCAP1-triggered immune responses depend on the N-terminal immunogenic fragment (aa 27-151). Pretreatment of N. benthamiana with PsCAP1 or the immunogenic fragment increases plant resistance against Phytophthora. The recognition of PsCAP1 and different homologs requires the leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein RCAP1, which associates with two central receptor-like kinases BRI1-associated receptor kinase 1 (BAK1) and suppressor of BIR1-1 (SOBIR1) in planta. These findings suggest that the CAP-type apoplastic effectors act as an important player in plant-microbe interactions that can be perceived by plant membrane-localized receptor to activate plant resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Yeqiang Xia
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Sicong Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Feng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Junhua Xiao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Sen Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengzhu Zeng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaodan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Haibing Ouyang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyi He
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangzheng Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinbin Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Suomeng Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenwu Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenchuan Ma
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
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Shan S, Huang Y, Guo C, Hu B, Zhang H, Li Y, Chen J, Wei Z, Sun Z. A salivary secretory protein from Riptortus pedestris facilitates pest infestation and soybean staygreen syndrome. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:560-569. [PMID: 36916884 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The bean bug (Riptortus pedestris), one of the most important pests of soybean, causes staygreen syndrome, delaying plant maturation and affecting pod development, resulting in severe crop yield loss. However, little is known about the underlying mechanism of this pest. In this study, we found that a salivary secretory protein, Rp614, induced cell death in nonhost Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. NbSGT1 and NbNDR1 are involved in Rp614-induced cell death. Tissue specificity analysis showed that Rp614 is mainly present in salivary glands and is highly induced during pest feeding. RNA interference experiments showed that staygreen syndrome caused by R. pedestris was significantly attenuated when Rp614 was silenced. Together, our results indicate that Rp614 plays an essential role in R. pedestris infestation and provide a promising RNA interference target for pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Shan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yue Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Chunyun Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Biao Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Hehong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhongyan Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Zongtao Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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9
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Gu B, Gao W, Liu Z, Shao G, Peng Q, Mu Y, Wang Q, Zhao H, Miao J, Liu X. A single region of the Phytophthora infestans avirulence effector Avr3b functions in both cell death induction and plant immunity suppression. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:317-330. [PMID: 36696541 PMCID: PMC10013827 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As a destructive plant pathogen, Phytophthora infestans secretes diverse host-entering RxLR effectors to facilitate infection. One critical RxLR effector, PiAvr3b, not only induces effector-triggered immunity (ETI), which is associated with the potato resistance protein StR3b, but also suppresses pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI). To date, the molecular basis underlying such dual activities remains unknown. Based on phylogenetic analysis of global P. infestans isolates, we found two PiAvr3b isoforms that differ by three amino acids. Despite this sequence variation, the two isoforms retain the same properties in activating the StR3b-mediated hypersensitive response (HR) and inhibiting necrosis induced by three PAMPs (PiNpp, PiINF1, and PsXeg1) and an RxLR effector (Pi10232). Using a combined mutagenesis approach, we found that the dual activities of PiAvr3b were tightly linked and determined by 88 amino acids at the C-terminus. We further determined that either the W60 or the E134 residue of PiAvr3b was essential for triggering StR3b-associated HR and inhibiting PiNpp- and Pi10232-associated necrosis, while the S99 residue partially contributed to PTI suppression. Additionally, nuclear localization of PiAvr3b was required to stimulate HR and suppress PTI, but not to inhibit Pi10232-associated cell death. Our study revealed that PiAvr3b suppresses the plant immune response at different subcellular locations and provides an example in which a single amino acid of an RxLR effector links ETI induction and cell death suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Wenxin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Zeqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Guangda Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Qin Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Yinyu Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Qinhu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Hua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Jianqiang Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Xili Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
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10
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Wang Z, Yang B, Zheng W, Wang L, Cai X, Yang J, Song R, Yang S, Wang Y, Xiao J, Liu H, Wang Y, Wang X, Wang Y. Recognition of glycoside hydrolase 12 proteins by the immune receptor RXEG1 confers Fusarium head blight resistance in wheat. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:769-781. [PMID: 36575911 PMCID: PMC10037148 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium graminearum, is a devastating disease in wheat (Triticum aestivum) that results in substantial yield losses and mycotoxin contamination. Reliable genetic resources for FHB resistance in wheat are lacking. In this study, we characterized glycoside hydrolase 12 (GH12) family proteins secreted by F. graminearum. We established that two GH12 proteins, Fg05851 and Fg11037, have functionally redundant roles in F. graminearum colonization of wheat. Furthermore, we determined that the GH12 proteins Fg05851 and Fg11037 are recognized by the leucine-rich-repeat receptor-like protein RXEG1 in the dicot Nicotiana benthamiana. Heterologous expression of RXEG1 conferred wheat responsiveness to Fg05851 and Fg11037, enhanced wheat resistance to F. graminearum and reduced levels of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol in wheat grains in an Fg05851/Fg11037-dependent manner. In the RXEG1 transgenic lines, genes related to pattern-triggered plant immunity, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and anti-oxidative homeostasis signalling pathways were upregulated during F. graminearum infection. However, the expression of these genes was not significantly changed during infection by the deletion mutant ΔFg05851/Fg11037, suggesting that the recognition of Fg05851/Fg11037 by RXEG1 triggered plant resistance against FHB. Moreover, introducing RXEG1 into three other different wheat cultivars via crossing also conferred resistance to F. graminearum. Expression of RXEG1 did not have obvious deleterious effects on plant growth and development in wheat. Our study reveals that N. benthamiana RXEG1 remains effective when transferred into wheat, a monocot, which in turn suggests that engineering wheat with interfamily plant immune receptor transgenes is a viable strategy for increasing resistance to FHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongkuan Wang
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementCytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC‐MCPNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
- College of Grassland ScienceNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Wenyue Zheng
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xingxing Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementCytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC‐MCPNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Rongrong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementCytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC‐MCPNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Sen Yang
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yuyin Wang
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementCytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC‐MCPNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Huiquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xiue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementCytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC‐MCPNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
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11
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Seo YE, Yan X, Choi D, Mang H. Phytophthora infestans RxLR Effector PITG06478 Hijacks 14-3-3 to Suppress PMA Activity Leading to Necrotrophic Cell Death. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:150-158. [PMID: 36413345 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-22-0135-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens often induce cell death for their successful proliferation in the host plant. Plasma membrane H+-ATPases (PMAs) are targeted by either pathogens or plant immune receptors in immune response regulation. Although PMAs play pivotal roles in host cell death, the molecular mechanism of effector-mediated regulation of PMA activity has not been described. Here, we report that the Phytophthora infestans RxLR effector PITG06478 can induce cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana but the induced cell death is inhibited by fusicoccin (FC), an irreversible PMA activator. PITG06478, which is localized at the plasma membrane, is not directly associated with the PMA but is associated with Nb14-3-3s, a PMA activator. Immunoblot analyses revealed that the interaction between PITG06478 and Nb14-3-3s was disrupted by FC. PMA activity in PITG06478-expressing plants was eventually inhibited, and cell death likely occurred because the 14-3-3 protein was hijacked. Our results further confirm the significance of PMA activity in host cell death and provide new insight into how pathogens utilize essential host components to sustain their life cycle. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Eun Seo
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Xin Yan
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Doil Choi
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunggon Mang
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Southern Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA, Miryang, Republic of Korea
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12
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Hou X, He Z, Che Z, Li H, Tan X, Wang Q. Molecular mechanisms of Phytophthora sojae avirulence effectors escaping host recognition. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1111774. [PMID: 36699593 PMCID: PMC9868715 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1111774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora sojae is a well-known destructive oomycete pathogen, which causes soybean stem and root rot and poses a serious threat to global food security. Growing soybean cultivars with the appropriate resistance to P. sojae (Rps) genes are the primary management strategy to reduce losses. In most Phytophthora pathosystems, host resistance protein encoded by a specific R gene in the plant recognizes corresponding RxLR effector protein, encoded by an avirulence gene. This gene-for-gene relationship has been exploited to help breeders and agronomists deploy soybean cultivars. To date, 6 Rps genes have been incorporated into commercial soybean germplasm and trigger plant immunity in response to 8 P. sojae avirulence effectors. The incorporation of Rps genes in the soybean population creates selection pressure in favor of novel pathotypes of P. sojae. The 8 avirulence genes evolved to evade the host immune system, driven by genetic selection pressures. Understanding the evading strategies has important reference value for the prevention and control of Phytophthora stem and root rot. This investigation primarily highlights the research on the strategies of P. sojae avirulence effector evasion of host recognition, looking forward to creating durable resistance genes and thereby enabling successful disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Hou
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Zheng He
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Zhengzheng Che
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Hengjing Li
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Xinwei Tan
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Qunqing Wang
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China,State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China,*Correspondence: Qunqing Wang,
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13
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Madina MH, Santhanam P, Asselin Y, Jaswal R, Bélanger RR. Progress and Challenges in Elucidating the Functional Role of Effectors in the Soybean- Phytophthora sojae Interaction. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 9:12. [PMID: 36675833 PMCID: PMC9866111 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora sojae, the agent responsible for stem and root rot, is one of the most damaging plant pathogens of soybean. To establish a compatible-interaction, P. sojae secretes a wide array of effector proteins into the host cell. These effectors have been shown to act either in the apoplastic area or the cytoplasm of the cell to manipulate the host cellular processes in favor of the development of the pathogen. Deciphering effector-plant interactions is important for understanding the role of P. sojae effectors in disease progression and developing approaches to prevent infection. Here, we review the subcellular localization, the host proteins, and the processes associated with P. sojae effectors. We also discuss the emerging topic of effectors in the context of effector-resistance genes interaction, as well as model systems and recent developments in resources and techniques that may provide a better understanding of the soybean-P. sojae interaction.
