1
|
Xie Z, McAuliffe O, Jin YS, Miller MJ. Genomic Modifications of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Their Applications in Dairy Fermentation. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00981-0. [PMID: 38969005 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) have a long history of safe use in milk fermentation and are generally recognized as health-promoting microorganisms when present in fermented foods. LAB are also important components of the human intestinal microbiota and are widely used as probiotics. Considering their safe and health-beneficial properties, LAB are considered appropriate vehicles that can be genetically modified for food, industrial and pharmaceutical applications. Here, this review describes (1) the potential opportunities for application of genetically modified LAB strains in dairy fermentation and (2) the various genomic modification tools for LAB strains, such as random mutagenesis, adaptive laboratory evolution, conjugation, homologous recombination, recombineering, and CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat)- Cas (CRISPR-associated protein) based genome engineering. Lastly, this review also discusses the potential future developments of these genomic modification technologies and their applications in dairy fermentations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zifan Xie
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Yong-Su Jin
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Michael J Miller
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Oliveira SRM, Campos LL, Amaral MNS, Galotti B, Ricci MF, Vital KD, Souza RO, Uetanabaro APT, Junqueira MS, Silva AM, Fernandes SOA, Cardoso VN, Nicoli JR, Martins FS. Evaluation of a Functional Craft Wheat Beer Fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae UFMG A-905 to treat Salmonella Typhimurium infection in mice. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2023; 15:1180-1192. [PMID: 35907169 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-022-09973-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Functional foods containing probiotics are generally administered as dairy products. Non-dairy beverages are another possibility, but probiotic functionality must be confirmed in such vehicles. In the present study, a craft wheat beer brewed with the probiotic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae UFMG A-905 (905) was evaluated in a murine model of Salmonella Typhimurium infection. Unfiltered or filtered beer brewed with 905, a commercial wheat beer used as a negative control, or saline were administered orally to mice before and during oral S. Typhimurium challenge. High fecal levels of yeast were only counted in mice treated with the unfiltered 905 beer, which also had reduced mortality and body weight loss due to S. Typhimurium infection. Increased levels of intestinal IgA, translocation to liver and spleen, liver and intestinal lesions, pro-inflammatory cytokines in liver and ileum, and hepatic and intestinal myeloperoxidase and eosinophilic peroxidase activities were observed in animals infected with S. Typhimurium. All these parameters were reduced by the treatment with unfiltered 905 beer. In conclusion, the results show that a craft wheat beer brewed with S. cerevisiae UFMG A-905 maintained the probiotic properties of this yeast when administered orally to mice challenged with S. Typhimurium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha R M Oliveira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, MG, 6627, 31270-901, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Lara L Campos
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, MG, 6627, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Maisa N S Amaral
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, MG, 6627, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Bruno Galotti
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, MG, 6627, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Mayra F Ricci
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Katia D Vital
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas E Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ramon O Souza
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, MG, 6627, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula T Uetanabaro
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Mateus S Junqueira
- Departamento de Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Sete Lagoas, MG, Brazil
| | - Andreia M Silva
- Departamento de Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Sete Lagoas, MG, Brazil
| | - Simone O A Fernandes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas E Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Valbert N Cardoso
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas E Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Jacques R Nicoli
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, MG, 6627, 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Flaviano S Martins
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, MG, 6627, 31270-901, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Castro-López C, García-Galaz A, García HS, González-Córdova AF, Vallejo-Cordoba B, Hernández-Mendoza A. Potential probiotic lactobacilli strains isolated from artisanal Mexican Cocido cheese: evidence-based biosafety and probiotic action-related traits on in vitro tests. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:2137-2152. [PMID: 37450104 PMCID: PMC10485211 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01059-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The biosafety of four potentially probiotic lactobacilli strains, isolated from artisanal Mexican Cocido cheese, was assessed through in vitro tests aimed to determine (1) the antibiotic susceptibility profile by broth microdilution, (2) the transferability of antibiotic resistance determinants by filter-mating, and (3) the phenotypic and genotypic stability during serial batch sub-culture (100-day period) by evaluating physiological and probiotic features and RAPD-PCR fingerprinting. Lactobacilli strains exhibited multidrug-resistance; however, resistance determinants were not transferred in the filter-mating assay. Significant (p < 0.05) differences were observed in bacterial morphology and some functional and technological properties when strains were serially sub-cultured over 50 generations (G50), compared to the initial cultures (G0). Conversely, the strains did not show mucinolytic and hemolytic activities either at G0 or after 100 generations (G100). Genetic polymorphism and genomic template instability on selected strains were detected, which suggest possible evolutionary arrangements that may occur when these bacteria are largely cultured. Our findings suggest that the assessed strains did not raise in vitro biosafety concerns; however, complementary studies are still needed to establish the safe potential applications in humans and animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Castro-López
- Laboratorio de Química y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD), Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas 46. Hermosillo, Sonora, Sonora, 83304, México
| | - Alfonso García-Galaz
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Polifásica y Bioactividades, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD, A.C.), Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas 46, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83304, México
| | - Hugo S García
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo de Alimentos‒UNIDA, Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Veracruz, Miguel Ángel de Quevedo 2779, Veracruz, Veracruz, México, 91897
| | - Aarón F González-Córdova
- Laboratorio de Química y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD), Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas 46. Hermosillo, Sonora, Sonora, 83304, México
| | - Belinda Vallejo-Cordoba
- Laboratorio de Química y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD), Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas 46. Hermosillo, Sonora, Sonora, 83304, México
| | - Adrián Hernández-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Química y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD), Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas 46. Hermosillo, Sonora, Sonora, 83304, México.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Alcántara C, Perez M, Huedo P, Altadill T, Espadaler-Mazo J, Arqués JL, Zúñiga M, Monedero V. Study of the biosynthesis and functionality of polyphosphate in Bifidobacterium longum KABP042. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11076. [PMID: 37422465 PMCID: PMC10329679 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38082-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyphosphate (poly-P) biosynthesis in bacteria has been linked to many physiological processes and has been characterized as an interesting functional molecule involved in intestinal homeostasis. We determined the capacity for poly-P production of 18 probiotic strains mainly belonging to Bifidobacterium and former Lactobacillus genera, showing that poly-P synthesis varied widely between strains and is dependent on the availability of phosphate and the growth phase. Bifidobacteria were especially capable of poly-P synthesis and poly-P kinase (ppk) genes were identified in their genomes together with a repertoire of genes involved in phosphate transport and metabolism. In Bifidobacterium longum KABP042, the strain we found with highest poly-P production, variations in ppk expression were linked to growth conditions and presence of phosphate in the medium. Moreover, the strain produced poly-P in presence of breast milk and lacto-N-tetraose increased the amount of poly-P synthesized. Compared to KABP042 supernatants low in poly-P, exposure of Caco-2 cells to KABP042 supernatants rich in poly-P resulted in decreased epithelial permeability and increased barrier resistance, induction of epithelial protecting factors such as HSP27 and enhanced expression of tight junction protein genes. These results highlight the role of bifidobacteria-derived poly-P as a strain-dependent functional factor acting on epithelial integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Alcántara
- Laboratorio de Bacterias Lácticas y Probióticos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Perez
- R&D Department, AB-Biotics S.A. (Part of Kaneka Corporation), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pol Huedo
- R&D Department, AB-Biotics S.A. (Part of Kaneka Corporation), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tatiana Altadill
- R&D Department, AB-Biotics S.A. (Part of Kaneka Corporation), Barcelona, Spain
- Basic Sciences Department, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Juan Luis Arqués
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Zúñiga
- Laboratorio de Bacterias Lácticas y Probióticos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicente Monedero
- Laboratorio de Bacterias Lácticas y Probióticos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Current Updates on the Role of Microbiome in Endometriosis: A Narrative Review. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020360. [PMID: 36838325 PMCID: PMC9962481 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis affects approximately 6 to 10% of reproductive-age women globally. Despite much effort invested, the pathogenesis that promotes the development, as well as the progression of this chronic inflammatory disease, is poorly understood. The imbalance in the microbiome or dysbiosis has been implicated in a variety of human diseases, especially the gut microbiome. In the case of endometriosis, emerging evidence suggests that there may be urogenital-gastrointestinal crosstalk that leads to the development of endometriosis. Researchers may now exploit important information from microbiome studies to design endometriosis treatment strategies and disease biomarkers with the use of advanced molecular technologies and increased computational capacity. Future studies into the functional profile of the microbiome would greatly assist in the development of microbiome-based therapies to alleviate endometriosis symptoms and improve the quality of life of women suffering from endometriosis.
Collapse
|
6
|
Muñoz Pabon KS, Hoyos Concha JL, Solanilla Duque JF. Quinoa extruded snacks with probiotics: Physicochemical and sensory properties. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.935425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The consumption of probiotic foods has grown rapidly, and these are generally found in dairy matrices where their growth is favored. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a new probiotic snack made from quinoa and added with spore-forming probiotic bacteria in two concentrations of 0.3 and 0.35%. The probiotic was added by spraying, after the extrusion process, together with salt and oil, at 70°C under dry conditions. Bacterial viability, resistance to simulated gastric juice, physical, chemical, and sensory tests were then evaluated during 120 days of storage at room temperature (20°C) and compared to a controlled snack without probiotic. The probiotic Bacillus coagulans was tested for the molecular identification and inhibition of pathogenic bacteria. Viability assessment was remained above 107 CFU/g of snacks. The intestinal tract simulation resistance test showed a viability of 70%. The physicochemical and sensory properties evaluated had no significant changes during storage time compared to control snack. The results of the taxonomic analysis indicate that the analyzed strain has, on average, 98% identity in 98% of its length belonging to Bacillus coagulans and Bacillus badius species. The probiotic showed inhibition against pathogenic bacteria. The new snack with probiotic is stable during storage.
Collapse
|
7
|
Comparison Between Different Delivery Vehicles for the Probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019 on Experimental Periodontitis in Rats. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2022; 14:313-325. [PMID: 35260963 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-022-09930-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the effects of the probiotic (PROB) Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019 in two different delivery vehicles in experimental periodontitis (EP), including the gene expression for IL-10, IFN-γ, and FOXP3. In total, 32 rats were assigned into groups (n=8): C (control), EP, EP-PROB/Water, and EP-PROB/Milk. The probiotic was administered for 4 weeks, from baseline to euthanasia. Periodontitis was induced by ligatures 14 days after baseline. Data were statistically analyzed (p<0.05). Both probiotic groups presented decreased alveolar bone loss and increased interproximal attachment level than group EP. Also, these parameters were significantly improved in the Milk group when compared with the Water group. EP-PROB/Milk showed higher gene expression for IL-10 and lower for FOXP3 in relation to EP-PROB/Water and EP groups. The use of milk was able to potentiate the protective effects of B. lactis HN019 in rats under EP.
