1
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Ahmed AA, Sborchia M, Bye H, Roman-Escorza M, Amar A, Henley-Smith R, Odell E, McGurk M, Simpson M, Ng T, Sawyer EJ, Mathew CG. Mutation detection in saliva from oral cancer patients. Oral Oncol 2024; 151:106717. [PMID: 38412584 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2024.106717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The incidence of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) continues to increase and although advances have been made in treatment, it still has a poor overall survival with local relapse being common. Conventional imaging methods are not efficient at detecting recurrence at an early stage when still potentially curable. The aim of this study was to test the feasibility of using saliva to detect the presence of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and to provide additional evidence for the potential of this approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fresh tumor, whole blood and saliva were collected from patients with OSCC before treatment. Whole exome sequencing (WES) or gene panel sequencing of tumor DNA was performed to identify somatic mutations in tumors and to select genes for performing gene panel sequencing on saliva samples. RESULTS The most commonly mutated genes identified in primary tumors by DNA sequencing were TP53 and FAT1. Gene panel sequencing of paired saliva samples detected tumor derived mutations in 9 of 11 (82%) patients. The mean variant allele frequency for the mutations detected in saliva was 0.025 (range 0.004 - 0.061). CONCLUSION Somatic tumor mutations can be detected in saliva with high frequency in OSCC irrespective of site or stage of disease using a limited panel of genes. This work provides additional evidence for the suitability of using saliva as liquid biopsy in OSCC and has the potential to improve early detection of recurrence in OSCC. Trials are currently underway comparing this approach to standard imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Ahmed
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Guy's Cancer Centre, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.
| | - Mateja Sborchia
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Guy's Cancer Centre, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Bye
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Roman-Escorza
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Guy's Cancer Centre, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Ariella Amar
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Rhonda Henley-Smith
- KHP Head & Neck Cancer Biobank, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Odell
- King's College London and Head and Neck Pathology Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Mark McGurk
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University College London Hospital, London NW1 2BU, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Simpson
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Tony Ng
- Richard Dimbleby Laboratory of Cancer Research, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Elinor J Sawyer
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Guy's Cancer Centre, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher G Mathew
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom; Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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2
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Luo K, Zhao X, Shan Y, Wang X, Xu Y, Chen M, Wang Q, Song Y. GABA regulates the proliferation and apoptosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells by promoting the expression of CCND2 and BCL2L1. Life Sci 2023; 334:122191. [PMID: 37866807 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a multifunctional molecule that is widely present in the nervous system and nonneuronal tissues. It plays pivotal roles in neurotransmission, regulation of secretion, cell differentiation, proliferation, and tumorigenesis. However, the exact mechanisms of GABA in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are unknown. We took advantage of RNA sequencing in this work and uncovered the potential gene expression profiles of the GABA-treated HNSCC cell line HN4-2. We found that the expression of CCND2 and BCL2L1 was significantly upregulated. Furthermore, GABA treatment inhibited the cell apoptosis induced by cisplatin and regulated the cell cycle after treatment with cisplatin in HN4-2 cells. Moreover, we also found that GABA could upregulate the expression of CCND2 and BCL2L1 after treatment with cisplatin. Our results not only reveal the potential pro-tumorigenic effect of GABA on HNSCCs but also provide a novel therapeutic target for HNSCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunliang Luo
- Department of Dentistry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Xiangtong Zhao
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yidan Shan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Affiliate Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuewen Wang
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Yaohan Xu
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yinjing Song
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China.
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3
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Germline variants in DNA repair genes are associated with young-onset head and neck cancer. Oral Oncol 2021; 122:105545. [PMID: 34598035 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2021.105545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The genetic predisposition to head and neck carcinomas (HNSCC) and how the known risk factors (papillomavirus infection, alcohol, and tobacco consumption) contribute to the early-onset disease are barely explored. Although HNSCC at early onset is rare, its frequency is increasing in recent years. Germline and somatic variants were assessed to build a comprehensive genetic influence pattern in HNSCC predisposition and patient outcome. Whole-exome sequencing was performed in 45 oral and oropharynx carcinomas paired with normal samples of young adults (≤49 years). We found FANCG, CDKN2A, and TPP germline variants previously associated with HNSCC risk. At least one germline variant in DNA repair pathway genes was detected in 67% of cases. Germline and somatic variants (including copy number variations) in FAT1 gene were identified in 9 patients (20%) and 12 tumors (30%), respectively. Somatic variants were found in HNSCC associated genes, such as TP53, CDKN2A, and PIK3CA. To date, 55 of 521 cases from the large cohort of TCGA presented < 49 years old. A comparison between the somatic alterations of TCGA-HNSCC at early onset and our dataset revealed strong similarities. Protein-protein interaction analysis between somatic and germline altered genes revealed a central role of TP53. Altogether, germline alterations in DNA repair genes potentially contribute to an increased risk of developing HNSCC at early-onset, while FAT1 could impact the prognosis.
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4
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Li M, Zhang X, Ding X, Zheng Y, Du H, Li H, Ji H, Wang Z, Jiao P, Song X, Zhong Y, Wu H. Long Noncoding RNA LINC00460 Promotes Cell Progression by Sponging miR-4443 in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cell Transplant 2021; 29:963689720927405. [PMID: 32478564 PMCID: PMC7563806 DOI: 10.1177/0963689720927405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Long noncoding RNAs were proved to be associated with the development and progression in HNSCC. However, the mechanism of LINC00460 in HNSCC needs to be further investigated. The study used quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay to detect the expression of LINC00460 in cancer tissues and cell lines. Gain and loss of function experiments were conducted to analyze the effects of LINC00460 and miR-4443 on cell proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis of HNSCC cells in vitro. The interactions among miR-4443 and LINC00460 were detected by dual-luciferase reporter assay. Here, the study showed that LINC00460 was highly expressed in HNSCC tissues and cell lines. Functionally, knockdown of LINC00460 inhibited HNSCC cell proliferation and migration in vitro. Besides, LINC00460 promoted cell progression by sponging miR-4443, and miR-4443 inhibitor could reverse the effects of si-LINC00460 on cell proliferation and migration. In summary, LINC00460 could potentially promote cell progression and epithelial mesenchymal transition by sponging miR-4443 in HNSCC. LINC00460 could be used as a potential therapeutic target for HNSCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China.,Both the authors contributed equally to this article
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Paediatric Dentistry, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China.,Both the authors contributed equally to this article
| | - Xu Ding
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongming Du
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huaiqi Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huan Ji
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pengfei Jiao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaomeng Song
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Zhong
- Department of Oral Pathology, Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - HeMing Wu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
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5
