1
|
Smith F, Luna E. Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide and plant immunity to fungal pathogens: do the risks outweigh the benefits? Biochem J 2023; 480:1791-1804. [PMID: 37975605 PMCID: PMC10657175 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20230152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic emissions have caused atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations to double since the industrial revolution. Although this could benefit plant growth from the 'CO2 fertilisation' effect, recent studies report conflicting impacts of elevated CO2 (eCO2) on plant-pathogen interactions. Fungal pathogens are the leading cause of plant disease. Since climate change has been shown to affect the distribution and virulence of these pathogens, it is important to understand how their plant hosts may also respond. This review assesses existing reports of positive, negative, and neutral effects of eCO2 on plant immune responses to fungal pathogen infection. The interaction between eCO2 and immunity appears specific to individual pathosystems, dependent on environmental context and driven by the interactions between plant defence mechanisms, suggesting no universal effect can be predicted for the future. This research is vital for assessing how plants may become more at risk under climate change and could help to guide biotechnological efforts to enhance resistance in vulnerable species. Despite the importance of understanding the effects of eCO2 on plant immunity for protecting global food security, biodiversity, and forests in a changing climate, many plant-pathogen interactions are yet to be investigated. In addition, further research into the effects of eCO2 in combination with other environmental factors associated with climate change is needed. In this review, we highlight the risks of eCO2 to plants and point to the research required to address current unknowns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Freya Smith
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston Campus, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Estrella Luna
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston Campus, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sanchez-Lucas R, Mayoral C, Raw M, Mousouraki MA, Luna E. Elevated CO2 alters photosynthesis, growth and susceptibility to powdery mildew of oak seedlings. Biochem J 2023; 480:1429-1443. [PMID: 37497606 PMCID: PMC10586781 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20230002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Elevated CO2 (eCO2) is a determinant factor of climate change and is known to alter plant processes such as physiology, growth and resistance to pathogens. Quercus robur, a tree species integrated in most forest regeneration strategies, shows high vulnerability to powdery mildew (PM) disease at the seedling stage. PM is present in most oak forests and it is considered a bottleneck for oak woodland regeneration. Our study aims to decipher the effect of eCO2 on plant responses to PM. Oak seedlings were grown in controlled environment at ambient (aCO2, ∼400 ppm) and eCO2 (∼1000 ppm), and infected with Erysiphe alphitoides, the causal agent of oak PM. Plant growth, physiological parameters and disease progression were monitored. In addition, to evaluate the effect of eCO2 on induced resistance (IR), these parameters were assessed after treatments with IR elicitor β-aminobutyric acid (BABA). Our results show that eCO2 increases photosynthetic rates and aerial growth but in contrast, reduces root length. Importantly, under eCO2 seedlings were more susceptible to PM. Treatments with BABA protected seedlings against PM and this protection was maintained under eCO2. Moreover, irrespectively of the concentration of CO2, BABA did not significantly change aerial growth but resulted in longer radicular systems, thus mitigating the effect of eCO2 in root shortening. Our results demonstrate the impact of eCO2 in plant physiology, growth and defence, and warrant further biomolecular studies to unravel the mechanisms by which eCO2 increases oak seedling susceptibility to PM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Sanchez-Lucas
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Carolina Mayoral
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Mark Raw
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Maria-Anna Mousouraki
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibber Hill Campus, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Estrella Luna
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Trémulot L, Macadré C, Gal J, Garmier M, Launay-Avon A, Paysant-Le Roux C, Ratet P, Noctor G, Dufresne M. Impact of high atmospheric carbon dioxide on the biotic stress response of the model cereal species Brachypodium distachyon. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1237054. [PMID: 37662181 PMCID: PMC10469009 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1237054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Losses due to disease and climate change are among the most important issues currently facing crop production. It is therefore important to establish the impact of climate change, and particularly of high carbon dioxide (hCO2), on plant immunity in cereals, which provide 60% of human calories. The aim of this study was to determine if hCO2 impacts Brachypodium distachyon immunity, a model plant for temperate cereals. Plants were grown in air (430 ppm CO2) and at two high CO2 conditions, one that is relevant to projections within the coming century (1000 ppm) and a concentration sufficient to saturate photosynthesis (3000 ppm). The following measurements were performed: phenotyping and growth, salicylic acid contents, pathogen resistance tests, and RNAseq analysis of the transcriptome. Improved shoot development was observed at both 1000 and 3000 ppm. A transcriptomic analysis pointed to an increase in primary metabolism capacity under hCO2. Alongside this effect, up-regulation of genes associated with secondary metabolism was also observed. This effect was especially evident for the terpenoid and phenylpropanoid pathways, and was accompanied by enhanced expression of immunity-related genes and accumulation of salicylic acid. Pathogen tests using the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae revealed that hCO2 had a complex effect, with enhanced susceptibility to infection but no increase in fungal development. The study reveals that immunity in B. distachyon is modulated by growth at hCO2 and allows identification of pathways that might play a role in this effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lug Trémulot