Collapse
|
8
|
Duboux S, Van Wijchen M, Kleerebezem M. The Possible Link Between Manufacturing and Probiotic Efficacy; a Molecular Point of View on Bifidobacterium. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:812536. [PMID: 35003044 PMCID: PMC8741271 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.812536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics for food or supplement use have been studied in numerous clinical trials, addressing a broad variety of diseases, and conditions. However, discrepancies were observed in the clinical outcomes stemming from the use of lactobacillaceae and bifidobacteria strains. These differences are often attributed to variations in the clinical trial protocol like trial design, included target population, probiotic dosage, or outcome parameters measured. However, a contribution of the methods used to produce the live bioactive ingredients should not be neglected as a possible additional factor in the observed clinical outcome variations. It is well established that manufacturing conditions play a role in determining the survival and viability of probiotics, but much less is known about their influence on the probiotic molecular composition and functionality. In this review, we briefly summarize the evidence obtained for Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum WCFS1, highlighting that expression and presence of probiotic niche factor (NF) and/or effector molecules (EM) may be altered during production of those two well-characterized lactobacillaceae probiotic strains. Subsequently, we summarize in more depth what is the present state of knowledge about bifidobacterial probiotic NF and EM; how their expression may be modified by manufacturing related environmental factors and how that may affect their biological activity in the host. This review highlights the importance of gathering knowledge on probiotic NF and EM, to validate them as surrogate markers of probiotic functionality. We further propose that monitoring of validated NF and/or EM during production and/or in the final preparation could complement viable count assessments that are currently applied in industry. Overall, we suggest that implementation of molecular level quality controls (i.e., based on validated NF and EM), could provide mode of action based in vitro tests contributing to better control the health-promoting reliability of probiotic products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Duboux
- Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Myrthe Van Wijchen
- Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Michiel Kleerebezem
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Araújo MM, Vogado CDO, Mendes MM, Gonçalves VSS, Botelho PB. Effects of Bifidobacterium animalis subspecies lactis supplementation on gastrointestinal symptoms: systematic review with meta-analysis. Nutr Rev 2021; 80:1619-1633. [PMID: 34918142 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuab109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT The effects of probiotics on gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms have been increasingly investigated, particularly that of Bifidobacterium animalis. Clinical trials so far have shown differing evidence regarding these effects in healthy adults. OBJECTIVE To synthesize the published evidence on the effects of B. animalis subspecies lactis on GI symptoms (GIS) in healthy adults. DATA SOURCE A search of the Medline, Embase, Lilacs, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest, and Google Scholar databases was conducted for reports on randomized controlled trials published up to October 2021. DATA EXTRACTION Population characteristics and data on colonic transit time (CTT), stool consistency, defecation frequency, abdominal pain, bloating, flatulence, volunteer compliance, and adverse events were extracted. A random-effects model was used to estimate the effect of probiotic treatment on these variables. DATA SYNTHESIS In total, 1551 studies were identified, of which 14 were included in the qualitative synthesis and 13 in the meta-analysis. Overall, probiotic supplementation increased defecation frequency (standardized mean difference [SMD], 0.26; 95%CI, 0.13-0.39). Subgroup analysis revealed a decrease in CTT (SMD, -0.34; 95%CI, -0.62 to -0.07) in short-term treatment (≤14 d) and an improvement in stool consistency (SMD, 0.76; 95%CI, 0.44-1.08) in individuals without GIS. No improvement in abdominal pain and bloating was found. CONCLUSIONS B. animalis subspecies lactis supplementation may increase defecation frequency and, in short-term treatment, may reduce CTT in healthy adults and improve stool consistency in individuals without GIS. More high-quality randomized controlled trials are needed to develop a clinical protocol for the use of this strain to improve these symptoms. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration no. CRD42020154060.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maísa Miranda Araújo
- Graduate Program in Human Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of Brasília, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
| | - Carolina de Oliveira Vogado
- Graduate Program in Human Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of Brasília, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
| | - Marcela Moraes Mendes
- Graduate Program in Human Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of Brasília, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
| | - Vivian Siqueira Santos Gonçalves
- Graduate Program in Public Health, Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, University of Brasília, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Borges Botelho
- Graduate Program in Human Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of Brasília, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Probiotic bacteria and plant-based matrices: An association with improved health-promoting features. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
|
11
|
Cunningham M, Vinderola G, Charalampopoulos D, Lebeer S, Sanders ME, Grimaldi R. Applying probiotics and prebiotics in new delivery formats – is the clinical evidence transferable? Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
12
|
Serological Biomarkers and Diversion Colitis: Changes after Stimulation with Probiotics. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050684. [PMID: 34063276 PMCID: PMC8147466 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Diversion colitis is a non-specific inflammation of a defunctionalised segment of the colon after a temporary stoma has been performed. This inflammation is associated with an alteration of certain inflammatory serum markers. The aims of this study were, firstly, to evaluate the modification of inflammatory biomarkers after stimulation with probiotics prior to closure of the protective ileostomy. Secondly, to identify if a relationship could be established between the severity of diversion colitis and the alteration of inflammatory biomarkers in the blood. A prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled study was conducted. Patients who underwent surgery for colorectal carcinoma with protective ileostomy between January 2017 and December 2018 were included, pending reconstructive surgery and with diversion colitis as diagnosis. The sample was randomly divided into a group stimulated with probiotics (SG) (n = 34) and a control group (CG) (n = 35). Histological and endoscopic changes were evaluated after stimulation, after restorative surgery and during the short-term follow-up after surgery, including the correlation with pro-inflammatory biomarkers in blood. As main findings, a significant decrease in C-reactive protein (CRP), Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR ratio), and monocyte/lymphocyte ratio (LMR ratio) was observed in the SG versus the CG with a p < 0.001. A significant increase in transferrin values and in the platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR) was observed in the SG versus CG after stimulation with probiotics with a p < 0.001. A normalisation of CRP and transferrin levels was observed in the third month of follow-up after closure ileostomy, and NLR, LMR and PLR ratios were equal in both groups. Decreased modified Glasgow prognostic score was found in SG compared to CG after probiotic stimulation (p < 0.001). The endoscopic and histological severity of diversion colitis is associated with a greater alteration of blood inflammatory biomarkers. The stimulation with probiotics prior to reconstructive surgery promotes an early normalization of these parameters.
Collapse
|
13
|
Soluble Fraction from Lysate of a High Concentration Multi-Strain Probiotic Formulation Inhibits TGF-β1-Induced Intestinal Fibrosis on CCD-18Co Cells. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030882. [PMID: 33803197 PMCID: PMC7998462 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a severe complication of chronic inflammatory disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Current strategies are not fully effective in treating fibrosis; therefore, innovative anti-fibrotic approaches are urgently needed. TGF-β1 plays a central role in the fibrotic process by inducing myofibroblast differentiation and excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) protein deposition. Here, we explored the potential anti-fibrotic impact of two high concentration multi-strain probiotic formulations on TGF-β1-activated human intestinal colonic myofibroblast CCD-18Co. Human colonic fibroblast CCD-18Co cells were cultured in the presence of TGF-β1 to develop a fibrotic phenotype. Cell viability and growth were measured using the Trypan Blue dye exclusion test. The collagen-I, α-SMA, and pSmad2/3 expression levels were evaluated by Western blot analysis. Fibrosis markers were also analyzed by immunofluorescence and microscopy. The levels of TGF-β1 in the culture medium were assessed by ELISA. The effects of commercially available probiotic products VSL#3® and Vivomixx® were evaluated as the soluble fraction of bacterial lysates. The results suggested that the soluble fraction of Vivomixx® formulation, but not VSL#3®, was able to antagonize the pro-fibrotic effects of TGF-β1 on CCD-18Co cells, being able to prevent all of the cellular and molecular parameters that are related to the fibrotic phenotype. The mechanism underlying the observed effect appeared to be associated with inhibition of the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway. To our knowledge, this study provides the first experimental evidence that Vivomixx® could be considered to be a promising candidate against intestinal fibrosis, being able to antagonize TGF-β1 pro-fibrotic effects. The differences that were observed in our fibrosis model between the two probiotics used could be attributable to the different number of strains in different proportions.