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Akbari Dilmaghani N, Safaroghli-Azar A, Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi A, Bashash D. The PI3K/Akt/mTORC signaling axis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Possibilities for therapeutic interventions either as single agents or in combination with conventional therapies. IUBMB Life 2021; 73:618-642. [PMID: 33476088 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The latest advances in the sequencing methods in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) tissues have revolutionized our understanding of the disease by taking off the veil from the most frequent genetic alterations in the components of the oncogenic pathways. Among all the identified alterations, aberrancies in the genes attributed to the phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K) axis have attracted special attention as they were altered in more than 90% of the tissues isolated from HNSCC patients. In fact, the association between these aberrancies and the increased risk of cancer metastasis suggested this axis as an "Achilles Heel" of HNSCC, which may be therapeutically targeted. The results of the clinical trials investigating the therapeutic potential of the inhibitors targeting the components of the PI3K axis in the treatment of HNSCC patients, either alone or in a combined-modal strategy, opened a new chapter in the treatment strategy of this malignancy. The present study aimed to review the importance of the PI3K axis in the pathogenesis of HNSCC and also provide a piece of information about the breakthroughs and challenges of PI3K inhibitors in the therapeutic strategies of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Akbari Dilmaghani
- Hearing Disorders Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Loghman Hakim Educational Hospital, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ava Safaroghli-Azar
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atieh Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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6
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Wijetunga NA, Yu Y, Morris LG, Lee N, Riaz N. The head and neck cancer genome in the era of immunotherapy. Oral Oncol 2020; 112:105040. [PMID: 33197752 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2020.105040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The recent success of immunotherapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has necessitated a new perspective on the cancer genome. Here we review recent advances in the carcinogenesis and molecular genetics of HNSCC with an eye on their implications for cancer immunity. Newer sequencing technologies have recently facilitated dissection of the complex interaction between the HPV virus, tumor, host factors, and the tumor microenvironment (TME) that help shed light on how the immune system interacts with head and neck malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ari Wijetunga
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yao Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luc G Morris
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nancy Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Nadeem Riaz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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7
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Li J, Bo H, Zhu F, Li Q, Chen T, Lei S, Fan L. Hypomethylated SPANXA1/A2 promotes the metastasis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Med Oncol 2020; 37:112. [PMID: 33175201 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-020-01441-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aberrant expression of SPANXA1/A2 (sperm protein associated with the nucleus on the X-chromosome, family members A1/A2) has been observed in multi types of cancers. However, the roles of SPANXA1/A2 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remain largely unknown. The expression of SPANXA1/A2 was evaluated via analyzing UCSC XENA and GEO databases. To dissect the underlying cause of silencing SPANXA1/A2-mediated suppression, cell migration and invasion were detected in SPANXA1/A2 manipulated cell lines. Western blot was performed to evaluate EMT-related factors. The methylation microarray data of SPANXA1/A2 in HNSCC from the UCSC XENA database were used to identify whether aberrant overexpressed SPANXA1/A2 is induced by aberrant DNA methylation. SPANXA1/A2 was highly expressed in tumor tissues and associated with poor survival of patients with HNSCC. Knockdown of SPANXA1/A2 inhibited migration and invasion abilities in both Cal-27 and SCC-9 cells through epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) suppression. The SPANXA1/A2 expression negatively related to its DNA methylation level. SPANXA1/A2 DNA hypomethylation was associated with metastatic stage and poor survival of patients with HNSCC. A dose-dependent increase of SPANXA1/A2 mRNA was observed in both cal-27 and SCC-9 cells after treatment with 5-AZA-2'-deoxycytidine (5-AZA-CdR). We demonstrated that knockdown of SPANXA1/A2 obviously inhibited tumor cell migration and invasion through EMT suppression. DNA hypomethylation might be responsible for the aberrant SPANXA1/A2 overexpressing. SPANXA1/A2 may be used as a diagnosed and independent prognosis indicator of HNSCC, and knockdown of SPANXA1/A2 may present a new gene-based therapy for HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Li
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Hao Bo
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 172 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, China.,Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China
| | - Fang Zhu
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 172 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Qiaohua Li
- College of Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Tingwei Chen
- College of Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Shaorong Lei
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - Liqing Fan
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 172 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, China. .,Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China.
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8
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Ghafouri-Fard S, Gholipour M, Taheri M, Shirvani Farsani Z. MicroRNA profile in the squamous cell carcinoma: prognostic and diagnostic roles. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05436. [PMID: 33204886 PMCID: PMC7653070 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are human malignancies associated with both genetic and environmental factors. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) as a group of small non-coding RNAs have prominent roles in the development of this kind of cancer. Expressions of several miRNAs have been demonstrated to be increased in HNSCC samples vs. non-malignant tissues. In silico prediction tools and functional analyses have confirmed the function of some miRNAs in the modulation of cancer-associated targets, thus indicating these miRNAs as onco-miRs. Moreover, numerous miRNAs have been down-regulated in HNSCC samples. Their targets mostly enhance cell proliferation or inhibit apoptosis. miRNAs signature has practical implications in the diagnosis, staging, and management of HNSC. Most notably, numerous miRNAs have been shown to alter response of tumor cells to anti-cancer drugs such as cisplatin and doxorubicin. Circulating levels of these small transcripts have been suggested as promising biomarkers for diagnosis of HNSCC. In the present manuscript, we sum up the available literature regarding the miRNAs signature in HNSCC and their role as diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Gholipour
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Shirvani Farsani
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University G.C., Tehran, Iran
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9
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Fernández-Mateos J, Pérez-García J, Seijas-Tamayo R, Mesía R, Rubió-Casadevall J, García-Girón C, Iglesias L, Carral Maseda A, Adansa Klain JC, Taberna M, Vazquez S, Gómez MA, Del Barco E, Ocana A, González-Sarmiento R, Cruz-Hernández JJ. Oncogenic driver mutations predict outcome in a cohort of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients within a clinical trial. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16634. [PMID: 33024167 PMCID: PMC7539152 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72927-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
234 diagnostic formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) blocks from homogeneously treated patients with locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) within a multicentre phase III clinical trial were characterised. The mutational spectrum was examined by next generation sequencing in the 26 most frequent oncogenic drivers in cancer and correlated with treatment response and survival. Human papillomavirus (HPV) status was measured by p16INK4a immunohistochemistry in oropharyngeal tumours. Clinicopathological features and response to treatment were measured and compared with the sequencing results. The results indicated TP53 as the most mutated gene in locally advanced HNSCC. HPV-positive oropharyngeal tumours were less mutated than HPV-negative tumours in TP53 (p < 0.01). Mutational and HPV status influences patient survival, being mutated or HPV-negative tumours associated with poor overall survival (p < 0.05). No association was found between mutations and clinicopathological features. This study confirmed and expanded previously published genomic characterization data in HNSCC. Survival analysis showed that non-mutated HNSCC tumours associated with better prognosis and lack of mutations can be identified as an important biomarker in HNSCC. Frequent alterations in PI3K pathway in HPV-positive HNSCC could define a promising pathway for pharmacological intervention in this group of tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Fernández-Mateos
