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Krupnik L, Avaro J, Liebi M, Anaraki NI, Kohlbrecher J, Sologubenko A, Handschin S, Rzepiela AJ, Appel C, Totu T, Blanchet CE, Alston AEB, Digigow R, Philipp E, Flühmann B, Silva BFB, Neels A, Wick P. Iron-carbohydrate complexes treating iron anaemia: Understanding the nano-structure and interactions with proteins through orthogonal characterisation. J Control Release 2024; 368:566-579. [PMID: 38438093 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Intravenous (IV) iron-carbohydrate complexes are widely used nanoparticles (NPs) to treat iron deficiency anaemia, often associated with medical conditions such as chronic kidney disease, heart failure and various inflammatory conditions. Even though a plethora of physicochemical characterisation data and clinical studies are available for these products, evidence-based correlation between physicochemical properties of iron-carbohydrate complexes and clinical outcome has not fully been elucidated yet. Studies on other metal oxide NPs suggest that early interactions between NPs and blood upon IV injection are key to understanding how differences in physicochemical characteristics of iron-carbohydrate complexes cause variance in clinical outcomes. We therefore investigated the core-ligand structure of two clinically relevant iron-carbohydrate complexes, iron sucrose (IS) and ferric carboxymaltose (FCM), and their interactions with two structurally different human plasma proteins, human serum albumin (HSA) and fibrinogen, using a combination of cryo-scanning transmission electron microscopy (cryo-STEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). Using this orthogonal approach, we defined the nano-structure, individual building blocks and surface morphology for IS and FCM. Importantly, we revealed significant differences in the surface morphology of the iron-carbohydrate complexes. FCM shows a localised carbohydrate shell around its core, in contrast to IS, which is characterised by a diffuse and dynamic layer of carbohydrate ligand surrounding its core. We hypothesised that such differences in carbohydrate morphology determine the interaction between iron-carbohydrate complexes and proteins and therefore investigated the NPs in the presence of HSA and fibrinogen. Intriguingly, IS showed significant interaction with HSA and fibrinogen, forming NP-protein clusters, while FCM only showed significant interaction with fibrinogen. We postulate that these differences could influence bio-response of the two formulations and their clinical outcome. In conclusion, our study provides orthogonal characterisation of two clinically relevant iron-carbohydrate complexes and first hints at their interaction behaviour with proteins in the human bloodstream, setting a prerequisite towards complete understanding of the correlation between physicochemical properties and clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Krupnik
- Center for X-ray Analytics, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen 9014, Switzerland; Particles-Biology Interactions Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Avaro
- Center for X-ray Analytics, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen 9014, Switzerland
| | - Marianne Liebi
- Photon Science Division, PSI Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen CH-5232, Switzerland; Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Neda Iranpour Anaraki
- Center for X-ray Analytics, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen 9014, Switzerland; Particles-Biology Interactions Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Joachim Kohlbrecher
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering, PSI Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen CH-5232, Switzerland
| | - Alla Sologubenko
- Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy, ScopeM, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Handschin
- Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy, ScopeM, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrzej J Rzepiela
- Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy, ScopeM, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Appel
- Photon Science Division, PSI Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen CH-5232, Switzerland
| | - Tiberiu Totu
- Particles-Biology Interactions Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland; ETH Zurich, Department of Health Sciences and Technology (D-HEST), CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland; SIB, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clement E Blanchet
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Outstation, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg 22603, Germany
| | | | | | - Erik Philipp
- CSL Vifor, Flughofstrasse 61, CH-8152 Glattbrugg, Switzerland
| | - Beat Flühmann
- CSL Vifor, Flughofstrasse 61, CH-8152 Glattbrugg, Switzerland
| | - Bruno F B Silva
- Center for X-ray Analytics, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen 9014, Switzerland
| | - Antonia Neels
- Center for X-ray Analytics, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen 9014, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Peter Wick
- Particles-Biology Interactions Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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Zagalo DM, Simões S, Sousa J. Regulatory Science Approach in Pharmaceutical Development of Follow-On Versions of Non-Biological Complex Drug Products. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2687-2713. [PMID: 35901943 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Scientific and technological breakthroughs in the field of Nanotechnology have been a driving force throughout the development and approval of Non-Biological Complex Drugs (NBCDs). However, the fast-growing expansion of NBCDs and the emergence of their follow-on versions have brought with them several scientific, technological, and regulatory challenges. The definition of NBCDs is still not officially recognized by the regulatory authorities, and there is no dedicated regulatory pathway addressing the particular features of NBCDs and their follow-on versions. The lack of clear and consistent regulatory guidance documents in this field, as well as, the inconsistency across different regulatory agencies, impact negatively on the acceptance and enormous potential of these drug products. Patient access to high-quality NBCDs follow-on versions may be compromised by regulatory uncertainty resulting from the use of different regulatory approaches across the globe, as well as within the same class of products. Accordingly, there is a real need to develop a specific regulatory pathway compliant with the complexity of NBCDs and their follow-on versions or, alternatively, make better use of available regulatory pathways. The main goal of the review is to deeply investigate and provide a critical overview of the regulatory landscape of NBCDs and follow-on versions currently adopted by the regulatory authorities. The dissemination of knowledge and discussion in this field can contribute to clarifying regulations, policies, and regulatory approaches to complex generics, thereby filling regulatory and scientific gaps in the establishment of therapeutic equivalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela M Zagalo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Bluepharma - Indústria Farmacêutica, São Martinho do Bispo, 3045-016 Coimbra, Portugal..
