1
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Haider S, Farrona S. Decoding histone 3 lysine methylation: Insights into seed germination and flowering. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 81:102598. [PMID: 38986392 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2024.102598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Histone lysine methylation is a highly conserved epigenetic modification across eukaryotes that contributes to creating different dynamic chromatin states, which may result in transcriptional changes. Over the years, an accumulated set of evidence has shown that histone methylation allows plants to align their development with their surroundings, enabling them to respond and memorize past events due to changes in the environment. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of histone methylation in plants. Writers, readers, and erasers of Arabidopsis histone methylation marks are described with an emphasis on their role in two of the most important developmental transition phases in plants, seed germination and flowering. Further, the crosstalk between different methylation marks is also discussed. An overview of the mechanisms of histone methylation modifications and their biological outcomes will shed light on existing research gaps and may provide novel perspectives to increase crop yield and resistance in the era of global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saqlain Haider
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Sara Farrona
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland.
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2
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Cai K, Zhu S, Jiang Z, Xu K, Sun X, Li X. Biological macromolecules mediated by environmental signals affect flowering regulation in plants: A comprehensive review. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 214:108931. [PMID: 39003975 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Flowering time is a crucial developmental stage in the life cycle of plants, as it determines the reproductive success and overall fitness of the organism. The precise regulation of flowering time is influenced by various internal and external factors, including genetic, environmental, and hormonal cues. This review provided a comprehensive overview of the molecular mechanisms and regulatory pathways of biological macromolecules (e.g. proteins and phytohormone) and environmental factors (e.g. light and temperature) involved in the control of flowering time in plants. We discussed the key proteins and signaling pathways that govern the transition from vegetative growth to reproductive development, highlighting the intricate interplay between genetic networks, environmental cues, and phytohormone signaling. Additionally, we explored the impact of flowering time regulation on plant adaptation, crop productivity, and agricultural practices. Moreover, we summarized the similarities and differences of flowering mechanisms between annual and perennial plants. Understanding the mechanisms underlying flowering time control is not only essential for fundamental plant biology research but also holds great potential for crop improvement and sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kefan Cai
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Siting Zhu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zeyu Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kai Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuepeng Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiaolong Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China.
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3
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Gao F, Dubos C. The arabidopsis bHLH transcription factor family. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 29:668-680. [PMID: 38143207 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Basic helix-loop-helices (bHLHs) are present in all eukaryotes and form one of the largest families of transcription factors (TFs) found in plants. bHLHs function as transcriptional activators and/or repressors of genes involved in key processes involved in plant growth and development in interaction with the environment (e.g., stomata and root hair development, iron homeostasis, and response to heat and shade). Recent studies have improved our understanding of the functioning of bHLH TFs in complex regulatory networks where a series of post-translational modifications (PTMs) have critical roles in regulating their subcellular localization, DNA-binding capacity, transcriptional activity, and/or stability (e.g., protein-protein interactions, phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and sumoylation). Further elucidating the function and regulation of bHLHs will help further understanding of the biology of plants in general and for the development of new tools for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Gao
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Yuelushan Laboratory, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Christian Dubos
- IPSiM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France.
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4
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Jin S, Youn G, Kim SY, Kang T, Shin HY, Jung JY, Seo PJ, Ahn JH. The CUL3A-LFH1-UBC15 ubiquitin ligase complex mediates SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE degradation to accelerate flowering at high ambient temperature. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100814. [PMID: 38213026 PMCID: PMC11009155 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Ambient temperature affects flowering time in plants, and the MADS-box transcription factor SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP) plays a crucial role in the response to changes in ambient temperature. SVP protein stability is regulated by the 26S proteasome pathway and decreases at high ambient temperature, but the details of SVP degradation are unclear. Here, we show that SVP degradation at high ambient temperature is mediated by the CULLIN3-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase (CRL3) complex in Arabidopsis thaliana. We identified a previously uncharacterized protein that interacts with SVP at high ambient temperature and contains a BTB/POZ domain. We named this protein LATE FLOWERING AT HIGH TEMPERATURE 1 (LFH1). Single mutants of LFH1 or CULLIN3A (CUL3A) showed late flowering specifically at 27°C. LFH1 protein levels increased at high ambient temperature. We found that LFH1 interacts with CUL3A in the cytoplasm and is important for SVP-CUL3A complex formation. Mutations in CUL3A and/or LFH1 led to increased SVP protein stability at high ambient temperature, suggesting that the CUL3-LFH1 complex functions in SVP degradation. Screening E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (UBCs) using RING-BOX PROTEIN 1 (RBX1), a component of the CRL3 complex, as bait identified UBC15. ubc15 mutants also showed late flowering at high ambient temperature. In vitro and in vivo ubiquitination assays using recombinant CUL3A, LFH1, RBX1, and UBC15 showed that SVP is highly ubiquitinated in an ATP-dependent manner. Collectively, these results indicate that the degradation of SVP at high ambient temperature is mediated by a CRL3 complex comprising CUL3A, LFH1, and UBC15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhyun Jin