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Gif sur Yvette, France
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Catherine Macadré
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Gif sur Yvette, France
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Joséphine Gal
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Gif sur Yvette, France
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Marie Garmier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Gif sur Yvette, France
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Alexandra Launay-Avon
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Gif sur Yvette, France
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Christine Paysant-Le Roux
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Gif sur Yvette, France
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Pascal Ratet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Gif sur Yvette, France
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Graham Noctor
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Gif sur Yvette, France
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Gif sur Yvette, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Marie Dufresne
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Gif sur Yvette, France
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Gif sur Yvette, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li Z, Ahammed GJ. Salicylic acid and jasmonic acid in elevated CO 2-induced plant defense response to pathogens. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 286:154019. [PMID: 37244001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Plants respond to elevated CO2 (eCO2) via a variety of signaling pathways that often rely on plant hormones. In particular, phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) play a key role in plant defense against diverse pathogens at eCO2. eCO2 affects the synthesis and signaling of SA and/or JA and variations in SA and JA signaling lead to variations in plant defense responses to pathogens. In general, eCO2 promotes SA signaling and represses the JA pathway, and thus diseases caused by biotrophic and hemibiotrophic pathogens are typically suppressed, while the incidence and severity of diseases caused by necrotrophic fungal pathogens are enhanced under eCO2 conditions. Moreover, eCO2-induced modulation of antagonism between SA and JA leads to altered plant immunity to different pathogens. Notably, research in this area has often yielded contradictory findings and these responses vary depending on plant species, growth conditions, photoperiod, and fertilizer management. In this review, we focus on the recent advances in SA, and JA signaling pathways in plant defense and their involvement in plant immune responses to pathogens under eCO2. Since atmospheric CO2 will continue to increase, it is crucial to further explore how eCO2 may alter plant defense and host-pathogen interactions in the context of climate change in both natural as well as agricultural ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Li
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, PR China
| | - Golam Jalal Ahammed
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, PR China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Stress Resistance Regulation and Safe Production of Protected Vegetables, Luoyang, 471023, PR China; Henan Engineering Technology Research Center for Horticultural Crop safety and Disease Control, Luoyang, 471023, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jiang X, Walker BJ, He SY, Hu J. The role of photorespiration in plant immunity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1125945. [PMID: 36818872 PMCID: PMC9928950 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1125945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
To defend themselves in the face of biotic stresses, plants employ a sophisticated immune system that requires the coordination of other biological and metabolic pathways. Photorespiration, a byproduct pathway of oxygenic photosynthesis that spans multiple cellular compartments and links primary metabolisms, plays important roles in defense responses. Hydrogen peroxide, whose homeostasis is strongly impacted by photorespiration, is a crucial signaling molecule in plant immunity. Photorespiratory metabolites, interaction between photorespiration and defense hormone biosynthesis, and other mechanisms, are also implicated. An improved understanding of the relationship between plant immunity and photorespiration may provide a much-needed knowledge basis for crop engineering to maximize photosynthesis without negative tradeoffs in plant immunity, especially because the photorespiratory pathway has become a major target for genetic engineering with the goal to increase photosynthetic efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Jiang
- Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory and Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Berkley J. Walker
- Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory and Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Sheng Yang He
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jianping Hu
- Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory and Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Son S, Park SR. Climate change impedes plant immunity mechanisms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1032820. [PMID: 36523631 PMCID: PMC9745204 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1032820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Rapid climate change caused by human activity is threatening global crop production and food security worldwide. In particular, the emergence of new infectious plant pathogens and the geographical expansion of plant disease incidence result in serious yield losses of major crops annually. Since climate change has accelerated recently and is expected to worsen in the future, we have reached an inflection point where comprehensive preparations to cope with the upcoming crisis can no longer be delayed. Development of new plant breeding technologies including site-directed nucleases offers the opportunity to mitigate the effects of the changing climate. Therefore, understanding the effects of climate change on plant innate immunity and identification of elite genes conferring disease resistance are crucial for the engineering of new crop cultivars and plant improvement strategies. Here, we summarize and discuss the effects of major environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and carbon dioxide concentration on plant immunity systems. This review provides a strategy for securing crop-based nutrition against severe pathogen attacks in the era of climate change.
Collapse
|
7
|
Chan C. Progress in Salicylic Acid-Dependent Signaling for Growth–Defense Trade-Off. Cells 2022; 11:cells11192985. [PMID: 36230947 PMCID: PMC9563428 DOI: 10.3390/cells11192985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One grand challenge for studying plant biotic and abiotic stress responses is to optimize plant growth and plasticity under variable environmental constraints, which in the long run benefits agricultural production. However, efforts in promoting plant immunity are often accompanied by compromised morphological “syndromes” such as growth retardation, sterility, and reduced yield. Such a trade-off is dictated by complex signaling driven by secondary messengers and phytohormones. Salicylic acid (SA) is a well-known phytohormone essential for basal immunity and systemic acquired resistance. Interestingly, recent updates suggest that external environmental cues, nutrient status, developmental stages, primary metabolism, and breeding strategies attribute an additional layer of control over SA-dependent signaling, and, hence, plant performance against pathogens. In this review, these external and internal factors are summarized, focusing on their specific roles on SA biosynthesis and downstream signaling leading to immunity. A few considerations and future opportunities are highlighted to improve plant fitness with minimal growth compensation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ching Chan
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang Y, Wang C, Wang C, Yun L, Song L, Idrees M, Liu H, Zhang Q, Yang J, Zheng X, Zhang Z, Gao J. OsHsfB4b Confers Enhanced Drought Tolerance in Transgenic Arabidopsis and Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810830. [PMID: 36142741 PMCID: PMC9501395 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock factors (Hsfs) play pivotal roles in plant stress responses and confer stress tolerance. However, the functions of several Hsfs in rice (Oryza sativa L.) are not yet known. In this study, genome-wide analysis of the Hsf gene family in rice was performed. A total of 25 OsHsf genes were identified, which could be clearly clustered into three major groups, A, B, and C, based on the characteristics of the sequences. Bioinformatics analysis showed that tandem duplication and fragment replication were two important driving forces in the process of evolution and expansion of the OsHsf family genes. Both OsHsfB4b and OsHsfB4d showed strong responses to the stress treatment. The results of subcellular localization showed that the OsHsfB4b protein was in the nucleus whereas the OsHsfB4d protein was located in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. Over-expression of the OsHsfB4b gene in Arabidopsis and rice can increase the resistance to drought stress. This study provides a basis for understanding the function and evolutionary history of the OsHsf gene family, enriching our knowledge of understanding the biological functions of OsHsfB4b and OsHsfB4d genes involved in the stress response in rice, and also reveals the potential value of OsHsfB4b in rice environmental adaptation improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641004, China
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, and Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Longzi Lake Campus, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, and Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Longzi Lake Campus, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Changyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, and Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Longzi Lake Campus, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Liu Yun
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, and Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Longzi Lake Campus, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Linhu Song
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, and Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Longzi Lake Campus, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Muhammad Idrees
- College of Life Sciences, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641004, China
| | - Huiying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, and Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Longzi Lake Campus, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Qianlong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, and Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Longzi Lake Campus, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Jingyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, and Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Longzi Lake Campus, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, and Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Longzi Lake Campus, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641004, China
- Correspondence: (Z.Z.); (J.G.)
