1
|
de Oliveira FL, Morzelle MC, Moretti MMDS, Casarotti SN. Fermentation of araticum, baru, and pequi by-products by probiotic strains: effects on microorganisms, short-chain fatty acids, and bioactive compounds. Lett Appl Microbiol 2023; 76:ovad092. [PMID: 37533204 DOI: 10.1093/lambio/ovad092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Fruit by-products, due to their unique chemical composition containing dietary fibers and bioactive compounds, may favor the growth of probiotic strains. This study evaluated the fermentation of araticum, baru, and pequi by-products using Lactobacillus acidophilus (La-5, LA3, and NCFM) and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (Bb-12) probiotic strains. We assessed probiotic viability, short-chain fatty acid levels, and bioactive compound levels after 48 h of fermentation. Araticum and pequi by-products led to counts higher than 6 log CFU/mL after 48-h fermentation for all Lactobacillus strains, but only the araticum by-product supported the growth of the Bb-12 strain. Fermentation of araticum by-product resulted in greater amounts of acetate (39.97 mM for LA3 and 39.08 mM for NCFM) and propionate (0.20 mM for NCFM), while baru by-product showed greater amounts of butyrate (0.20 mM for La-5 and Bb-12). Fermentation of araticum and baru by-products resulted in an increase in bioactive compounds, with the latter showing total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity from 1.4 to 1.7 and from 1.3 to 3.1 times higher, respectively, than the negative control treatment. Araticum by-product exhibited a higher potential for prebiotic effects, and fermentation by the tested probiotic strains is essential to increase bioactive compound levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fellipe Lopes de Oliveira
- Federal University of Mato Grosso-UFMT, Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition, Cuiabá, MT 78060-900, Brazil
| | - Maressa Caldeira Morzelle
- Federal University of Mato Grosso-UFMT, Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition, Cuiabá, MT 78060-900, Brazil
| | - Marcia Maria de Souza Moretti
- São Paulo State University-UNESP, Department of Food Engineering and Technology, São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Neves Casarotti
- Federal University of Rondonópolis-UFR, Faculty of Health Sciences, Rondonópolis, MT 78736-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lee CG, Cha KH, Kim GC, Im SH, Kwon HK. Exploring probiotic effector molecules and their mode of action in gut-immune interactions. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2023; 47:fuad046. [PMID: 37541953 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuad046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics, live microorganisms that confer health benefits when consumed in adequate amounts, have gained significant attention for their potential therapeutic applications. The beneficial effects of probiotics are believed to stem from their ability to enhance intestinal barrier function, inhibit pathogens, increase beneficial gut microbes, and modulate immune responses. However, clinical studies investigating the effectiveness of probiotics have yielded conflicting results, potentially due to the wide variety of probiotic species and strains used, the challenges in controlling the desired number of live microorganisms, and the complex interactions between bioactive substances within probiotics. Bacterial cell wall components, known as effector molecules, play a crucial role in mediating the interaction between probiotics and host receptors, leading to the activation of signaling pathways that contribute to the health-promoting effects. Previous reviews have extensively covered different probiotic effector molecules, highlighting their impact on immune homeostasis. Understanding how each probiotic component modulates immune activity at the molecular level may enable the prediction of immunological outcomes in future clinical studies. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the structural and immunological features of probiotic effector molecules, focusing primarily on Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. We also discuss current gaps and limitations in the field and propose directions for future research to enhance our understanding of probiotic-mediated immunomodulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Choong-Gu Lee
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 679, Saimdang-ro, Gangneung 25451, Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, 679, Saimdang-ro, Seoul 02792, Korea
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 20, Ilsan-ro, Wonju 26493, Korea
| | - Kwang Hyun Cha
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 679, Saimdang-ro, Gangneung 25451, Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, 679, Saimdang-ro, Seoul 02792, Korea
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 20, Ilsan-ro, Wonju 26493, Korea
| | - Gi-Cheon Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Sin-Hyeog Im
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77, Cheongam-ro, Pohang 37673, Korea
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seoul 03722, Korea
- ImmunoBiome Inc, Bio Open Innovation Center, 77, Cheongam-ro, Pohang 37673 , Korea
| | - Ho-Keun Kwon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seoul 03722, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