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Geummin Youn
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Taewook Kang
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Young Shin
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yul Jung
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Pil Joon Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Ahn
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Wu T, Liu Z, Yu T, Zhou R, Yang Q, Cao R, Nie F, Ma X, Bai Y, Song X. Flowering genes identification, network analysis, and database construction for 837 plants. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhae013. [PMID: 38585015 PMCID: PMC10995624 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhae013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Flowering is one of the most important biological phenomena in the plant kingdom, which not only has important ecological significance, but also has substantial horticultural ornamental value. In this study, we undertook an exhaustive review of the advancements in our understanding of plant flowering genes. We delved into the identification and conducted comparative analyses of flowering genes across virtually all sequenced angiosperm plant genomes. Furthermore, we established an extensive angiosperm flowering atlas, encompassing a staggering 183 720 genes across eight pathways, along with 10 155 ABCDE mode genes, which play a pivotal role in plant flowering regulation. Through the examination of expression patterns, we unveiled the specificities of these flowering genes. An interaction network between flowering genes of the ABCDE model and their corresponding upstream genes offered a blueprint for comprehending their regulatory mechanisms. Moreover, we predicted the miRNA and target genes linked to the flowering processes of each species. To culminate our efforts, we have built a user-friendly web interface, named the Plant Flowering-time Gene Database (PFGD), accessible at http://pfgd.bio2db.com/. We firmly believe that this database will serve as a cornerstone in the global research community, facilitating the in-depth exploration of flowering genes in the plant kingdom. In summation, this pioneering endeavor represents the first comprehensive collection and comparative analysis of flowering genes in plants, offering valuable resources for the study of plant flowering genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wu
- School of Life Sciences/Library, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
| | - Zhuo Liu
- School of Life Sciences/Library, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
| | - Tong Yu
- School of Life Sciences/Library, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8200, Denmark
| | - Qihang Yang
- School of Life Sciences/Library, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
| | - Rui Cao
- School of Life Sciences/Library, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
| | - Fulei Nie
- School of Life Sciences/Library, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- School of Life Sciences/Library, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
- College of Horticultural Science & Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066600, China
| | - Yun Bai
- School of Life Sciences/Library, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
| | - Xiaoming Song
- School of Life Sciences/Library, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
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6
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Gawarecka K, Ahn JH. RuBisCO Depletion and Subcellular Fractionation for Enhanced Florigen Detection in Arabidopsis. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2795:227-238. [PMID: 38594542 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3814-9_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
In plants, complex signaling networks monitor and respond to environmental cues to determine the optimal time for the transition from the vegetative to reproductive phase. Understanding these networks requires robust tools to examine the levels and subcellular localization of key factors. The florigen FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) is a crucial regulator of flowering time and occurs in soluble and membrane-bound forms. At low ambient temperatures, the ratio of these forms of FT undergoes a significant shift, which leads to a delay in the onset of flowering. To investigate these changes in FT localization, epitope-tagged FT protein can be isolated from plants by subcellular fractionation and its localization examined by immunoblot analysis of the resulting fractions. However, the highly abundant protein ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) can interfere with methods to detect and characterize low-abundance proteins such as FT. In this chapter, we present a method for analyzing the ratio of HA-tagged FT (HA:FT) in different subcellular fractions while mitigating the interference from RuBisCO by using protamine sulfate (PS) to deplete RuBisCO during protein purification, thereby enhancing HA:FT detection in fractionated samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ji Hoon Ahn
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
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7