- Medical Oncology Service, University Hospital of Salamanca-IBSAL, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), SACYL-University of Salamanca-CSIC, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Molecular Medicine Unit-IBSAL, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (IBMCC), University of Salamanca-CSIC, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jéssica Pérez-García
- Molecular Medicine Unit-IBSAL, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (IBMCC), University of Salamanca-CSIC, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Raquel Seijas-Tamayo
- Medical Oncology Service, University Hospital of Salamanca-IBSAL, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), SACYL-University of Salamanca-CSIC, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ricard Mesía
- Medical Oncology Department, Institut Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBELL, 08908, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Carlos García-Girón
- Medical Oncology Service, Hospital Universitario de Burgos, 09006, Burgos, Spain
| | - Lara Iglesias
- Medical Oncology Service, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Juan Carlos Adansa Klain
- Medical Oncology Service, University Hospital of Salamanca-IBSAL, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), SACYL-University of Salamanca-CSIC, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Miren Taberna
- Medical Oncology Department, Institut Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBELL, 08908, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Vazquez
- Medical Oncology Department, Institut Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBELL, 08908, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Edel Del Barco
- Medical Oncology Service, University Hospital of Salamanca-IBSAL, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), SACYL-University of Salamanca-CSIC, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alberto Ocana
- Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, CIBERONC, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, 13071, Albacete, Spain
| | - Rogelio González-Sarmiento
- Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), SACYL-University of Salamanca-CSIC, 37007, Salamanca, Spain. .,Molecular Medicine Unit-IBSAL, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain. .,Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (IBMCC), University of Salamanca-CSIC, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Juan Jesús Cruz-Hernández
- Medical Oncology Service, University Hospital of Salamanca-IBSAL, 37007, Salamanca, Spain. .,Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), SACYL-University of Salamanca-CSIC, 37007, Salamanca, Spain. .,Molecular Medicine Unit-IBSAL, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain. .,Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (IBMCC), University of Salamanca-CSIC, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
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10
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Chandel V, Raj S, Kumar P, Gupta S, Dhasmana A, Kesari KK, Ruokolainen J, Mehra P, Das BC, Kamal MA, Kumar D. Metabolic regulation in HPV associated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Life Sci 2020; 258:118236. [PMID: 32795537 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells exhibit distinct energy metabolic pathways due to multiple oncogenic events. In normoxia condition, the anaerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect) is highly observed in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). HNSCC is associated with smoking, chewing tobacco, consumption of alcohol or Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection primarily HPV16. In recent years, the correlation of HPV with HNSCC has significantly expanded. Despite the recent advancement in therapeutic approaches, the rate of HPV infected HNSCC has significantly increased in the last few years, specifically, in lower middle-income countries. The oncoproteins of High-risk Human Papillomavirus (HR-HPV), E6 and E7, alter the metabolic phenotype in HNSCC, which is distinct from non-HPV associated HNSCC. These oncoproteins, modulate the cell cycle and metabolic signalling through interacting with tumor suppressor proteins, p53 and pRb. Since, metabolic alteration represents a major hallmark for tumorigenesis, HPV acts as a source of biomarker linked to cancer progression in HNSCC. The dependency of cancer cells to specific nutrients and alteration of various metabolic associated genes may provide a unique opportunity for pharmacological intervention in HPV infected HNSCC. In this review, we have discussed the molecular mechanism (s) and metabolic regulation in HNSCC depending on the HPV status. We have also discussed the possible potential therapeutic approaches for HPV associated HNSCC through targeting metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Chandel
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University UttarPradesh, Sec 125, Noida 201303, India
| | - Sibi Raj
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University UttarPradesh, Sec 125, Noida 201303, India
| | - Prabhat Kumar
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University UttarPradesh, Sec 125, Noida 201303, India
| | - Shilpi Gupta
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University UttarPradesh, Sec 125, Noida 201303, India
| | - Anupam Dhasmana
- Himalayan School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Swami Ram Nagar, Jolly Grant, Doiwala, Dehradun 248016, India; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA
| | - Kavindra Kumar Kesari
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Janne Ruokolainen
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Pravesh Mehra
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial surgery, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Bhudev C Das
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University UttarPradesh, Sec 125, Noida 201303, India
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia; Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, NSW, Australia
| | - Dhruv Kumar
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University UttarPradesh, Sec 125, Noida 201303, India.
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11
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Kochanek SJ, Close DA, Camarco DP, Johnston PA. Maximizing the Value of Cancer Drug Screening in Multicellular Tumor Spheroid Cultures: A Case Study in Five Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell Lines. SLAS DISCOVERY 2020; 25:329-349. [PMID: 31983262 DOI: 10.1177/2472555219896999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
With approval rates <5% and the probability of success in oncology clinical trials of 3.4%, more physiologically relevant in vitro three-dimensional models are being deployed during lead generation to select better drug candidates for solid tumors. Multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTSs) resemble avascular tumor nodules, micrometastases, or the intervascular regions of large solid tumors with respect to morphology, cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix contacts, and volume growth kinetics. MCTSs develop gradients of nutrient and oxygen concentration resulting in diverse microenvironments with differential proliferation and drug distribution zones. We produced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) MCTSs in 384-well U-bottom ultra-low-attachment microtiter plates and used metabolic viability and imaging methods to measure morphologies, growth phenotypes and the effects of 19 anticancer drugs. We showed that cell viability measurements underestimated the impact of drug exposure in HNSCC MCTS cultures, but that incorporating morphology and dead-cell staining analyses increased the number of drugs judged to have substantially impacted MCTS cultures. A cumulative multiparameter drug impact score enabled us to stratify MCTS drug responses into high-, intermediate-, and low-impact tiers, and maximized the value of these more physiologically relevant tumor cultures. It is conceivable that the viable cells present in MCTS cultures after drug exposure arise from drug-resistant populations that could represent a source of drug failure and recurrence. Long-term monitoring of treated MCTS cultures could provide a strategy to determine whether these drug-resistant populations represent circumstances where tumor growth is delayed and may ultimately give rise to regrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanton J Kochanek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - David A Close
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniel P Camarco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Paul A Johnston
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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12
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Chaudhary S, Ganguly K, Muniyan S, Pothuraju R, Sayed Z, Jones DT, Batra SK, Macha MA. Immunometabolic Alterations by HPV Infection: New Dimensions to Head and Neck Cancer Disparity. J Natl Cancer Inst 2019; 111:233-244. [PMID: 30615137 PMCID: PMC6410958 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djy207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer, with high morbidity and mortality. Racial disparity in HNSCC is observed between African Americans (AAs) and whites, effecting both overall and 5-year survival, with worse prognosis for AAs. In addition to socio-economic status and demographic factors, many epidemiological studies have also identified factors including coexisting human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, primary tumor location, and a variety of somatic mutations that contribute to the prognostic incongruities in HNSCC patients among AAs and whites. Recent research also suggests HPV-induced dysregulation of tumor metabolism and immune microenvironment as the major regulators of HNSCC patient prognosis. Outcomes of several preclinical and clinical studies on targeted therapeutics warrant the need to elucidate the inherent mechanistic and population-based disparities underlying patient responses. This review systematically reports the underlying reasons for inconsistency in disease prognosis and therapy responses among HNSCC patients from different racial populations. The focus of this review is twofold: aside from discussing the causes of racial disparity, we also seek to identify the consequences of such disparity in terms of HPV infection and its associated mutational, metabolic, and immune landscapes. Considering the clinical impact of differential patient outcomes among AA and white populations, understanding the underlying cause of this disparity may pave the way for novel precision therapy for HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjib Chaudhary
