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Botero-Ramirez A, Kirk B, Strelkov SE. Optimizing Clubroot Management and the Role of Canola Cultivar Mixtures. Pathogens 2024; 13:640. [PMID: 39204241 PMCID: PMC11357626 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13080640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The sustainable cultivation of canola is under threat from clubroot disease (Plasmodiophora brassicae). The pathogen's resting spores can survive in the soil for extended periods, complicating disease management. Therefore, effective clubroot control requires a combination of tactics that provide multiple layers of protection. Management strategies have focused on pathogen avoidance and reducing disease levels in infested fields. The sanitation of machinery and field equipment remains the most effective method for preventing the pathogen's introduction into non-infested fields. For disease reduction, crop rotation, liming, chemical control, and host resistance are commonly employed, with the use of clubroot-resistant cultivars being the most effective to date. However, resistance breakdown has been observed within four years of the introduction of new cultivars, jeopardizing the long-term effectiveness of this approach. A promising yet underexplored strategy is the use of cultivar mixtures. This approach leverages mechanisms such as the dilution effect, the barrier effect, induced resistance, disruptive selection, and the compensatory effect to control the disease. Cultivar mixtures have the potential to reduce the impact of clubroot on canola production while preserving pathogen population structure, thereby minimizing the likelihood of resistance breakdown. Given its potential, further research into cultivar mixtures as a management strategy for clubroot disease is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Botero-Ramirez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Science, MacEwan University, Edmonton, AB T5J 4S2, Canada
| | - Brennon Kirk
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada;
| | - Stephen E. Strelkov
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada;
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2
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Montazeaud G, Keller L. Greenbeards in plants? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:870-877. [PMID: 38403933 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Greenbeards are selfish genetic elements that make their bearers behave either altruistically towards individuals bearing similar greenbeard copies or harmfully towards individuals bearing different copies. They were first proposed by W. D. Hamilton over 50 yr ago, to illustrate that kin selection may operate at the level of single genes. Examples of greenbeards have now been reported in a wide range of taxa, but they remain undocumented in plants. In this paper, we discuss the theoretical likelihood of greenbeard existence in plants. We then question why the greenbeard concept has never been applied to plants and speculate on how hypothetical greenbeards could affect plant-plant interactions. Finally, we point to different research directions to improve our knowledge of greenbeards in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germain Montazeaud
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - Laurent Keller
- Social Evolution Unit, Cornuit 8, BP 855, Chesières, Switzerland
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3
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Pélissier R, Ballini E, Temple C, Ducasse A, Colombo M, Frouin J, Qin X, Huang H, Jacques D, Florian F, Hélène F, Cyrille V, Morel JB. The genetic identity of neighboring plants in intraspecific mixtures modulates disease susceptibility of both wheat and rice. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002287. [PMID: 37699017 PMCID: PMC10497140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mixing crop cultivars has long been considered as a way to control epidemics at the field level and is experiencing a revival of interest in agriculture. Yet, the ability of mixing to control pests is highly variable and often unpredictable in the field. Beyond classical diversity effects such as dispersal barrier generated by genotypic diversity, several understudied processes are involved. Among them is the recently discovered neighbor-modulated susceptibility (NMS), which depicts the phenomenon that susceptibility in a given plant is affected by the presence of another healthy neighboring plant. Despite the putative tremendous importance of NMS for crop science, its occurrence and quantitative contribution to modulating susceptibility in cultivated species remains unknown. Here, in both rice and wheat inoculated in greenhouse conditions with foliar fungal pathogens considered as major threats, using more than 200 pairs of intraspecific genotype mixtures, we experimentally demonstrate the occurrence of NMS in 11% of the mixtures grown in experimental conditions that precluded any epidemics. Thus, the susceptibility of these 2 major crops results from indirect effects originating from neighboring plants. Quite remarkably, the levels of susceptibility modulated by plant-plant interactions can reach those conferred by intrinsic basal immunity. These findings open new avenues to develop more sustainable agricultural practices by engineering less susceptible crop mixtures thanks to emergent but now predictable properties of mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Pélissier