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Kim SB, Jung JH. A straightforward strategy for reducing variability in flowering time at warm ambient temperatures. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2023; 18:2193913. [PMID: 36961244 PMCID: PMC10054302 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2023.2193913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ambient temperature is one of the major environmental factors affecting flowering. As the temperature rises, most plants, including Arabidopsis, flower more rapidly. In addition, phenotypic variability in flowering time tends to increase at warm ambient temperatures. The increased variability of flowering time at warm temperatures prevents accurate flowering time measurements, particularly when evaluating the flowering time of Arabidopsis plants under short-day conditions in order to restrict the photoperiodic effect. Here, we propose a simple method for reducing the variability of flowering time at warm temperatures. Instead of growing plants at different temperatures from germination, the strategy of first vegetative growth at cool temperatures and then shifting to warm temperatures allows plants to respond more stably and robustly to warm temperatures. Consistent with flowering time measurements, plants grown under the modified growth condition exhibited higher levels of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) gene expression than plants grown exclusively at warm temperatures. This approach enables more precise thermo-response studies of flowering time control in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol-Bi Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Jung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
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8
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Park K, Kim S, Jung J. Analysis of temperature effects on the protein accumulation of the FT-FD module using newly generated Arabidopsis transgenic plants. PLANT DIRECT 2023; 7:e552. [PMID: 38116182 PMCID: PMC10727963 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis flowering is dependent on interactions between a component of the florigens FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and the basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor FD. These proteins form a complex that activates the genes required for flowering competence and integrates environmental cues, such as photoperiod and temperature. However, it remains largely unknown how FT and FD are regulated at the protein level. To address this, we created FT transgenic plants that express the N-terminal FLAG-tagged FT fusion protein under the control of its own promoter in ft mutant backgrounds. FT transgenic plants complemented the delayed flowering of the ft mutant and exhibited similar FT expression patterns to wild-type Col-0 plants in response to changes in photoperiod and temperature. Similarly, we generated FD transgenic plants in fd mutant backgrounds that express the N-terminal MYC-tagged FD fusion protein under the FD promoter, rescuing the late flowering phenotypes in the fd mutant. Using these transgenic plants, we investigated how temperature regulates the expression of FT and FD proteins. Temperature-dependent changes in FT and FD protein levels are primarily regulated at the transcript level, but protein-level temperature effects have also been observed to some extent. In addition, our examination of the expression patterns of FT and FD in different tissues revealed that similar to the spatial expression pattern of FT, FD mRNA was expressed in both the leaf and shoot apex, but FD protein was only detected in the apex, suggesting a regulatory mechanism that restricts FD protein expression in the leaf during the vegetative growth phase. These transgenic plants provided a valuable platform for investigating the role of the FT-FD module in flowering time regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung‐Ho Park
- Department of Biological SciencesSungkyunkwan UniversitySuwonSouth Korea
| | - Sol‐Bi Kim
- Department of Biological SciencesSungkyunkwan UniversitySuwonSouth Korea
| | - Jae‐Hoon Jung
- Department of Biological SciencesSungkyunkwan UniversitySuwonSouth Korea
- Research Centre for Plant PlasticitySeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research CenterKorea Research Institute of Bioscience and BiotechnologyDaejeonSouth Korea
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9
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Feng S, Xi E, Wan W, Ru D. Genomic signals of local adaptation in Picea crassifolia. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:534. [PMID: 37919677 PMCID: PMC10623705 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04539-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global climate change poses a grave threat to biodiversity and underscores the importance of identifying the genes and corresponding environmental factors involved in the adaptation of tree species for the purposes of conservation and forestry. This holds particularly true for spruce species, given their pivotal role as key constituents of the montane, boreal, and sub-alpine forests in the Northern Hemisphere. RESULTS Here, we used transcriptomes, species occurrence records, and environmental data to investigate the spatial genetic distribution of and the climate-associated genetic variation in Picea crassifolia. Our comprehensive analysis employing ADMIXTURE, principal component analysis (PCA) and phylogenetic methodologies showed that the species has a complex population structure with obvious differentiation among populations in different regions. Concurrently, our investigations into isolation by distance (IBD), isolation by environment (IBE), and niche differentiation among populations collectively suggests that local adaptations are driven by environmental heterogeneity. By integrating population genomics and environmental data using redundancy analysis (RDA), we identified a set of climate-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and showed that environmental isolation had a more significant impact than geographic isolation in promoting genetic differentiation. We also found that the candidate genes associated with altitude, temperature seasonality (Bio4) and precipitation in the wettest month (Bio13) may be useful for forest tree breeding. CONCLUSIONS Our findings deepen our understanding of how species respond to climate change and highlight the importance of integrating genomic and environmental data in untangling local adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Erning Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, People's Republic of China
| | - Dafu Ru
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystem, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Rodriguez Gallo MC, Uhrig RG. Phosphorylation mediated regulation of RNA splicing in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1249057. [PMID: 37780493 PMCID: PMC10539000 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1249057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
