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Reyes S, Peirano P, Gahagan S, Blanco E, Algarín C. Neurocognitive factors predicting BMI changes from adolescence to young adulthood. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2024; 32:768-777. [PMID: 38529547 PMCID: PMC10965240 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to assess whether inhibitory task performance in adolescence could be prospectively related to weight gain in young adulthood. We proposed that this association would differ according to the BMI group in adolescence. METHODS A total of 318 adolescents performed the anti-saccade task, and 530 completed the Stroop test. Accuracy and reaction time were assessed for each incentive type (neutral, loss, and reward) in the anti-saccade task and for each trial type (control and incongruent trials) in the Stroop test. Changes in the BMI z score (∆BMI z score) from adolescence to young adulthood were calculated. RESULTS The relationship between the BMI z score and the anti-saccade task accuracy showed an effect on the ∆BMI z score (β = -0.002, p < 0.05). The neutral and loss accuracies were related to ∆BMI z score in the groups with overweight (all β = -0.004, p = 0.05) and obesity (β = -0.006 and β = -0.005, p < 0.01). The interaction between adolescents' BMI z score with control (β = -0.312, p < 0.001) and incongruent (β = -0.384, p < 0.001) trial reaction times showed an effect on the ∆BMI z score. Control (β = 0.730, p = 0.036) and incongruent (β = 0.535, p = 0.033) trial reaction times were related to ∆BMI z score in the group with overweight. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the hypothesis that cognitive vulnerability could predict the BMI gain from adolescence to young adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sussanne Reyes
- Laboratory of Sleep and Functional Neurobiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricio Peirano
- Laboratory of Sleep and Functional Neurobiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sheila Gahagan
- Academic General Pediatrics, Child Development, and Community Health, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Estela Blanco
- Centro de Investigación en Sociedad y Salud y Núcleo Milenio de Sociomedicina, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cecilia Algarín
- Laboratory of Sleep and Functional Neurobiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Järvholm K, Gronowitz E, Janson A, Peltonen M, Sjögren L, Beamish AJ, Dahlgren J, Mårtensson J, Olbers T. Cognitive functioning in adolescents with severe obesity undergoing bariatric surgery or intensive non-surgical treatment in Sweden (AMOS2): a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial. EClinicalMedicine 2024; 70:102505. [PMID: 38685922 PMCID: PMC11056597 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Severe obesity during childhood is associated with cognitive deficits. Studies in adults have suggested improvements in executive functioning and memory after bariatric surgery. Our aim was to explore changes in cognitive function in adolescents over two years after bariatric surgery or intensive non-surgical treatment. Methods The Adolescent Morbid Obesity Surgery 2 (AMOS2) is a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial in which adolescents (aged 13-16 years) with severe obesity (defined as body mass index (BMI) ≥35 kg/m2) at three specialised obesity centres in Sweden, were randomly assigned to receive bariatric surgery or intensive non-surgical treatment. Herein we report the results of the prespecified exploratory endpoint of change in cognitive functioning. Inclusion in AMOS2 required Tanner pubertal stage ≥3, previous participation in lifestyle obesity treatment for at least one year, and passed assessment form a paediatrician and a paediatric psychologist. Adolescents with severe intellectual disability or other severe, pervasive developmental disorder were excluded. Participants underwent baseline assessment of general intellectual ability, executive functioning, and memory before randomisation. Tests were administrated by clinical psychologists and repeated at one- and two-year follow-up timepoints. Differences in means between groups during follow-up are provided with confidence intervals. The trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02378259. Findings Between October 28 2015 and June 7 2017, 46 adolescents (74% girls), with a mean age of 15.8 (±0.92) years and a mean BMI of 42.8 (±5.4) kg/m2, were included and randomised (23 to bariatric surgery and 23 to intensive non-surgical treatment). At baseline 23/46 (50%) of the adolescents had general intellectual functioning classified as borderline or below. For 15/18 (83%) aspects of cognitive functioning, no significant differences in change over two years were identified between groups; Immediate (average difference during follow-up 1.0 [95% CI: -2.6 to 4.6]) and Delayed (0.5 [95% CI: -0.6 to 1.6]) Verbal Recall, Category Fluency (1.1 [95% CI: -1.6 to 3.8]) and Switching (1.5 [95% CI: -0.0 to 2.9]), Number (-6.0 [95% CI: -12.3 to 0.3]) and Letter (0.1 [95% CI: -5.2 to 5.3]) Sequencing, Number-Letter Switching (-10.3 [95% CI: -26.4 to 5.8]), Motor Speed (-8.3 [95% CI: -17.5 to 0.9]), Colour Naming (-1.9 [95% CI: -4.2 to 0.3]), Inhibition (-3.6 [95% CI: -9.6 to 2.5]), Inhibition Switching (-6.7 [95% CI: -15.3 to 1.9]), Mazes (-0.5 [95% CI: -4.9 to 3.9]), Digit Span Forward (0.1 [95% CI: -0.6 to 0.9 ]) and Backward (0.6 [95% CI: -0.4 to 1.6 ]), and Estimated IQ (0.4 [95% CI: -3.9 to 4.8]; all p > 0.05). Three sub-tests assessing fundamental cognitive skills improved more over two years in operated adolescents than in intensive non-surgical treatment; Letter Fluency (average difference during follow-up 3.8 [95% CI: 0.1-7.5]; p = 0.046), Visual Scanning (-6.5 [95% CI: -11.6 to -1.5]; p = 0.011), and Word Reading (-1.9 [95% CI: -3.3 to -0.4]; p = 0.011). Interpretation In contrast to non-randomised studies in adults, we could not demonstrate an association of bariatric surgery and its accompanying significant weight loss with overall greater improvement in executive functions and memory in adolescents over two years compared with a non-surgical group without weight loss. However, lack of statistical power is a potential limitation. The clinical relevance of greater improvements in basic cognitive skills needs to be explored. Funding Sweden's innovation agency (VINNOVA), Swedish Research Council, Joanna Cocozza foundation for paediatric research, The Skane University Hospital Psychology Research and Development Grant, Tore Nilsson's Foundation, SUS Foundations and Donations, and Mary von Sydow's Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajsa Järvholm
- Department of Psychology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Childhood Obesity Unit, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Eva Gronowitz
- Department of Paediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Annika Janson
- National Childhood Obesity Centre, Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Lovisa Sjögren
- Department of Paediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Regional Obesity Center, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrew J. Beamish
- Welsh Institute of Metabolic and Obesity Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, United Kingdom
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Jovanna Dahlgren
- Department of Paediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Regional Obesity Center, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Mårtensson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Torsten Olbers
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences and Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Zhu YH, Hu P, Luo YX, Yao XQ. Knowledge mapping of trends and hotspots in the field of exercise and cognition research over the past decade. Aging Clin Exp Res 2024; 36:19. [PMID: 38308660 PMCID: PMC10838253 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-023-02661-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Exercise elicits a wide range of physiological responses in mammalian tissues that enhance a broad range of functions, particularly in improving cognitive performance. However, the field lacks a comprehensive bibliometric analysis that clarifies its knowledge structure and research hotspots. This study aims to address this gap and map the research landscape regarding the role of exercise in cognitive function enhancement. Firstly, the frequencies and co-occurrence of keywords were analysed to identify six main clusters: aging, cognitive impairment, rehabilitation, obesity, fatigue, and hippocampus. Secondly, reference timeline co-citation analysis revealed that hippocampus and aging were the major bursts with high intensity and long attention span while children had recently emerged as a topical subject. Finally, the evolution of themes from 2012 to 2022 was analysed, and found that older adults had been the leading research theme for exercise affecting cognition. Childhood obesity was an emerging theme that attracted increasing research attention in recent years while the hippocampus research theme expanded rapidly during the decade but remained a niche topic with less relevance to others. This research identified and summarised research priorities and evolutionary trends in exercise to improve cognition by constructing knowledge networks through visual analysis. It provides researchers with a comprehensive insight into the current state of the field to facilitate further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hai Zhu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Hu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ya-Xi Luo
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Xiu-Qing Yao
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
- Chongqing Municipality Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Medicine, Chongqing, China.