| | - Sérgio Simões
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Bluepharma - Indústria Farmacêutica, São Martinho do Bispo, 3045-016 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Sousa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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Kassianides X, Bodington R, Bhandari S. An evaluation of ferric derisomaltose as a treatment for anemia. Expert Rev Hematol 2020; 14:7-29. [PMID: 33317356 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2021.1858406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Originally approved in Europe in 2009, ferric derisomaltose is the most recently authorized intravenous iron compound in the United States of America (2020). Ferric derisomaltose given as a rapid high-dose infusion can allow complete iron repletion in a single dose and it is now widely used in the treatment of iron deficiency. Areas covered: The chemistry, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of ferric derisomaltose are reviewed. Results from phase II, III and IV trials regarding efficacy and safety are presented. Mechanisms behind minor infusion reactions, hypersensitivity and hypophosphatemia are discussed. The economic impact of ferric derisomaltose use is presented. Data pertaining to the use of ferric derisomaltose in iron deficiency anemia, chronic kidney disease, inflammatory bowel disease, chronic heart failure, perioperative care and other patient groups are comprehensively covered. Expert opinion: Ferric derisomaltose is an effective intravenous iron formulation with a good safety profile, providing rapid, cost-effective iron repletion. Ferric derisomaltose releases low quantities of labile iron relative to older compounds. Anaphylaxis is extremely rare, and 'Fishbane' reactions are uncommon. Hypophosphatemia following ferric derisomaltose administration is infrequent in comparison to other intravenous irons such as ferric carboxymaltose. The scope of ferric derisomaltose use is growing with increasing research in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenophon Kassianides
- Academic Renal Department, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and Hull York Medical School , Hull, UK
| | - Richard Bodington
- Academic Renal Department, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and Hull York Medical School , Hull, UK
| | - Sunil Bhandari
- Academic Renal Department, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and Hull York Medical School , Hull, UK
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Roces CB, Port EC, Daskalakis NN, Watts JA, Aylott JW, Halbert GW, Perrie Y. Rapid scale-up and production of active-loaded PEGylated liposomes. Int J Pharm 2020; 586:119566. [PMID: 32622812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Manufacturing of liposomal nanomedicines (e.g. Doxil®/Caelyx®) is a challenging and slow process based on multiple-vessel and batch processing techniques. As a result, the translation of these nanomedicines from bench to bedside has been limited. Microfluidic-based manufacturing offers the opportunity to address this issue, and de-risk the wider adoption of nanomedicines. Here we demonstrate the applicability of microfluidics for continuous manufacturing of PEGylated liposomes encapsulating ammonium sulfate (250 mM). Doxorubicin was subsequently active-loaded into these pre-formed liposomes. Critical process parameters and material considerations demonstrated to influence the liposomal product attributes included solvent selection and lipid concentration, flow rate ratio, and temperature and duration used for drug loading. However, the total flow rate did not affect the liposome product characteristics, allowing high production speeds to be adopted. The final liposomal product comprised of 80-100 nm vesicles (PDI < 0.2) encapsulating ≥ 90% doxorubicin, with matching release profiles to the innovator product and is stable for at least 6 months. Additionally, vincristine and acridine orange were active-loaded into these PEGylated liposomes (≥ 90% and ~100 nm in size) using the same process. These results demonstrate the ability to produce active-loaded PEGylated liposomes with high encapsulation efficiencies and particle sizes which support tumour targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla B Roces
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, 161 Cathedral Street, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland G4 0RE, UK
| | - Emily Charlotte Port
- Centre for Process Innovation, The Coxon Building, John Walker Road, Sedgefield, England TS21 3FE, UK
| | - Nikolaos N Daskalakis
- Centre for Process Innovation, The Coxon Building, John Walker Road, Sedgefield, England TS21 3FE, UK
| | - Julie A Watts
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, England NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Jonathan W Aylott
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, England NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Gavin W Halbert
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, 161 Cathedral Street, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland G4 0RE, UK
| | - Yvonne Perrie
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, 161 Cathedral Street, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland G4 0RE, UK.