For the past two decades, the study of alternative splicing (AS) and its involvement in plant development and stress response has grown in popularity. Only recently however, has the focus shifted to the study of how AS regulation (or lack-thereof) affects downstream mRNA and protein landscapes and how these AS regulatory events impact plant development and stress tolerance. In humans, protein phosphorylation represents one of the predominant mechanisms by which AS is regulated and thus the protein kinases governing these phosphorylation events are of interest for further study. Large-scale phosphoproteomic studies in plants have consistently found that RNA splicing-related proteins are extensively phosphorylated, however, the signaling pathways involved in AS regulation have not been resolved. In this mini-review, we summarize our current knowledge of the three major splicing-related protein kinase families in plants that are suggested to mediate AS phospho-regulation and draw comparisons to their metazoan orthologs. We also summarize and contextualize the phosphorylation events identified as occurring on splicing-related protein families to illustrate the high degree to which splicing-related proteins are modified, placing a new focus on elucidating the impacts of AS at the protein and PTM-level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Glen Uhrig
- University of Alberta, Department of Biological Sciences, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- University of Alberta, Department of Biochemistry, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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11
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Steel L, Welling M, Ristevski N, Johnson K, Gendall A. Comparative genomics of flowering behavior in Cannabis sativa. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1227898. [PMID: 37575928 PMCID: PMC10421669 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1227898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. is a phenotypically diverse and multi-use plant used in the production of fiber, seed, oils, and a class of specialized metabolites known as phytocannabinoids. The last decade has seen a rapid increase in the licit cultivation and processing of C. sativa for medical end-use. Medical morphotypes produce highly branched compact inflorescences which support a high density of glandular trichomes, specialized epidermal hair-like structures that are the site of phytocannabinoid biosynthesis and accumulation. While there is a focus on the regulation of phytocannabinoid pathways, the genetic determinants that govern flowering time and inflorescence structure in C. sativa are less well-defined but equally important. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that underly flowering behavior is key to maximizing phytocannabinoid production. The genetic basis of flowering regulation in C. sativa has been examined using genome-wide association studies, quantitative trait loci mapping and selection analysis, although the lack of a consistent reference genome has confounded attempts to directly compare candidate loci. Here we review the existing knowledge of flowering time control in C. sativa, and, using a common reference genome, we generate an integrated map. The co-location of known and putative flowering time loci within this resource will be essential to improve the understanding of C. sativa phenology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Anthony Gendall
- Australian Research Council Research Hub for Medicinal Agriculture, La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture and Food, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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12
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Yang C, Liu C, Li S, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Wang X, Xiang W. The Transcription Factors WRKY41 and WRKY53 Mediate Early Flowering Induced by the Novel Plant Growth Regulator Guvermectin in Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098424. [PMID: 37176133 PMCID: PMC10178944 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Flowering is a crucial stage for plant reproductive success; therefore, the regulation of plant flowering has been widely researched. Although multiple well-defined endogenous and exogenous flowering regulators have been reported, new ones are constantly being discovered. Here, we confirm that a novel plant growth regulator guvermectin (GV) induces early flowering in Arabidopsis. Interestingly, our genetic experiments newly demonstrated that WRKY41 and its homolog WRKY53 were involved in GV-accelerated flowering as positive flowering regulators. Overexpression of WRKY41 or WRKY53 resulted in an early flowering phenotype compared to the wild type (WT). In contrast, the w41/w53 double mutants showed a delay in GV-accelerated flowering. Gene expression analysis showed that flowering regulatory genes SOC1 and LFY were upregulated in GV-treated WT, 35S:WRKY41, and 35S:WRKY53 plants, but both declined in w41/w53 mutants with or without GV treatment. Meanwhile, biochemical assays confirmed that SOC1 and LFY were both direct targets of WRKY41 and WRKY53. Furthermore, the early flowering phenotype of 35S:WRKY41 lines was abolished in the soc1 or lfy background. Together, our results suggest that GV plays a function in promoting flowering, which was co-mediated by WRKY41 and WRKY53 acting as new flowering regulators by directly activating the transcription of SOC1 and LFY in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Yang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chongxi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biological Functional Gene of Heilongjiang Provincial Education Committee, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiangjing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biological Functional Gene of Heilongjiang Provincial Education Committee, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Wensheng Xiang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biological Functional Gene of Heilongjiang Provincial Education Committee, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, China
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13