Collapse
|
14
|
Barbuti RC, Schiavon LL, Oliveira CP, Alvares-DA-Silva MR, Sassaki LY, Passos MDCF, Farias AQ, Barros LL, Barreto BP, Albuquerque GBDMLD, Alves AM, Navarro-Rodriguez T, Bittencourt PL. GUT MICROBIOTA, PREBIOTICS, PROBIOTICS, AND SYNBIOTICS IN GASTROINTESTINAL AND LIVER DISEASES: PROCEEDINGS OF A JOINT MEETING OF THE BRAZILIAN SOCIETY OF HEPATOLOGY (SBH), BRAZILIAN NUCLEUS FOR THE STUDY OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI AND MICROBIOTA (NBEHPM), AND BRAZILIAN FEDERATION OF GASTROENTEROLOGY (FBG). ARQUIVOS DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA 2021; 57:381-398. [PMID: 33331485 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-2803.202000000-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the last years, there is growing evidence that microorganisms are involved in the maintenance of our health and are related to various diseases, both intestinal and extraintestinal. Changes in the gut microbiota appears to be a key element in the pathogenesis of hepatic and gastrointestinal disorders, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, liver cirrhosis, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and Clostridium difficile - associated diarrhea. In 2019, the Brazilian Society of Hepatology (SBH) in cooperation with the Brazilian Nucleus for the Study of Helicobacter Pylori and Microbiota (NBEHPM), and Brazilian Federation of Gastroenterology (FBG) sponsored a joint meeting on gut microbiota and the use of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics in gastrointestinal and liver diseases. This paper summarizes the proceedings of the aforementioned meeting. It is intended to provide practical information about this topic, addressing the latest discoveries and indicating areas for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Correa Barbuti
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Gastroenterologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Leonardo Lucca Schiavon
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - Cláudia P Oliveira
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Gastroenterologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Mário Reis Alvares-DA-Silva
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | | | | | - Alberto Queiroz Farias
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Gastroenterologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Luisa Leite Barros
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Gastroenterologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Bruno Paes Barreto
- Universidade do Estado do Pará, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Belém, PA, Brasil.,Centro Universitário do Estado do Pará (CESUPA), Belém, PA, Brasil
| | | | - Amanda Mandarino Alves
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Gastroenterologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Tomás Navarro-Rodriguez
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Gastroenterologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Forssten SD, Laitila A, Maukonen J, Ouwehand AC. Probiotic triangle of success; strain production, clinical studies and product development. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2020; 367:fnaa167. [PMID: 33049046 PMCID: PMC7578568 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnaa167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The successful development of probiotic foods and dietary supplements rests on three pillars; each with their specific challenges and opportunities. First, strain production; this depends on selecting the right strain with promising technological properties and safety profile. Further the manufacturing of the strain in a stable format at sufficiently high yield, following regulatory and customer requirements on culture media ingredients and other processing aids. The second pillar are the preclinical and clinical studies to document that the strain is a probiotic and exerts a health benefit on the host, the consumer. Especially when aiming for a regulator approved health claim, clinical studies need to be thoroughly performed; following appropriate ethical, scientific and regulatory guidelines. Finally, the probiotic will need to be incorporated in a product that can be brought to the consumer; a dietary supplement or a functional food. Because of the live nature of probiotics, specific challenges may need to be dealt with. Although experience from other strains is helpful in the process, the development is strain specific. Commercialisation and marketing of probiotics are strictly but differently regulated in most jurisdictions; defining what can and cannot be claimed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia D Forssten
- DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, Sokeritehtaantie 20, 02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | - Arja Laitila
- DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, Sokeritehtaantie 20, 02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | - Johanna Maukonen
- DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, Sokeritehtaantie 20, 02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | - Arthur C Ouwehand
- DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, Sokeritehtaantie 20, 02460 Kantvik, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gomand F, Mitchell WH, Burgain J, Petit J, Borges F, Spagnolie SE, Gaiani C. Shaving and breaking bacterial chains with a viscous flow. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:9273-9291. [PMID: 32930313 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00292e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Some food and ferment manufacturing steps such as spray-drying result in the application of viscous stresses to bacteria. This study explores how a viscous flow impacts both bacterial adhesion functionality and bacterial cell organization using a combined experimental and modeling approach. As a model organism we study Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) "wild type" (WT), known to feature strong adhesive affinities towards beta-lactoglobulin thanks to pili produced by the bacteria on cell surfaces, along with three cell-surface mutant strains. Applying repeated flows with high shear-rates reduces bacterial adhesive abilities up to 20% for LGG WT. Bacterial chains are also broken by this process, into 2-cell chains at low industrial shear rates, and into single cells at very high shear rates. To rationalize the experimental observations we study numerically and analytically the Stokes equations describing viscous fluid flow around a chain of elastically connected spheroidal cell bodies. In this model setting we examine qualitatively the relationship between surface traction (force per unit area), a proxy for pili removal rate, and bacterial chain length (number of cells). Longer chains result in higher maximal surface tractions, particularly at the chain extremities, while inner cells enjoy a small protection from surface tractions due to hydrodynamic interactions with their neighbors. Chain rupture therefore may act as a mechanism to preserve surface adhesive functionality in bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faustine Gomand
- LIBio - Université de Lorraine, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France. and Department of Mathematics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 480 Lincoln Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - William H Mitchell
- Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, Macalester College, 1600 Grand Ave, St. Paul, MN 55105, USA.
| | - Jennifer Burgain
- LIBio - Université de Lorraine, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Jérémy Petit
- LIBio - Université de Lorraine, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Frédéric Borges
- LIBio - Université de Lorraine, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Saverio E Spagnolie
- Department of Mathematics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 480 Lincoln Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Claire Gaiani
- LIBio - Université de Lorraine, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sharifi-Rad J, Rodrigues CF, Stojanović-Radić Z, Dimitrijević M, Aleksić A, Neffe-Skocińska K, Zielińska D, Kołożyn-Krajewska D, Salehi B, Milton Prabu S, Schutz F, Docea AO, Martins N, Calina D. Probiotics: Versatile Bioactive Components in Promoting Human Health. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2020; 56:E433. [PMID: 32867260 PMCID: PMC7560221 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56090433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The positive impact of probiotic strains on human health has become more evident than ever before. Often delivered through food, dietary products, supplements, and drugs, different legislations for safety and efficacy issues have been prepared. Furthermore, regulatory agencies have addressed various approaches toward these products, whether they authorize claims mentioning a disease's diagnosis, prevention, or treatment. Due to the diversity of bacteria and yeast strains, strict approaches have been designed to assess for side effects and post-market surveillance. One of the most essential delivery systems of probiotics is within food, due to the great beneficial health effects of this system compared to pharmaceutical products and also due to the increasing importance of food and nutrition. Modern lifestyle or various diseases lead to an imbalance of the intestinal flora. Nonetheless, as the amount of probiotic use needs accurate calculations, different factors should also be taken into consideration. One of the novelties of this review is the presentation of the beneficial effects of the administration of probiotics as a potential adjuvant therapy in COVID-19. Thus, this paper provides an integrative overview of different aspects of probiotics, from human health care applications to safety, quality, and control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1991953381, Iran;
| | - Célia F. Rodrigues
- LEPABE—Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Zorica Stojanović-Radić
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia; (Z.S.-R.); (M.D.); (A.A.)
| | - Marina Dimitrijević
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia; (Z.S.-R.); (M.D.); (A.A.)
| | - Ana Aleksić
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia; (Z.S.-R.); (M.D.); (A.A.)
| | - Katarzyna Neffe-Skocińska
- Department of Food Gastronomy and Food Hygiene, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS), 02-776 Warszawa, Poland; (K.N.-S.); (D.Z.); (D.K.-K.)
| | - Dorota Zielińska
- Department of Food Gastronomy and Food Hygiene, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS), 02-776 Warszawa, Poland; (K.N.-S.); (D.Z.); (D.K.-K.)
| | - Danuta Kołożyn-Krajewska
- Department of Food Gastronomy and Food Hygiene, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS), 02-776 Warszawa, Poland; (K.N.-S.); (D.Z.); (D.K.-K.)
| | - Bahare Salehi
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam 44340847, Iran
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam 44340847, Iran
| | - Selvaraj Milton Prabu
- Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608002, Chidambaram, India;
| | - Francine Schutz
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Anca Oana Docea
- Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Natália Martins
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Binda S, Hill C, Johansen E, Obis D, Pot B, Sanders ME, Tremblay A, Ouwehand AC. Criteria to Qualify Microorganisms as "Probiotic" in Foods and Dietary Supplements. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1662. [PMID: 32793153 PMCID: PMC7394020 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Still relevant after 19 years, the FAO/WHO definition of probiotics can be translated into four simple and pragmatic criteria allowing one to conclude if specific strains of microorganisms qualify as a probiotic for use in foods and dietary supplements. Probiotic strains must be (i) sufficiently characterized; (ii) safe for the intended use; (iii) supported by at least one positive human clinical trial conducted according to generally accepted scientific standards or as per recommendations and provisions of local/national authorities when applicable; and (iv) alive in the product at an efficacious dose throughout shelf life. We provide clarity and detail how each of these four criteria can be assessed. The wide adoption of these criteria is necessary to ensure the proper use of the word probiotic in scientific publications, on product labels, and in communications with regulators and the general public.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Binda
- Danone Nutricia Research, Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Colin Hill
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eric Johansen
- Emerging Technologies, Chr. Hansen A/S, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - David Obis
- Danone Nutricia Research, Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Bruno Pot
- Science Europe, Yakult Europe BV, Almere, Netherlands
| | - Mary Ellen Sanders
- International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics, Centennial, CO, United States
| | - Annie Tremblay
- Rosell Institute for Microbiome and Probiotics, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Arthur C. Ouwehand
- Global Health and Nutrition Sciences, DuPont Nutrition and Biosciences, Kantvik, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Streptococcus thermophilus: To Survive, or Not to Survive the Gastrointestinal Tract, That Is the Question! Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082175. [PMID: 32708008 PMCID: PMC7468695 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The probiotic market is increasing world-wide as well as the number of products marketed as probiotics. Among the latter, many products contain Streptococcus thermophilus strains at several dosages. However, the scientific evidence that should support the probiotic status of those S. thermophilus strains is often contradictory. This review analyses the scientific literature aimed to assess the ability of S. thermophilus strains to survive the human gastrointestinal tract by discussing the scientific validity of the methods applied for the bacterial recovery and identification from stool samples. This review highlights that in most of the intervention studies reviewed, the identification of S. thermophilus strains from stools was not carried out with the necessary taxonomic accuracy to avoid their misidentification with Streptococcus salivarius, a common human commensal and a species phylogenetically close to S. thermophilus. Moreover, this review highlights how critical the accurate taxonomic identification of S. thermophilus in metagenomics-based studies can be.
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhang L, Chichlowski M, Gross G, Holle MJ, Lbarra-Sánchez LA, Wang S, Miller MJ. Milk Fat Globule Membrane Protects Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG from Bile Stress by Regulating Exopolysaccharide Production and Biofilm Formation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:6646-6655. [PMID: 32396007 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) is a complex, highly conserved structure surrounding fat droplets secreted into mammalian milk. This study evaluated the impact of MFGM on Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG). MFGM-10 (2.5 g/L, 5 g/L, and 10 g/L) did not affect LGG growth in MRS medium but enhanced the ability of LGG to survive in the presence of 0.5% porcine bile. In the presence of MFGM-10 (5 g/L) and bile (0.5%), there were less complex polysaccharides in the media and less capsular polysaccharides associated with the LGG cells compared to the bile exposure alone (p < 0.05). The expression of four EPS genes was modulated by bile stress and MFGM. Biofilm thickness was increased (p < 0.05) during bile stress with MFGM compared to other treatments. Furthermore, MFGM increased LGG survival during transit in the murine GI tract. Future experiments will determine the impact of MFGM on LGG probiotic functionality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 905 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Maciej Chichlowski
- Mead Johnson Nutrition, Evansville, Indiana 47721, United States
- Mead Johnson Nutrition, Nijmegen 6545 CJ, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriele Gross
- Mead Johnson Nutrition, Evansville, Indiana 47721, United States
- Mead Johnson Nutrition, Nijmegen 6545 CJ, The Netherlands
| | - Maxwell J Holle
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 905 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Luis A Lbarra-Sánchez
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 905 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Shumei Wang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 905 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Michael J Miller
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 905 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Butler MI, Bastiaanssen TFS, Long-Smith C, Berding K, Morkl S, Cusack AM, Strain C, Busca K, Porteous-Allen P, Claesson MJ, Stanton C, Cryan JF, Allen D, Dinan TG. Recipe for a Healthy Gut: Intake of Unpasteurised Milk Is Associated with Increased Lactobacillus Abundance in the Human Gut Microbiome. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051468. [PMID: 32438623 PMCID: PMC7285075 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The gut microbiota plays a role in gut-brain communication and can influence psychological functioning. Diet is one of the major determinants of gut microbiota composition. The impact of unpasteurised dairy products on the microbiota is unknown. In this observational study, we investigated the effect of a dietary change involving intake of unpasteurised dairy on gut microbiome composition and psychological status in participants undertaking a residential 12-week cookery course on an organic farm. METHODS Twenty-four participants completed the study. The majority of food consumed during their stay originated from the organic farm itself and included unpasteurised milk and dairy products. At the beginning and end of the course, participants provided faecal samples and completed self-report questionnaires on a variety of parameters including mood, anxiety and sleep. Nutrient intake was monitored with a food frequency questionnaire. Gut microbiota analysis was performed with 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Additionally, faecal short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were measured. RESULTS Relative abundance of the genus Lactobacillus increased significantly between pre- and post-course time points. This increase was associated with participants intake of unpasteurised milk and dairy products. An increase in the faecal SCFA, valerate, was observed along with an increase in the functional richness of the microbiome profile, as determined by measuring the predictive neuroactive potential using a gut-brain module approach. CONCLUSIONS While concerns in relation to safety need to be considered, intake of unpasteurised milk and dairy products appear to be associated with the growth of the probiotic bacterial genus, Lactobacillus, in the human gut. More research is needed on the effect of dietary changes on gut microbiome composition, in particular in relation to the promotion of bacterial genera, such as Lactobacillus, which are recognised as being beneficial for a range of physical and mental health outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary I. Butler
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland; (T.F.S.B.); (C.L.-S.); (K.B.); (S.M.); (A.-M.C.); (C.S.); (K.B.); (M.J.C.); (C.S.); (J.F.C.); (T.G.D.)