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5
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Old active ingredients in new medicinal products: is the regulatory path coherent with patients' expectations? Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:1337-1347. [PMID: 32485225 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The rising costs of new medicinal products are a challenge to the economic sustainability of national healthcare systems in ensuring patients' access to therapies. European Union (EU) and US legislators have provided regulatory pathways aimed at simplifying Marketing Authorization (MA) applications for new medicinal products in cases when safety and efficacy profiles can be derived from the data of already-marketed products. In this review, we discuss the different regulatory pathways towards the MA of new medicinal products containing old drug substances and intended to improve the therapeutic value of a treatment, to obtain a new therapeutic indication (drug repositioning), or to ensure the same therapeutic value of a reference product at lower costs.
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6
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Nikravesh N, Borchard G, Hofmann H, Philipp E, Flühmann B, Wick P. Factors influencing safety and efficacy of intravenous iron-carbohydrate nanomedicines: From production to clinical practice. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 26:102178. [PMID: 32145382 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2020.102178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Iron deficiency is an important subclinical disease affecting over one billion people worldwide. A growing body of clinical records supports the use of intravenous iron-carbohydrate complexes for patients where iron replenishment is necessary and oral iron supplements are either ineffective or cannot be tolerated by the gastrointestinal tract. A critical characteristic of iron-carbohydrate drugs is the complexity of their core-shell structure, which has led to differences in the efficacy and safety of various iron formulations. This review describes parameters influencing the safety and effectiveness of iron-carbohydrate complexes during production, storage, handling, and clinical application. We summarized the physicochemical and biological assessments of commercially available iron carbohydrate nanomedicines to provide an overview of publicly available data. Further, we reviewed studies that described how subtle differences in the manufacturing process of iron-carbohydrate complexes can impact on the physicochemical, biological, and clinical outcomes of original product versus their intended copies or so-called iron "similar" products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niusha Nikravesh
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology interactions, Department of materials meet life, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - Gerrit Borchard
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Heinrich Hofmann
- Institute of Materials, School of Technology and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Peter Wick
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology interactions, Department of materials meet life, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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7
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Di Francesco T, Delafontaine L, Philipp E, Lechat E, Borchard G. Iron polymaltose complexes: Could we spot physicochemical differences in medicines sharing the same active pharmaceutical ingredient? Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 143:105180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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8
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Cavdar Z, Oktan MA, Ural C, Calisir M, Kocak A, Heybeli C, Yildiz S, Arici A, Ellidokuz H, Celik A, Yilmaz O, Sarioglu S, Cavdar C. Renoprotective Effects of Alpha Lipoic Acid on Iron Overload-Induced Kidney Injury in Rats by Suppressing NADPH Oxidase 4 and p38 MAPK Signaling. Biol Trace Elem Res 2020; 193:483-493. [PMID: 31025242 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-019-01733-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the protective effect of alpha lipoic acid (ALA), a powerful antioxidant, against oxidative kidney damage induced by iron overload in rats. Male Wistar albino rats were separated into groups: control (n = 7), ALA (100 mg/kg (n = 7), iron sucrose (IS) (40 mg/kg) (n = 7), and IS + ALA (40 mg/kg IS administration followed by 100 mg/kg ALA) (n = 7). IS and ALA were injected weekly for 4 weeks via the tail vein. Blood and kidneys were collected at sacrification on day 29. Serum creatinine and iron levels were analyzed. Tubular injury and iron deposits were evaluated histopathologically. Additionally, iron, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione (GSH) levels and mRNA expressions of the subunits of NADPH oxidase, known as NOX4 and p22phox, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), and also p38 MAPK signaling in the kidneys, were evaluated biochemically. In the IS group, serum creatinine and iron level, tubular dilation, and loss of brush border in the kidneys were significantly higher than those of the control. Although those changes were reduced by ALA, the differences were not statistically significant. However, ALA reduced significantly MDA level and increased SOD activity in the kidney during IS administration. ALA also significantly reduced mRNA expressions of NOX4 and p22phox induced by IS, which was parallel to significant decreases of TNF-α and KIM-1 mRNA expressions. Moreover, ALA could suppress the activation of p38 MAPK during IS administration. In conclusion, ALA may be an effective strategy to attenuate in IS-induced oxidative kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahide Cavdar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Health Sciences Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Asi Oktan
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Cemre Ural
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Health Sciences Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Meryem Calisir
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Health Sciences Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ayse Kocak
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Health Sciences Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Cihan Heybeli
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Serkan Yildiz
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Aylin Arici
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Hulya Ellidokuz
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ali Celik
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Osman Yilmaz
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Health Sciences Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sulen Sarioglu
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Caner Cavdar
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
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Demetzos C, Kavatzikidou P, Pippa N, Stratakis E. Nanomedicines and Nanosimilars: Looking for a New and Dynamic Regulatory "Astrolabe" Inspired System. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:65. [PMID: 31933006 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1573-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of the nanotechnology in medicine and pharmaceutics opens new horizons in therapeutics. Several nanomedicines are in the market and an increasing number is in clinical trials. But which is the advantage of the medicines in nanoscale? The scientists and the regulatory authorities agree that the size and consequently the physiochemical/biological properties of nanomaterials play a key role in their safety and effectiveness. Additionally, all of them agree that a new scientific-based regulatory landscape is required for the establishment of nanomedicines in the market. The aim of this review is to investigate the parameters that the scientists and the regulatory authorities should take into account in order to build up a dynamic regulatory landscape for nanomedicines. For this reason, we propose an "astrolabe-like system" as the guide for establishing the regulatory approval process. Its function is based on the different physicochemical/biological properties in comparison to low molecular weight drugs.