He Y, Liang J, Liu Y, Zhou X, Peng C, Long C, Huang P, Feng J, Zhang Z. Combined supplementation with Lactobacillus sp. and Bifidobacterium thermacidophilum isolated from Tibetan pigs improves growth performance, immunity, and microbiota composition in weaned piglets. J Anim Sci 2023:skad220. [PMID: 37358243 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics, such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, promote growth in piglets by modulating gut microbiota composition and improving the host immune system. A strain of Lactobacillus sp. and Bifidobacterium thermacidophilum (B. thermacidophilum) were previously isolated from fresh feces of Tibetan pigs. The effects of these isolated strains on growth performance, intestinal morphology, immunity, microbiota composition, and their metabolites were evaluated in weaned piglets. Thirty crossbred piglets were selected and fed either a basal diet (CON), a basal diet supplemented with aureomycin (ANT), or a basal diet supplemented with Lactobacillus sp. and B. thermacidophilum (LB) for 28 days. The piglets in the ANT and LB groups had significantly higher body weight gain than those in the CON group (P < 0.05). Piglets in the ANT and LB groups had regularly arranged villi and microvilli in the small intestine. Furthermore, they had improved immune function, as indicated by decreased serum concentrations of inflammatory cytokines (P < 0.05), improved components of immune cells in the blood, mesenteric lymph nodes, and spleen. Additionally, metagenomic sequencing indicated a significant shift in cecal bacterial composition and alterations in microbiota functional profiles following Lactobacillus sp. and B. thermacidophilum supplementation. Metabolomic results revealed that the metabolites were also altered, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed that several significantly altered metabolites were enriched in glycerophospholipid and cholesterol metabolism (P < 0.05). Furthermore, correlation analysis showed that several bacterial members were closely related to the alterations in metabolites, including Bacteroides sp., which were negatively correlated with TG (16:0/18:0/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)), the metabolite that owned the highest variable importance of projection scores. Collectively, our findings suggest that combined supplementation with Lactobacillus sp. and B. thermacidophilum significantly improved the growth performance, immunity, and microbiota composition in weaned piglets, making them prospective alternatives to antibiotics in swine production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen He
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Jing Liang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Yonghui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Xihong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Can Peng
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Ciming Long
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Pan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Jie Feng
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Argentini C, Tarracchini C, Alessandri G, Longhi G, Milani C, van Sinderen D, Ventura M, Turroni F. Contribution of the capsular polysaccharide layer to antibiotic resistance in bifidobacteria. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2023; 99:7081306. [PMID: 36941125 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiad032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Bifidobacteria have been shown to produce exopolysaccharides (EPS), which are polymeric structures composed of various carbohydrates, commonly containing glucose, galactose and rhamnose. EPS are produced by different bifidobacterial taxa commonly identified in the human gut, such as Bifidobacterium breve and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum, and have been suggested to modulate the interaction of bifidobacterial cells with other members of the human gut microbiota as well as with their host. In this study, we evaluated if bifidobacterial EPS production of four selected EPS-producing strains is associated with enhanced resistance to antibiotic treatments through MIC analysis when compared to bacterial cultures that do not produce exopolysaccharides. Our results showed that an increase in EPS production by modifying the growth medium with different carbon sources, i.e. glucose, galactose or lactose and/or by applying stressful conditions, such as bile salts and acidity, is associated with a tolerance enhancement of bifidobacterial cells toward various beta-lactam antibiotics. In addition, after analyzing the production of EPS at the phenotypic level, we explored the genes involved in the production of these structures and evaluated their expression, in presence of various carbon sources, using RNAseq. Overall, this study provides preliminary experimental evidence showing how bifidobacterial EPS modifies the level of susceptibility of these bacteria towards antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Argentini
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Chiara Tarracchini
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giulia Alessandri
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giulia Longhi
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- GenProbio srl, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Christian Milani