- Department of Psychiatry, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +353-0-21-4901224
| | - Thomaz F. S. Bastiaanssen
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland; (T.F.S.B.); (C.L.-S.); (K.B.); (S.M.); (A.-M.C.); (C.S.); (K.B.); (M.J.C.); (C.S.); (J.F.C.); (T.G.D.)
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland
| | - Caitriona Long-Smith
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland; (T.F.S.B.); (C.L.-S.); (K.B.); (S.M.); (A.-M.C.); (C.S.); (K.B.); (M.J.C.); (C.S.); (J.F.C.); (T.G.D.)
| | - Kirsten Berding
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland; (T.F.S.B.); (C.L.-S.); (K.B.); (S.M.); (A.-M.C.); (C.S.); (K.B.); (M.J.C.); (C.S.); (J.F.C.); (T.G.D.)
| | - Sabrina Morkl
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland; (T.F.S.B.); (C.L.-S.); (K.B.); (S.M.); (A.-M.C.); (C.S.); (K.B.); (M.J.C.); (C.S.); (J.F.C.); (T.G.D.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Anne-Marie Cusack
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland; (T.F.S.B.); (C.L.-S.); (K.B.); (S.M.); (A.-M.C.); (C.S.); (K.B.); (M.J.C.); (C.S.); (J.F.C.); (T.G.D.)
| | - Conall Strain
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland; (T.F.S.B.); (C.L.-S.); (K.B.); (S.M.); (A.-M.C.); (C.S.); (K.B.); (M.J.C.); (C.S.); (J.F.C.); (T.G.D.)
- Teagasc Food Research Programme, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland
| | - Kizkitza Busca
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland; (T.F.S.B.); (C.L.-S.); (K.B.); (S.M.); (A.-M.C.); (C.S.); (K.B.); (M.J.C.); (C.S.); (J.F.C.); (T.G.D.)
- Teagasc Food Research Programme, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland
| | - Penny Porteous-Allen
- Ballymaloe Cookery School, Organic Farm and Gardens, Shanagarry, Co. Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland; (P.P.-A.); (D.A.)
| | - Marcus J. Claesson
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland; (T.F.S.B.); (C.L.-S.); (K.B.); (S.M.); (A.-M.C.); (C.S.); (K.B.); (M.J.C.); (C.S.); (J.F.C.); (T.G.D.)
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland; (T.F.S.B.); (C.L.-S.); (K.B.); (S.M.); (A.-M.C.); (C.S.); (K.B.); (M.J.C.); (C.S.); (J.F.C.); (T.G.D.)
- Teagasc Food Research Programme, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland
| | - John F. Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland; (T.F.S.B.); (C.L.-S.); (K.B.); (S.M.); (A.-M.C.); (C.S.); (K.B.); (M.J.C.); (C.S.); (J.F.C.); (T.G.D.)
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland
| | - Darina Allen
- Ballymaloe Cookery School, Organic Farm and Gardens, Shanagarry, Co. Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland; (P.P.-A.); (D.A.)
| | - Timothy G. Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland; (T.F.S.B.); (C.L.-S.); (K.B.); (S.M.); (A.-M.C.); (C.S.); (K.B.); (M.J.C.); (C.S.); (J.F.C.); (T.G.D.)
- Department of Psychiatry, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Rekatsina M, Paladini A, Cifone MG, Lombardi F, Pergolizzi JV, Varrassi G. Influence of Microbiota on NSAID Enteropathy: A Systematic Review of Current Knowledge and the Role of Probiotics. Adv Ther 2020; 37:1933-1945. [PMID: 32291647 PMCID: PMC7467482 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-020-01338-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Microbiota are increasingly studied, providing more precise information on their important role in physiologic processes. They also influence some pathologic processes, such as NSAID-induced enteropathy. This side effect is much more diffuse than it has been described in the past. It derives mainly from the local action of the medicines and is caused by the local binding of gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides and infiltration of neutrophils into the intestinal mucosa. The initial interest in the interaction between these damages and microbiota is very old, but new and interesting data are available. This review aims to focus on recent studies on NSAID-induced enteropathy, an often-underestimated medical condition, and on the influence of microbiota on this condition. Apart from the broadly investigated use of antibiotics and other mucosal protective solutions, this systematic review focuses mostly on the use of probiotics, which directly influence intestinal microflora. Other important factors influencing NSAID-induced enteropathy, such as sex, advanced age, infection and use of proton pump inhibitors, are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonella Paladini
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Building Delta 6, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Cifone
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Building Delta 6, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesca Lombardi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Building Delta 6, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Giustino Varrassi
- Paolo Procacci Foundation, Via Tacito 7, 00193, Rome, Italy.
- World Institute of Pain, Winston Salem, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
The Effects of Low-Nickel Diet Combined with Oral Administration of Selected Probiotics on Patients with Systemic Nickel Allergy Syndrome (SNAS) and Gut Dysbiosis. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12041040. [PMID: 32283870 PMCID: PMC7230804 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Nickel (Ni) oral consumption may elicit systemic reactions in patients affected by systemic nickel allergy syndrome (SNAS), including gastrointestinal symptoms, which in turn are associated with gut dysbiosis. We evaluated the effects of a low-Ni diet alone or in combination with the oral consumption of appropriate probiotics on Ni-sensitivity and urinary dysbiosis markers in SNAS patients. Methods: n = 51 patients with SNAS and concomitant intestinal dysbiosis were enrolled in the study. According to the urinary indican/skatole levels, quantified through a colorimetric and a high-performance liquid chromatographic method, respectively, patients were assigned to a dysbiosis type/grade and followed a low-Ni diet for three months. Along with the diet, 22 patients also consumed probiotics based on the dysbiosis type. In particular, a Lactobacilli- or Bifidobacteria-containing formulation was administered to patients with fermentative or putrefactive dysbiosis, respectively, while a broad-spectrum probiotic formulation containing both Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria was administered to patients with mixed dysbiosis. After three months, patients were invited to repeat the Ni-stimulation and the dysbiosis tests. Results: The fermentative dysbiosis group represented the largest group followed by the mixed dysbiosis group, while only two patients had putrefactive dysbiosis. Overall, at three months of treatment in general (diet alone with or without probiotics), the Ni-sensitivity and dysbiosis levels were strongly ameliorated. The association of a low-Ni diet with a specific probiotic oral supplementation was significantly more effective in decreasing dysbiosis levels or reaching eubiosis than with diet alone. Conclusion: Our results, while confirming the benefits of a low-Ni diet in SNAS patients, strongly support that appropriate adjuvant treatment with probiotics significantly helps to improve intestinal dysbiosis or restore a healthy microbiota.
Collapse
|
24
|
The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of synbiotics. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 17:687-701. [PMID: 32826966 PMCID: PMC7581511 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-020-0344-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 515] [Impact Index Per Article: 128.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In May 2019, the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) convened a panel of nutritionists, physiologists and microbiologists to review the definition and scope of synbiotics. The panel updated the definition of a synbiotic to "a mixture comprising live microorganisms and substrate(s) selectively utilized by host microorganisms that confers a health benefit on the host". The panel concluded that defining synbiotics as simply a mixture of probiotics and prebiotics could suppress the innovation of synbiotics that are designed to function cooperatively. Requiring that each component must meet the evidence and dose requirements for probiotics and prebiotics individually could also present an obstacle. Rather, the panel clarified that a complementary synbiotic, which has not been designed so that its component parts function cooperatively, must be composed of a probiotic plus a prebiotic, whereas a synergistic synbiotic does not need to be so. A synergistic synbiotic is a synbiotic for which the substrate is designed to be selectively utilized by the co-administered microorganisms. This Consensus Statement further explores the levels of evidence (existing and required), safety, effects upon targets and implications for stakeholders of the synbiotic concept.
Collapse
|
25
|
Lombardi F, Palumbo P, Mattei A, Augello FR, Cifone MG, Giuliani M, Cinque B. Soluble Fraction from Lysates of Selected Probiotic Strains Differently Influences Re-Epithelialization of HaCaT Scratched Monolayer through a Mechanism Involving Nitric Oxide Synthase 2. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9120756. [PMID: 31766379 PMCID: PMC6995614 DOI: 10.3390/biom9120756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence supports the use of probiotics in the treatment of several skin conditions, including wounds. Even if in vitro and in vivo studies have highlighted the pro-healing effects of some probiotic bacteria, the underlying mechanisms are still not fully defined. The current investigation aimed to determine the re-epithelialization potential of the soluble fraction from lysate of seven different probiotic strains belonging to different genera (i.e., Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium) on in vitro physically wounded HaCaT monolayer model. The results suggested that the soluble fraction of S. thermophilus, L. plantarum, and L. acidophilus promoted the re-epithelialization of scratched HaCaT monolayers, whereas those from B. longum, B. infantis, and B. breve significantly inhibited the process. On the other hand, L. bulgaricus showed no significant effect on in vitro wound repair. The mechanisms underlying the pro- or anti-healing properties of selected bacterial strains strictly and positively correlated with their ability to modulate nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) expression and activity. Accordingly, the pre-treatment with aminoguanidine (AG), a specific inhibitor of NOS2 activity, abrogated the pro-healing effects of S. thermophilus, L. plantarum, and L. acidophilus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Lombardi
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Building Delta 6, Coppito, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (F.L.); (P.P.); (A.M.); (F.R.A.); (M.G.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Paola Palumbo
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Building Delta 6, Coppito, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (F.L.); (P.P.); (A.M.); (F.R.A.); (M.G.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Antonella Mattei
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Building Delta 6, Coppito, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (F.L.); (P.P.); (A.M.); (F.R.A.); (M.G.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Francesca Rosaria Augello
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Building Delta 6, Coppito, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (F.L.); (P.P.); (A.M.); (F.R.A.); (M.G.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Maria Grazia Cifone
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Building Delta 6, Coppito, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (F.L.); (P.P.); (A.M.); (F.R.A.); (M.G.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Maurizio Giuliani
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Building Delta 6, Coppito, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (F.L.); (P.P.); (A.M.); (F.R.A.); (M.G.C.); (M.G.)