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Pavani G, Malhotra PK, Verma SK. Flowering in sugarcane-insights from the grasses. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:154. [PMID: 37138783 PMCID: PMC10149435 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03573-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Flowering is a crucial phase for angiosperms to continue their species propagation and is highly regulated. In the current review, flowering in sugarcane and the associated mechanisms are elaborately presented. In sugarcane, flowering has two effects, wherein it is a beneficial factor from the breeder's perspective and crucial for crop improvement, but commercially, it depletes the sucrose reserves from the stalks; hence, less value is assigned. Different species of Saccharum genus are spread across geographical latitudes, thereby proving their ability to grow in multiple inductive daylengths of different locations according in the habituated zone. In general, sugarcane is termed an intermediate daylength plant with quantitative short-day behaviour as it requires reduction in daylength from 12 h 55 min to 12 h or 12 h 30 min. The prime concern in sugarcane flowering is its erratic flowering nature. The transition to reproductive stage which reverts to vegetative stage if there is any deviation from ambient temperature and light is also an issue. Spatial and temporal gene expression patterns during vegetative to reproductive stage transition and after reverting to vegetative state could possibly reveal how the genetic circuits are being governed. This review will also shed a light on potential roles of genes and/or miRNAs in flowering in sugarcane. Knowledge of transcriptomic background of circadian, photoperiod, and gibberellin pathways in sugarcane will enable us to better understand of variable response in floral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongati Pavani
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004 India
| | - Pawan Kumar Malhotra
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004 India
| | - Sandeep Kumar Verma
- Institute of Biological Science, SAGE University, Bypass Road, Kailod Kartal, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 452020 India
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Phylogenetic Analysis of Spliceosome SF3a2 in Different Plant Species. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065232. [PMID: 36982311 PMCID: PMC10049718 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of mature mRNA requires cutting introns and splicing exons. The occurrence of splicing involves the participation of the spliceosome. Common spliceosomes mainly include five snRNPs: U1, U2, U4/U6, and U5. SF3a2, an essential component of spliceosome U2 snRNP, participates in splicing a series of genes. There is no definition of SF3a2 in plants. The paper elaborated on SF3a2s from a series of plants through protein sequence similarity. We constructed the evolutionary relationship of SF3a2s in plants. Moreover, we analyzed the similarities and differences in gene structure, protein structure, the cis-element of the promoter, and expression pattern; we predicted their interacting proteins and constructed their collinearity. We have preliminarily analyzed SF3a2s in plants and clarified the evolutionary relationship between different species; these studies can better serve for in-depth research on the members of the spliceosome in plants.
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15
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Chahtane H, Lai X, Tichtinsky G, Rieu P, Arnoux-Courseaux M, Cancé C, Marondedze C, Parcy F. Flower Development in Arabidopsis. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2686:3-38. [PMID: 37540352 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3299-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Like in other angiosperms, the development of flowers in Arabidopsis starts right after the floral transition, when the shoot apical meristem (SAM) stops producing leaves and makes flowers instead. On the flanks of the SAM emerge the flower meristems (FM) that will soon differentiate into the four main floral organs, sepals, petals, stamens, and pistil, stereotypically arranged in concentric whorls. Each phase of flower development-floral transition, floral bud initiation, and floral organ development-is under the control of specific gene networks. In this chapter, we describe these different phases and the gene regulatory networks involved, from the floral transition to the floral termination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hicham Chahtane
- CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INRAE, IRIG, BIG-LPCV, Grenoble, France
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Green Mission Pierre Fabre, Conservatoire Botanique Pierre Fabre, Soual, France
| | - Xuelei Lai
- CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INRAE, IRIG, BIG-LPCV, Grenoble, France
- Huazhong Agricultural University, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Philippe Rieu
- CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INRAE, IRIG, BIG-LPCV, Grenoble, France
- Structural Plant Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Coralie Cancé
- CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INRAE, IRIG, BIG-LPCV, Grenoble, France
| | - Claudius Marondedze
- CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INRAE, IRIG, BIG-LPCV, Grenoble, France
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Midlands State University, Senga, Gweru, Zimbabwe
| | - François Parcy
- CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INRAE, IRIG, BIG-LPCV, Grenoble, France.
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16
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CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Mutagenesis of BrLEAFY Delays the Bolting Time in Chinese Cabbage ( Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010541. [PMID: 36613993 PMCID: PMC9820718 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese cabbage has unintended bolting in early spring due to sudden climate change. In this study, late-bolting Chinese cabbage lines were developed via mutagenesis of the BrLEAFY (BrLFY) gene, a transcription factor that determines floral identity, using the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system. Double-strand break of the target region via gene editing based on nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) was applied to acquire useful traits in plants. Based on the 'CT001' pseudomolecule, a single guide RNA (sgRNA) was designed and the gene-editing vector was constructed. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation was used to generate a Chinese cabbage line in which the sequence of the BrLFY paralogs was edited. In particular, single base inserted mutations occurred in the BrLFY paralogs of the LFY-7 and LFY-13 lines, and one copy of T-DNA was inserted into the intergenic region. The selected LFY-edited lines displayed continuous vegetative growth and late bolting compared to the control inbred line, 'CT001'. Further, some LFY-edited lines showing late bolting were advanced to the next generation. The T-DNA-free E1LFY-edited lines bolted later than the inbred line, 'CT001'. Overall, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis of the BrLFY gene was found to delay the bolting time. Accordingly, CRISPR/Cas9 is considered an available method for the molecular breeding of crops.