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14
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Qian H, Song L, Wang L, Wang B, Liang W. The secreted FoAPY1 peptidase promotes Fusarium oxysporum invasion. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1040302. [PMID: 36338032 PMCID: PMC9626516 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1040302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The secretion of peptidases from several pathogens has been reported, but the biological function of these proteins in plant-pathogen interactions is poorly understood. Fusarium oxysporum, a soil-borne plant pathogenic fungus that causes Fusarium wilt in its host, can secrete proteins into host plant cells during the infection process to interfere with the host plant defense response and promote disease occurrence. In this study, we identified a peptidase, FoAPY1, that could be secreted from F. oxysporum depending on the N-terminal signal peptide of the protein. FoAPY1 belongs to the peptidase M28 family and exerts peptidase activity in vitro. Furthermore, the FoAYP1 gene knockout strain (∆FoAYP1) presented reduced virulence to tomato plants, but its mycelial growth and conidiation were unchanged. Moreover, FoAYP1 overexpression tomato seedlings exhibited enhanced susceptibility to F. oxysporum and Botrytis cinerea strains. These data demonstrated that FoAYP1 contributes to the virulence of F. oxysporum may through peptidase activity against host plant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengwei Qian
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Limin Song
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lulu Wang
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Baoshan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenxing Liang
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Wenxing Liang,
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15
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Qian H, Wang L, Wang B, Liang W. The secreted ribonuclease T2 protein FoRnt2 contributes to Fusarium oxysporum virulence. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:1346-1360. [PMID: 35696123 PMCID: PMC9366063 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Secreted RNase proteins have been reported from only a few pathogens, and relatively little is known about their biological functions. Fusarium oxysporum is a soilborne fungal pathogen that causes Fusarium wilt, one of the most important diseases on tomato. During the infection of F. oxysporum, some proteins are secreted that modulate host plant immunity and promote pathogen invasion. In this study, we identify an RNase, FoRnt2, from the F. oxysporum secretome that belongs to the ribonuclease T2 family. FoRnt2 possesses an N-terminal signal peptide and can be secreted from F. oxysporum. FoRnt2 exhibited ribonuclease activity and was able to degrade the host plant total RNA in vitro dependent on the active site residues H80 and H142. Deletion of the FoRnt2 gene reduced fungal virulence but had no obvious effect on mycelial growth and conidial production. The expression of FoRnt2 in tomato significantly enhanced plant susceptibility to pathogens. These data indicate that FoRnt2 is an important contributor to the virulence of F. oxysporum, possibly through the degradation of plant RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengwei Qian
- College of Life SciencesShandong Normal UniversityJinanChina
| | - Lulu Wang
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong ProvinceCollege of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Baoshan Wang
- College of Life SciencesShandong Normal UniversityJinanChina
| | - Wenxing Liang
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong ProvinceCollege of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural UniversityQingdaoChina
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Yu L, Yang Y, Xiong D, Tian C. Phosphoproteomic and Metabolomic Profiling Uncovers the Roles of CcPmk1 in the Pathogenicity of Cytospora chrysosperma. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0017622. [PMID: 35735975 PMCID: PMC9430611 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00176-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pmk1, a highly conserved pathogenicity-related mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in pathogenic fungi, is phosphorylated and activated by MAP2K and acts as a global regulator of fungal infection and invasive growth by modulating downstream targets. However, the hierarchical CcPmk1 regulatory network in Cytospora chrysosperma, the main causal agent of canker disease in many woody plant species, is still unclear. In this study, we analyzed and compared the phosphoproteomes and metabolomes of ΔCcPmk1 and wild-type strains and identified pathogenicity-related downstream targets of CcPmk1. We found that CcPmk1 could interact with the downstream homeobox transcription factor CcSte12 and affect its phosphorylation. In addition, the ΔCcSte12 displayed defective phenotypes that were similar to yet not identical to that of the ΔCcPmk1 and included significantly reduced fungal growth, conidiation, and virulence. Remarkably, CcPmk1 could phosphorylate proteins translated from a putative secondary metabolism-related gene cluster, which is specific to C. chrysosperma, and the phosphorylation of several peptides was completely abolished in the ΔCcPmk1. Functional analysis of the core gene (CcPpns1) in this gene cluster revealed its essential roles in fungal growth and virulence. Metabolomic analysis showed that amino acid metabolism and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, lipids, and lipid-like molecules significantly differed between wild type and ΔCcPmk1. Importantly, most of the annotated lipids and lipid-like molecules were significantly downregulated in the ΔCcPmk1 compared to the wild type. Collectively, these findings suggest that CcPmk1 may regulate a small number of downstream master regulators to control fungal growth, conidiation, and virulence in C. chrysosperma. IMPORTANCE Understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of plant pathogens is a prerequisite to developing effective disease-control methods. The Pmk1 MAPK is highly conserved among phytopathogenic fungi and acts as a global regulator of fungal pathogenicity by modulating downstream transcription factors or other components. However, the regulatory network of CcPmk1 from C. chrysosperma remains enigmatic. The present data provide evidence that the core pathogenicity regulator CcPmk1 modulates a few downstream master regulators to control fungal virulence in C. chrysosperma through transcription or phosphorylation and that CcPmk1 may be a potential target for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yu
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchen Yang
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Dianguang Xiong
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Chengming Tian
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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17
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Comprehensive Analysis of Subcellular Localization, Immune Function and Role in Bacterial wilt Disease Resistance of Solanum lycopersicum Linn. ROP Family Small GTPases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179727. [PMID: 36077125 PMCID: PMC9456112 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
ROPs (Rho-like GTPases from plants) belong to the Rho-GTPase subfamily and serve as molecular switches for regulating diverse cellular events, including morphogenesis and stress responses. However, the immune functions of ROPs in Solanum lycopersicum Linn. (tomato) is still largely unclear. The tomato genome contains nine genes encoding ROP-type small GTPase family proteins (namely SlRop1–9) that fall into five distinct groups as revealed by phylogenetic tree. We studied the subcellular localization and immune response induction of nine SlRops by using a transient overexpression system in Nicotiana benthamiana Domin. Except for SlRop1 and SlRop3, which are solely localized at the plasma membrane, most of the remaining ROPs have additional nuclear and/or cytoplasmic distributions. We also revealed that the number of basic residues in the polybasic region of ROPs tends to be correlated with their membrane accumulation. Though nine SlRops are highly conserved at the RHO (Ras Homology) domains, only seven constitutively active forms of SlRops were able to trigger hypersensitive responses. Furthermore, we analyzed the tissue-specific expression patterns of nine ROPs and found that the expression levels of SlRop3, 4 and 6 were generally high in different tissues. The expression levels of SlRop1, 2 and 7 significantly decreased in tomato seedlings after infection with Ralstonia solanacearum (E.F. Smith) Yabuuchi et al. (GMI1000); the others did not respond. Infection assays among nine ROPs showed that SlRop3 and SlRop4 might be positive regulators of tomato bacterial wilt disease resistance, whereas the rest of the ROPs may not contribute to defense. Our study provides systematic evidence of tomato Rho-related small GTPases for localization, immune response, and disease resistance.