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Haapala EA, Lubans DR, Jaakkola T, Barker AR, Plaza-Florido A, Gracia-Marco L, Solis-Urra P, Cadenas-Sanchez C, Esteban-Cornejo I, Ortega FB. Which indices of cardiorespiratory fitness are more strongly associated with brain health in children with overweight/obesity? Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14549. [PMID: 38093459 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the strength of associations between different indices of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and brain health outcomes in children with overweight/obesity. METHODS Participants were 100 children aged 8-11 years. CRF was assessed using treadmill exercise test (peak oxygen uptake [V̇O2peak ], treadmill time, and V̇O2 at ventilatory threshold) and 20-metre shuttle run test (20mSRT, laps, running speed, estimated V̇O2peak using the equations by Léger et al., Mahar et al., and Matsuzaka et al.). Intelligence, executive functions, and academic performance were assessed using validated methods. Total gray matter and hippocampal volumes were assessed using structural MRI. RESULTS V̇O2peak /body mass (β = 0.18, 95% CI = 0.01-0.35) and treadmill time (β = 0.18-0.21, 95% CI = 0.01-0.39) were positively associated with gray matter volume. 20mSRT laps were positively associated with executive functions (β = 0.255, 95% CI = 0.089-0.421) and academic performance (β = 0.199-0.255, 95% CI = 0.006-0.421), and the running speed was positively associated with executive functions (β = 0.203, 95% CI = 0.039-0.367). Estimated V̇O2peak/Léger et al. was positively associated with intelligence, executive functions, academic performance, and gray matter volume (β = 0.205-0.282, 95% CI = 0.013-0.500). Estimated V̇O2peak/Mahar et al. and V̇O2peak/Matsuzaka et al. (speed) were positively associated with executive functions (β = 0.204-0.256, 95% CI = 0.031-0.436). CONCLUSION Although V̇O2peak is considered the gold standard indicator of CRF in children, peak performance (laps or running speed) and estimated V̇O2peak/Léger et al. derived from 20mSRT had stronger and more consistent associations with brain health outcomes than other indices of CRF in children with overweight/obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eero A Haapala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - David R Lubans
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Centre for Active Living and Learning, School of Education, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
- Active Living Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Australia
| | - Timo Jaakkola
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Alan R Barker
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Public Health and Sports Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Abel Plaza-Florido
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Luis Gracia-Marco
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Granada, Spain
| | - Patricio Solis-Urra
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Nuclear Medicine Services, "Virgen de Las Nieves", University Hospital, Granada, Spain
- Faculty of Education and Social Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Cristina Cadenas-Sanchez
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Granada, Spain
| | - Irene Esteban-Cornejo
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco B Ortega
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Granada, Spain
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Pearce AL, Hallisky K, Rolls BJ, Wilson SJ, Rose E, Geier CF, Garavan H, Keller KL. Children at high familial risk for obesity show executive functioning deficits prior to development of excess weight status. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2023; 31:2998-3007. [PMID: 37794530 PMCID: PMC10884994 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine whether children with healthy weight who vary by familial risk for obesity differ in executive functioning. METHODS Children (age 7-8 years) without obesity (n = 93, 52% male) who differed by familial risk for obesity (based on maternal weight status) completed go/no-go and stop-signal tasks to assess inhibitory control and an N-back task to assess working memory. Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry measured adiposity. Linear and mixed-effect models assessed unique effects and relative importance analysis-quantified relative effects of familial risk and percent body fat. RESULTS Children at high compared with low familial risk showed worse inhibitory control; however, child adiposity was not associated with inhibitory control. Both high familial risk and greater child adiposity were associated with worse N-back performance when cognitive demand was high (2-back), but not low (0- and 1-back). The relative effect of familial risk on executive functioning was 2.7 to 16 times greater than the relative effect of percent body fat. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide initial evidence that deficits in executive functioning may precede the development of obesity in children at high familial risk for this disease. Additional family risk studies are needed to elucidate the pathways through which maternal obesity influences child executive functioning and risk for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaina L Pearce
- Department of Nutritional Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kyle Hallisky
- Department of Nutritional Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Barbara J Rolls
- Department of Nutritional Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stephen J Wilson
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Emma Rose
- Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Charles F Geier
- Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Kathleen L Keller
- Department of Nutritional Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Food Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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Farkas BC, Jacquet PO. Early life adversity jointly regulates body-mass index and working memory development. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20231945. [PMID: 37964530 PMCID: PMC10646468 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous work has proposed that balancing energy expenditure towards body and brain development in an optimal fashion results in a negative relationship between somatic and neurocognitive growth during development. An important issue, largely overlooked so far, is the extent to which this energetic trade-off is influenced by early life environmental factors. In this study, we estimated the association between neurocognitive (measured by working memory ability) and somatic (measured by body-mass index) developmental trajectories, while taking into account multiple dimensions of early life adversity. Results of our initial growth curve model were consistent with this brain-body trade-off in both girls and boys. In a subsequent model, we showed that early life adversity had positive associations with somatic and negative associations with neurocognitive growth trajectories, although the direct negative coupling between them remained consistent. Finally, a multidimensional adversity model, separating the effects of deprivation, threat and unpredictability, revealed that the dimension of deprivation-reflecting lack of access to resources and cognitive stimulation-contributed the most to both somatic and neurocognitive growth patterns. These results suggest that the way individuals balance energy between these two biological constructs during development is partly linked to environmental influences through phenotypic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bence Csaba Farkas
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, CESP, 94807, Villejuif, France
- Institut du Psychotraumatisme de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, Conseil Départemental Yvelines et Hauts-de-Seine et Centre Hospitalier des Versailles, 78000, Versailles, France
- Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et en santé des populations, Inserm U1018, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin, Paris, France
- LNC2, Département d'études Cognitives, École Normale Supérieure, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Olivier Jacquet
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, CESP, 94807, Villejuif, France
- Institut du Psychotraumatisme de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, Conseil Départemental Yvelines et Hauts-de-Seine et Centre Hospitalier des Versailles, 78000, Versailles, France
- Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et en santé des populations, Inserm U1018, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin, Paris, France
- LNC2, Département d'études Cognitives, École Normale Supérieure, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France
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