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Zhang X, Zhao B, Sun Y, Feng Y. Effects of gibberellins on important agronomic traits of horticultural plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:978223. [PMID: 36267949 PMCID: PMC9578688 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.978223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Horticultural plants such as vegetables, fruits, and ornamental plants are crucial to human life and socioeconomic development. Gibberellins (GAs), a class of diterpenoid compounds, control numerous developmental processes of plants. The roles of GAs in regulating growth and development of horticultural plants, and in regulating significant progress have been clarified. These findings have significant implications for promoting the quality and quantity of the products of horticultural plants. Here we review recent progress in determining the roles of GAs (including biosynthesis and signaling) in regulating plant stature, axillary meristem outgrowth, compound leaf development, flowering time, and parthenocarpy. These findings will provide a solid foundation for further improving the quality and quantity of horticultural plants products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojia Zhang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Biological Invasions and Global Changes, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Baolin Zhao
- Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, China
| | - Yibo Sun
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Biological Invasions and Global Changes, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yulong Feng
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Biological Invasions and Global Changes, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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18
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Hyde PT, Setter TL. Long-day photoperiod and cool temperature induce flowering in cassava: Expression of signaling genes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:973206. [PMID: 36186068 PMCID: PMC9523484 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.973206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cassava is a staple food crop in the tropics, and is of particular importance in Africa. Recent development of genomic selection technology have improved the speed of cassava breeding; however, cassava flower initiation and development remains a bottleneck. The objectives of the current studies were to elucidate the effect of photoperiod, temperature and their interactions on the time of flowering and flower development in controlled environments, and to use RNA-sequencing to identify transcriptome expression underlying these environmental responses. Compared to a normal tropical day-length of 12 h, increasing the photoperiod by 4 h or decreasing the air temperature from 34/31 to 22°/19°C (day/night) substantially hastened the time to flowering. For both photoperiod and temperature, the environment most favorable for flowering was opposite the one for storage root harvest index. There was a pronounced treatment interaction: at warm day-time temperatures, percent flowering was low, and photoperiod had little effect. In contrast, at cooler temperatures, percent flowering increased, and long-day (LD) photoperiod had a strong effect in hastening flowering. In response to temperature, many differentially expressed genes in the sugar, phase-change, and flowering-time-integrator pathways had expression/flowering patterns in the same direction as in Arabidopsis (positive or negative) even though the effect of temperature on flowering operates in the reverse direction in cassava compared to Arabidopsis. Three trehalose-6-phosphate-synthase-1 (TPS1) genes and four members of the SPL gene family had significantly increased expression at cool temperature, suggesting sugar signaling roles in flower induction. In response to LD photoperiod, regulatory genes were expressed as in Arabidopsis and other LD flowering plants. Several hormone-related genes were expressed in response to both photoperiod and temperature. In summary, these findings provide insight on photoperiod and temperature responses and underlying gene expression that may assist breeding programs to manipulate flowering for more rapid crop improvement.
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19
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Gutierrez-Larruscain D, Krüger M, Abeyawardana OAJ, Belz C, Dobrev PI, Vaňková R, Eliášová K, Vondráková Z, Juříček M, Štorchová H. The high concentrations of abscisic, jasmonic, and salicylic acids produced under long days do not accelerate flowering in Chenopodium ficifolium 459. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 320:111279. [PMID: 35643618 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The survival and adaptation of angiosperms depends on the proper timing of flowering. The weedy species Chenopodium ficifolium serves as a useful diploid model for comparing the transition to flowering with the important tetraploid crop Chenopodium quinoa due to the close phylogenetic relationship. The detailed transcriptomic and hormonomic study of the floral induction was performed in the short-day accession C. ficifolium 459. The plants grew more rapidly under long days but flowered later than under short days. The high levels of abscisic, jasmonic, and salicylic acids at long days were accompanied by the elevated expression of the genes responding to oxidative stress. The increased concentrations of stress-related phytohormones neither inhibited the plant growth nor accelerated flowering in C. ficifolium 459 at long photoperiods. Enhanced content of cytokinins and the stimulation of cytokinin and gibberellic acid signaling pathways under short days may indicate the possible participation of these phytohormones in floral initiation. The accumulation of auxin metabolites suggests the presence of a dynamic regulatory network in C. ficifolium 459.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gutierrez-Larruscain
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Manuela Krüger
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Oushadee A J Abeyawardana
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Claudia Belz
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petre I Dobrev
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radomíra Vaňková
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Eliášová
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Vondráková
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miloslav Juříček
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Štorchová
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic.