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Centre "Microbiome Research Hub", University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Douwe van Sinderen
- APC Microbiome Institute and School of Microbiology, Bioscience Institute, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marco Ventura
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Centre "Microbiome Research Hub", University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Turroni
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Centre "Microbiome Research Hub", University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sheh A. The Gastrointestinal Microbiota of the Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). ILAR J 2021; 61:188-198. [PMID: 33620078 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilaa025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiota is heavily involved in both health and disease pathogenesis, but defining a normal, healthy microbiota in the common marmoset has been challenging. The aim of this review was to systematically review recent literature involving the gastrointestinal microbiome of common marmosets in health and disease. Twelve sources were included in this review. The gut microbiome composition was reviewed across institutions worldwide, and taxonomic shifts between healthy individuals were described. Unlike the human gut microbiome, which is dominated by Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, the marmoset gut microbiome shows great plasticity across institutions, with 5 different phyla described as dominant in different healthy cohorts. Genera shared across institutions include Anaerobiospirillum, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Collinsella, Fusobacterium, Megamonas, Megasphaera, Phascolarctobacterium, and Prevotella. Shifts in the abundance of Prevotella or Bifidobacterium or invasion by pathogens like Clostridium perfringens may be associated with disease. Changes in microbial composition have been described in healthy and diseased marmosets, but factors influencing the severe changes in microbial composition have not been established. Multi-institutional, prospective, and longitudinal studies that utilize multiple testing methodologies are required to determine sources of variability in the reporting of marmoset microbiomes. Furthermore, methods of microbial manipulation, whether by diet, enrichment, fecal microbiome transplantation, etc, need to be established to modulate and maintain robust and resilient microbiome communities in marmoset colonies and reduce the incidence of idiopathic gastrointestinal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Sheh
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Forssten SD, Laitila A, Maukonen J, Ouwehand AC. Probiotic triangle of success; strain production, clinical studies and product development. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2020; 367:fnaa167. [PMID: 33049046 PMCID: PMC7578568 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnaa167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The successful development of probiotic foods and dietary supplements rests on three pillars; each with their specific challenges and opportunities. First, strain production; this depends on selecting the right strain with promising technological properties and safety profile. Further the manufacturing of the strain in a stable format at sufficiently high yield, following regulatory and customer requirements on culture media ingredients and other processing aids. The second pillar are the preclinical and clinical studies to document that the strain is a probiotic and exerts a health benefit on the host, the consumer. Especially when aiming for a regulator approved health claim, clinical studies need to be thoroughly performed; following appropriate ethical, scientific and regulatory guidelines. Finally, the probiotic will need to be incorporated in a product that can be brought to the consumer; a dietary supplement or a functional food. Because of the live nature of probiotics, specific challenges may need to be dealt with. Although experience from other strains is helpful in the process, the development is strain specific. Commercialisation and marketing of probiotics are strictly but differently regulated in most jurisdictions; defining what can and cannot be claimed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia D Forssten
- DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, Sokeritehtaantie 20, 02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | - Arja Laitila
- DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, Sokeritehtaantie 20, 02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | - Johanna Maukonen
- DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, Sokeritehtaantie 20, 02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | - Arthur C Ouwehand
- DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, Sokeritehtaantie 20, 02460 Kantvik, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Huda MN, Ahmad SM, Kalanetra KM, Taft DH, Alam MJ, Khanam A, Raqib R, Underwood MA, Mills DA, Stephensen CB. Neonatal Vitamin A Supplementation and Vitamin A Status Are Associated with Gut Microbiome Composition in Bangladeshi Infants in Early Infancy and at 2 Years of Age. J Nutr 2019; 149:1075-1088. [PMID: 31006815 PMCID: PMC6543205 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infancy is a crucial period for establishing the intestinal microbiome. This process may be influenced by vitamin A (VA) status because VA affects intestinal immunity and epithelial integrity, factors that can, in turn, modulate microbiome development. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine if neonatal VA supplementation (VAS) affected the abundance of Bifidobacterium, a beneficial commensal, or of Proteobacteria, a phylum containing enteric pathogens, in early (6-15 wk) or late (2 y) infancy. Secondary objectives were to determine if VAS affected the abundance of other bacterial taxa, and to determine if VA status assessed by measuring plasma retinol was associated with bacterial abundance. METHODS Three hundred and six Bangladeshi infants were randomized by sex and birthweight status (above/below median) to receive 1 VA dose (50,000 IU) or placebo within 48 h of birth. Relative abundance at the genus level and above was assessed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. A terminal restriction fragment-length polymorphism assay was used to identify Bifidobacterium species and subspecies at 6 wk. RESULTS Linear regression showed that Bifidobacterium abundance in early infancy was lower in boys (median, 1st/3rd quartiles; 0.67, 0.52/0.78) than girls (0.73, 0.60/0.80; P = 0.003) but that boys receiving VAS (0.69, 0.55/0.78) had higher abundance than boys receiving placebo (0.65, 0.44/0.77; P = 0.039). However this difference was not seen in girls (VAS 0.71, 0.54/0.80; placebo 0.75, 0.63/0.81; P = 0.25). VAS did not affect Proteobacteria abundance. Sex-specific associations were also seen for VA status, including positive associations of plasma retinol with Actinobacteria (the phylum containing Bifidobacterium) and Akkermansia, another commensal with possible health benefits, for girls in late infancy. CONCLUSIONS Better VA status in infancy may influence health both in infancy and later in life by promoting the establishment of a healthy microbiota. This postulated effect of VA may differ between boys and girls. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02027610.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Nazmul Huda
- Nutrition Department
- Immunobiology, Nutrition and Toxicology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- US Department of Agriculture, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA
| | - Shaikh M Ahmad
- Immunobiology, Nutrition and Toxicology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Md J Alam
- Immunobiology, Nutrition and Toxicology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Afsana Khanam
- Immunobiology, Nutrition and Toxicology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rubhana Raqib
- Immunobiology, Nutrition and Toxicology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mark A Underwood
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA
| | - David A Mills
- Department of Food Science and Technology
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Charles B Stephensen
- Nutrition Department
- US Department of Agriculture, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yamanouchi K, Tsujiguchi T, Sakamoto Y, Ito K. Short-term follow-up of intestinal flora in radiation-exposed mice. J Radiat Res 2019; 60:328-332. [PMID: 31116852 PMCID: PMC6530617 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrz002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Some gastrointestinal bacteria, otherwise known as the 'intestinal flora', can cause severe gastrointestinal problems, including sepsis, which are strongly linked to lifestyle-related diseases, including cardiovascular diseases. Several investigations have focused on the long-term changes in the intestinal flora associated with radiation exposure; however, the short-term effects remain unknown. In this study, we tracked the short-term changes in the intestinal flora of mice exposed to different doses of X-ray irradiation (2 Gy and 4 Gy), focusing only on the lactic acid bacteria Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus. A decrease in the Lactobacillus abundance was detected immediately after irradiation in individuals exposed to both 2 Gy and 4 Gy irradiation. However, mice exposed to 4 Gy of irradiation showed a remarkable increase in Bifidobacterium, indicating a potential role of these bacteria in regeneration of the intestinal epithelial tissue. Studies on changes in intestinal bacteria as a result of radiation exposure are limited. Therefore, continuation of this field of research is expected to provide important fundamental insight into the mechanisms by which radiation causes damage to the intestinal tissues, contributing to the development of sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Yamanouchi
- Department of Bioscience and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Takakiyo Tsujiguchi
- Department of Radiation Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Japan
- Corresponding author. Department of Radiation Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki 036-8564, Japan. Tel: +81-72-39-5964; Fax: +81-72-39-5964;
| | - Yamato Sakamoto
- Department of Bioscience and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Koichi Ito
- Department of Bioscience and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|