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Hu J, Chang R, Yuan Y, Li Z, Wang Y. Identification of Key Residues Essential for the Activation of Plant Immunity by Subtilisin From Bacillus velezensis LJ02. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:869596. [PMID: 36046019 PMCID: PMC9421249 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.869596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Subtilisin, a serine protease, can trigger defense responses in a wide variety of plants, both locally and systemically, to protect against pathogens. However, key residues of subtilisin to improve resistance to plant diseases remain unknown. In this study, Nicotiana benthamiana (N. benthamiana) leaves expressing subtilisin from Bacillus velezensis LJ02 were shown to improve protection against Botrytis cinerea (B. cinerea). Furthermore, the underlying mechanism that LJ02 subtilisin improved the protective effect was explored, and the direct inhibitory effect of subtilisin on B. cinerea was excluded in vitro. Subsequently, reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst and upregulation of resistance-related genes in systemic leaves of N. benthamiana further verified that subtilisin could induce systemic protection against B. cinerea. G307A/T308A and S213A/L214A/G215A subtilisin significantly reduced the ability to resist B. cinerea infection in N. benthamiana. Furthermore, the ROS content and expression levels of resistance-related genes of both mutants were significantly decreased compared with that of wild-type subtilisin. This work identified key residues essential for the activation function of subtilisin plant immunity and was crucial in inducing plant defense responses against B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Hu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruokui Chang
- College of Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yujin Yuan
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhuoran Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
- Zhuoran Li,
| | - Yuanhong Wang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Yuanhong Wang,
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19
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Hu LJ, Wu XQ, Wen TY, Ye JR, Qiu YJ, Rui L, Zhang Y. The key molecular pattern BxCDP1 of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus induces plant immunity and enhances plant defense response via two small peptide regions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:937473. [PMID: 35991456 PMCID: PMC9382027 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.937473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The migratory plant-parasitic nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is the pathogen of the pine wilt disease (PWD), causing serious damage to pine forests in China. During the process of plant resistance to multiple pathogens, plant immunity plays a key role. In this current study, the pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) BxCDP1 in B. xylophilus has been identified, but the host target protein of BxCDP1 and its key amino acid region inducing the plant immunity have yet to be elucidated. We found that BxCDP1 could trigger superoxide production, H2O2 production, and callose deposits. A RING-H2 finger protein 1 (RHF1) of Pinus thunbergii was screened and characterized as a target protein of BxCDP1 by yeast two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP). Moreover, two peptides (namely M9 and M16) proved to be key regions of BxCDP1 to induce PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) in Nicotiana benthamiana, which also induced the expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes (PtPR-3, PtPR-4, and PtPR-5) in P. thunbergii and enhanced the resistance of the host to B. xylophilus. These results indicate that BxCDP1 plays a critical role in the interaction between B. xylophilus and P. thunbergii, and both peptides M9 and M16 have the potential to be developed and utilized as immune inducers of pines against B. xylophilus in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Jiao Hu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Wu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tong-Yue Wen
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian-Ren Ye
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi-Jun Qiu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Rui
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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20
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Hu LJ, Wu XQ, Wen TY, Qiu YJ, Rui L, Zhang Y, Ye JR. A Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Effector, BxSCD3, Suppresses Plant Defense and Contributes to Virulence. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126417. [PMID: 35742858 PMCID: PMC9223698 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is the most economically important species of migratory plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) and causes severe damage to forestry in China. The successful infection of B. xylophilus relies on the secretion of a repertoire of effector proteins. The effectors, which suppress the host pine immune response, are key to the facilitation of B. xylophilus parasitism. An exhaustive list of candidate effectors of B. xylophilus was predicted, but not all have been identified and characterized. Here, an effector, named BxSCD3, has been implicated in the suppression of host immunity. BxSCD3 could suppress pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) PsXEG1- and INF1-triggered cell death when it was secreted into the intracellular space in Nicotiana benthamiana. BxSCD3 was highly up-regulated in the early infection stages of B. xylophilus. BxSCD3 does not affect B. xylophilus reproduction, either at the mycophagous stage or the phytophagous stage, but it contributes to the virulence of B. xylophilus. Moreover, BxSCD3 significantly influenced the relative expression levels of defense-related (PR) genes PtPR-3 and PtPR-6 in Pinus thunbergii in the early infection stage. These results suggest that BxSCD3 is an important toxic factor and plays a key role in the interaction between B. xylophilus and host pine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Jiao Hu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (L.-J.H.); (T.-Y.W.); (Y.-J.Q.); (L.R.); (Y.Z.); (J.-R.Y.)
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Wu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (L.-J.H.); (T.-Y.W.); (Y.-J.Q.); (L.R.); (Y.Z.); (J.-R.Y.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Tong-Yue Wen
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (L.-J.H.); (T.-Y.W.); (Y.-J.Q.); (L.R.); (Y.Z.); (J.-R.Y.)
| | - Yi-Jun Qiu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (L.-J.H.); (T.-Y.W.); (Y.-J.Q.); (L.R.); (Y.Z.); (J.-R.Y.)
| | - Lin Rui
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (L.-J.H.); (T.-Y.W.); (Y.-J.Q.); (L.R.); (Y.Z.); (J.-R.Y.)
| | - Yan Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (L.-J.H.); (T.-Y.W.); (Y.-J.Q.); (L.R.); (Y.Z.); (J.-R.Y.)
| | - Jian-Ren Ye
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (L.-J.H.); (T.-Y.W.); (Y.-J.Q.); (L.R.); (Y.Z.); (J.-R.Y.)
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21
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Midgley KA, van den Berg N, Swart V. Unraveling Plant Cell Death during Phytophthora Infection. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061139. [PMID: 35744657 PMCID: PMC9229607 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Oomycetes form a distinct phylogenetic lineage of fungus-like eukaryotic microorganisms, of which several hundred organisms are considered among the most devastating plant pathogens—especially members of the genus Phytophthora. Phytophthora spp. have a large repertoire of effectors that aid in eliciting a susceptible response in host plants. What is of increasing interest is the involvement of Phytophthora effectors in regulating programed cell death (PCD)—in particular, the hypersensitive response. There have been numerous functional characterization studies, which demonstrate Phytophthora effectors either inducing or suppressing host cell death, which may play a crucial role in Phytophthora’s ability to regulate their hemi-biotrophic lifestyle. Despite several advances in techniques used to identify and characterize Phytophthora effectors, knowledge is still lacking for some important species, including Phytophthora cinnamomi. This review discusses what the term PCD means and the gap in knowledge between pathogenic and developmental forms of PCD in plants. We also discuss the role cell death plays in the virulence of Phytophthora spp. and the effectors that have so far been identified as playing a role in cell death manipulation. Finally, we touch on the different techniques available to study effector functions, such as cell death induction/suppression.
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22
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Zhu J, Tang X, Sun Y, Li Y, Wang Y, Jiang Y, Shao H, Yong B, Li H, Tao X. Comparative Metabolomic Profiling of Compatible and Incompatible Interactions Between Potato and Phytophthora infestans. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:857160. [PMID: 35464908 PMCID: PMC9024415 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.857160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Late blight is one of the main biological stresses limiting the potato yield; however, the biochemical mechanisms underlying the infection process of Phytophthora infestans remain unrevealed. In this study, the late blight-resistant potato cultivar Ziyun No.1 (R) and the susceptible cultivar Favorita (S) were inoculated with P. infestans. Untargeted metabolomics was used to study the changes of metabolites in the compatible and incompatible interactions of the two cultivars and the pathogen at 0, 48, and 96 h postinoculation (hpi). A total of 819 metabolites were identified, and the metabolic differences mainly emerged after 48 hpi. There were 198 and 115 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) in the compatible and incompatible interactions. These included 147 and 100 upregulated metabolites during the compatible and incompatible interactions, respectively. Among them, 73 metabolites were identified as the P. infestans-responsive DEMs. Furthermore, the comparisons between the two cultivars identified 57 resistance-related metabolites. Resistant potato cultivar had higher levels of salicylic acid and several upstream phenylpropanoid biosynthesis metabolites, triterpenoids, and hydroxycinnamic acids and their derivatives, such as sakuranetin, ferulic acid, ganoderic acid Mi, lucidenic acid D2, and caffeoylmalic acid. These metabolites play crucial roles in cell wall thickening and have antibacterial and antifungal activities. This study reports the time-course metabolomic responses of potatoes to P. infestans. The findings reveal the responses involved in the compatible and incompatible interactions of potatoes and P. infestans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xue Tang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yining Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yajie Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yusong Jiang
- Research Institute for Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Huanhuan Shao
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Yong
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Honghao Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Institute of Plant Protection, Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Honghao Li,
| | - Xiang Tao
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
- Xiang Tao,
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23
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Li H, Hu R, Fan Z, Chen Q, Jiang Y, Huang W, Tao X. Dual RNA Sequencing Reveals the Genome-Wide Expression Profiles During the Compatible and Incompatible Interactions Between Solanum tuberosum and Phytophthora infestans. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:817199. [PMID: 35401650 PMCID: PMC8993506 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.817199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans (P. infestans), is a devastating plant disease. P. infestans genome encodes hundreds of effectors, complicating the interaction between the pathogen and its host and making it difficult to understand the interaction mechanisms. In this study, the late blight-resistant potato cultivar Ziyun No.1 and the susceptible potato cultivar Favorita were infected with P. infestans isolate SCPZ16-3-1 to investigate the global expression profiles during the compatible and incompatible interactions using dual RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Most of the expressed Arg-X-Leu-Arg (RXLR) effector genes were suppressed during the first 24 h of infection, but upregulated after 24 h. Moreover, P. infestans induced more specifically expressed genes (SEGs), including RXLR effectors and cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs)-encoding genes, in the compatible interaction. The resistant potato activated a set of biotic stimulus responses and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis SEGs, including kirola-like protein, nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR), disease resistance, and kinase genes. Conversely, the susceptible potato cultivar upregulated more kinase, pathogenesis-related genes than the resistant cultivar. This study is the first study to characterize the compatible and incompatible interactions between P. infestans and different potato cultivars and provides the genome-wide expression profiles for RXLR effector, CWDEs, NBS-LRR protein, and kinase-encoding genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghao Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Rongping Hu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhonghan Fan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Qinghua Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Yusong Jiang