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Koelina Ganguly
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Sakthivel Muniyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Ramesh Pothuraju
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Zafar Sayed
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Dwight T Jones
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Muzafar A Macha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
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13
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Kochanek SJ, Close DA, Johnston PA. High Content Screening Characterization of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Multicellular Tumor Spheroid Cultures Generated in 384-Well Ultra-Low Attachment Plates to Screen for Better Cancer Drug Leads. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2018; 17:17-36. [PMID: 30592624 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2018.896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicellular tumor spheroid (MCTS) cultures represent more physiologically relevant in vitro cell tumor models that recapitulate the microenvironments and cell-cell or cell-extracellular matrix interactions which occur in solid tumors. We characterized the morphologies, viability, and growth behaviors of MCTSs produced by 11 different head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell lines seeded into and cultured in ultra-low attachment microtiter plates (ULA-plates) over extended periods of time. HNSCC MCTS cultures developed microenvironments, which resulted in differences in proliferation rates, metabolic activity, and mitochondrial functional activity between cells located in the outer layers of the MCTS and cells in the interior. HNSCC MCTS cultures exhibited drug penetration and distribution gradients and some developed necrotic cores. Perhaps the most profound effect of culturing HNSCC cell lines in MCTS cultures was their dramatically altered and varied growth phenotypes. Instead of the exponential growth that are characteristic of two-dimensional HNSCC growth inhibition assays, some MCTS cultures displayed linear growth rates, categorized as rapid, moderate, or slow, dormant MCTSs remained viable but did not grow, and some MCTSs exhibited death phenotypes that were either progressive and slow or rapid. The ability of MCTS cultures to develop microenvironments and to display a variety of different growth phenotypes provides in vitro models that are more closely aligned with solid tumors in vivo. We anticipate that the implementation MCTS models to screen for new cancer drugs for solid tumors like HNSCC will produce leads that will translate better in in vivo animal models and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanton J Kochanek
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - David A Close
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Paul A Johnston
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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14
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Close DA, Wang AX, Kochanek SJ, Shun T, Eiseman JL, Johnston PA. Implementation of the NCI-60 Human Tumor Cell Line Panel to Screen 2260 Cancer Drug Combinations to Generate >3 Million Data Points Used to Populate a Large Matrix of Anti-Neoplastic Agent Combinations (ALMANAC) Database. SLAS DISCOVERY 2018; 24:242-263. [PMID: 30500310 DOI: 10.1177/2472555218812429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Animal and clinical studies demonstrate that cancer drug combinations (DCs) are more effective than single agents. However, it is difficult to predict which DCs will be more efficacious than individual drugs. Systematic DC high-throughput screening (HTS) of 100 approved drugs in the National Cancer Institute's panel of 60 cancer cell lines (NCI-60) produced data to help select DCs for further consideration. We miniaturized growth inhibition assays into 384-well format, increased the fetal bovine serum amount to 10%, lengthened compound exposure to 72 h, and used a homogeneous detection reagent. We determined the growth inhibition 50% values of individual drugs across 60 cell lines, selected drug concentrations for 4 × 4 DC matrices (DCMs), created DCM master and replica daughter plate sets, implemented the HTS, quality control reviewed the data, and analyzed the results. A total of 2620 DCMs were screened in 60 cancer cell lines to generate 3.04 million data points for the NCI ALMANAC (A Large Matrix of Anti-Neoplastic Agent Combinations) database. We confirmed in vitro a synergistic drug interaction flagged in the DC HTS between the vinca-alkaloid microtubule assembly inhibitor vinorelbine (Navelbine) tartrate and the epidermal growth factor-receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib (Iressa) in the SK-MEL-5 melanoma cell line. Seventy-five percent of the DCs examined in the screen are not currently in the clinical trials database. Selected synergistic drug interactions flagged in the DC HTS described herein were subsequently confirmed by the NCI in vitro, evaluated mechanistically, and were shown to have greater than single-agent efficacy in mouse xenograft human cancer models. Enrollment is open for two clinical trials for DCs that were identified in the DC HTS. The NCI ALMANAC database therefore constitutes a valuable resource for selecting promising DCs for confirmation, mechanistic studies, and clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Close
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Allen Xinwei Wang
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stanton J Kochanek
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tongying Shun
- 2 University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Julie L Eiseman
- 3 Cancer Therapeutics Program, The University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,4 Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,5 University of Pittsburgh Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Paul A Johnston
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,5 University of Pittsburgh Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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15
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Schmidt H, Kulasinghe A, Allcock RJN, Tan LY, Mokany E, Kenny L, Punyadeera C. A Pilot Study to Non-Invasively Track PIK3CA Mutation in Head and Neck Cancer. Diagnostics (Basel) 2018; 8:diagnostics8040079. [PMID: 30501041 PMCID: PMC6315660 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics8040079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: PIK3CA pathways are the most frequently mutated oncogenic pathway in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), including virally driven HNCs. PIK3CA is involved in the PI3K-PTEN-mTOR signalling pathway. PIK3CA has been implicated in HNSCC progression and PIK3CA mutations may serve as predictive biomarkers for therapy selection. Circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) derived from necrotic and apoptotic tumour cells are thought to harbour tumour-specific genetic alterations. As such, the detection of PIK3CA alterations detected by ctDNA holds promise as a potential biomarker in HNSCC. Methods: Blood samples from treatment naïve HNSCC patients (n = 29) were interrogated for a commonly mutated PIK3CA hotspot mutation using low cost allele-specific Plex-PCRTM technology. Results: In this pilot, cross sectional study, PIK3CA E545K mutation was detected in the plasma samples of 9/29 HNSCC patients using the Plex-PCRTM technology. Conclusion: The results of this pilot study support the notion of using allele-specific technologies for cost-effective testing of ctDNA, and further assert the potential utility of ctDNA in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Schmidt
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove 4059, Queensland, Australia.
- Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba 4102, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Arutha Kulasinghe
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove 4059, Queensland, Australia.
- Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba 4102, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Richard J N Allcock
- School of Biomedical sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009, Western Australia, Australia.
- Pathwest Laboratory Medicine WA, Nedlands 6009, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Lit Yeen Tan
- SpeeDx Pty. Ltd., National Innovation Centre, Australian Technology Park, Eveleigh Sydney 2015, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Elisa Mokany
- SpeeDx Pty. Ltd., National Innovation Centre, Australian Technology Park, Eveleigh Sydney 2015, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Liz Kenny
- Central Integrated Regional Cancer Service, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston 4029, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Chamindie Punyadeera
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove 4059, Queensland, Australia.
- Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba 4102, Queensland, Australia.