| | - Jie Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641004, China
- Correspondence: (Z.Z.); (J.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sun Y, Li Y, Li Y, Wang M, Mur LAJ, Shen Q, Guo S. Nitrate mediated resistance against Fusarium infection in cucumber plants acts via photorespiration. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:3412-3431. [PMID: 34181268 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium wilt is one of the major biotic factors limiting cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) growth and yield. The outcomes of cucumber-Fusarium interactions can be influenced by the form of nitrogen nutrition (nitrate [NO3- ] or ammonium [NH4+ ]); however, the physiological mechanisms of N-regulated cucumber disease resistance are still largely unclear. Here, we investigated the relationship between nitrogen forms and cucumber resistance to Fusarium infection. Our results showed that on Fusarium infection, NO3- feeding decreased the levels of the fungal toxin, fusaric acid, leaf membrane oxidative, organelle damage and disease-associated loss in photosynthesis. Metabolomic analysis and gas-exchange measurements linked NO3- mediated plant defence with enhanced leaf photorespiration rates. Cucumber plants sprayed with the photorespiration inhibitor isoniazid were more susceptible to Fusarium and there was a negative correlation between photorespiration rate and leaf membrane injury. However, there were positive correlations between photorespiration rate, NO3- assimilation and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. This provides a potential electron sink or the peroxisomal H2 O2 catalysed by glycolate oxidase. We suggest that the NO3- nutrition enhanced cucumber resistance against Fusarium infection was associated with photorespiration. Our findings provide a novel insight into a mechanism involving the interaction of photorespiration with nitrogen forms to drive wider defence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Sun
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Centre for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingrui Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Centre for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Li
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Centre for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Luis Alejandro Jose Mur
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Qirong Shen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Centre for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shiwei Guo
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Centre for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Allwood JW, Williams A, Uthe H, van Dam NM, Mur LAJ, Grant MR, Pétriacq P. Unravelling Plant Responses to Stress-The Importance of Targeted and Untargeted Metabolomics. Metabolites 2021; 11:558. [PMID: 34436499 PMCID: PMC8398504 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11080558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change and an increasing population, present a massive global challenge with respect to environmentally sustainable nutritious food production. Crop yield enhancements, through breeding, are decreasing, whilst agricultural intensification is constrained by emerging, re-emerging, and endemic pests and pathogens, accounting for ~30% of global crop losses, as well as mounting abiotic stress pressures, due to climate change. Metabolomics approaches have previously contributed to our knowledge within the fields of molecular plant pathology and plant-insect interactions. However, these remain incredibly challenging targets, due to the vast diversity in metabolite volatility and polarity, heterogeneous mixtures of pathogen and plant cells, as well as rapid rates of metabolite turn-over. Unravelling the systematic biochemical responses of plants to various individual and combined stresses, involves monitoring signaling compounds, secondary messengers, phytohormones, and defensive and protective chemicals. This demands both targeted and untargeted metabolomics approaches, as well as a range of enzymatic assays, protein assays, and proteomic and transcriptomic technologies. In this review, we focus upon the technical and biological challenges of measuring the metabolome associated with plant stress. We illustrate the challenges, with relevant examples from bacterial and fungal molecular pathologies, plant-insect interactions, and abiotic and combined stress in the environment. We also discuss future prospects from both the perspective of key innovative metabolomic technologies and their deployment in breeding for stress resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James William Allwood
- Environmental and Biochemical Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Alex Williams
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK;
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Biosciences, The University of Sheffield Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Henriette Uthe
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Molecular Interaction Ecology Group, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Puschstr. 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (H.U.); (N.M.v.D.)