- Research Institute for Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Weizao Huang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiang Tao
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
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24
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Sun S, Ren Y, Wang D, Farooq T, He Z, Zhang C, Li S, Yang X, Zhou X. A group I WRKY transcription factor regulates mulberry mosaic dwarf-associated virus-triggered cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:237-253. [PMID: 34738705 PMCID: PMC8743015 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Geminiviruses constitute the largest group of known plant viruses and cause devastating losses to a wide range of crops and woody plants globally. Mulberry mosaic dwarf-associated virus (MMDaV), identified from Chinese mulberry trees via small RNA-based deep sequencing, is a divergent monopartite geminivirus belonging to the genus Mulcrilevirus of the family Geminiviridae. Previous studies have shown that plants employ multiple layers of defence to protect themselves from geminivirus infection. The interplay between plant and MMDaV is nevertheless less studied. This study presents evidence that MMDaV triggers hypersensitive response (HR)-mediated antiviral defence in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. We show that the RepA protein of MMDaV is engaged in HR-type cell death induction. We find that the RepA mutants with compromised nuclear localization ability impair their capabilities of cell death induction. Virus-induced gene silencing of the key components of the R protein-mediated signalling pathway reveals that down-regulation of the nucleus-targeting NbWRKY1 alleviates the cell death induction activity of RepA. We further demonstrate that RepA up-regulates the transcript level of NbWRKY1. Furthermore, expression of RepA in N. benthamiana confers plant resistance against two begomoviruses. We propose that plant resistance against RepA can be potentially used to improve plant defence against geminiviruses in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoshuang Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yanxiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Agro‐Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil MicrobiologyCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Dongxue Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Tahir Farooq
- Plant Protection Research InstituteGuangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Zifu He
- Plant Protection Research InstituteGuangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Chao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Shifang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xiuling Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
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25
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Li X, Liu M, Liu Y, Zhao W, Li S, Liu W, Lin C, Miao W. A putative effector of the rubber-tree powdery mildew fungus has elicitor activity that can trigger plant immunity. PLANTA 2022; 255:33. [PMID: 34997357 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03818-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A putative powdery mildew effector can elicit defense responses including reactive oxygen species and callose accumulations in model plants Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana and host plant Hevea brasiliensis. Powdery mildew fungi cause severe diseases in many agricultural plants, such as the mildew fungus Erysiphe quercicola infecting the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis), causing latex yield losses. However, effectors of E. quercicola were rarely functionally characterized. In this study, we identified a highly specific candidate-secreted effector protein, EqCSEP04187, from E. quercicola. This putative effector is expressed at the late stage but not the early stage during infection. The constitutive expression of EqCSEP04187 in model plants Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana elicited defense responses, as did transient expression of EqCSEP04187 in protoplasts of H. brasiliensis. Introducing EqCSEP04187 into another H. brasiliensis-associated fungal pathogen, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, inhibited H. brasiliensis infection, and infection by E. quercicola was decreased in the A. thaliana eds1 mutant expressing EqCSEP04187. Further analysis suggests that these reductions in infection were the consequences of EqCSEP04187 eliciting defense responses. Our study suggests that this putative effector has elicitor activity that can improve plant resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- School of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Mengyao Liu
- School of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Yuhan Liu
- School of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Wenyuan Zhao
- School of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Sipeng Li
- School of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Wenbo Liu
- School of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Chunhua Lin
- School of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Weiguo Miao
- School of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, 570228, China.
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Liu L, Wang Z, Li J, Wang Y, Yuan J, Zhan J, Wang P, Lin Y, Li F, Ge X. Verticillium dahliae secreted protein Vd424Y is required for full virulence, targets the nucleus of plant cells, and induces cell death. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:1109-1120. [PMID: 34233072 PMCID: PMC8358993 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Fungal pathogens secrete effector proteins that regulate host immunity and can suppress basal defence mechanisms against colonization in plants. Verticillium dahliae is a widespread and destructive soilborne fungus that can cause vascular wilt disease and reduces plant yields. However, little is currently known about how the effectors secreted by V. dahliae function. In this study, we analysed and identified 34 candidate effectors in the V. dahliae secretome and found that Vd424Y, a glycoside hydrolase family 11 protein, was highly upregulated during the early stages of V. dahliae infection in cotton plants. This protein was located in the nucleus and its deletion compromised the virulence of the fungus. The transient expression of Vd424Y in Nicotiana benthamiana induced BAK1- and SOBIR1-dependent cell death and activated both salicylic acid and jasmonic acid signalling. This enhanced its resistance to the oomycetes Phytophthora capsici in a way that depended on its nuclear localization signal and signal peptides. Our results demonstrate that Vd424Y is an important effector protein targeting the host nucleus to regulate and activate effector-triggered immunity in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisen Liu
- Institute of Cotton ResearchHenan Normal University Research Base of State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyHenanChina
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Zhaohan Wang
- Institute of Cotton ResearchHenan Normal University Research Base of State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyHenanChina
| | - Jianing Li
- Institute of Cotton ResearchHenan Normal University Research Base of State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyHenanChina
| | - Ye Wang
- Institute of Cotton ResearchHenan Normal University Research Base of State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyHenanChina
| | - Jiachen Yuan
- Institute of Cotton ResearchHenan Normal University Research Base of State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyHenanChina
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Jingjing Zhan
- Institute of Cotton ResearchHenan Normal University Research Base of State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyHenanChina
| | - Peng Wang
- Institute of Cotton ResearchHenan Normal University Research Base of State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyHenanChina
| | - Yongjun Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Fuguang Li
- Institute of Cotton ResearchHenan Normal University Research Base of State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyHenanChina
| | - Xiaoyang Ge
- Institute of Cotton ResearchHenan Normal University Research Base of State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyHenanChina
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
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27
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Cui B, Ma X, Li Y, Zhou Y, Ju X, Hussain A, Umbreen S, Yuan B, Tabassum A, Lubega J, Shan W, Loake GJ, Pan Q. Perturbations in nitric oxide homeostasis promote Arabidopsis disease susceptibility towards Phytophthora parasitica. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:1134-1148. [PMID: 34242483 PMCID: PMC8359001 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora species can infect hundreds of different plants, including many important crops, causing a number of agriculturally relevant diseases. A key feature of attempted pathogen infection is the rapid production of the redox active molecule nitric oxide (NO). However, the potential role(s) of NO in plant resistance against Phytophthora is relatively unexplored. Here we show that the level of NO accumulation is crucial for basal resistance in Arabidopsis against Phytophthora parasitica. Counterintuitively, both relatively low or relatively high NO accumulation leads to reduced resistance against P. parasitica. S-nitrosylation, the addition of a NO group to a protein cysteine thiol to form an S-nitrosothiol, is an important route for NO bioactivity and this process is regulated predominantly by S-nitrosoglutathione reductase 1 (GSNOR1). Loss-of-function mutations in GSNOR1 disable both salicylic acid accumulation and associated signalling, and also the production of reactive oxygen species, leading to susceptibility towards P. parasitica. Significantly, we also demonstrate that secreted proteins from P. parasitica can inhibit Arabidopsis GSNOR1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beimi Cui
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu ProvinceSchool of Life ScienceJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina
- Jiangsu Normal University–Edinburgh University, Centre for Transformative Biotechnology of Medicinal and Food PlantsJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina
- Institute of Molecular Plant SciencesSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Xiangren Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu ProvinceSchool of Life ScienceJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Yuan Li
- Institute of Molecular Plant SciencesSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Yu Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu ProvinceSchool of Life ScienceJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Xiuyun Ju
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu ProvinceSchool of Life ScienceJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Adil Hussain
- Department of AgricultureAbdul Wali Khan UniversityMardanPakistan
| | - Saima Umbreen
- Institute of Molecular Plant SciencesSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Bo Yuan
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu ProvinceSchool of Life ScienceJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina
- Jiangsu Normal University–Edinburgh University, Centre for Transformative Biotechnology of Medicinal and Food PlantsJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Anika Tabassum
- Institute of Molecular Plant SciencesSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Jibril Lubega
- Institute of Molecular Plant SciencesSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Weixing Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Gary J. Loake