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16
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Bommi PV, Ravindran S, Raychaudhuri P, Bagchi S. DDB2 regulates Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in Oral/Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 9:34708-34718. [PMID: 30410671 PMCID: PMC6205178 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
DDB2 is a sensor of DNA damage and it plays an important role in Global Genomic Repair (GG-NER). Our previous studies show that DDB2 is involved in the regulation of metastasis in colon adenocarcinoma. Squamous Cell Carcinomas in the Oral/Head & Neck region (HNSCC) are particularly aggressive due to high incidence of recurrence and distant metastasis. In this study, we show that DDB2 expression is downregulated in advanced HNSCCs and loss of DDB2 expression coincides with reduced survival. Recent meta-analysis of gene expression data characterized the mesenchymal-type (EMT-type) as one most aggressive cancer cluster in HNSCC. Here, we report that DDB2 constitutively represses mRNA expression of the EMT- regulatory transcription factors SNAIL, ZEB1, and angiogenic factor VEGF in HNSCC cells. As a result, re-expression of DDB2 in metastatic cells reversed EMT with transcriptional upregulation of epithelial marker E-cadherin, and downregulation of mesenchymal markers N-cadherin, Vimentin, and Fibronectin. Interestingly, in a reverse assay, depletion of DDB2 in non-metastatic cells induced expression of the same EMT-regulatory transcription factors. TGFβs are major regulators of Snail and Zeb1, and we observed that DDB2 transcriptionally regulates expression of TGFB2 in HNSCC cells. Re-expression of DDB2 in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) isolated from Ddb2 (-/-) knockout-mice resulted in repression of EMT-regulatory factors Zeb1, Snail and Tgfb2. Taken together, these results support the active role of DDB2 as a candidate suppressor of the EMT-process in HNSCC. Early detection leads to significantly higher survival in HNSCC and DDB2 expression in tumors can be a predictor of EMT progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant V Bommi
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Current Address: Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, Biological Sciences Research Building (BSRB), University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sriram Ravindran
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Pradip Raychaudhuri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Srilata Bagchi
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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17
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Gong W, Xiao Y, Wei Z, Yuan Y, Qiu M, Sun C, Zeng X, Liang X, Feng M, Chen Q. Toward the use of precision medicine for the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 8:2141-2152. [PMID: 27924064 PMCID: PMC5356787 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Precision medicine is a new strategy that aims at preventing and treating human diseases by focusing on individual variations in people's genes, environment and lifestyle. Precision medicine has been used for cancer diagnosis and treatment and shows evident clinical efficacy. Rapid developments in molecular biology, genetics and sequencing technologies, as well as computational technology, has enabled the establishment of "big data", such as the Human Genome Project, which provides a basis for precision medicine. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is an aggressive cancer with a high incidence rate and low survival rate. Current therapies are often aggressive and carry considerable side effects. Much research now indicates that precision medicine can be used for HNSCC and may achieve improved results. From this perspective, we present an overview of the current status, potential strategies, and challenges of precision medicine in HNSCC. We focus on targeted therapy based on cell the surface signaling receptors epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2), and on the PI3K/AKT/mTOR, JAK/STAT3 and RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK cellular signaling pathways. Gene therapy for the treatment of HNSCC is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yandi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zihao Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yao Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Min Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chongkui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinhua Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingye Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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18
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Tuna M, Amos CI. Next generation sequencing and its applications in HPV-associated cancers. Oncotarget 2018; 8:8877-8889. [PMID: 27784002 PMCID: PMC5352450 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 18% of all human cancers have a viral etiology, and human papillomavirus (HPV) has been identified as one of the most prevalent viruses that plays causative role in nearly all cervical cancers and, in addition, in subset of head and neck, anal, penile and vulvar cancers. The recent introduction of next generation sequencing (NGS) and other omics approaches have resulted in comprehensive knowledge on the pathogenesis of HPV-driven tumors. Specifically, these approaches have provided detailed information on genomic HPV integration sites, disrupted genes and pathways, and common and distinct genetic and epigenetic alterations in different human HPV-associated cancers. This review focuses on HPV integration sites, its concomitantly disrupted genes and pathways and its functional consequences in both cervical and head and neck cancers. Integration of NGS data with other omics and clinical data is crucial to better understand the pathophysiology of each individual malignancy and, based on this, to select targets and to design effective personalized treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musaffe Tuna
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon
| | - Christopher I Amos
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon
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19
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Yin ZX, Hang W, Liu G, Wang YS, Shen XF, Sun QH, Li DD, Jian YP, Zhang YH, Quan CS, Zeng Q, Li YL, Zhao RX, Ding Q, Xu ZX. PARP-1 inhibitors sensitize HNSCC cells to APR-246 by inactivation of thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1) and promotion of ROS accumulation. Oncotarget 2018; 9:1885-1897. [PMID: 29416738 PMCID: PMC5788606 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer worldwide. Mutations of TP53 may reach 70% - 85% in HNSCC patients without human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Recurrence rate remains particularly high for HNSCC patients with mutations in the TP53 gene although patients are responsive to surgery, irradiation, and chemotherapy early in the treatment. p53-Reactivation and Induction of Massive Apoptosis-1 (PRIMA-1) and its methylated analogue PRIMA-1Met (also known as APR-246) are quinuclidine compounds that rescue the DNA-binding activity of mutant p53 (mut-p53) and restore the potential of wild-type p53. In the current report, we demonstrated that inhibition of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) with 6(5H)-phenanthridinone (PHEN) and N-(6-Oxo-5,6-dihydrophenanthridin-2-yl)-(N, N-dimethylamino) acetamide hydrochloride (PJ34) sensitizes UMSCC1, UMSCC14, and UMSCC17A, three HNSCC cell lines to the treatment of APR-246. PHEN enhances APR-246-induced apoptosis, but not programmed necrosis or autophagic cell death in HNSCC cells. The PARP-1 inhibition-induced sensitization of HNSCC cells to APR-246 is independent of TP53 mutation. Instead, PARP-1 inhibition promotes APR-246-facilitated inactivation of thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1), leading to ROS accumulation and DNA damage. Overexpression of TrxR1 or application of antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) depletes the ROS increase, reduces DNA damage, and decreases cell death triggered by APR-246/PHEN in HNSCC cells. Thus, we have characterized a new function of PARP-1 inhibitor in HNSCC cells by inactivation of TrxR1 and elevation of ROS and provide a novel therapeutic strategy for HNSCC by the combination of PARP-1 inhibitors and APR-246.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Xian Yin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Hang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi-Shu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiang-Feng Shen
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qian-Hui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dong-Dong Li
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yong-Ping Jian
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang-He Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Cheng-Shi Quan
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qinghua Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Yu-Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Rui-Xun Zhao
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Qiang Ding
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Zhi-Xiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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20
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Cho J, Johnson DE, Grandis JR. Therapeutic Implications of the Genetic Landscape of Head and Neck Cancer. Semin Radiat Oncol 2018; 28:2-11. [PMID: 29173752 PMCID: PMC6293987 DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale sequencing studies of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) have elucidated the genetic changes that characterize HNSCC. These findings have supported the development of therapeutic strategies that target key components of aberrant signaling pathways and immune dysregulation. Cumulative evidence suggests that these agents in combination with radiotherapy may have synergistic effects. This review highlights the predictive biomarkers that have been identified from HNSCC genomic studies and implications on the development of molecular-targeting agents that may effectively treat patients with HNSCC, especially when used in combination with radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice Cho
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Daniel E Johnson
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jennifer R Grandis
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.