- PHIM, Institut Agro, INRAE, CIRAD, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Elsa Ballini
- PHIM, Institut Agro, INRAE, CIRAD, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Coline Temple
- PHIM, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Aurélie Ducasse
- PHIM, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Michel Colombo
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Julien Frouin
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Xiaoping Qin
- Laboratory for Agro-biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Huichuan Huang
- Laboratory for Agro-biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - David Jacques
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Fort Florian
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Fréville Hélène
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Violle Cyrille
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Benoit Morel
- PHIM, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Cárdenas Pardo NJ, Rodriguez Robayo DE, Fernandez Lizarazo JC, Peña-Quemba DC, McGale E. Exploring the future of GM technology in sustainable local food systems in Colombia. Front Genome Ed 2023; 5:1181811. [PMID: 37457887 PMCID: PMC10349173 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2023.1181811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The security of Earth's food systems is challenged by shifting regional climates. While agricultural processes are disrupted by climate change, they also play a large role in contributing to destabilizing greenhouse gases. Finding new strategies to increase yields while decreasing agricultural environmental impacts is essential. Tropical agriculture is particularly susceptible to climate change: local, smallholder farming, which provides a majority of the food supply, is high risk and has limited adaptation capacity. Rapid, inexpensive, intuitive solutions are needed, like the implementation of genetically modified (GM) crops. In the Latin American tropics, high awareness and acceptance of GM technologies, opportunities to test GM crops as part of local agricultural educations, and their known economic benefits, support their use. However, this is not all that is needed for the future of GM technologies in these areas: GM implementation must also consider environmental and social sustainability, which can be unique to a locality. Primarily from the perspective of its educators, the potential of a rural Colombian university in driving GM implementation is explored, including the role of this type of university in producing agricultural engineers who can innovate with GM to meet regionally-dependent environmental and cultural needs that could increase their sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Diego Camilo Peña-Quemba
- Utopía, Universidad de La Salle, Yopal, Colombia
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Fundación Universitaria de San Gil, UNISANGIL, Yopal, Colombia
| | - Erica McGale
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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5
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Wuest SE, Schulz L, Rana S, Frommelt J, Ehmig M, Pires ND, Grossniklaus U, Hardtke CS, Hammes UZ, Schmid B, Niklaus PA. Single-gene resolution of diversity-driven overyielding in plant genotype mixtures. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3379. [PMID: 37291153 PMCID: PMC10250416 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39130-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In plant communities, diversity often increases productivity and functioning, but the specific underlying drivers are difficult to identify. Most ecological theories attribute positive diversity effects to complementary niches occupied by different species or genotypes. However, the specific nature of niche complementarity often remains unclear, including how it is expressed in terms of trait differences between plants. Here, we use a gene-centred approach to study positive diversity effects in mixtures of natural Arabidopsis thaliana genotypes. Using two orthogonal genetic mapping approaches, we find that between-plant allelic differences at the AtSUC8 locus are strongly associated with mixture overyielding. AtSUC8 encodes a proton-sucrose symporter and is expressed in root tissues. Genetic variation in AtSUC8 affects the biochemical activities of protein variants and natural variation at this locus is associated with different sensitivities of root growth to changes in substrate pH. We thus speculate that - in the particular case studied here - evolutionary divergence along an edaphic gradient resulted in the niche complementarity between genotypes that now drives overyielding in mixtures. Identifying genes important for ecosystem functioning may ultimately allow linking ecological processes to evolutionary drivers, help identify traits underlying positive diversity effects, and facilitate the development of high-performance crop variety mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel E Wuest
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Department of Geography, Remote Sensing Laboratories, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Agroscope, Group Breeding Research, Mueller-Thurgau-Strasse 29, 8820, Waedenswil, Switzerland.