- Jiangsu Normal University–Edinburgh University, Centre for Transformative Biotechnology of Medicinal and Food PlantsJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina
- Institute of Molecular Plant SciencesSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Qiaona Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu ProvinceSchool of Life ScienceJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina
- Jiangsu Normal University–Edinburgh University, Centre for Transformative Biotechnology of Medicinal and Food PlantsJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina
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28
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Chen J, Li Z, Lin B, Liao J, Zhuo K. A Meloidogyne graminicola Pectate Lyase Is Involved in Virulence and Activation of Host Defense Responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:651627. [PMID: 33868351 PMCID: PMC8044864 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.651627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes secrete an array of cell-wall-degrading enzymes to overcome the physical barrier formed by the plant cell wall. Here, we describe a novel pectate lyase gene Mg-PEL1 from M. graminicola. Quantitative real-time PCR assay showed that the highest transcriptional expression level of Mg-PEL1 occurred in pre-parasitic second-stage juveniles, and it was still detected during the early parasitic stage. Using in situ hybridization, we showed that Mg-PEL1 was expressed exclusively within the subventral esophageal gland cells of M. graminicola. The yeast signal sequence trap system revealed that it possessed an N-terminal signal peptide with secretion function. Recombinant Mg-PEL1 exhibited hydrolytic activity toward polygalacturonic acid. Rice plants expressing RNA interference vectors targeting Mg-PEL1 showed an increased resistance to M. graminicola. In addition, using an Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression system and plant immune response assays, we demonstrated that the cell wall localization of Mg-PEL1 was required for the activation of plant defense responses, including programmed plant cell death, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and expression of defense-related genes. Taken together, our results indicated that Mg-PEL1 could enhance the pathogenicity of M. graminicola and induce plant immune responses during nematode invasion into plants or migration in plants. This provides a new insight into the function of pectate lyases in plants-nematodes interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansong Chen
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiwen Li
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Borong Lin
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinling Liao
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Eco-Engineering Polytechnic, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kan Zhuo
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Qiu M, Li Y, Ye W, Zheng X, Wang Y. A CRISPR/Cas9-mediated in situ complementation method for Phytophthora sojae mutants. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:373-381. [PMID: 33484494 PMCID: PMC7865083 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora sojae is an important model species for oomycete functional genomics research. Recently, a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome-editing technology has been successfully established in P. sojae, which has been rapidly and widely applied in oomycete research. However, there is an emerging consensus in the biological community that a complete functional gene research system is needed such as developed in the investigations in functional complementation carried out in this study. We report the development of an in situ complementation method for accurate restoration of the mutated gene. We targeted a regulatory B-subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PsPP2Ab1) to verify this knockout and subsequent complementation system. We found that the deletion of PsPP2Ab1 in P. sojae leads to severe defects in vegetative hyphal growth, soybean infection, and loss of the ability to produce sporangia. Subsequently, the reintroduction of PsPP2Ab1 into the knockout mutant remedied all of the deficiencies. This study demonstrates the successful implementation of an in situ complementation system by CRISPR/Cas9, which will greatly accelerate functional genomics research of oomycetes in the post-genomic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Qiu
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education)NanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yaning Li
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education)NanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Wenwu Ye
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education)NanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education)NanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education)NanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
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30
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Han Z, Xiong D, Xu Z, Liu T, Tian C. The Cytospora chrysosperma Virulence Effector CcCAP1 Mainly Localizes to the Plant Nucleus To Suppress Plant Immune Responses. mSphere 2021; 6:e00883-20. [PMID: 33627507 PMCID: PMC8544888 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00883-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Canker disease is caused by the fungus Cytospora chrysosperma and damages a wide range of woody plants, causing major losses to crops and native plants. Plant pathogens secrete virulence-related effectors into host cells during infection to regulate plant immunity and promote colonization. However, the functions of C. chrysosperma effectors remain largely unknown. In this study, we used Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient expression system in Nicotiana benthamiana and confocal microscopy to investigate the immunoregulation roles and subcellular localization of CcCAP1, a virulence-related effector identified in C. chrysosperma CcCAP1 was significantly induced in the early stages of infection and contains cysteine-rich secretory proteins, antigen 5, and pathogenesis-related 1 proteins (CAP) superfamily domain with four cysteines. CcCAP1 suppressed the programmed cell death triggered by Bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX) and the elicitin infestin1 (INF1) in transient expression assays with Nicotiana benthamiana The CAP superfamily domain was sufficient for its cell death-inhibiting activity and three of the four cysteines in the CAP superfamily domain were indispensable for its activity. Pathogen challenge assays in N. benthamiana demonstrated that transient expression of CcCAP1 promoted Botrytis cinerea infection and restricted reactive oxygen species accumulation, callose deposition, and defense-related gene expression. In addition, expression of green fluorescent protein-labeled CcCAP1 in N. benthamiana showed that it localized to both the plant nucleus and the cytoplasm, but the nuclear localization was essential for its full immune inhibiting activity. These results suggest that this virulence-related effector of C. chrysosperma modulates plant immunity and functions mainly via its nuclear localization and the CAP domain.IMPORTANCE The data presented in this study provide a key resource for understanding the biology and molecular basis of necrotrophic pathogen responses to Nicotiana benthamiana resistance utilizing effector proteins, and CcCAP1 may be used in future studies to understand effector-triggered susceptibility processes in the Cytospora chrysosperma-poplar interaction system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Han
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Dianguang Xiong
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiye Xu
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Tingli Liu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengming Tian
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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31
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Ma T, Chen S, Liu J, Fu P, Wu W, Song S, Gao Y, Ye W, Lu J. Plasmopara viticola effector PvRXLR111 stabilizes VvWRKY40 to promote virulence. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:231-242. [PMID: 33253483 PMCID: PMC7814959 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plasmopara viticola, the causal organism of grapevine downy mildew, secretes a vast array of effectors to manipulate host immunity. Previously, several cell death-inducing PvRXLR effectors have been identified, but their functions and host targets are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the role of PvRXLR111, a cell death-inducing RXLR effector, in manipulating plant immunity. When coexpressed with other PvRXLR effectors, PvRXLR111-induced cell death was prevented. Transient expression of PvRXLR111 in Nicotiana benthamiana suppressed bacterial flagellin peptide flg22-elicited immune responses and enhanced Phytophthora capsici infection. PvRXLR111 induction in Arabidopsis increased susceptibility to Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. PvRXLR111 expression in Pseudomonas syringae promoted bacterial colonization. By immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry analysis, yeast two-hybrid, pull-down, and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays, it was shown that PvRXLR111 interacted with Vitis vinifera putative WRKY transcription factor 40 (VvWRKY40), which increased VvWRKY40 stability. Transient expression of VvWRKY40 in N. benthamiana inhibited flg22-induced reactive oxygen species burst and enhanced P. capsici infection and silencing NbWRKY40 attenuated P. capsici colonization. These results suggest VvWRKY40 functions as a negative regulator in plant immunity and that PvRXLR111 suppresses host immunity by stabilizing VvWRKY40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ma
- Center for Viticulture and EnologySchool of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Shuyun Chen
- Center for Viticulture and EnologySchool of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Center for Viticulture and EnologySchool of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Peining Fu
- Center for Viticulture and EnologySchool of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Wei Wu
- Center for Viticulture and EnologySchool of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Shiren Song
- Center for Viticulture and EnologySchool of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yu Gao
- Center for Viticulture and EnologySchool of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Wenxiu Ye
- Center for Viticulture and EnologySchool of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jiang Lu
- Center for Viticulture and EnologySchool of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
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32
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Yang B, Wang Y, Tian M, Dai K, Zheng W, Liu Z, Yang S, Liu X, Shi D, Zhang H, Wang Y, Ye W, Wang Y. Fg12 ribonuclease secretion contributes to Fusarium graminearum virulence and induces plant cell death. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:365-377. [PMID: 32725938 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous fungal pathogens secrete effectors that modulate host immunity and facilitate infection. Fusarium graminearum is an important plant pathogen responsible for various devastating diseases. However, little is known about the function of effector proteins secreted by F. graminearum. Herein, we identified several effector candidates in the F. graminearum secretome. Among them, the secreted ribonuclease Fg12 was highly upregulated during the early stages of F. graminearum infection in soybean; its deletion compromised the virulence of F. graminearum. Transient expression of Fg12 in Nicotiana benthamiana induced cell death in a light-dependent manner. Fg12 possessed ribonuclease (RNase) activity, degrading total RNA. The enzymatic activity of Fg12 was required for its cell death-promoting effects. Importantly, the ability of Fg12 to induce cell death was independent of BAK1/SOBIR1, and treatment of soybean with recombinant Fg12 protein induced resistance to various pathogens, including F. graminearum and Phytophthora sojae. Overall, our results provide evidence that RNase effectors not only contribute to pathogen virulence but also induce plant cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuyin Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mengjun Tian
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Kaixin Dai
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wenyue Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zehan Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Sen Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Dongya Shi
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wenwu Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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33