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21
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Colecchia D, Nicolato E, Ravagli C, Faraoni P, Strambi A, Rossi M, Doumett S, Mosconi E, Locatelli E, Comes Franchini M, Balzi M, Baldi G, Marzola P, Chiariello M. EGFR-Targeted Magnetic Nanovectors Recognize, in Vivo, Head and Neck Squamous Cells Carcinoma-Derived Tumors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:1230-1235. [PMID: 29259739 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) are a diverse group of tumors with high morbidity and mortality that have remained mostly unchanged over the past decades. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is often overexpressed and activated in these tumors and strongly contributes to their pathogenesis. Still, EGFR-targeted therapies such as monoclonal antibodies and kinase inhibitors have demonstrated only limited improvements in the clinical outcome of this disease. Here, we take advantage of the extraordinary affinity of EGF for its cognate receptor to specifically target magnetite-containing nanoparticles to HNSCC cells and mediate, in vitro, their cellular upload. On the basis of this, we show efficient accumulation, in vivo, of such nanoparticles in subcutaneous xenograft tumor tissues in sufficient amounts to be able to mediate visualization by magnetic resonance imaging. Overall, our EGF-coated nanosystem may warrant, in the near future, novel and very efficient theranostic approaches to HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Colecchia
- Consiglio
Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica and Istituto Toscano Tumori-AOU Senese, Core Research Laboratory, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | - Costanza Ravagli
- Dipartimento
di Nanobiotecnologie, Colorobbia Consulting-Cericol, Via Pietramarina 53, 50053 Sovigliana Vinci, Italy
| | - Paola Faraoni
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Biomediche, Sperimentali e Cliniche “Mario Serio”, Università di Firenze, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Angela Strambi
- Consiglio
Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica and Istituto Toscano Tumori-AOU Senese, Core Research Laboratory, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Matteo Rossi
- Consiglio
Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica and Istituto Toscano Tumori-AOU Senese, Core Research Laboratory, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Saer Doumett
- Dipartimento
di Nanobiotecnologie, Colorobbia Consulting-Cericol, Via Pietramarina 53, 50053 Sovigliana Vinci, Italy
| | | | - Erica Locatelli
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Mauro Comes Franchini
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Manuela Balzi
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Biomediche, Sperimentali e Cliniche “Mario Serio”, Università di Firenze, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Giovanni Baldi
- Dipartimento
di Nanobiotecnologie, Colorobbia Consulting-Cericol, Via Pietramarina 53, 50053 Sovigliana Vinci, Italy
| | | | - Mario Chiariello
- Consiglio
Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica and Istituto Toscano Tumori-AOU Senese, Core Research Laboratory, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
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22
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Chung CM, Lee CH, Chen MK, Tsai MH, Ko YC. Interaction Between Rare Variants in NOTCH1 and Betel Quid Chewing in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2017; 21:608-612. [PMID: 28910158 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2017.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Min Chung
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Environment-Omics-Diseases Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hung Lee
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Kuan Chen
- Oral Cancer Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsui Tsai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chin Ko
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Environment-Omics-Diseases Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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23
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Impaired H3K36 methylation defines a subset of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Nat Genet 2017; 49:180-185. [PMID: 28067913 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV)-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are deadly and common cancers. Recent genomic studies implicate multiple genetic pathways, including cell signaling, cell cycle and immune evasion, in their development. Here we analyze public data sets and uncover a previously unappreciated role of epigenome deregulation in the genesis of 13% of HPV-negative HNSCCs. Specifically, we identify novel recurrent mutations encoding p.Lys36Met (K36M) alterations in multiple H3 histone genes. histones. We further validate the presence of these alterations in multiple independent HNSCC data sets and show that, along with previously described NSD1 mutations, they correspond to a specific DNA methylation cluster. The K36M substitution and NSD1 defects converge on altering methylation of histone H3 at K36 (H3K36), subsequently blocking cellular differentiation and promoting oncogenesis. Our data further indicate limited redundancy for NSD family members in HPV-negative HNSCCs and suggest a potential role for impaired H3K36 methylation in their development. Further investigation of drugs targeting chromatin regulators is warranted in HPV-negative HNSCCs driven by aberrant H3K36 methylation.
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24
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Applications of molecular testing in surgical pathology of the head and neck. Mod Pathol 2017; 30:S104-S111. [PMID: 28060367 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2016.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Molecular testing in routine surgical pathology is becoming an important component of the workup of many different types of tumors. In fact, in some organ systems, guidelines now suggest that the standard of care is to obtain specific molecular panels for tumor classification and/or therapeutic planning. In the head and neck, clinically applicable molecular tests are not as abundant as in other organ systems. Most current head and neck biomarkers are utilized for diagnosis rather than as companion diagnostic tests to predict therapeutic response. As the number of potential molecular biomarker assays increases and cost pressures escalate, the pathologist must be able to navigate the molecular testing pathways. This review explores scenarios in which molecular testing might be beneficial and cost-effective in head and neck pathology.
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25
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Current understanding of the tumor microenvironment of laryngeal dysplasia and progression to invasive cancer. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2016; 24:121-7. [PMID: 26963671 DOI: 10.1097/moo.0000000000000245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review examines the historical tumor progression genetic model of laryngeal carcinomas, from dysplasia to invasive carcinoma and the role of infiltrating immune and inflammatory cells as contributors to this process. RECENT FINDINGS Classically, the genetic model of carcinogenesis describes overexpression of oncogenes and/or silencing of tumor suppressor genes which, when combined with exposure to environmental carcinogens over the course of time, results in damage to cellular DNA. Increasing evidence indicates that innate and adaptive immune mediators also play an important role in tumor progression of laryngeal carcinomas. Cellular mediators of immune suppression are often over represented in the tumor microenvironment and these cells release cytokines, which perpetuate immune suppression allowing for tumor immune evasion. SUMMARY Future therapies targeting laryngeal malignancies should focus on a combined approach which targets both genetic variations and immune mediators.