| | - Nicole M. van Dam
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Molecular Interaction Ecology Group, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Puschstr. 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (H.U.); (N.M.v.D.)
| | - Luis A. J. Mur
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Edward Llwyd Building, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK;
| | - Murray R. Grant
- Gibbet Hill Campus, School of Life Sciences, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK;
| | - Pierre Pétriacq
- UMR 1332 Fruit Biology and Pathology, Centre INRAE de Nouvelle Aquitaine Bordeaux, University of Bordeaux, 33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, Centre INRAE de Nouvelle Aquitaine-Bordeaux, 33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kim JH, Hilleary R, Seroka A, He SY. Crops of the future: building a climate-resilient plant immune system. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 60:101997. [PMID: 33454653 PMCID: PMC8184583 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.101997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A grand challenge facing plant scientists today is to find innovative solutions to increase global crop production in the context of an increasingly warming climate. A major roadblock to global food sufficiency is persistent loss of crops to plant diseases and insect infestations. The United Nations has declared 2020 as the International Year of Plant Health. For historical reasons, molecular studies of plant-biotic interactions in the past several decades have not paid enough attention to how variable climate conditions affect plant-biotic interactions. Here, we highlight a few recent studies that begin to reveal how major climatic drivers impact the plant immune system, particularly secondary messenger and defense hormone signaling, and discuss possible approaches toward engineering climate-resilient plant immunity as part of an ongoing global effort to design 'dream' crops of the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hum Kim
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Richard Hilleary
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Adam Seroka
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Sheng Yang He
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
He J, Zhang RX, Kim DS, Sun P, Liu H, Liu Z, Hetherington AM, Liang YK. ROS of Distinct Sources and Salicylic Acid Separate Elevated CO 2-Mediated Stomatal Movements in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:542. [PMID: 32457781 PMCID: PMC7225777 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Elevated CO2 (eCO2) often reduces leaf stomatal aperture and density thus impacts plant physiology and productivity. We have previously demonstrated that the Arabidopsis BIG protein distinguishes between the processes of eCO2-induced stomatal closure and eCO2-inhibited stomatal opening. However, the mechanistic basis of this action is not fully understood. Here we show that eCO2-elicited reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in big mutants was compromised in stomatal closure induction but not in stomatal opening inhibition. Pharmacological and genetic studies show that ROS generated by both NADPH oxidases and cell wall peroxidases contribute to eCO2-induced stomatal closure, whereas inhibition of light-induced stomatal opening by eCO2 may rely on the ROS derived from NADPH oxidases but not from cell wall peroxidases. As with JA and ABA, SA is required for eCO2-induced ROS generation and stomatal closure. In contrast, none of these three signals has a significant role in eCO2-inhibited stomatal opening, unveiling the distinct roles of plant hormonal signaling pathways in the induction of stomatal closure and the inhibition of stomatal opening by eCO2. In conclusion, this study adds SA to a list of plant hormones that together with ROS from distinct sources distinguish two branches of eCO2-mediated stomatal movements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing He
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruo-Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dae Sung Kim
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Honggang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhongming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Alistair M. Hetherington
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Yun-Kuan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Rising CO2 concentrations and their effects on plant productivity present challenging issues. Effects on the photosynthesis/photorespiration balance and changes in primary metabolism are known, caused by the competitive interaction of CO2 and O2 at the active site of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. However, impacts on stress resistance are less clear. Reactive oxygen species are key players in biotic and abiotic stress responses, but there is no consensus on whether elevated CO2 constitutes a stress. Although high CO2 increases yield in C3 plants, it can also increase cellular oxidation and activate phytohormone defense pathways. Reduction-oxidation processes play key roles in acclimation to high CO2, with specific enzymes acting in compartment-specific signaling. Traditionally, acclimation to high CO2 has been considered in terms of altered carbon gain, but emerging evidence suggests that CO2 is a signal as well as a substrate. Some CO2 effects on defense are likely mediated independently of primary metabolism. Nonetheless, primary photosynthetic metabolism is highly integrated with defense and stress signaling pathways, meaning that plants will be able to acclimate to the changing environment over the coming decades.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine H Foyer