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Wang N, Yin Z, Duan W, Zhang X, Pi L, Zhang Y, Dou D. sORF-Encoded Polypeptide SEP1 Is a Novel Virulence Factor of Phytophthora Pathogens. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:157-167. [PMID: 33103962 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-20-0160-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Diseases caused by the notorious Phytophthora spp. result in enormous economic losses to crops and forests. Increasing evidence suggests that small open reading frame-encoded polypeptides (SEPs) participate in environmental responses of animals, plants, and fungi. However, it remains largely unknown whether Phytophthora pathogens produce SEPs. Here, we systematically predicted and identified 96 SEP candidates in P. capsici. Among them, three may induce stable cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. Phytophthora-specific and conserved SEP1 facilitated P. capsici infection. PcSEP1-induced cell death is BAK1 and SOBIR1 independent and is correlated with its virulence function. Finally, PcSEP1 may be targeted to the apoplast for carrying out its functions, for which the C terminus is indispensable. Together, our results demonstrated that SEP1 is a new virulence factor, and previously unknown SEPs may act as effector proteins in Phytophthora pathogens.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yin
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Weiwei Duan
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiong Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Pi
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Daolong Dou
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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34
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Guo Y, Dupont P, Mesarich CH, Yang B, McDougal RL, Panda P, Dijkwel P, Studholme DJ, Sambles C, Win J, Wang Y, Williams NM, Bradshaw RE. Functional analysis of RXLR effectors from the New Zealand kauri dieback pathogen Phytophthora agathidicida. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:1131-1148. [PMID: 32638523 PMCID: PMC7411639 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
New Zealand kauri is an ancient, iconic, gymnosperm tree species that is under threat from a lethal dieback disease caused by the oomycete Phytophthora agathidicida. To gain insight into this pathogen, we determined whether proteinaceous effectors of P. agathidicida interact with the immune system of a model angiosperm, Nicotiana, as previously shown for Phytophthora pathogens of angiosperms. From the P. agathidicida genome, we defined and analysed a set of RXLR effectors, a class of proteins that typically have important roles in suppressing or activating the plant immune system. RXLRs were screened for their ability to activate or suppress the Nicotiana plant immune system using Agrobacterium tumefaciens transient transformation assays. Nine P. agathidicida RXLRs triggered cell death or suppressed plant immunity in Nicotiana, of which three were expressed in kauri. For the most highly expressed, P. agathidicida (Pa) RXLR24, candidate cognate immune receptors associated with cell death were identified in Nicotiana benthamiana using RNA silencing-based approaches. Our results show that RXLRs of a pathogen of gymnosperms can interact with the immune system of an angiosperm species. This study provides an important foundation for studying the molecular basis of plant-pathogen interactions in gymnosperm forest trees, including kauri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Guo
- Bio‐Protection Research CentreSchool of Fundamental SciencesMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | | | - Carl H. Mesarich
- Bio‐Protection Research CentreSchool of Agriculture and EnvironmentMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | | | - Preeti Panda
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd.)RotoruaNew Zealand
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food ResearchAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Paul Dijkwel
- Bio‐Protection Research CentreSchool of Fundamental SciencesMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | | | | | - Joe Win
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Nari M. Williams
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd.)RotoruaNew Zealand
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food ResearchAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Rosie E. Bradshaw
- Bio‐Protection Research CentreSchool of Fundamental SciencesMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
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35
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The Role of Chloroplast Gene Expression in Plant Responses to Environmental Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176082. [PMID: 32846932 PMCID: PMC7503970 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloroplasts are plant organelles that carry out photosynthesis, produce various metabolites, and sense changes in the external environment. Given their endosymbiotic origin, chloroplasts have retained independent genomes and gene-expression machinery. Most genes from the prokaryotic ancestors of chloroplasts were transferred into the nucleus over the course of evolution. However, the importance of chloroplast gene expression in environmental stress responses have recently become more apparent. Here, we discuss the emerging roles of the distinct chloroplast gene expression processes in plant responses to environmental stresses. For example, the transcription and translation of psbA play an important role in high-light stress responses. A better understanding of the connection between chloroplast gene expression and environmental stress responses is crucial for breeding stress-tolerant crops better able to cope with the rapidly changing environment.
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36
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Tan X, Hu Y, Jia Y, Hou X, Xu Q, Han C, Wang Q. A Conserved Glycoside Hydrolase Family 7 Cellobiohydrolase PsGH7a of Phytophthora sojae Is Required for Full Virulence on Soybean. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1285. [PMID: 32714289 PMCID: PMC7343703 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytopathogens deploy glycoside hydrolases (GHs) to disintegrate plant cell walls for nutrition and invasion. However, the pathogenic mechanisms of the majority of GHs in virulence remain unknown, especially in oomycetes. In this study, a Phytophthora sojae gene encodes a GH7 family cellobiohydrolase, named PsGH7a, was identified. PsGH7a was highly induced during the cyst germination and infection stages. PsGH7a is conserved in oomycetes, and shares a high amino acid sequence identity (>85%) within Phytophthora genus. The recombinant PsGH7a catalyzes the hydrolysis of β-1,4-glucan and avicel, which represent the major components of cellulose in plant cell wall. The mutation of catalytic residue Glu236 to alanine resulted in a lower catalytic activity. In addition, the PsGH7a promotes Phytophthora invasion, while the mutant can not. Notably, PsGH7a protein triggers hypersensitive cell death in diverse plants. PsGH7a knockout mutants were generated via CRISPR/Cas9 system, to investigate its biological function. Compared to wild-type strain P6497, the mutants showed reduced virulence on susceptible soybean, indicates PsGH7a is indispensable to P. sojae virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Tan
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yuyao Hu
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yuli Jia
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Hou
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Qian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Chao Han
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Qunqing Wang
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
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37
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Chen T, Liu R, Dou M, Li M, Li M, Yin X, Liu GT, Wang Y, Xu Y. Insight Into Function and Subcellular Localization of Plasmopara viticola Putative RxLR Effectors. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:692. [PMID: 32373100 PMCID: PMC7186587 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Grapevine downy mildew, caused by oomycete fungus Plasmopara viticola, is one of the most devastating diseases of grapes across the major production regions of the world. Although many putative effector molecules have been identified from this pathogen, the functions of the majority of these are still unknown. In this study, we analyzed the potential function of 26 P. viticola effectors from the highly virulent strain YL. Using transient expression in leaf cells of the tobacco Nicotiana benthamiana, we found that the majority of the effectors could suppress cell death triggered by BAX and INF1, while seven could induce cell death. The subcellular localization of effectors in N. benthamiana was consistent with their localization in cells of Vitis vinifera. Those effectors that localized to the nucleus (17/26) showed a variety of subnuclear localization. Ten of the effectors localized predominantly to the nucleolus, whereas the remaining seven localized to nucleoplasm. Interestingly, five of the effectors were strongly related in sequence and showed identical subcellular localization, but had different functions in N. benthamiana leaves and expression patterns in grapevine in response to P. viticola. This study highlights the potential functional diversity of P. viticola effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ruiqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Mengru Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Mengyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Meijie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Guo-Tian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yuejin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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38
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Situ J, Jiang L, Fan X, Yang W, Li W, Xi P, Deng Y, Kong G, Jiang Z. An RXLR effector PlAvh142 from Peronophythora litchii triggers plant cell death and contributes to virulence. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:415-428. [PMID: 31912634 PMCID: PMC7036370 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Litchi downy blight, caused by the phytopathogenic oomycete Peronophythora litchii, results in tremendous economic loss in litchi production every year. To successfully colonize the host cell, Phytophthora species secret hundreds of RXLR effectors that interfere with plant immunity and facilitate the infection process. Previous work has already predicted 245 candidate RXLR effector-encoding genes in P. litchii, 212 of which have been cloned and tested for plant cell death-inducing activity in this study. We found three such RXLR effectors could trigger plant cell death through transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana. Further experiments demonstrated that PlAvh142 could induce cell death and immune responses in several plants. We also found that PlAvh142 localized in both the cytoplasm and nucleus of plant cells. The cytoplasmic localization was critical for its cell death-inducing activity. Moreover, deletion either of the two internal repeats in PlAvh142 abolished the cell death-inducing activity. Virus-induced gene silencing assays showed that cell death triggered by PlAvh142 was dependent on the plant transduction components RAR1 (require for Mla12 resistance), SGT1 (suppressor of the G2 allele of skp1) and HSP90 (heat shock protein 90). Finally, knockout of PlAvh142 resulted in significantly attenuated P. litchii virulence on litchi plants, whereas the PlAvh142-overexpressed mutants were more aggressive. These data indicated that PlAvh142 could be recognized in plant cytoplasm and is an important virulence RXLR effector of P. litchii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjian Situ
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Liqun Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding/Rice Research InstituteGuangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiaoning Fan
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Wensheng Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Pinggen Xi
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yizhen Deng
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Guanghui Kong
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Zide Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
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39
