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Lan HJ, Ran J, Wang WX, Zhang L, Wu NN, Zhao YT, Huang MJ, Ni M, Liu F, Cheng N, Nakata PA, Pan J, Whitham SA, Baker BJ, Liu JZ. Clathrin light chains negatively regulate plant immunity by hijacking the autophagy pathway. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100937. [PMID: 38693694 PMCID: PMC11369776 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The crosstalk between clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) and the autophagy pathway has been reported in mammals; however, the interconnection of CME with autophagy has not been established in plants. Here, we report that the Arabidopsis CLATHRIN LIGHT CHAIN (CLC) subunit 2 and 3 double mutant, clc2-1 clc3-1, phenocopies Arabidopsis AUTOPHAGY-RELATED GENE (ATG) mutants in both autoimmunity and nutrient sensitivity. Accordingly, the autophagy pathway is significantly compromised in the clc2-1 clc3-1 mutant. Interestingly, multiple assays demonstrate that CLC2 directly interacts with ATG8h/ATG8i in a domain-specific manner. As expected, both GFP-ATG8h/GFP-ATG8i and CLC2-GFP are subjected to autophagic degradation, and degradation of GFP-ATG8h is significantly reduced in the clc2-1 clc3-1 mutant. Notably, simultaneous knockout of ATG8h and ATG8i by CRISPR-Cas9 results in enhanced resistance against Golovinomyces cichoracearum, supporting the functional relevance of the CLC2-ATG8h/8i interactions. In conclusion, our results reveal a link between the function of CLCs and the autophagy pathway in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu-Jiao Lan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Jie Ran
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Wen-Xu Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Ni-Ni Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Ya-Ting Zhao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Min-Jun Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Min Ni
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Fen Liu
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang 332000, China
| | - Ninghui Cheng
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Paul A Nakata
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jianwei Pan
- College of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Steven A Whitham
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Barbara J Baker
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Plant Gene Expression Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA 94706, USA
| | - Jian-Zhong Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; Institute of Plant Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
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Zhang C, Chen L, Hou S. The emerging roles of clathrin-mediated endocytosis in plant development and stress responses. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 295:154189. [PMID: 38432037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is a highly conserved pathway that plays a crucial role in the endocytosis of plasma membrane proteins in eukaryotic cells. The pathway is initiated when the adaptor protein complex 2 (AP2) and TPLATE complex (TPC) work together to recognize cargo proteins and recruit clathrin. This review provides a concise overview of the functions of each subunit of AP2 and TPC, and highlights the involvement of CME in various biological processes, such as pollen development, root development, nutrient transport, extracellular signal transduction, auxin polar transport, hyperosmotic stress, salinity stress, high ammonium stress, and disease resistance. Additionally, the review explores the regulation of CME by phytohormones, clathrin-mediated exocytosis (CMX), and AP2M phosphorylation. It also suggests potential future research directions for CME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Gene Editing for Breeding, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Gene Editing for Breeding, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Suiwen Hou
- Key Laboratory of Gene Editing for Breeding, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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3
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Li J, Yang J, Gao Y, Zhang Z, Gao C, Chen S, Liesche J. Parallel auxin transport via PINs and plasmodesmata during the Arabidopsis leaf hyponasty response. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2023; 43:4. [PMID: 38117314 PMCID: PMC10733227 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-03119-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The leaf hyponasty response depends on tip-to-petiole auxin transport. This transport can happen through two parallel pathways: active trans-membrane transport mediated by PIN proteins and passive diffusion through plasmodesmata. A plant's ability to counteract potential shading by neighboring plants depends on transport of the hormone auxin. Neighbor sensing at the leaf tip triggers auxin production. Once this auxin reaches the abaxial petiole epidermis, it causes cell elongation, which leads to leaf hyponasty. Two pathways are known to contribute to this intercellular tip-to-petiole auxin movement: (i) transport facilitated by plasma membrane-localized PIN auxin transporters and (ii) diffusion enabled by plasmodesmata. We tested if these two modes of transport are arranged sequentially