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
| | - Graham Noctor
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université d'Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91405 Orsay, France;
- Université de Paris, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91405 Orsay, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhou Y, Vroegop-Vos IA, Van Dijken AJH, Van der Does D, Zipfel C, Pieterse CMJ, Van Wees SCM. Carbonic anhydrases CA1 and CA4 function in atmospheric CO 2-modulated disease resistance. PLANTA 2020; 251:75. [PMID: 32146566 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03370-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases CA1 and CA4 attenuate plant immunity and can contribute to altered disease resistance levels in response to changing atmospheric CO2 conditions. β-Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) play an important role in CO2 metabolism and plant development, but have also been implicated in plant immunity. Here we show that the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae and application of the microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) flg22 repress CA1 and CA4 gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana. Using the CA double-mutant ca1ca4, we provide evidence that CA1 and CA4 play an attenuating role in pathogen- and flg22-triggered immune responses. In line with this, ca1ca4 plants exhibited enhanced resistance against P. syringae, which was accompanied by an increased expression of the defense-related genes FRK1 and ICS1. Under low atmospheric CO2 conditions (150 ppm), when CA activity is typically low, the levels of CA1 transcription and resistance to P. syringae in wild-type Col-0 were similar to those observed in ca1ca4. However, under ambient (400 ppm) and elevated (800 ppm) atmospheric CO2 conditions, CA1 transcription was enhanced and resistance to P. syringae reduced. Together, these results suggest that CA1 and CA4 attenuate plant immunity and that differential CA gene expression in response to changing atmospheric CO2 conditions contribute to altered disease resistance levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeling Zhou
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4Life, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Irene A Vroegop-Vos
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4Life, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anja J H Van Dijken
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4Life, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dieuwertje Van der Does
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Corné M J Pieterse
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4Life, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Saskia C M Van Wees
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4Life, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Martinez Henao J, Demers LE, Grosser K, Schedl A, van Dam NM, Bede JC. Fertilizer Rate-Associated Increase in Foliar Jasmonate Burst Observed in Wounded Arabidopsis thaliana Leaves is Attenuated at eCO 2. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 10:1636. [PMID: 32010155 PMCID: PMC6977439 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The predicted future increase in tropospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels will have major effects on C3 plants and their interactions with other organisms in the biosphere. In response to attack by chewing arthropod herbivores or nectrotrophic pathogens, many plants mount a rapid and intense increase in jasmonate-related phytohormones that results in a robust defense response; however, previous studies have shown that C3 plants grown at elevated CO2 may have lower induced jasmonate levels, particularly in well nitrate-fertilized plants. Given the relationship between atmospheric CO2, photorespiration, cellular reductant and redox status, nitrogen assimilation and phytohormones, we compared wound-induced responses of the C3 plant Arabidopsis thaliana. These plants were fertilized at two different rates (1 or 10 mM) with nitrate or ammonium and grown at ambient or elevated CO2. In response to artificial wounding, an increase in cellular oxidative status leads to a strong increase in jasmonate phytohormones. At ambient CO2, increased oxidative state of nitrate-fertilized plants leads to a robust 7-iso-jasmonyl-L-isoleucine increase; however, the strong fertilizer rate-associated increase is alleviated in plants grown at elevated CO2. As well, the changes in ascorbate in response to wounding and wound-induced salicylic acid levels may also contribute to the suppression of the jasmonate burst. Understanding the mechanism underlying the attenuation of the jasmonate burst at elevated CO2 has important implications for fertilization strategies under future predicted climatic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Louis Erik Demers
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Katharina Grosser