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Wang Y, Tyler BM, Wang Y. Defense and Counterdefense During Plant-Pathogenic Oomycete Infection. Annu Rev Microbiol 2019; 73:667-696. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-020518-120022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Plant-pathogenic oomycetes include numerous species that are ongoing threats to agriculture and natural ecosystems. Understanding the molecular dialogs between oomycetes and plants is instrumental for sustaining effective disease control. Plants respond to oomycete infection by multiple defense actions including strengthening of physical barriers, production of antimicrobial molecules, and programmed cell death. These responses are tightly controlled and integrated via a three-layered immune system consisting of a multiplex recognition layer, a resilient signal-integration layer, and a diverse defense-action layer. Adapted oomycete pathogens utilize apoplastic and intracellular effector arsenals to counter plant immunity mechanisms within each layer, including by evasion or suppression of recognition, interference with numerous signaling components, and neutralization or suppression of defense actions. A coevolutionary arms race continually drives the emergence of new mechanisms of plant defense and oomycete counterdefense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;,
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Brett M. Tyler
- Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing and Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;,
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
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40
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Chen XR, Zhang Y, Li HY, Zhang ZH, Sheng GL, Li YP, Xing YP, Huang SX, Tao H, Kuan T, Zhai Y, Ma W. The RXLR Effector PcAvh1 Is Required for Full Virulence of Phytophthora capsici. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:986-1000. [PMID: 30811314 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-18-0251-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens employ diverse secreted effector proteins to manipulate host physiology and defense in order to foster diseases. The destructive Phytophthora pathogens encode hundreds of cytoplasmic effectors, which are believed to function inside the plant cells. Many of these cytoplasmic effectors contain the conserved N-terminal RXLR motif. Understanding the virulence function of RXLR effectors will provide important knowledge of Phytophthora pathogenesis. Here, we report the characterization of RXLR effector PcAvh1 from the broad-host range pathogen Phytophthora capsici. Only expressed during infection, PcAvh1 is quickly induced at the early infection stages. CRISPR/Cas9-knockout of PcAvh1 in P. capsici severely impairs virulence while overexpression enhances disease development in Nicotiana benthamiana and bell pepper, demonstrating that PcAvh1 is an essential virulence factor. Ectopic expression of PcAvh1 induces cell death in N. benthamiana, tomato, and bell pepper. Using yeast two-hybrid screening, we found that PcAvh1 interacts with the scaffolding subunit of the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2Aa) in plant cells. Virus-induced gene silencing of PP2Aa in N. benthamiana attenuates resistance to P. capsici and results in dwarfism, suggesting that PP2Aa regulates plant immunity and growth. Collectively, these results suggest that PcAvh1 contributes to P. capsici infection, probably through its interaction with host PP2Aa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ren Chen
- 1College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China
- 2Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Ye Zhang
- 1College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China
| | - Hai-Yang Li
- 3College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
| | - Zi-Hui Zhang
- 1College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China
| | - Gui-Lin Sheng
- 1College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China
| | - Yan-Peng Li
- 1College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China
| | - Yu-Ping Xing
- 1College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China
| | - Shen-Xin Huang
- 1College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China
| | - Hang Tao
- 1College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China
| | - Tung Kuan
- 2Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Yi Zhai
- 2Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Wenbo Ma
- 2Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
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41
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Wang W, Jiao F. Effectors of Phytophthora pathogens are powerful weapons for manipulating host immunity. PLANTA 2019; 250:413-425. [PMID: 31243548 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03219-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the interactions between Phytophthora effectors and plant immune system components, which form a cross-linked complex network that regulates plant pathogen resistance. Pathogens secrete numerous effector proteins into plants to promote infections. Several Phytophthora species (e.g., P. infestans, P. ramorum, P. sojae, P. capsici, P. cinnamomi, and P. parasitica) are notorious pathogens that are extremely damaging to susceptible plants. Analyses of genomic data revealed that Phytophthora species produce a large group of effector proteins, which are critical for pathogenesis. And, the targets and functions of many identified Phytophthora effectors have been investigated. Phytophthora effectors can affect various aspects of plant immune systems, including plant cell proteases, phytohormones, RNAs, the MAPK pathway, catalase, the ubiquitin proteasome pathway, the endoplasmic reticulum, NB-LRR proteins, and the cell membrane. Clarifying the effector-plant interactions is important for unravelling the functions of Phytophthora effectors during pathogenesis. In this article, we review the effectors identified in recent decades and provide an overview of the effector-directed regulatory network in plants following infections by Phytophthora species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Pest Monitoring, Controlling and Integrated Management, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 11 Forth Longitudinal Keyuan Rd, Laoshan District, Qingdao, 266101, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fangchan Jiao
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650021, People's Republic of China
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42
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Yin X, Shang B, Dou M, Liu R, Chen T, Xiang G, Li Y, Liu G, Xu Y. The Nuclear-Localized RxLR Effector PvAvh74 From Plasmopara viticola Induces Cell Death and Immunity Responses in Nicotiana benthamiana. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1531. [PMID: 31354650 PMCID: PMC6636413 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Downy mildew is one of the most serious diseases of grapevine (Vitis spp). The causal agent of grapevine downy mildew, Plasmopara viticola, is an obligate biotrophic oomycete. Although oomycete pathogens such as P. viticola are known to secrete RxLR effectors to manipulate host immunity, there have been few studies of the associated mechanisms by which these may act. Here, we show that a candidate P. viticola RxLR effector, PvAvh74, induces cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Using agroinfiltration, we found that nuclear localization, two putative N-glycosylation sites, and 427 amino acids of the PvAvh74 carboxyl terminus were necessary for cell-death-inducing activity. Using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), we found that PvAvh74-induced cell death in N. benthamiana requires EDS1, NDR1, SGT1, RAR1, and HSP90, but not BAK1. The MAPK cascade components MEK2, WIPK, and SIPK were also involved in PvAvh74-induced cell death in N. benthamiana. Transient expression of PvAvh74 could suppress Phytophthora capsici colonization of N. benthamiana, which suggests that PvAvh74 elicits plant immune responses. Suppression of P. capsici colonization also was dependent on nuclear localization of PvAvh74. Additionally, PvAvh74-triggered cell death could be suppressed by another effector, PvAvh8, from the same isolate. This work provides a framework to further investigate the interactions of PvAvh74 and other RxLR effectors with host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Boxing Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Mengru Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ruiqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Gaoqing Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yanzhuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Guotian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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43
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Yu G, Xian L, Sang Y, Macho AP. Cautionary notes on the use of Agrobacterium-mediated transient gene expression upon SGT1 silencing in Nicotiana benthamiana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:14-17. [PMID: 30451288 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Yu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, P. R. China
| | - Liu Xian
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100004, P. R. China
| | - Yuying Sang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, P. R. China
| | - Alberto P Macho
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, P. R. China
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44
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Yang B, Wang Y, Guo B, Jing M, Zhou H, Li Y, Wang H, Huang J, Wang Y, Ye W, Dong S, Wang Y. The Phytophthora sojae RXLR effector Avh238 destabilizes soybean Type2 GmACSs to suppress ethylene biosynthesis and promote infection. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:425-437. [PMID: 30394556 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora pathogens secrete many effector proteins to manipulate host innate immunity. PsAvh238 is a Phytophthora sojae N-terminal Arg-X-Leu-Arg (RXLR) effector, which evolved to escape host recognition by mutating one nucleotide while retaining plant immunity-suppressing activity to enhance infection. However, the molecular basis of the PsAvh238 virulence function remains largely enigmatic. By using coimmunoprecipitation and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis, we identified the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACS) isoforms, the key enzymes in ethylene (ET) biosynthesis, as a host target of PsAvh238. We show that PsAvh238 interacts with soybean ACSs (GmACSs) in vivo and in vitro. By destabilizing Type2 GmACSs, PsAvh238 suppresses Type2 ACS-catalyzed ET biosynthesis and facilitates Phytophthora infection. Silencing of Type2 GmACSs, and inhibition of ET biosynthesis or signaling, increase soybean susceptibility to P. sojae infection, supporting a role for Type2 GmACSs and ET in plant immunity against P. sojae. Moreover, wild-type P. sojae but not the PsAvh238-disrupted mutants, inhibits ET induction and promotes P. sojae infection in soybean. Our results highlight the ET biosynthesis pathway as an essential part in plant immunity against P. sojae and a direct effector target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuyin Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Baodian Guo
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Maofeng Jing
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yufei Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Haonan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wenwu Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Suomeng Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
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Hu LJ, Wu XQ, Li HY, Zhao Q, Wang YC, Ye JR. An Effector, BxSapB1, Induces Cell Death and Contributes to Virulence in the Pine Wood Nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:452-463. [PMID: 30351223 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-18-0275-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The pine wood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus has caused serious damage to pine forests in China. Effectors secreted by phytonematodes play a role in host infection. We identified and characterized an effector, BxSapB1, based on the B. xylophilus transcriptome at the early stages of infection and the transient expression of proteins in Nicotiana benthamiana. BxSapB1 triggered cell death in N. benthamiana when secreted into the apoplast, and this effect was independent of N. benthamiana brassinosteroid-insensitive 1-associated kinase 1 (NbBAK1) and suppressor of BIR1-1 (NbSOBIR1). The signal peptide of BxSapB1 was proven to be functional in yeast using the yeast signal sequence trap system and BxSapB1 was strongly expressed in the subventral gland cells of B. xylophilus, as revealed by in-situ hybridization. In addition, based on local BLAST analysis, the BxSapB1 showed 100% identity to BUX.s00139.62, which was identified from the B. xylophilus secretome during Pinus thunbergii infection. BxSapB1 was upregulated in a highly virulent strain and downregulated in a weakly virulent strain of PWN at the early stages of infection. RNA interference assays showed that silencing BxSapB1 resulted in decreased expression of pathogenesis-related genes (PtPR-1b, PtPR-3, and PtPR-5) as well as delayed onset of symptoms in P. thunbergii infected by B. xylophilus. The combined data suggest that BxSapB1 can trigger cell death in N. benthamiana and that it contributes to the virulence in B. xylophilus during parasitic interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Jiao Hu