- Unit of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Casa di Cura “Di Lorenzo” SrL, Via Vittorio Veneto 37, Avezzano, 67051 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Benedetta Cinque
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Building Delta 6, Coppito, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (F.L.); (P.P.); (A.M.); (F.R.A.); (M.G.C.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0862-433-553
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mora D, Filardi R, Arioli S, Boeren S, Aalvink S, de Vos WM. Development of omics-based protocols for the microbiological characterization of multi-strain formulations marketed as probiotics: the case of VSL#3. Microb Biotechnol 2019; 12:1371-1386. [PMID: 31402586 PMCID: PMC6801179 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing commercial interest in multi-strain formulations marketed as probiotics has not been accompanied by an equal increase in the evaluation of quality levels of these biotechnological products. The multi-strain product VSL#3 was used as a model to setup a microbiological characterization that could be extended to other formulations with high complexity. Shotgun metagenomics by deep Illumina sequencing was applied to DNA isolated from the commercial VSL#3 product to confirm strains identity safety and composition. Single-cell analysis was used to evaluate the cell viability, and β-galactosidase and urease activity have been used as marker to monitor the reproducibility of the production process. Similarly, these lots were characterized in detail by a metaproteomics approach for which a robust protein extraction protocol was combined with advanced mass spectrometry. The results identified over 1600 protein groups belonging to all strains present in the VSL#3 formulation. Of interest, only 3.2 % proteins showed significant differences mainly related to small variations in strain abundance. The protocols developed in this study addressed several quality criteria that are relevant for marketed multi-strain products and these represent the first efforts to define the quality of complex probiotic formulations such as VSL#3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Mora
- Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS)University of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Rossella Filardi
- Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS)University of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Stefania Arioli
- Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS)University of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Sjef Boeren
- Laboratory of BiochemistryWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Steven Aalvink
- Laboratory of MicrobiologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Willem M. de Vos
- Laboratory of MicrobiologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
- Human Microbiome Research Program Unit, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Johansen E. Use of Natural Selection and Evolution to Develop New Starter Cultures for Fermented Foods. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2019; 9:411-428. [PMID: 29580139 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-030117-012450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The fermented foods industry is constantly seeking new starter cultures to deal with changing consumer preferences and new fermentation processes. New cultures can either be composed of strains isolated from nature or improved derivatives of existing isolates. A variety of techniques involving natural selection and evolution are available to enhance the performance of existing strains, including the isolation of mutants with desired properties, adaptive laboratory evolution, genome shuffling, and genome editing. Numerous examples of traits that can be improved are provided. These include resistance to bacteriophages; the secretion of glucose to increase sweetness; the production of vitamins, antifungal compounds, bacteriocins, texture, or aroma; enhancement of acidification rates and acid tolerance; and elimination of biofilm formation. Careful consideration is required to ensure the developed strains are suitable for the desired purpose, as some approaches may lead to regulatory concerns.
Collapse
|
28
|
Terpou A, Papadaki A, Lappa IK, Kachrimanidou V, Bosnea LA, Kopsahelis N. Probiotics in Food Systems: Significance and Emerging Strategies Towards Improved Viability and Delivery of Enhanced Beneficial Value. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1591. [PMID: 31337060 PMCID: PMC6683253 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Preserving the efficacy of probiotic bacteria exhibits paramount challenges that need to be addressed during the development of functional food products. Several factors have been claimed to be responsible for reducing the viability of probiotics including matrix acidity, level of oxygen in products, presence of other lactic acid bacteria, and sensitivity to metabolites produced by other competing bacteria. Several approaches are undertaken to improve and sustain microbial cell viability, like strain selection, immobilization technologies, synbiotics development etc. Among them, cell immobilization in various carriers, including composite carrier matrix systems has recently attracted interest targeting to protect probiotics from different types of environmental stress (e.g., pH and heat treatments). Likewise, to successfully deliver the probiotics in the large intestine, cells must survive food processing and storage, and withstand the stress conditions encountered in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Hence, the appropriate selection of probiotics and their effective delivery remains a technological challenge with special focus on sustaining the viability of the probiotic culture in the formulated product. Development of synbiotic combinations exhibits another approach of functional food to stimulate the growth of probiotics. The aim of the current review is to summarize the strategies and the novel techniques adopted to enhance the viability of probiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Terpou
- Food Biotechnology Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR-26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Papadaki
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ionian University, Argostoli, 28100 Kefalonia, Greece
| | - Iliada K Lappa
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ionian University, Argostoli, 28100 Kefalonia, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Kachrimanidou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ionian University, Argostoli, 28100 Kefalonia, Greece
| | - Loulouda A Bosnea
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization DEMETER, Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products, Dairy Department, Katsikas, 45221 Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Nikolaos Kopsahelis
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ionian University, Argostoli, 28100 Kefalonia, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Palumbo P, Lombardi F, Cifone MG, Cinque B. The Epithelial Barrier Model Shows That the Properties of VSL#3 Depend from Where it is Manufactured. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2019; 19:199-206. [PMID: 30360752 PMCID: PMC6425067 DOI: 10.2174/1871530318666181022164505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background: VSL#3 has been extensively investigated and is currently recommended for the prevention and treatment of chronic pouchitis and ulcerative colitis. Nonetheless, in vitro and in vivo stud-ies have recently shown variability in the VSL#3 efficacy often attributed to the manufacturing process. Objective: The aim was to comparatively study the in vitro effects of two VSL#3 preparations produced in different sites (named US- and Italy-made VSL#3) on CaCo-2 epithelial barrier model in terms of trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER), dextran flux and expression of Tight Junctions (TJ) proteins i.e. zonulin-1 (ZO-1) and occludin, in the absence or presence of a heat stress-related damage of mono-layer. Methods: TEER was evaluated on CaCo-2 differentiated monolayers. Epithelial permeability of polarized monolayers was assessed by measuring the FITC-labeled dextran flux from the apical to basolateral chambers. ZO-1/occludin levels were analyzed by western blot analysis. A set of experiments was per-formed to compare the effects of both VSL#3 on TEER values, dextran flux and ZO-1/occludin expres-sion in CaCo-2 monolayers after heat stress exposure. Results: US- and Italy-made VSL#3 have opposing effects on TEER values, dextran flux, and ZO-1/occludin expression, being all these parameters negatively influenced just by Italy-made product. US-made probiotic did not affect baseline TEER, dextran flux and ZO-1 expression and strongly increased occludin levels. Of note, pre-treatment of monolayer with US-made VSL#3, but not Italy-made product, totally prevented the heat-induced epithelial barrier integrity loss. Conclusion: Our data trigger the need for reassessing efficacy or safety of the Italy-made VSL#3 con-sidering intestinal epithelial barrier plays an important role in maintaining host health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Palumbo
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila - Building Delta 6, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesca Lombardi
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila - Building Delta 6, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Cifone
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila - Building Delta 6, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Benedetta Cinque
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila - Building Delta 6, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Probiotic bacteria have been used as a health-promoting factor for a very long time. Nowadays, products containing probiotic bacteria are becoming more and more popular on the market. The term probiotics refers to the products belonging to the following groups: probiotic drugs (medicinal products – live biotherapeutic products for human use), medical devices, probiotic foods (e.g. foods, food ingredients, dietary supplements or food for special medical purposes), directly fed microorganisms (for animal use) and designer probiotics (genetically modified probiotics). Safety assessment of bacterial strains used as probiotics should be carefully studied. Even though probiotic bacteria have the generally recognized as safe (GRAS status), there are several reports about side effects triggered by the presence of these organisms. Microorganisms used as probiotics may cause systemic infections, stimulate the immune system, disturb metabolism and participate in horizontal gene transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zawistowska-Rojek
- Department of Antibiotics and Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Warsaw, Poland ; Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stefan Tyski
- Department of Antibiotics and Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Warsaw, Poland ; Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
De Angelis M, Scagnolari C, Oliva A, Cavallari EN, Celani L, Santinelli L, Innocenti GP, Borrazzo C, Ceccarelli G, Vullo V, d'Ettorre G. Short-Term Probiotic Administration Increases Fecal-Anti Candida Activity in Healthy Subjects. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E162. [PMID: 31163660 PMCID: PMC6616593 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7060162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candida albicans' ability to evade host immune responses represents a serious threat for vulnerable patients. OBJECTIVES To investigate if (1) feces from healthy subjects exert anti-Candida activity; (2) fecal anti-Candida activity is modified by probiotic administration and (3) different probiotic differently modulate anti-Candida activity. PATIENTS AND METHODS Feces from healthy donors were analyzed before and after seven days of dietary supplementation with two different probiotic formulations (VSL#3®; Vivomixx®). Candida albicans was cultured with decreasing concentrations of diluted feces, obtained before and after the treatment period. The relationship between anti-Candida activity of feces, interferon-α, anti-interferon-α antibodies and the expression of MxA, ISG15 and IFNAR1 was also evaluated. RESULTS Feces obtained prior to probiotic intake and feces collected after supplementation with VSL#3® did not affect Candida albicans growth. On the contrary, a 3log10 inhibition of Candida development was observed after Vivomixx® intake. Interferon-α played a role in the inhibition of Candida growth. CONCLUSION Fecal anti-Candida activity was not observed prior to probiotic supplementation. Seven days of administration of Vivomixx® increased fecal anti-Candida activity, the same effect was not observed after intake of VSL#3®. The probiotic-induced anti-Candida activity seems to be related to an increased local production and release of interferon-α. Clinical trials are needed to determine if a short pretreatment with specific probiotic formulations may increase anti-Candida defenses in patients at risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano De Angelis
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome-Sapienza, Rome 00185, Italy.