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Schedl
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicole M. van Dam
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jacqueline C. Bede
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ahammed GJ, Li X, Liu A, Chen S. Physiological and Defense Responses of Tea Plants to Elevated CO 2: A Review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:305. [PMID: 32265958 PMCID: PMC7103652 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide, an important driver of climate change, has multifarious effects on crop yields and quality. Despite tremendous progress in understanding the mechanisms of plant responses to elevated CO2, only a few studies have examined the CO2-enrichment effects on tea plants. Tea [Camellia sinensis (L.)], a non-deciduous woody perennial plant, operates massive physiologic, metabolic and transcriptional reprogramming to adapt to increasing CO2. Tea leaves elevate photosynthesis when grown at CO2-enriched environment which is attributed to increased maximum carboxylation rate of RuBisCO and maximum rates of RuBP regeneration. Elevated CO2-induced photosynthesis enhances the energy demand which triggers respiration. Stimulation of photosynthesis and respiration by elevated CO2 promotes biomass production. Moreover, elevated CO2 increases total carbon content, but it decreases total nitrogen content, leading to an increased ratio of carbon to nitrogen in tea leaves. Elevated CO2 alters the tea quality by differentially influencing the concentrations and biosynthetic gene expression of tea polyphenols, free amino acids, catechins, theanine, and caffeine. Signaling molecules salicylic acid and nitric oxide function in a hierarchy to mediate the elevated CO2-induced flavonoid biosynthesis in tea leaves. Despite enhanced synthesis of defense compounds, tea plant defense to some insects and pathogens is compromised under elevated CO2. Here we review the physiological and metabolic responses of tea plants to elevated CO2. In addition, the potential impacts of elevated CO2 on tea yield and defense responses are discussed. We also show research gaps and critical research areas relating to elevated CO2 and tea quality for future study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Golam Jalal Ahammed
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Golam Jalal Ahammed,
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xin Li,
| | - Airong Liu
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Shuangchen Chen
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Williams A, Ton J, Pétriacq P. An Adjustable Protocol to Analyze Chemical Profiles of Non-sterile Rhizosphere Soil. Bio Protoc 2019; 9:e3245. [PMID: 33654771 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of chemical diversity in non-sterile rhizosphere soil has been a pressing methodological challenge for years. Rhizosphere-enriched chemicals (i.e., rhizochemicals) include root exudation chemicals, (microbial) breakdown products thereof, and de novo produced metabolites by rhizosphere-inhabiting microbes, all of which can play an important role in plant-soil interactions. The power and resolution of analytical methods and statistical analysis pipelines allow for better acquisition, separation and identification of rhizochemicals, thus providing unprecedented insight into the biochemistry underpinning plant-soil interactions. The current protocol describes a recently developed method to characterize rhizochemical profiles from plants, including crops, and is modular and customizable, allowing for application across a range of different plant-soil combinations. The protocol provides in-depth details about the experimental system for sample collection, data acquisition by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, and analytical pipeline, which statistically selects for rhizochemicals by statistical comparison between metabolite profiles from plant-containing soil and plant-free soil. Moreover, the optional addition of chemical standards permits a semi-targeted approach, which improves the annotation of chemical signatures and identification of single rhizochemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Williams
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, S10 2TN Sheffield, United Kingdom.,P3 Institute for Soil and Plant Biology, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, S10 2TN Sheffield, United Kingdom.,School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PL Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jurriaan Ton
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, S10 2TN Sheffield, United Kingdom.,P3 Institute for Soil and Plant Biology, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, S10 2TN Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Pétriacq