- 1 Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- 2 Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive Species, Nanjing Forestry University; and
| | - Xiao-Qin Wu
- 1 Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- 2 Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive Species, Nanjing Forestry University; and
| | - Hai-Yang Li
- 3 Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qun Zhao
- 1 Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- 2 Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive Species, Nanjing Forestry University; and
| | - Yuan-Chao Wang
- 3 Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jian-Ren Ye
- 1 Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- 2 Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive Species, Nanjing Forestry University; and
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Huang G, Liu Z, Gu B, Zhao H, Jia J, Fan G, Meng Y, Du Y, Shan W. An RXLR effector secreted by Phytophthora parasitica is a virulence factor and triggers cell death in various plants. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:356-371. [PMID: 30320960 PMCID: PMC6637884 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
RXLR effectors encoded by Phytophthora species play a central role in pathogen-plant interactions. An understanding of the biological functions of RXLR effectors is conducive to the illumination of the pathogenic mechanisms and the development of disease control strategies. However, the virulence function of Phytophthora parasitica RXLR effectors is poorly understood. Here, we describe the identification of a P. parasitica RXLR effector gene, PPTG00121 (PpE4), which is highly transcribed during the early stages of infection. Live cell imaging of P. parasitica transformants expressing a full-length PpE4 (E4FL)-mCherry protein indicated that PpE4 is secreted and accumulates around haustoria during plant infection. Silencing of PpE4 in P. parasitica resulted in significantly reduced virulence on Nicotiana benthamiana. Transient expression of PpE4 in N. benthamiana in turn restored the pathogenicity of the PpE4-silenced lines. Furthermore, the expression of PpE4 in both N. benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana consistently enhanced plant susceptibility to P. parasitica. These results indicate that PpE4 contributes to pathogen infection. Finally, heterologous expression experiments showed that PpE4 triggers non-specific cell death in a variety of plants, including tobacco, tomato, potato and A. thaliana. Virus-induced gene silencing assays revealed that PpE4-induced cell death is dependent on HSP90, NPK and SGT1, suggesting that PpE4 is recognized by the plant immune system. In conclusion, PpE4 is an important virulence RXLR effector of P. parasitica and recognized by a wide range of host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
- College of Life SciencesNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
| | - Zhirou Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
- College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
| | - Biao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
- College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
| | - Hong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
- College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
| | - Jinbu Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
- College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
- Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of BiologySouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055China
| | - Guangjin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
- College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
| | - Yuling Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
- College of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
| | - Yu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
- College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
| | - Weixing Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
- College of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
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Han X, Kahmann R. Manipulation of Phytohormone Pathways by Effectors of Filamentous Plant Pathogens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:822. [PMID: 31297126 PMCID: PMC6606975 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones regulate a large variety of physiological processes in plants. In addition, salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene (ET) are responsible for primary defense responses against abiotic and biotic stresses, while plant growth regulators, such as auxins, brassinosteroids (BRs), cytokinins (CKs), abscisic acid (ABA), and gibberellins (GAs), also contribute to plant immunity. To successfully colonize plants, filamentous pathogens like fungi and oomycetes have evolved diverse strategies to interfere with phytohormone pathways with the help of secreted effectors. These include proteins, toxins, polysaccharides as well as phytohormones or phytohormone mimics. Such pathogen effectors manipulate phytohormone pathways by directly altering hormone levels, by interfering with phytohormone biosynthesis, or by altering or blocking important components of phytohormone signaling pathways. In this review, we outline the various strategies used by filamentous phytopathogens to manipulate phytohormone pathways to cause disease.
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Liu L, Xu L, Jia Q, Pan R, Oelmüller R, Zhang W, Wu C. Arms race: diverse effector proteins with conserved motifs. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2019; 14:1557008. [PMID: 30621489 PMCID: PMC6351098 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2018.1557008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Effector proteins play important roles in the infection by pathogenic oomycetes and fungi or the colonization by endophytic and mycorrhizal fungi. They are either translocated into the host plant cells via specific translocation mechanisms and function in the host's cytoplasm or nucleus, or they reside in the apoplast of the plant cells and act at the extracellular host-microbe interface. Many effector proteins possess conserved motifs (such as the RXLR, CRN, LysM, RGD, DELD, EAR, RYWT, Y/F/WXC or CFEM motifs) localized in their N- or C-terminal regions. Analysis of the functions of effector proteins, especially so-called "core effectors", is crucial for the understanding of pathogenicity/symbiosis mechanisms and plant defense strategies, and helps to develop breeding strategies for pathogen-resistant cultivars, and to increase crop yield and quality as well as abiotic stress resistance. This review summarizes current knowledge about these effector proteins with the conversed motifs and their involvement in pathogenic or mutualistic plant/fungal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Liu
- College of Horticulture & Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Le Xu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry/Research Center of Crop Stresses Resistance Technologies, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Qie Jia
- College of Horticulture & Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Rui Pan
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry/Research Center of Crop Stresses Resistance Technologies, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Ralf Oelmüller
- Plant Physiology, Matthias-Schleiden-Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Faculty of Biological Science, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Wenying Zhang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry/Research Center of Crop Stresses Resistance Technologies, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- CONTACT Wenying Zhang Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry/Research Center of Crop Stresses Resistance Technologies, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; Chu Wu College of Horticulture & Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Chu Wu
- College of Horticulture & Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Institute of Plant Ecology and Environmental Restoration, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
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Lin L, Ye W, Wu J, Xuan M, Li Y, Gao J, Wang Y, Wang Y, Dong S, Wang Y. The MADS-box Transcription Factor PsMAD1 Is Involved in Zoosporogenesis and Pathogenesis of Phytophthora sojae. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2259. [PMID: 30319576 PMCID: PMC6165875 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation is critical for plant pathogen development and virulence. MADS-box transcription factors belong to a highly conserved transcriptional regulator family in eukaryotic organisms that are involved in various important biological processes. Only one predicted MADS-box gene, PsMAD1, was identified in Phytophthora sojae, which was highly expressed during the sporangia and infection stages. To investigate its function, we generated PsMAD1 knockout mutants using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Compared with the wild-type strain, the mutants showed no changes in vegetative growth, oospore production, or no differences in sensitivity to various abiotic stresses. Although sporangia production was normal, no zoospore release was detected in PsMAD1 mutants. Microscopy analyses revealed failure of cleavage of the cytoplasm into uninucleate zoospores in the mutants. In addition, the mutants showed reduced virulence in soybean. RNA-seq data indicated that PsMAD1 may regulate many zoospore development and infection associated genes. Thus, PsMAD1 may be a major regulator of P. sojae involved in zoosporogenesis and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenwu Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiawei Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingrun Xuan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Yufei Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Yonglin Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Suomeng Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
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50
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Wang C, He X, Li Y, Wang L, Guo X, Guo X. The cotton MAPK kinase GhMPK20 negatively regulates resistance to Fusarium oxysporum by mediating the MKK4-MPK20-WRKY40 cascade. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:1624-1638. [PMID: 29098751 PMCID: PMC6637994 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium wilt is one of the most serious diseases affecting cotton. However, the pathogenesis and mechanism by which Fusarium oxysporum overcomes plant defence responses are unclear. Here, a new group D mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) gene, GhMPK20, was identified and functionally analysed in cotton. GhMPK20 expression was significantly induced by F. oxysporum. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of GhMPK20 in cotton increased the tolerance to F. oxysporum, whereas ectopic GhMPK20 overexpression in Nicotiana benthamiana reduced F. oxysporum resistance via disruption of the salicylic acid (SA)-mediated defence pathway. More importantly, an F. oxysporum-induced MAPK cascade pathway composed of GhMKK4, GhMPK20 and GhWRKY40 was identified. VIGS of GhMKK4 and GhWRKY40 also enhanced F. oxysporum resistance in cotton, and the function of GhMKK4-GhMPK20 was shown to be essential for F. oxysporum-induced GhWRKY40 expression. Together, our results indicate that the GhMKK4-GhMPK20-GhWRKY40 cascade in cotton plays an important role in the pathogenesis of F. oxysporum. This research broadens our knowledge of the negative role of the MAPK cascade in disease resistance in cotton and provides an important scientific basis for the formulation of Fusarium wilt prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life SciencesShandong Agricultural UniversityTaianShandong 271018China
| | - Xiaowen He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyShandong Agricultural UniversityTaianShandong 271018China
| | - Yuzhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life SciencesShandong Agricultural UniversityTaianShandong 271018China
| | - Lijun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life SciencesShandong Agricultural UniversityTaianShandong 271018China
| | - Xulei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life SciencesShandong Agricultural UniversityTaianShandong 271018China
| | - Xingqi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life SciencesShandong Agricultural UniversityTaianShandong 271018China
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