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26
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Sailer V, Holmes EE, Gevensleben H, Goltz D, Dröge F, de Vos L, Franzen A, Schröck F, Bootz F, Kristiansen G, Schröck A, Dietrich D. PITX2 and PANCR DNA methylation predicts overall survival in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 7:75827-75838. [PMID: 27716615 PMCID: PMC5342781 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck region (HNSCC) is a common malignant disease accompanied by a high risk of local or distant recurrence after curative-intent treatment. Biomarkers that allow for the prediction of disease outcome can guide clinicians with respect to treatment and surveillance strategies. Here, the methylation status of PITX2 and an adjacent lncRNA (PANCR) were evaluated for their ability to predict overall survival in HNSCC patients. RESULTS PITX2 hypermethylation was associated with a better overall survival (hazard ratio, HR = 0.51, 95%CI: 0.35-0.74, p<0.001), while PANCR hypermethylation was significantly associated with an increased risk of death (HR = 1.64, 95%CI: 1.12-2.39, p=0.010). METHODS Quantitative, methylation-specific real-time PCR assays for PITX2 and PANCR were employed to measure bisulfite-converted DNA from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues in a cohort of 399 patients with localized or locally advanced HNSCC who received curative-intent treatment (surgery with optional adjuvant radiochemotherapy or definite radiochemotherapy). CONCLUSIONS PITX2 and PANCR methylation status were shown to be independent predictors for overall survival in HNSCC patients. Tissue-based methylation testing could therefore potentially be employed to identify patients with a high risk for death who might benefit from a more radical or alternative treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Sailer
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University and New York Presbyterian Hospital, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University and New York Presbyterian Hospital, Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emily Eva Holmes
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Diane Goltz
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Freya Dröge
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Luka de Vos
- University Hospital Bonn, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alina Franzen
- University Hospital Bonn, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Bonn, Germany
| | - Friederike Schröck
- Department of Addictive Disorders and Addiction Medicine, LVR Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Friedrich Bootz
- University Hospital Bonn, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Bonn, Germany
| | - Glen Kristiansen
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Schröck
- University Hospital Bonn, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dimo Dietrich
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- University Hospital Bonn, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Bonn, Germany
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27
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Pinard A, Salgado D, Desvignes JP, Rai G, Hanna N, Arnaud P, Guien C, Martinez M, Faivre L, Jondeau G, Boileau C, Zaffran S, Béroud C, Collod-Béroud G. WES/WGS Reporting of Mutations from Cardiovascular "Actionable" Genes in Clinical Practice: A Key Role for UMD Knowledgebases in the Era of Big Databases. Hum Mutat 2016; 37:1308-1317. [PMID: 27647783 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput next-generation sequencing such as whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing are being rapidly integrated into clinical practice. The use of these techniques leads to the identification of secondary variants for which decisions about the reporting or not to the patient need to be made. The American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics recently published recommendations for the reporting of these variants in clinical practice for 56 "actionable" genes. Among these, seven are involved in Marfan Syndrome And Related Disorders (MSARD) resulting from mutations of the FBN1, TGFBR1 and 2, ACTA2, SMAD3, MYH11 and MYLK genes. Here, we show that mutations collected in UMD databases for MSARD genes (UMD-MSARD) are rarely reported, including the most frequent ones, in global scale initiatives for variant annotation such as the NHLBI GO Exome Sequencing Project (ESP), the Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC), and ClinVar. The predicted pathogenic mutations reported in global scale initiatives but absent in locus-specific databases (LSDBs) mainly correspond to rare events. UMD-MSARD databases are therefore the only resources providing access to the full spectrum of known pathogenic mutations. They are the most comprehensive resources for clinicians and geneticists to interpret MSARD-related variations not only primary variants but also secondary variants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ghadi Rai
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, GMGF, Marseille, France
| | - Nadine Hanna
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Bichat AP-HP, Paris, France.,Inserm U1148 LVTS, Equipe 2 Maladies Structurelles Cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité.,Centre National de Référence Maladies Rares, Syndrome de Marfan et pathologies apparentées, Hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Pauline Arnaud
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Bichat AP-HP, Paris, France.,Inserm U1148 LVTS, Equipe 2 Maladies Structurelles Cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité.,Centre National de Référence Maladies Rares, Syndrome de Marfan et pathologies apparentées, Hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Céline Guien
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, GMGF, Marseille, France
| | - Maria Martinez
- IRSD, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurence Faivre
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Médecine Translationnelle et Anomalies du Développement (TRANSLAD), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France.,Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence, Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs de l'Inter-région Est, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France.,EA 4271 GAD, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Guillaume Jondeau
- Centre National de Référence Maladies Rares, Syndrome de Marfan et pathologies apparentées, Hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Service de Cardiologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Centre de référence pour les syndromes de Marfan et apparentés, Service de Cardiologie, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Boileau
- Inserm U1148 LVTS, Equipe 2 Maladies Structurelles Cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité.,Centre National de Référence Maladies Rares, Syndrome de Marfan et pathologies apparentées, Hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Centre de référence pour les syndromes de Marfan et apparentés, Service de Cardiologie, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | | | - Christophe Béroud
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, GMGF, Marseille, France.,AP-HM, Département de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Timone Enfants, Marseille, France
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28
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Ledgerwood LG, Kumar D, Eterovic AK, Wick J, Chen K, Zhao H, Tazi L, Manna P, Kerley S, Joshi R, Wang L, Chiosea SI, Garnett JD, Tsue TT, Chien J, Mills GB, Grandis JR, Thomas SM. The degree of intratumor mutational heterogeneity varies by primary tumor sub-site. Oncotarget 2016; 7:27185-98. [PMID: 27034009 PMCID: PMC5053641 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In an era where mutational profiles inform treatment options, it is critical to know the extent to which tumor biopsies represent the molecular profile of the primary and metastatic tumor. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) arise primarily in the mucosal lining of oral cavity and oropharynx. Despite aggressive therapy the 5-year survival rate is at 50%. The primary objective of this study is to characterize the degree of intratumor mutational heterogeneity in HNSCC. We used multi-region sequencing of paired primary and metastatic tumor DNA of 24 spatially distinct samples from seven patients with HNSCC of larynx, floor of the mouth (FOM) or oral tongue. Full length, in-depth sequencing of 202 genes implicated in cancer was carried out. Larynx and FOM tumors had more than 69.2% unique SNVs between the paired primary and metastatic lesions. In contrast, the oral tongue HNSCC had only 33.3% unique SNVs across multiple sites. In addition, HNSCC of the oral tongue had fewer mutations than larynx and FOM tumors. These findings were validated on the Affymetrix whole genome 6.0 array platform and were consistent with data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). This is the first report demonstrating differences in mutational heterogeneity varying by subsite in HNSCC. The heterogeneity within laryngeal tumor specimens may lead to an underestimation of the genetic abnormalities within tumors and may foster resistance to standard treatment protocols. These findings are relevant to investigators and clinicians developing personalized cancer treatments based on identification of specific mutations in tumor biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levi G. Ledgerwood
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Kansas Medical Center, and University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Dhruv Kumar
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Kansas Medical Center, and University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Agda Karina Eterovic
- Department of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jo Wick
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, and University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Ken Chen
- Department of Computational Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hao Zhao
- Department of Computational Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Loubna Tazi
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Pradip Manna
- Physicians Reference Laboratory, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | | | - Radhika Joshi
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Kansas Medical Center, and University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Simion I. Chiosea
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - James David Garnett
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Kansas Medical Center, and University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Terance Ted Tsue
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Kansas Medical Center, and University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Jeremy Chien
- Department of Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, and University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, MO, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, and University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Gordon B. Mills
- Department of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer Rubin Grandis
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sufi Mary Thomas