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, S10 2TN Sheffield, United Kingdom.,P3 Institute for Soil and Plant Biology, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, S10 2TN Sheffield, United Kingdom.,UMR 1332 Fruit Biology & Pathology, INRA-Bordeaux & University of Bordeaux, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France.,Plateforme Métabolome du Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Bordeaux-MetaboHUB, INRA-Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang RX, Ge S, He J, Li S, Hao Y, Du H, Liu Z, Cheng R, Feng YQ, Xiong L, Li C, Hetherington AM, Liang YK. BIG regulates stomatal immunity and jasmonate production in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:335-348. [PMID: 30372534 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved an array of responses that provide them with protection from attack by microorganisms and other predators. Many of these mechanisms depend upon interactions between the plant hormones jasmonate (JA) and ethylene (ET). However, the molecular basis of these interactions is insufficiently understood. Gene expression and physiological assays with mutants were performed to investigate the role of Arabidopsis BIG gene in stress responses. BIG transcription is downregulated by methyl JA (MeJA), necrotrophic infection or mechanical injury. BIG deficiency promotes JA-dependent gene induction, increases JA production but restricts the accumulation of both ET and salicylic acid. JA-induced anthocyanin accumulation and chlorophyll degradation are enhanced and stomatal immunity is impaired by BIG disruption. Bacteria- and lipopolysaccaride (LPS)-induced stomatal closure is reduced in BIG gene mutants, which are hyper-susceptible to microbial pathogens with different lifestyles, but these mutants are less attractive to phytophagous insects. Our results indicate that BIG negatively and positively regulate the MYC2 and ERF1 arms of the JA signalling pathway. BIG warrants recognition as a new and distinct regulator that regulates JA responses, the synergistic interactions of JA and ET, and other hormonal interactions that reconcile the growth and defense dilemma in Arabidopsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Shengchao Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jingjing He
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Shuangchen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yanhong Hao
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Hao Du
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant, Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhongming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Rui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yu-Qi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Lizhong Xiong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant, Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chuanyou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Alistair M Hetherington
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Yun-Kuan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Williams A, Pétriacq P, Beerling DJ, Cotton TEA, Ton J. Impacts of Atmospheric CO 2 and Soil Nutritional Value on Plant Responses to Rhizosphere Colonization by Soil Bacteria. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1493. [PMID: 30405655 PMCID: PMC6204664 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Concerns over rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to growing interest in the effects of global change on plant-microbe interactions. As a primary substrate of plant metabolism, atmospheric CO2 influences below-ground carbon allocation and root exudation chemistry, potentially affecting rhizosphere interactions with beneficial soil microbes. In this study, we have examined the effects of different atmospheric CO2 concentrations on Arabidopsis rhizosphere colonization by the rhizobacterial strain Pseudomonas simiae WCS417 and the saprophytic strain Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Rhizosphere colonization by saprophytic KT2440 was not influenced by sub-ambient (200 ppm) and elevated (1,200 ppm) concentrations of CO2, irrespective of the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) content of the soil. Conversely, rhizosphere colonization by WCS417 in soil with relatively low C and N content increased from sub-ambient to elevated CO2. Examination of plant responses to WCS417 revealed that plant growth and systemic resistance varied according to atmospheric CO2 concentration and soil-type, ranging from growth promotion with induced susceptibility at sub-ambient CO2, to growth repression with induced resistance at elevated CO2. Collectively, our results demonstrate that the interaction between atmospheric CO2 and soil nutritional status has a profound impact on plant responses to rhizobacteria. We conclude that predictions about plant performance under past and future climate scenarios depend on interactive plant responses to soil nutritional status and rhizobacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Williams
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- P Institute for Translational Plant and Soil Biology, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Pétriacq
- P Institute for Translational Plant and Soil Biology, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- UMR 1332 Fruit Biology and Pathology, INRA-Bordeaux & University of Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Plateforme Métabolome du Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Bordeaux, INRA – Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - David J. Beerling
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - T. E. Anne Cotton
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Jurriaan Ton
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- P Institute for Translational Plant and Soil Biology, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|