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20
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Praena J, van Veen E, Henriques R, Benlloch R. Assessing Flowering Time Under Different Photoperiods. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2494:101-115. [PMID: 35467202 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2297-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Flowering time is one of the most important developmental transitions in plants, especially in annuals such as Arabidopsis thaliana. However, flowering is also a critical agronomic trait, as it impacts the level of vegetative biomass produced (e.g., leaves) or the amount of seed (grain) generated. Therefore, uncovering flowering phenotypes would help understand the impact of any regulatory network on the overall plant life cycle, since flowering integrates multiple cues, both environmental (e.g., photoperiod, temperature) and internal (e.g., induction/repression of specific genes, phytohormone accumulation, plant age). Although the photoperiod flowering pathway has been extensively studied, and its gene circuitry characterized in great detail, specific flowering time protocols are mostly accessible to specialized laboratories in this field. In this report, we address this knowledge gap by generating a reproducible, non-expensive, and step-by-step protocol to assess flowering time under different photoperiods. We provide a comprehensive description and highlight the major pitfalls in the process. Moreover, this protocol could be expanded to include temperature changes and thus contribute to assess the impact of both environmental conditions in the plant's decision to flower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Praena
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (CSIC-UPV), Valencia, Spain
| | - Elizabeth van Veen
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Rossana Henriques
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Reyes Benlloch
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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21
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Wohlfeiler J, Alessandro MS, Morales A, Cavagnaro PF, Galmarini CR. Vernalization Requirement, but Not Post-Vernalization Day Length, Conditions Flowering in Carrot ( Daucus carota L.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1075. [PMID: 35448803 PMCID: PMC9029871 DOI: 10.3390/plants11081075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Carrots require a certain number of cold hours to become vernalized and proceed to the reproductive stage, and this phenomenon is genotype-dependent. Annual carrots require less cold than biennials to flower; however, quantitative variation within annuals and biennials also exists, defining a gradient for vernalization requirement (VR). The flowering response of carrots to day length, after vernalization has occurred, is controversial. This vegetable has been described both as a long-day and a neutral-day species. The objective of this study was to evaluate flowering time and frequency in response to different cold treatments and photoperiod regimes in various carrot genotypes. To this end, three annual genotypes from India, Brazil, and Pakistan, and a biennial carrot from Japan, were exposed to 7.5 °C during 30, 60, 90, or 120 days, and then transferred to either long day (LD) or short day (SD) conditions. Significant variation (p < 0.05) among the carrot genotypes and among cold treatments were found, with increased flowering rates and earlier onset of flowering being associated with longer cold exposures. No significant differences in response to photoperiod were found, suggesting that post-vernalization day length does not influence carrot flowering. These findings will likely impact carrot breeding and production of both root and seed, helping in the selection of adequate genotypes and sowing dates to manage cold exposure and day-length for different production purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefina Wohlfeiler
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria La Consulta, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), ex Ruta 40 Km 96, La Consulta 5567, Argentina; (J.W.); (M.S.A.); (A.M.); (P.F.C.)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina
| | - María Soledad Alessandro
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria La Consulta, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), ex Ruta 40 Km 96, La Consulta 5567, Argentina; (J.W.); (M.S.A.); (A.M.); (P.F.C.)
| | - Andrés Morales
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria La Consulta, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), ex Ruta 40 Km 96, La Consulta 5567, Argentina; (J.W.); (M.S.A.); (A.M.); (P.F.C.)