| | - Lukas Schulz
- Plant Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Surbhi Rana
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Ln, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Frommelt
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Merten Ehmig
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nuno D Pires
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ueli Grossniklaus
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian S Hardtke
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Z Hammes
- Plant Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schmid
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Geography, Remote Sensing Laboratories, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pascal A Niklaus
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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Diversity matters in wheat mixtures: A genomic survey of the impact of genetic diversity on the performance of 12 way durum wheat mixtures grown in two contrasted and controlled environments. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276223. [PMID: 36490260 PMCID: PMC9733896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In ecology, an increase in genetic diversity within a community in natural ecosystems increases its productivity, while in evolutionary biology, kinship selection predicts that relatedness on social traits improves fitness. Varietal mixtures, where different genotypes are grown together, show contrasting results, especially for grain yield where both positive and negative effects of mixtures have been reported. To understand the effect of diversity on field performance, we grew 96 independent mixtures each composed with 12 durum wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum Thell.) inbred lines, under two contrasting environmental conditions for water availability. Using dense genotyping, we imputed allelic frequencies and a genetic diversity index on more than 96000 loci for each mixture. We then analyzed the effect of genetic diversity on agronomic performance using a genome-wide approach. We explored the stress gradient hypothesis, which proposes that the greater the unfavourable conditions, the more beneficial the effect of diversity on mixture performance. We found that diversity on average had a negative effect on yield and its components while it was beneficial on grain weight. There was little support for the stress gradient theory. We discuss how to use genomic data to improve the assembly of varietal mixtures.
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Sahelian smallholders’ varietal mixtures reconcile yield and agrobiodiversity conservation. Basic Appl Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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8
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McGale E, Sanders IR. Integrating plant and fungal quantitative genetics to improve the ecological and agricultural applications of mycorrhizal symbioses. Curr Opin Microbiol 2022; 70:102205. [PMID: 36201974 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2022.102205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Finding and targeting genes that quantitatively contribute to agricultural and ecological processes progresses food production and conservation efforts. Typically, quantitative genetic approaches link variants in a single organism's genome with a trait of interest. Recently, genome-to-genome mapping has found genome variants interacting between species to produce the result of a multiorganism (including multikingdom) interaction. These were plant and bacterial pathogen genome interactions; plant-fungal coquantitative genetics have not yet been applied. Plant-mycorrhizae symbioses exist across most biomes, for a majority of land plants, including crop plants, and manipulate many traits from single organisms to ecosystems for which knowing the genetic basis would be useful. The availability of Rhizophagus irregularis mycorrhizal isolates, with genomic information, makes dual-genome methods with beneficial mutualists accessible and imminent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica McGale
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore Building, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ian R Sanders
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore Building, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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9
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Wuest SE, Pires ND, Luo S, Vasseur F, Messier J, Grossniklaus U, Niklaus PA. Increasing plant group productivity through latent genetic variation for cooperation. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001842. [PMID: 36445870 PMCID: PMC9707777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Historic yield advances in the major crops have, to a large extent, been achieved by selection for improved productivity of groups of plant individuals such as high-density stands. Research suggests that such improved group productivity depends on "cooperative" traits (e.g., erect leaves, short stems) that-while beneficial to the group-decrease individual fitness under competition. This poses a problem for some traditional breeding approaches, especially when selection occurs at the level of individuals, because "selfish" traits will be selected for and reduce yield in high-density monocultures. One approach, therefore, has been to select individuals based on ideotypes with traits expected to promote group productivity. However, this approach is limited to architectural and physiological traits whose effects on growth and competition are relatively easy to anticipate. Here, we developed a general and simple method for the discovery of alleles promoting cooperation in plant stands. Our method is based on the game-theoretical premise that alleles increasing cooperation benefit the monoculture group but are disadvantageous to the individual when facing noncooperative neighbors. Testing the approach using the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, we found a major effect locus where the rarer allele was associated with increased cooperation and productivity in high-density stands. The allele likely affects a pleiotropic gene, since we find that it is also associated with reduced root competition but higher resistance against disease. Thus, even though cooperation is considered evolutionarily unstable except under special circumstances, conflicting selective forces acting on a pleiotropic gene might maintain latent genetic variation for cooperation in nature. Such variation, once identified in a crop, could rapidly be leveraged in modern breeding programs and provide efficient routes to increase yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel E. Wuest