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Nanomedicines in clinical practice: Are colloidal iron sucrose ready-to-use intravenous solutions interchangeable? Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 131:69-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Fernández JG, Sánchez-González C, Bettmer J, Llopis J, Jakubowski N, Panne U, Montes-Bayón M. Quantitative assessment of the metabolic products of iron oxide nanoparticles to be used as iron supplements in cell cultures. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1039:24-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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12
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Nanomedicines: The magic bullets reaching their target? Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 128:73-80. [PMID: 30465818 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nanomedicines, since the approval of the first one in the 1950s, have been accompanied by expectations of higher efficiency and efficacy, compared to less complex drugs. The fulfilment of those expectations has been slower than anticipated, due to the high complexity of nanomedicine drugs combined with a lack of scientific understanding of nanomedicine interactions with biological systems. The unique properties of their size and their surface composition create difficulties in their physicochemical characterization, and as a consequence, difficulty in assessing the similarity of follow-on products (nanosimilars) to originator nanomedicines. During the 2018 European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences (EUFEPS) annual meeting "Crossing the barrier for future medicines" in Athens, there were several sessions on nanomedicines organised by the EUFEPS Nanomedicine Network. This review focuses on the session "Nanomedicines and nanosimilars: how to assess similar?", discussing the nature of nanomedicines, the regulatory aspects of the topic and the impact of practical use and handling of such medicinal products. Emphasis is put on the consequences their nanosize-related properties have on the establishment of their critical quality attributes and how this affects the demonstration of bioequivalence of nanosimilars to their originator products. The lack of an appropriate and harmonized regulatory evaluation procedure and the absence of corresponding education are also discussed, especially the uncertainty surrounding the practical use of nanosimilars, including the higher healthcare cost due to less than satisfactory number of safe and efficacious nanosimilars in the market.
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Bhandari S, Pereira DIA, Chappell HF, Drakesmith H. Intravenous Irons: From Basic Science to Clinical Practice. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:E82. [PMID: 30150598 PMCID: PMC6161004 DOI: 10.3390/ph11030082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential trace mineral necessary for life, and iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) is one of the most common haematological problems worldwide, affecting a sixth of the global population. Principally linked to poverty, malnutrition and infection in developing countries, in Western countries the pathophysiology of IDA is primarily linked to blood loss, malabsorption and chronic disease. Oral iron replacement therapy is a simple, inexpensive treatment, but is limited by gastrointestinal side effects that are not inconsequential to some patients and are of minimal efficacy in others. Third generation intravenous (IV) iron therapies allow rapid and complete replacement dosing without the toxicity issues inherent with older iron preparations. Their characteristic, strongly-bound iron-carbohydrate complexes exist as colloidal suspensions of iron oxide nanoparticles with a polynuclear Fe(III)-oxyhydroxide/oxide core surrounded by a carbohydrate ligand. The physicochemical differences between the IV irons include mineral composition, crystalline structure, conformation, size and molecular weight, but the most important difference is the carbohydrate ligand, which influences complex stability, iron release and immunogenicity, and which is a unique feature of each drug. Recent studies have highlighted different adverse event profiles associated with third-generation IV irons that reflect their different structures. The increasing clinical evidence base has allayed safety concerns linked to older IV irons and widened their clinical use. This review considers the properties of the different IV irons, and how differences might impact current and future clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Bhandari
- Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust and Hull York Medical School, Hull HU3 2JZ, UK.
| | - Dora I A Pereira
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK.
- MRC Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, Republic of Gambia.
| | - Helen F Chappell
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Hal Drakesmith
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
- Haematology Theme Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
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Emily M, Ioanna N, Scott B, Beat F. Reflections on FDA Draft Guidance for Products Containing Nanomaterials: Is the Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA) a Suitable Pathway for Nanomedicines? AAPS JOURNAL 2018; 20:92. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-018-0255-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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15
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Di Francesco T, Borchard G. A robust and easily reproducible protocol for the determination of size and size distribution of iron sucrose using dynamic light scattering. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 152:89-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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