or in parallel. Moreover, we investigated if they are functionally linked. Mutants in which one of the two pathways is disrupted indicated that both pathways are necessary for a full hyponasty response. Visualization of PIN3-GFP and PIN7-GFP localization indicated PIN-mediated transport in parallel to plasmodesmata-mediated transport along abaxial midrib epidermis cells. We found plasmodesmata-mediated cell coupling in the pin3pin4pin7 mutant to match wild-type levels, indicating no redundancy between pathways. Similarly, PIN3, PIN4 and PIN7 mRNA levels were unaffected in a mutant with disrupted plasmodesmata pathway. Our results provide mechanistic insight on leaf hyponasty, which might facilitate the manipulation of the shade avoidance response in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiazhou Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semiarid Lands, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Jintao Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semiarid Lands, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yibo Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Ziyu Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Chen Gao
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, University of Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Shaolin Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semiarid Lands, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Johannes Liesche
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semiarid Lands, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Schubertstraße 51, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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4
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Tao L, Zhu H, Huang Q, Xiao X, Luo Y, Wang H, Li Y, Li X, Liu J, Jásik J, Chen Y, Shabala S, Baluška F, Shi W, Shi L, Yu M. PIN2/3/4 auxin carriers mediate root growth inhibition under conditions of boron deprivation in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 115:1357-1376. [PMID: 37235684 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The mechanistic basis by which boron (B) deprivation inhibits root growth via the mediation of root apical auxin transport and distribution remains elusive. This study showed that B deprivation repressed root growth of wild-type Arabidopsis seedlings, which was related to higher auxin accumulation (observed with DII-VENUS and DR5-GFP lines) in B-deprived roots. Boron deprivation elevated the auxin content in the root apex, coinciding with upregulation of the expression levels of auxin biosynthesis-related genes (TAA1, YUC3, YUC9, and NIT1) in shoots, but not in root apices. Phenotyping experiments using auxin transport-related mutants revealed that the PIN2/3/4 carriers are involved in root growth inhibition caused by B deprivation. B deprivation not only upregulated the transcriptional levels of PIN2/3/4, but also restrained the endocytosis of PIN2/3/4 carriers (observed with PIN-Dendra2 lines), resulting in elevated protein levels of PIN2/3/4 in the plasma membrane. Overall, these results suggest that B deprivation not only enhances auxin biosynthesis in shoots by elevating the expression levels of auxin biosynthesis-related genes but also promotes the polar auxin transport from shoots to roots by upregulating the gene expression levels of PIN2/3/4, as well as restraining the endocytosis of PIN2/3/4 carriers, ultimately resulting in auxin accumulation in root apices and root growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Tao
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology & Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China
- Microelement Research Center/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hu Zhu
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology & Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Qiuyu Huang
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology & Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Xiaoyi Xiao
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology & Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Ying Luo
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology & Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Hui Wang
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology & Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Yalin Li
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology & Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Xuewen Li
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology & Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Jiayou Liu
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology & Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Ján Jásik
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Yinglong Chen
- School of Agriculture and Environment & Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
| | - Sergey Shabala
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology & Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
- Tasmanian Institute for Agriculture, College of Science and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
| | - František Baluška
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Weiming Shi
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology & Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