| | - Carolina Scagnolari
- Department of Experimental Medicine- Virology section, University of Rome-Sapienza, Rome 00185, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Oliva
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome-Sapienza, Rome 00185, Italy.
| | - Eugenio Nelson Cavallari
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome-Sapienza, Rome 00185, Italy.
| | - Luigi Celani
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome-Sapienza, Rome 00185, Italy.
| | - Letizia Santinelli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome-Sapienza, Rome 00185, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Pietro Innocenti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome-Sapienza, Rome 00185, Italy.
| | - Cristian Borrazzo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome-Sapienza, Rome 00185, Italy.
| | - Giancarlo Ceccarelli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome-Sapienza, Rome 00185, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Vullo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome-Sapienza, Rome 00185, Italy.
| | - Gabriella d'Ettorre
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome-Sapienza, Rome 00185, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Jackson SA, Schoeni JL, Vegge C, Pane M, Stahl B, Bradley M, Goldman VS, Burguière P, Atwater JB, Sanders ME. Improving End-User Trust in the Quality of Commercial Probiotic Products. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:739. [PMID: 31105649 PMCID: PMC6499161 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In a rapidly growing global probiotic market, end-users have difficulty distinguishing between high quality and poor quality products. This ambiguity threatens the trust consumers and healthcare providers have in probiotic products. To address this problem, we recommend that companies undergo third-party evaluations to certify probiotic quality and label accuracy. In order to communicate about product quality to end-users, indication of certification on product labels is helpful, although not all manufacturers choose to use this approach. Herein we discuss: third-party certification, the process of setting standards for identity, purity, and quantification of probiotics; some emerging methodologies useful for quality assessment; and some technical challenges unique to managing quality of live microbial products. This review provides insights of an Expert Panel engaged in this process and aims to update the reader on relevant current scientific methodologies. Establishing validated methodologies for all aspects of quality assessment is an essential component of this process and can be facilitated by established organizations, such as United States Pharmacopeia. Emerging methodologies including whole genome sequencing and flow cytometry are poised to play important roles in these processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Jackson
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Jean L. Schoeni
- Eurofins Food Integrity and Innovation, Madison, WI, United States
| | | | | | - Buffy Stahl
- DuPont Nutrition & Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | | | - Virginia S. Goldman
- Department of Dietary Supplements and Herbal Medicines, Science Division, US Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, MD, United States
| | | | | | - Mary Ellen Sanders
- International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics, Sacramento, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lerner A, Shoenfeld Y, Matthias T. Probiotics: If It Does Not Help It Does Not Do Any Harm. Really? Microorganisms 2019; 7:E104. [PMID: 30979072 PMCID: PMC6517882 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7040104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics per definition should have beneficial effects on human health, and their consumption has tremendously increased in the last decades. In parallel, the amount of published material and claims for their beneficial efficacy soared continuously. Recently, multiple systemic reviews, meta-analyses, and expert opinions expressed criticism on their claimed effects and safety. The present review describes the dark side of the probiotics, in terms of problematic research design, incomplete reporting, lack of transparency, and under-reported safety. Highlighted are the potential virulent factors and the mode of action in the intestinal lumen, risking the physiological microbiome equilibrium. Finally, regulatory topics are discussed to lighten the heterogeneous guidelines applied worldwide. The shift in the scientific world towards a better understanding of the human microbiome, before consumption of the probiotic cargo, is highly endorsed. It is hoped that better knowledge will extend the probiotic repertoire, re-confirm efficacy or safety, establish their efficacy and substantiate their beneficial effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Lerner
- B. Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel.
- AESKU.KIPP Institute, 55234 Wendelsheim, Germany.
| | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- The Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 5262000, Israel.
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lugli GA, Mangifesta M, Mancabelli L, Milani C, Turroni F, Viappiani A, van Sinderen D, Ventura M. Compositional assessment of bacterial communities in probiotic supplements by means of metagenomic techniques. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 294:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
35
|
Fenster K, Freeburg B, Hollard C, Wong C, Rønhave Laursen R, Ouwehand AC. The Production and Delivery of Probiotics: A Review of a Practical Approach. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E83. [PMID: 30884906 PMCID: PMC6463069 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7030083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
To successfully deliver probiotic benefits to the consumer, several criteria must be met. Here, we discuss the often-forgotten challenges in manufacturing the strains and incorporating them in consumer products that provide the required dose at the end of shelf life. For manufacturing, an intricate production process is required that ensures both high yield and stability and must also be able to meet requirements such as the absence of specific allergens, which precludes some obvious culture media ingredients. Reproducibility is important to ensure constant high performance and quality. To ensure this, quality control throughout the whole production process, from raw materials to the final product, is essential, as is the documentation of this quality control. Consumer product formulation requires extensive skill and experience. Traditionally, probiotic lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria have been incorporated in fermented dairy products, with limited shelf life and refrigerated storage. Currently, probiotics may be incorporated in dietary supplements and other "dry" food matrices which are expected to have up to 24 months of stability at ambient temperature and humidity. With the right choice of production process, product formulation, and strains, high-quality probiotics can be successfully included in a wide variety of delivery formats to suit consumer requirements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Fenster
- DuPont Nutrition and Health, Madison, WI 53716, USA.
| | | | - Chris Hollard
- DuPont Nutrition and Health, Madison, WI 53716, USA.
| | - Connie Wong
- DuPont Nutrition and Health, Madison, WI 53716, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Divergent Effectiveness of Multispecies Probiotic Preparations on Intestinal Microbiota Structure Depends on Metabolic Properties. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020325. [PMID: 30717413 PMCID: PMC6412585 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that probiotic functionality is not accurately predicted by their taxonomy. Here, we have set up a study to investigate the effectiveness of two probiotic formulations containing a blend of seven bacterial species in modulating intestinal inflammation in two rodent models of colitis, induced by treating mice with 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) or dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). Despite the taxonomy of the bacterial species in the two probiotic formulations being similar, only one preparation (Blend 2-Vivomixx) effectively attenuated the development of colitis in both models. In the TNBS model of colitis, Blend 2 reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory genes while increasing the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, promoting the expansion M2 macrophages and the formation of IL-10-producing Treg cells in the colon's lamina propria. In the DSS model of colitis, disease attenuation and Treg formation was observed only in mice administered with Blend 2, and this effect was associated with intestinal microbiota remodeling and increased formation of lactate, butyrate, and propionate. None of these effects were observed in mice administered with Blend 1 (VSL#3). In summary, we have shown that two probiotic mixtures obtained by combining taxonomically similar species produced with different manufacturing methods exert divergent effects in mouse models of colitis.
Collapse
|
37
|
Gomand F, Borges F, Burgain J, Guerin J, Revol-Junelles AM, Gaiani C. Food Matrix Design for Effective Lactic Acid Bacteria Delivery. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2019; 10:285-310. [PMID: 30633562 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-032818-121140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The range of foods featuring lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with potential associated health benefits has expanded over the years from traditional dairy products to meat, cereals, vegetables and fruits, chocolate, etc. All these new carriers need to be compared for their efficacy to protect, carry, and deliver LAB, but because of their profusion and the diversity of methods this remains difficult. This review points out the advantages and disadvantages of the main food matrix types, and an additional distinction between dairy and nondairy foods is made. The food matrix impact on LAB viability during food manufacturing, storage, and digestion is also discussed. The authors propose an ideal hypothetical food matrix that includes structural and physicochemical characteristics such as pH, water activity, and buffering capacities, all of which need to be taken into account when performing LAB food matrix design. Guidelines are finally provided to optimize food matrix design in terms of effective LAB delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Gomand
- LIBio, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France;
| | - F Borges
- LIBio, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France;
| | - J Burgain
- LIBio, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France;
| | - J Guerin
- LIBio, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France;
| | | | - C Gaiani
- LIBio, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France;
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sniffen JC, McFarland LV, Evans CT, Goldstein EJC. Choosing an appropriate probiotic product for your patient: An evidence-based practical guide. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209205. [PMID: 30586435 PMCID: PMC6306248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Clinicians and patients face a daunting task when choosing the most appropriate probiotic for their specific needs. Available preparations encompass a diverse and continuously expanding product base, with most available products lacking evidence-based trials that support their use. Even when evidence exists, not all probiotic products are equally effective for all disease prevention or treatment indications. At this point in time, drug regulatory agencies offer limited assistance with regard to guidance and oversight in most countries, including the U.S. METHODS We reviewed the current medical literature and sources on the internet to survey the types of available probiotic products and to determine which probiotics had evidence-based efficacy data. Standard medical databases from inception to June 2018 were searched and discussions with experts in the field were conducted. We graded the strength of the evidence for probiotics having multiple, randomized controlled trials and developed a guide for the practical selection of current probiotic products for specific uses. RESULTS We found the efficacy of probiotic products is both strain-specific and disease-specific. Important factors involved in choosing the appropriate probiotic include matching the strain(s) with the targeted disease or condition, type of formulation, dose used and the source (manufacturing quality control and shelf-life). While we found many probiotic products lacked confirmatory trials, we found sufficient evidence for 22 different types of probiotics from 249 trials to be included. For example, several types of probiotics had strong evidence for the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea [Saccharomyces boulardii I-745, a three-strain mixture (Lactobacillus acidophilus CL1285, L. casei Lbc80r, L. rhamnosus CLR2) and L. casei DN114001]. Strong evidence was also found for four types of probiotics for the prevention of a variety of other diseases/conditions (enteral-feed associated diarrhea, travellers' diarrhea, necrotizing enterocolits and side-effects associated with H. pylori treatments. The evidence was most robust for the treatment of pediatric acute diarrhea based on 59 trials (7 types of probiotics have strong efficacy), while an eight-strain multi-strain mixture showed strong efficacy for inflammatory bowel disease and two types of probiotics had strong efficacy for irritable bowel disease. Of the 22 types of probiotics reviewed, 15 (68%) had strong-moderate evidence for efficacy for at least one type of disease. CONCLUSION The choice of an appropriate probiotic is multi-factored, based on the mode and type of disease indication and the specific efficacy of probiotic strain(s), as well as product quality and formulation. TRIAL REGISTRATION This review was registered with PROSPERO: CRD42018103979.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason C. Sniffen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Disease Section, Florida Hospital Orlando, Orlando, FL, United States of America
| | - Lynne V. McFarland
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington United States of America
| | - Charlesnika T. Evans
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Center for Healthcare Studies, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Center of Innovation of Complex Chronic Healthcare (CINCCH), Edward Hines, Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL, United States of America
| | - Ellie J. C. Goldstein
- RM Alden Research Laboratory and David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Accelerating microbiota product development: The Societal Impact Value Cycle as a conceptual model to shape and improve public-private valorization processes. PHARMANUTRITION 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
40
|
Local delivery of macromolecules to treat diseases associated with the colon. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 136-137:2-27. [PMID: 30359631 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Current treatments for intestinal diseases including inflammatory bowel diseases, irritable bowel syndrome, and colonic bacterial infections are typically small molecule oral dosage forms designed for systemic delivery. The intestinal permeability hurdle to achieve systemic delivery from oral formulations of macromolecules is challenging, but this drawback can be advantageous if an intestinal region is associated with the disease. There are some promising formulation approaches to release peptides, proteins, antibodies, antisense oligonucleotides, RNA, and probiotics in the colon to enable local delivery and efficacy. We briefly review colonic physiology in relation to the main colon-associated diseases (inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, infection, and colorectal cancer), along with the impact of colon physiology on dosage form design of macromolecules. We then assess formulation strategies designed to achieve colonic delivery of small molecules and concluded that they can also be applied some extent to macromolecules. We describe examples of formulation strategies in preclinical research aimed at colonic delivery of macromolecules to achieve high local concentration in the lumen, epithelial-, or sub-epithelial tissue, depending on the target, but with the benefit of reduced systemic exposure and toxicity. Finally, the industrial challenges in developing macromolecule formulations for colon-associated diseases are presented, along with a framework for selecting appropriate delivery technologies.