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland,Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland,Group Breeding Research, Division Plant Breeding, Agroscope, Wädenswil, Switzerland,* E-mail:
| | - Nuno D. Pires
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Shan Luo
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | | | - Julie Messier
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Ueli Grossniklaus
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pascal A. Niklaus
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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de Tombeur F, Lemoine T, Violle C, Fréville H, Thorne S, Hartley SE, Lambers H, Fort F. Nitrogen availability and plant-plant interactions drive leaf silicon concentration in wheat genotypes. Funct Ecol 2022; 36:2833-2844. [PMID: 36606113 PMCID: PMC9804457 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Estimating plasticity of leaf silicon (Si) in response to abiotic and biotic factors underpins our comprehension of plant defences and stress resistance in natural and agroecosystems. However, how nitrogen (N) addition and intraspecific plant-plant interactions affect Si concentration remains unclear.We grew 19 durum wheat genotypes (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum) in pots, either alone or in intra- or intergenotypic cultures of two individuals, and with or without N. Above-ground biomass, plant height and leaf [Si] were quantified at the beginning of the flowering stage.Nitrogen addition decreased leaf [Si] for most genotypes, proportionally to the biomass increase. Si plasticity to plant-plant interactions varied significantly among genotypes, with both increases and decreases in leaf [Si] when mixed with a neighbour, regardless of the mixture type (intra-/intergenotype). Besides, increased leaf [Si] in response to plant-plant interactions was associated with increased plant height.Our results suggest the occurrence of both facilitation and competition for Si uptake from the rhizosphere in wheat mixtures. Future research should identify which leaf and root traits characterise facilitating neighbours for Si acquisition. We also show that Si could be involved in height gain in response to intraspecific competition, possibly for increasing light capture. This important finding opens up new research directions on Si and plant-plant interactions in both natural ecosystems and agroecosystems. More generally, our results stress the need to explore leaf Si plasticity in responses to both abiotic and biotic factors to understand plant stress resistance. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix de Tombeur
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRDMontpellierFrance
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of AgricultureThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia
| | - Taïna Lemoine
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRDMontpellierFrance
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut AgroMontpellierFrance
| | - Cyrille Violle
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRDMontpellierFrance
| | - Hélène Fréville
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut AgroMontpellierFrance
| | - Sarah J. Thorne
- Department of BiologyUniversity of YorkYorkUK
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | | | - Hans Lambers
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of AgricultureThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia
| | - Florian Fort
- CEFE, Univ. Montpellier, L'Institut agro, CNRS, EPHE, IRDMontpellierFrance
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Fréville H, Montazeaud G, Forst E, David J, Papa R, Tenaillon MI. Shift in beneficial interactions during crop evolution. Evol Appl 2022; 15:905-918. [PMID: 35782010 PMCID: PMC9234679 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant domestication can be viewed as a form of co-evolved interspecific mutualism between humans and crops for the benefit of the two partners. Here, we ask how this plant-human mutualism has, in turn, impacted beneficial interactions within crop species, between crop species, and between crops and their associated microbial partners. We focus on beneficial interactions resulting from three main mechanisms that can be promoted by manipulating genetic diversity in agrosystems: niche partitioning, facilitation, and kin selection. We show that a combination of factors has impacted either directly or indirectly plant-plant interactions during domestication and breeding, with a trend toward reduced benefits arising from niche partitioning and facilitation. Such factors include marked decrease of molecular and functional diversity of crops and other organisms present in the agroecosystem, mass selection, and increased use of chemical inputs. For example, the latter has likely contributed to the relaxation of selection pressures on nutrient-mobilizing traits such as those associated to root exudation and plant nutrient exchanges via microbial partners. In contrast, we show that beneficial interactions arising from kin selection have likely been promoted since the advent of modern breeding. We highlight several issues that need further investigation such as whether crop phenotypic plasticity has evolved and could trigger beneficial interactions in crops, and whether human-mediated selection has impacted cooperation via kin recognition. Finally, we discuss how plant breeding and agricultural practices can help promoting beneficial interactions within and between species in the context of agroecology where the mobilization of diversity and complexity of crop interactions is viewed as a keystone of agroecosystem sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Fréville
- AGAPUniv MontpellierCIRADINRAEInstitut AgroMontpellierFrance
| | - Germain Montazeaud
- AGAPUniv MontpellierCIRADINRAEInstitut AgroMontpellierFrance
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Emma Forst
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental SciencesUniversità Politecnica delle MarcheAnconaItaly
| | - Jacques David
- AGAPUniv MontpellierCIRADINRAEInstitut AgroMontpellierFrance
| | - Roberto Papa
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental SciencesUniversità Politecnica delle MarcheAnconaItaly
| | - Maud I. Tenaillon
- Génétique Quantitative et Evolution – Le MoulonINRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTechUniversité Paris‐SaclayGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
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