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Kansas Medical Center, and University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, MO, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, and University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, MO, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, and University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, MO, USA
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29
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Yang CC, Tu HF, Wu CH, Chang HC, Chiang WF, Shih NC, Lee YS, Kao SY, Chang KW. Up-regulation of HB-EGF by the COX-2/PGE2 signaling associates with the cisplatin resistance and tumor recurrence of advanced HNSCC. Oral Oncol 2016; 56:54-61. [PMID: 27086487 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES When treating advanced HNSCC, a cisplatin-based systemic regimen benefit patient survival. However, chemoresistance will greatly reduce the effectiveness of this approach. The identification of molecules that contribute to cisplatin resistance may potentially improve the survival. Both HB-EGF and COX-2 have been reported to increase cisplatin-resistance. Here, we have focused on the regulation of HB-EGF/COX-2 and their roles in cisplatin resistance. MATERIALS AND METHODS IHC staining was used to measure the expression levels of HB-EGF and COX-2 on the tissue microarray from 43 tissue samples of patients with advanced HNSCC. siRNA, western blot and qRT-PCR were used to dissect the regulation between EGF, Akt, COX-2, PGE2, and cisplatin sensitivity. The correlation between HB-EGF, COX2 and HNSCC progression was analyzed by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and Kaplan-Meier disease free survival. RESULTS Patients of advanced HNSCC patients with increased HB-EGF and COX-2 expression have higher tumor recurrent rates that was related to cisplatin resistance. The resistance was mediated via an increased expression of HB-EGF and COX-2. The activation of Akt by either EGF or areca nut extract were able to upregulate COX-2, which would increase the expression of HB-EGF in a PGE2 dependent manner. Inhibition and knockdown of COX-2 resulted in a decrease in HB-EGF. In the tissue samples from HNSCC patients, there was a significant positive correlation between the expression of COX-2 and HB-EGF. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that COX-2 and HB-EGF are important in development of HNSCC cisplatin resistance. These findings may help the development of new strategies for overcoming cisplatin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chieh Yang
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Stomatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Feng Tu
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; National Yang-Ming University Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsien Wu
- Department of Stomatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Chuan Chang
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Fan Chiang
- School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Section, Chi Mei Hospital, Liouying, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Chia Shih
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yong-Syu Lee
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shou-Yen Kao
- Department of Stomatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Kuo-Wei Chang
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Stomatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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30
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Echarri MJ, Lopez-Martin A, Hitt R. Targeted Therapy in Locally Advanced and Recurrent/Metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (LA-R/M HNSCC). Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:cancers8030027. [PMID: 26927178 PMCID: PMC4810111 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8030027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Surgery and radiotherapy are the standard treatment options for patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). Chemoradiotherapy is an alternative for patients with locally advanced disease. In recurrent/metastatic disease and after progression to platin-based regimens, no standard treatments other than best supportive care are currently available. Most SCCHN tumours overexpress the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). This receptor is a tyrosine-kinase membrane receptor that has been implicated in angiogenesis, tumour progression and resistance to different cancer treatments. In this review, we analysed the different drugs and pathways under development to treat SCCHN, especially recurrent/metastatic disease. Until now, the EGFR signalling pathway has been considered the most important target with respect to new drugs; however, new drugs, such as immunotherapies, are currently under study. As new treatments for SCCHN are developed, the influence of therapies with respect to overall survival, progression free survival and quality of life in patients with this disease is changing.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Echarri
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Avenida Orellana s/n, Leganés, 28911 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Lopez-Martin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Avenida Orellana s/n, Leganés, 28911 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ricardo Hitt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Avenida Orellana s/n, Leganés, 28911 Madrid, Spain.
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31
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Martinez BV, Dhahbi JM, Lopez YON, Lamperska K, Golusinski P, Luczewski L, Kolenda T, Atamna H, Spindler SR, Golusinski W, Masternak MM. Circulating small non-coding RNA signature in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2015; 6:19246-63. [PMID: 26057471 PMCID: PMC4662488 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common human cancer, causing 350,000 individuals die worldwide each year. The overall prognosis in HNSCC patients has not significantly changed for the last decade. Complete understanding of the molecular mechanisms in HNSCC carcinogenesis could allow an earlier diagnosis and the use of more specific and effective therapies. In the present study we used deep sequencing to characterize small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) in serum from HNSCC patients and healthy donors. We identified, for the first time, a multi-marker signature of 3 major classes of circulating sncRNAs in HNSCC, revealing the presence of circulating novel and known miRNAs, and tRNA- and YRNA-derived small RNAs that were significantly deregulated in the sera of HNSCC patients compared to healthy controls. By implementing a triple-filtering approach we identified a subset of highly biologically relevant miRNA-mRNA interactions and we demonstrated that the same genes/pathways affected by somatic mutations in cancer are affected by changes in the abundance of miRNAs. Therefore, one important conclusion from our work is that during cancer development, there seems to be a convergence of oncogenic processes driven by somatic mutations and/or miRNA regulation affecting key cellular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Victoria Martinez
- University of Central Florida, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Joseph M. Dhahbi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Yury O. Nunez Lopez
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Katarzyna Lamperska
- Deptartment of Cancer Genetics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
| | - Paweł Golusinski
- Department of Biology and Environmental Studies, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Lukasz Luczewski
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kolenda
- Deptartment of Cancer Genetics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Hani Atamna
- Department of Medical Education, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA, USA
| | - Stephen R. Spindler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Wojciech Golusinski
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Michal M. Masternak
- University of Central Florida, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine Orlando, FL, USA
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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32
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Abstract
In recent years, our knowledge and understanding of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has expanded dramatically. New high-throughput sequencing technologies have accelerated these discoveries since the first reports of whole-exome sequencing of HNSCC tumors in 2011. In addition, the discovery of human papillomavirus in relationship with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma has shifted our molecular understanding of the disease. New investigation into the role of immune evasion in HNSCC has also led to potential novel therapies based on immune-specific systemic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Guo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 1550 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
| | - Joseph A Califano
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 1550 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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33
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Abstract
PIK3CA encodes the p110α catalytic subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) which through its role in the PI3K/Akt pathway is important for the regulation of important cellular functions such as proliferation, metabolism and protein synthesis, angiogenesis and apoptosis. Mutations in PIK3CA are known to be involved in a wide range of human cancers and mutant PIK3CA is thought to act as an oncogene. The specific PIK3CA inhibitor, NVP-BYL719, has displayed promising results in cancer therapy and is currently under clinical trials. Furthermore, PI3K regulates autophagy, a cellular process that recycles proteins and organelles through lysosomal degradation and has recently been recognised as an attractive therapeutic target due to its pro- and anti-cancer properties. Several studies have attempted to investigate the effects of combining the inhibition of both PI3K and autophagy in cancer therapy, and an in vivo model has demonstrated that the combined use of a concomitant PI3K and autophagy inhibitor induced apoptosis in glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lai
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Discipline of Pathology and Molecular Medicine Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Department of Anatomical Pathology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M C Killingsworth
- Discipline of Pathology and Molecular Medicine Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Department of Anatomical Pathology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C S Lee
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Discipline of Pathology and Molecular Medicine Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Department of Anatomical Pathology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Cancer Pathology, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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