| | - Pablo Federico Cavagnaro
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria La Consulta, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), ex Ruta 40 Km 96, La Consulta 5567, Argentina; (J.W.); (M.S.A.); (A.M.); (P.F.C.)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Almirante Brown 500, Luján de Cuyo 5505, Argentina
| | - Claudio Rómulo Galmarini
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria La Consulta, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), ex Ruta 40 Km 96, La Consulta 5567, Argentina; (J.W.); (M.S.A.); (A.M.); (P.F.C.)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Almirante Brown 500, Luján de Cuyo 5505, Argentina
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22
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Brightbill CM, Sung S. Temperature-mediated regulation of flowering time in Arabidopsis thaliana. ABIOTECH 2022; 3:78-84. [PMID: 36304200 PMCID: PMC9590518 DOI: 10.1007/s42994-022-00069-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Throughout a plant's life cycle, temperature plays a major role in development. Regulatory modules use temperature cues to control gene expression, facilitating physiological change from germination to flowering. These regulatory modules control morphological and molecular responses to temperature changes caused by seasonal changes or by temporary fluctuations, providing a versatile plasticity of plants. In this review, we outline how temperature changes affect the regulatory modules that induce and repress flowering, in addition to general temperature regulation. Recent studies have identified several regulatory modules by which floral transition and growth responses are controlled in a temperature-dependent manner. This review will report on recent studies related to floral transition and ambient temperature response.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Maddie Brightbill
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
| | - Sibum Sung
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
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23
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Gutiérrez-Larruscain D, Abeyawardana OAJ, Krüger M, Belz C, Juříček M, Štorchová H. Transcriptomic study of the night break in Chenopodium rubrum reveals possible upstream regulators of the floral activator CrFTL1. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 265:153492. [PMID: 34385120 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The transition from vegetative to reproductive phases is the most fundamental and tightly controlled switch in the life of flowering plants. The short-day plant Chenopodium rubrum is a fast cycling annual plant lacking a juvenile phase. It can be induced to flowering at the seedling stage by exposure to a single period of darkness. This floral induction may then be cancelled by a short pulse of red light at midnight called night break (NB), which also inhibits the floral activator FLOWERING LOCUS T LIKE 1 (CrFTL1). We performed a comparative transcriptomic study between C. rubrum seedlings treated by NB and ones growing through uninterrupted night, and found about six hundred differentially expressed genes, including the B-BOX DOMAIN (BBX) genes. We focused on the CrBBX19 and BOLTING TIME CONTROL 1 (BTC1) genes, homologous to the upstream regulators of the BvFT2, a floral inducer in sugar beet. The transcription patterns of the two genes were compatible with their putative role as a sensor of the dark period length optimal for flowering (CrBBX19), and a signal of lights-on (CrBTC1), but the participation of other genes cannot be excluded. The expression profiles of CrBBX19 and the homolog of the core endogenous clock gene LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL (LHY) were highly similar, which suggested their co-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gutiérrez-Larruscain
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Oushadee A J Abeyawardana
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Manuela Krüger
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Claudia Belz
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Miloslav Juříček
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Helena Štorchová
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502, Prague, Czech Republic.
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24
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Chen Y, Zhang L, Zhang H, Chen L, Yu D. ERF1 delays flowering through direct inhibition of FLOWERING LOCUS T expression in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:1712-1723. [PMID: 34152677 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR1 (ERF1) is a key component in ethylene signaling, playing crucial roles in both biotic and abiotic stress responses. Here, we demonstrate that ERF1 also has an important role during floral initiation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Knockdown or knockout of ERF1 accelerated floral initiation, whereas overexpression of ERF1 dramatically delayed floral transition. These contrasting phenotypes were correlated with opposite transcript levels of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT). Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays revealed that ERF1 associates with genomic regions of the FT gene to repress its transcription. ft-10/ERF1RNAi plants showed a similar flowering phenotype to the ft-10 mutant, whereas the flowering of FTox/ERF1ox mimicked that of FTox plants, suggesting that ERF1 acts upstream of FT during floral initiation. Similarly, altered floral transition in ethylene-related mutants was also correlated with FT expression. Further analysis suggested that ERF1 also participates in delay in flowering-time control mediated by the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid. Thus, ERF1 may act as a negative modulator of flowering-time control by repressing FT transcription in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, China
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, China
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Ligang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, 666303, China
| | - Diqiu Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
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Gawarecka K, Ahn JH. Isoprenoid-Derived Metabolites and Sugars in the Regulation of Flowering Time: Does Day Length Matter? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:765995. [PMID: 35003159 PMCID: PMC8738093 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.765995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In plants, a diverse set of pathways regulate the transition to flowering, leading to remarkable developmental flexibility. Although the importance of photoperiod in the regulation of flowering time is well known, increasing evidence suggests the existence of crosstalk among the flowering pathways regulated by photoperiod and metabolic pathways. For example, isoprenoid-derived phytohormones (abscisic acid, gibberellins, brassinosteroids, and cytokinins) play important roles in regulating flowering time. Moreover, emerging evidence reveals that other metabolites, such as chlorophylls and carotenoids, as well as sugar metabolism and sugar accumulation, also affect flowering time. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the roles of isoprenoid-derived metabolites and sugars in the regulation of flowering time and how day length affects these factors.
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