Collapse
|
41
|
Johansen E. Future access and improvement of industrial lactic acid bacteria cultures. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:230. [PMID: 29268733 PMCID: PMC5738899 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0851-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Industrial fermentations based on micro-organisms such as the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) play an important role in several industries globally and represent multi-billion Euro/dollar businesses. LAB provide a natural way to produce safe, sustainable, and environmentally friendly products for a variety of industries. Product innovation is a key requirement for these industries to survive and grow globally. However, the development of new products may be affected by two man-made constraints; the Nagoya Protocol on benefit sharing and the opposition to the use of modern biotechnology for strain improvement. An expert workshop was held in Amsterdam, May 10-11, 2017 to discuss these challenges; a number of conclusions and recommendations were formulated and will be presented herein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Johansen
- Chr Hansen A/S, 10-12 Bøge Allé, Dk2970, Hørsholm, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Trinchieri V, Laghi L, Vitali B, Parolin C, Giusti I, Capobianco D, Mastromarino P, De Simone C. Efficacy and Safety of a Multistrain Probiotic Formulation Depends from Manufacturing. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1474. [PMID: 29163538 PMCID: PMC5681494 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Variability in probiotics manufacturing may affect their properties, with potential implications for their efficacy and safety. This is of particular concern with probiotic products destined for use in patients with serious medical conditions, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The purpose of the study was to carry out a series of experiments comparing the properties of the US-made probiotic formulation originally commercialized under the brand name VSL#3®, with those of the Italian-made formulation now commercialized under the same name. The US-made formulation has previously shown beneficial effects at the intestinal and neurological levels in HIV-infected subjects as well as in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases and hepatic encephalopathy. Methods Eleven subjects receiving combined antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1 were treated for 6 months with the US-made VSL#3 formulation. At baseline and 6 months, T-cells were analyzed for phenotype and activation markers, and fecal samples were analyzed for bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, and their metabolites. The fecal metabolome was assessed using 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Production of metabolites of interest by bacteria obtained from sachets of the two formulations was compared in vitro and their effects on a rat intestinal epithelial cell line (IEC-6) were assessed. Particular attention was paid to the metabolite 1,3-dihydroxyacetone (DHA). Results At 6 months, fecal samples showed a significant increase in the specific bacterial genera contained in the probiotic supplement. Immune activation was reduced as shown by a significant reduction in the percentage of CD4+CD38+HLA-DR+ T-cells at 6 months. Fecal concentrations of DHA decreased significantly. In vitro, significant differences in the production and metabolism of DHA were found between bacteria from the US-made and Italian-made formulations: the US-made formulation was able to metabolize DHA whereas the bacteria in the Italian-made formulation were producing DHA. DHA reduced the viability of Streptococcus thermophilus, reduced IEC-6 cell viability in a dose-dependent manner, and also led to a lower rate of repair to scratched IEC-6 cell monolayer. Conclusion Our data, in conjunction with previously published findings, confirm that the new Italian-made formulation of VSL#3® is different from the previous US-made VSL#3 and therefore its efficacy and safety in HIV-infected subjects is still unproven.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vito Trinchieri
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Laghi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Interdepartmental Centre for Agri-Food Industrial Research, University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Beatrice Vitali
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carola Parolin
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ilaria Giusti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Piazzale S. Tommasi, Coppito, Italy
| | - Daniela Capobianco
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Mastromarino
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Disease, Section of Microbiology, Sapienza University Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Proteomes of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus LBB.B5 Incubated in Milk at Optimal and Low Temperatures. mSystems 2017; 2:mSystems00027-17. [PMID: 28951887 PMCID: PMC5605880 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00027-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus has a long history of use in yogurt production. Although commonly cocultured with Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus in milk, fundamental knowledge of the adaptive responses of L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus to the dairy environment and the consequences of those responses on the use of L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus as a probiotic remain to be elucidated. In this study, we identified proteins of L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus LBB.B5 that are produced in higher quantities in milk at growth-conducive and non-growth-conductive (refrigeration) temperatures compared to laboratory culture medium and further examined whether those L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus cultures were affected differently in their capacity to survive transit through the murine digestive tract. This work provides novel insight into how a major, food-adapted microbe responds to its primary habitat. Such knowledge can be applied to improve starter culture and yogurt production and to elucidate matrix effects on probiotic performance. We identified the proteins synthesized by Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus strain LBB.B5 in laboratory culture medium (MRS) at 37°C and milk at 37 and 4°C. Cell-associated proteins were measured by gel-free, shotgun proteomics using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrophotometry. A total of 635 proteins were recovered from all cultures, among which 72 proteins were milk associated (unique or significantly more abundant in milk). LBB.B5 responded to milk by increasing the production of proteins required for purine biosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism (LacZ and ManM), energy metabolism (TpiA, PgK, Eno, SdhA, and GapN), amino acid synthesis (MetE, CysK, LBU0412, and AspC) and transport (GlnM and GlnP), and stress response (Trx, MsrA, MecA, and SmpB). The requirement for purines was confirmed by the significantly improved cell yields of L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus when incubated in milk supplemented with adenine and guanine. The L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus-expressed proteome in milk changed upon incubation at 4°C for 5 days and included increased levels of 17 proteins, several of which confer functions in stress tolerance (AddB, UvrC, RecA, and DnaJ). However, even with the activation of stress responses in either milk or MRS, L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus did not survive passage through the murine digestive tract. These findings inform efforts to understand how L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus is adapted to the dairy environment and its implications for its health-benefiting properties in the human digestive tract. IMPORTANCELactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus has a long history of use in yogurt production. Although commonly cocultured with Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus in milk, fundamental knowledge of the adaptive responses of L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus to the dairy environment and the consequences of those responses on the use of L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus as a probiotic remain to be elucidated. In this study, we identified proteins of L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus LBB.B5 that are synthesized in higher quantities in milk at growth-conducive and non-growth-conductive (refrigeration) temperatures compared to laboratory culture medium and further examined whether those L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus cultures were affected differently in their capacity to survive transit through the murine digestive tract. This work provides novel insight into how a major, food-adapted microbe responds to its primary habitat. Such knowledge can be applied to improve starter culture and yogurt production and to elucidate matrix effects on probiotic performance.
Collapse
|
44
|
Zacarías MF, Souza TC, Zaburlín N, Carmona Cara D, Reinheimer J, Nicoli J, Vinderola G. Influence of Technological Treatments on the Functionality ofBifidobacterium lactisINL1, a Breast Milk-Derived Probiotic. J Food Sci 2017; 82:2462-2470. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María Florencia Zacarías
- Inst. de Lactología Industrial (INLAIN); Univ. Nacional del Litoral; Santiago del Estero 2829 3000 Santa Fe Argentina
| | - Tassia Costa Souza
- Inst. de Lactología Industrial (INLAIN); Univ. Nacional del Litoral; Santiago del Estero 2829 3000 Santa Fe Argentina
| | - Natalia Zaburlín
- Inst. de Lactología Industrial (INLAIN); Univ. Nacional del Litoral; Santiago del Estero 2829 3000 Santa Fe Argentina
| | - Denise Carmona Cara
- the Dept. de Morfologia, Inst. de Ciências Biológicas (ICB); Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - Jorge Reinheimer
- Inst. de Lactología Industrial (INLAIN); Univ. Nacional del Litoral; Santiago del Estero 2829 3000 Santa Fe Argentina
| | - Jacques Nicoli
- the Dept. de Microbiologia; Inst. de Ciências Biológicas (ICB); Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - Gabriel Vinderola
- Inst. de Lactología Industrial (INLAIN); Univ. Nacional del Litoral; Santiago del Estero 2829 3000 Santa Fe Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Cinque B, La Torre C, Lombardi F, Palumbo P, Evtoski Z, Jr Santini S, Falone S, Cimini A, Amicarelli F, Cifone MG. VSL#3 probiotic differently influences IEC-6 intestinal epithelial cell status and function. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:3530-3539. [PMID: 28109129 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The data here reported introduce the wound-healing assay as a tool for testing probiotics aimed at protecting gastrointestinal mucosal surfaces and to verify the consistency of their manufacturing. At the scope, we compared the in vitro effects of two multi-strain high concentration formulations both commercialized under the same brand VSL#3 but sourced from different production sites (USA and Italy) on a non-transformed small-intestinal epithelial cell line, IEC-6. The effects on cellular morphology, viability, migration, and H2 O2 -induced damage, were assessed before and after the treatment with both VSL#3 formulations. While the USA-sourced product ("USA-made") VSL#3 did not affect monolayer morphology and cellular density, the addition of bacteria from the Italy-derived product ("Italy-made") VSL#3 caused clear morphological cell damage and strongly reduced cellularity. The treatment with "USA-made" lysate led to a higher rate of wounded monolayer healing, while the addition of "Italy-made" bacterial lysate did not influence the closure rate as compared to untreated cells. While lysates from "USA-made" VSL#3 clearly enhanced the formation of elongated and aligned stress fibers, "Italy-made" lysates had not similar effect. "USA-made" lysate was able to cause a total inhibition of H2 O2 -induced cytotoxic effect whereas "Italy-made" VSL#3 lysate was unable to protect IEC-6 cells from H2 O2 -induced damage. ROS generation was also differently influenced, thus supporting the hypotesis of a protective action of "USA-made" VSL#3 lysates, as well as the idea that "Italy-made" formulation was unable to prevent significantly the H2 O2 -induced oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Cinque
- Division of Public Health, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Cristina La Torre
- Division of Public Health, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesca Lombardi
- Division of Public Health, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Paola Palumbo
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Zoran Evtoski
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Silvano Jr Santini
- Division of Biological and Biotechnological Sciences, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Stefano Falone
- Division of Biological and Biotechnological Sciences, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Annamaria Cimini
- Division of Biological and Biotechnological Sciences, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine and Center for Biotechnology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Gran Sasso National Laboratory (LNGS), Assergi, Italy
| | - Fernanda Amicarelli
- Division of Biological and Biotechnological Sciences, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT) -National Research Council (CNR), L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Cifone
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Morovic W, Hibberd AA, Zabel B, Barrangou R, Stahl B. Genotyping by PCR and High-Throughput Sequencing of Commercial Probiotic Products Reveals Composition Biases. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1747. [PMID: 27857709 PMCID: PMC5093124 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in microbiome research have brought renewed focus on beneficial bacteria, many of which are available in food and dietary supplements. Although probiotics have historically been defined as microorganisms that convey health benefits when ingested in sufficient viable amounts, this description now includes the stipulation “well defined strains,” encompassing definitive taxonomy for consumer consideration and regulatory oversight. Here, we evaluated 52 commercial dietary supplements covering a range of labeled species using plate counting and targeted genotyping. Strain identities were assessed using methods recently published by the United States Pharmacopeial Convention. We also determined the relative abundance of individual bacteria by high-throughput sequencing (HTS) of the 16S rRNA sequence using paired-end 2 × 250 bp Illumina MiSeq technology. Using these methods, we tested the hypothesis that products do contain the quantitative and qualitative list of labeled microbial species. We found that 17 samples (33%) were below label claim for CFU prior to their expiration dates. A multiplexed-PCR scheme showed that only 30/52 (58%) of the products contained a correctly labeled classification, with issues encompassing incorrect taxonomy, missing species, and un-labeled species. The HTS revealed that many blended products consisted predominantly of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis. These results highlight the need for reliable methods to determine the correct taxonomy and quantify the relative amounts of mixed microbial populations in commercial probiotic products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Morovic
- Genomics and Microbiome Science, DuPont Nutrition & Health Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ashley A Hibberd
- Genomics and Microbiome Science, DuPont Nutrition & Health Madison, WI, USA
| | - Bryan Zabel
- Genomics and Microbiome Science, DuPont Nutrition & Health Madison, WI, USA
| | - Rodolphe Barrangou
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Buffy Stahl
- Genomics and Microbiome Science, DuPont Nutrition & Health Madison, WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Cinque B, La Torre C, Lombardi F, Palumbo P, Van der Rest M, Cifone MG. Production Conditions Affect the In Vitro Anti-Tumoral Effects of a High Concentration Multi-Strain Probiotic Preparation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163216. [PMID: 27657913 PMCID: PMC5033378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A careful selection of the probiotic agent, standardization of the dose and detailed characterization of the beneficial effects are essential when considering use of a probiotic for the dietary management of serious diseases. However, changes in the manufacturing processes, equipment or facilities can result in differences in the product itself due to the live nature of probiotics. The need to reconfirm safety and/or efficacy for any probiotic product made at a different factory is therefore mandatory. Recently, under the brand VSL#3®, a formulation produced by a manufacturer different from the previous one, has been commercialized in some European countries (the UK and Holland). VSL#3 is a high concentration multi-strain preparation which has been recognized by the main Gastroenterology Associations for the dietary management of pouchitis as well as ulcerative colitis. We have compared the “original” VSL#3 produced in USA with the “newfound” VSL#3 produced in Italy. According to our results, the “newfound” VSL#3 has 130–150% more “dead bacteria” compared to the “original” product, raising concerns for the well-known association between dead microbes with adverse effects. The abilities of bacterial lysates from the two formulations to influence in vitro viability and proliferation of different tumor cell lines also resulted different. The repair of previously scratched monolayers of various adherent tumor cell lines (i.e. HT1080, and Caco-2 cells) was inhibited more significantly by the “original” VSL#3 when compared to the “newfound” VSL#3. Tumor cell cycle profile, in particular cell cycle arrest and apoptotic death of the cancer cells, further confirms that the “original” VSL#3 has a better functional profile than the “newfound” VSL#3, at least in in vitro. Our data stress the importance of the production conditions for the “newfound” VSL#3 considering that this product is intended to be used for the dietary management of patients with very serious diseases, such as chronic inflammatory bowel diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Cinque
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Building Delta 6, Coppito, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Cristina La Torre
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Building Delta 6, Coppito, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesca Lombardi
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Building Delta 6, Coppito, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Paola Palumbo
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Building Delta 6, Coppito, L’Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Maria Grazia Cifone
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Building Delta 6, Coppito, L’Aquila, Italy
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Isolauri E, Salminen S. The impact of early gut microbiota modulation on the risk of child disease: alert to accuracy in probiotic studies. Benef Microbes 2016; 6:167-71. [PMID: 25619446 DOI: 10.3920/bm2014.0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The composition of the gut microbiota, and thus also the modification of the gut microbiota by specific probiotics or prebiotics early in life, may have an impact on the risk of disease in the child. Above the impact on gut microecology, probiotic effects have been attributed to restoration to normal of increased intestinal permeability, improvement of the intestine's immunological barrier functions, alleviation of the intestinal inflammatory response, and reduced generation of proinflammatory cytokines characteristic of local and systemic allergic inflammation. Recent demonstrations from experimental and clinical studies suggest that the gut microbiota is also involved in the control of body weight and energy metabolism, affecting the two main causes of obesity: energy acquisition and storage, and contributing to insulin resistance and the inflammatory state characterising obesity. Current research focuses both on characterising specific probiotic strains and on how the food matrix and the dietary content interacts with the most efficient probiotic strains. It is important to characterise each probiotic to species and strain level and to select strains with documented properties, the probiotic potential being strain-specific. As any proof of causality requires clinical intervention studies in humans in different populations, rigorous and detailed documentation will enhance reproducibility and circumvent confusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Isolauri
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Turku, 20014 University of Turku, Finland Department of Paediatrics, Turku University Hospital, P.O. Box 52, 20521 Turku, Finland
| | - S Salminen
- Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4 A, 20014 Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Salvetti E, Orrù L, Capozzi V, Martina A, Lamontanara A, Keller D, Cash H, Felis GE, Cattivelli L, Torriani S, Spano G. Integrate genome-based assessment of safety for probiotic strains: Bacillus coagulans GBI-30, 6086 as a case study. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:4595-605. [PMID: 26952108 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7416-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics are microorganisms that confer beneficial effects on the host; nevertheless, before being allowed for human consumption, their safety must be verified with accurate protocols. In the genomic era, such procedures should take into account the genomic-based approaches. This study aims at assessing the safety traits of Bacillus coagulans GBI-30, 6086 integrating the most updated genomics-based procedures and conventional phenotypic assays. Special attention was paid to putative virulence factors (VF), antibiotic resistance (AR) genes and genes encoding enzymes responsible for harmful metabolites (i.e. biogenic amines, BAs). This probiotic strain was phenotypically resistant to streptomycin and kanamycin, although the genome analysis suggested that the AR-related genes were not easily transferrable to other bacteria, and no other genes with potential safety risks, such as those related to VF or BA production, were retrieved. Furthermore, no unstable elements that could potentially lead to genomic rearrangements were detected. Moreover, a workflow is proposed to allow the proper taxonomic identification of a microbial strain and the accurate evaluation of risk-related gene traits, combining whole genome sequencing analysis with updated bioinformatics tools and standard phenotypic assays. The workflow presented can be generalized as a guideline for the safety investigation of novel probiotic strains to help stakeholders (from scientists to manufacturers and consumers) to meet regulatory requirements and avoid misleading information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Salvetti
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy.,APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Western Road, Cork, T12 Y337, Ireland
| | - Luigi Orrù
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia Agraria, Genomics Research Centre, Via S. Protaso 302 Fiorenzuola d'Arda, 29017, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Vittorio Capozzi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment Sciences, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Alessia Martina
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Antonella Lamontanara
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia Agraria, Genomics Research Centre, Via S. Protaso 302 Fiorenzuola d'Arda, 29017, Piacenza, Italy
| | - David Keller
- Ganeden Biotech Inc., 5800 Landerbrook Drive Suite 300, Mayfield Heights, OH, 44124, USA
| | - Howard Cash
- Ganeden Biotech Inc., 5800 Landerbrook Drive Suite 300, Mayfield Heights, OH, 44124, USA
| | - Giovanna E Felis
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Luigi Cattivelli
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia Agraria, Genomics Research Centre, Via S. Protaso 302 Fiorenzuola d'Arda, 29017, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Sandra Torriani
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Spano
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment Sciences, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Evaluation of genetic and phenotypic consistency of Bacillus coagulans MTCC 5856: a commercial probiotic strain. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 32:60. [PMID: 26925622 PMCID: PMC4771827 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-016-2027-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Commercial probiotics preparation containing Bacillus coagulans have been sold in the market for several decades. Due to its high intra-species genomic diversity, it is very likely that B. coagulans strain may alter in different ways over multiple years of production. Therefore, the present study focuses to evaluate the genetic consistency and probiotic potential of B. coagulans MTCC 5856. Phenotypic and genotypic techniques including biochemical profiling, 16S rRNA sequencing, GTG 5″, BOX PCR fingerprinting, and Multi-Locus-Sequence typing (MLST) were carried out to evaluate the identity and consistency of the B. coagulans MTCC 5856. Further, in vitro probiotic potential, safety and stability at ambient temperature conditions of B. coagulans MTCC 5856 were evaluated. All the samples were identified as B. coagulans by biochemical profiling and 16S rRNA sequencing. GTG 5″, BOX PCR fingerprints and MLST studies revealed that the same strain was present over 3 years of commercial production. B. coagulans MTCC 5856 showed resistance to gastric acid, bile salt and exhibited antimicrobial activity in in-vitro studies. Additionally, B. coagulans MTCC 5856 was found to be non-mutagenic, non-cytotoxic, negative for enterotoxin genes and stable at ambient temperature (25 ± 2 °C) for 36 months. The data of the study verified that the same strain of B. coagulans MTCC 5856 was present in commercial preparation over multiple years of production.
Collapse
|