- Institute of Soil Science Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Nanjing, 210018, China
| | - Lei Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China
- Microelement Research Center/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Min Yu
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology & Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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5
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Gao J, Duan M, Hasi G, Yang J, Yan C, Kang Y, Qi Z. Comparison of two contrasting Leymus chinensis accessions reveals the roles of the cell wall and auxin in rhizome development. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 287:154003. [PMID: 37301035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Leymus chinensis, a perennial native forage grass, is widely distributed in the steppes of Inner Mongolia as the dominant species. The main reproductive strategy of this grass is clonal propagation, which occurs via the proliferation of subterranean horizontal stems known as rhizomes. To elucidate the mechanism underlying rhizome development in this grass, we collected 60 accessions of L. chinensis and evaluated their rhizome development. One accession, which we named SR-74 (Strong Rhizomes), had significantly better rhizome development capacity than the accession WR-16 (Weak Rhizomes) in terms of rhizome number, total and primary rhizome length, and number of rhizome seedlings. Rhizome elongation was positively correlated with the number of internodes in the rhizome, which affected plant biomass. Compared to WR-16, SR-74 had higher rhizome tip hardness, higher abundance of transcripts participating in the biosynthesis of cell wall components, and higher levels of the metabolites L-phenylalanine, trans-cinnamic acid, 3-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and coniferin. These metabolites in the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway are precursors of lignin. In addition, SR-74 rhizomes contained higher amounts of auxin and auxin metabolites, including L-Trp, IPA, IBA, IAA and IAA-Asp, as well as upregulated expression of the auxin biosynthesis and signaling genes YUCCA6, YUCCA8, YUCCA10, YUCCA11, PIN1, PIN2, UGT1, UGT2, UGT4, UGT10, GH3, IAA7, IAA23, and IAA30. We propose a network between auxin signaling and the cell wall underlying rhizome development in L. chinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010010, China
| | - Menglu Duan
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010010, China
| | - Gaowa Hasi
- Grassland Work Station of East Ujimqin Banner of Xilin Gol League of Inner Mongolia, East Ujimqin Banner, 026300, China
| | - Jia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010010, China
| | - Chunxia Yan
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010010, China.
| | - Yan Kang
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010010, China.
| | - Zhi Qi
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010010, China.
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6
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Xu J, Han L, Xia S, Zhu R, Kang E, Shang Z. ATANN3 Is Involved in Extracellular ATP-Regulated Auxin Distribution in Arabidopsis thaliana Seedlings. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:330. [PMID: 36679043 PMCID: PMC9867528 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular ATP (eATP) plays multiple roles in plant growth and development, and stress responses. It has been revealed that eATP suppresses growth and alters the growth orientation of the root and hypocotyl of Arabidopsis thaliana by affecting auxin transport and localization in these organs. However, the mechanism of the eATP-stimulated auxin distribution remains elusive. Annexins are involved in multiple aspects of plant cellular metabolism, while their role in response to apoplastic signals remains unclear. Here, by using the loss-of-function mutations, we investigated the role of AtANN3 in the eATP-regulated root and hypocotyl growth. Firstly, the inhibitory effects of eATP on root and hypocotyl elongation were weakened or impaired in the AtANN3 null mutants (atann3-1 and atann3-2). Meanwhile, the distribution of DR5-GUS and DR5-GFP indicated that the eATP-induced asymmetric distribution of auxin in the root tips or hypocotyl cells occurred in wild-type control plants, while in atann3-1 mutant seedlings, it was not observed. Further, the eATP-induced asymmetric distribution of PIN2-GFP in root-tip cells or that of PIN3-GFP in hypocotyl cells was reduced in atann3-1 seedlings. Finally, the eATP-induced asymmetric distribution of cytoplasmic vesicles in root-tip cells was impaired in atann3-1 seedlings. Based on these results, we suggest that AtANN3 may be involved in eATP-regulated seedling growth by regulating the distribution of auxin and auxin transporters in vegetative organs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Erfang Kang
- Correspondence: (E.K.); (Z.S.); Tel.: +86-(311)-8078-7565 (E.K.); +86-(311)-8078-7570 (Z.S.)
| | - Zhonglin Shang
- Correspondence: (E.K.); (Z.S.); Tel.: +86-(311)-8078-7565 (E.K.); +86-(311)-8078-7570 (Z.S.)
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7
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Wang Y, Yan X, Xu M, Qi W, Shi C, Li X, Ma J, Tian D, Shou J, Wu H, Pan J, Li B, Wang C. Transmembrane kinase 1-mediated auxin signal regulates membrane-associated clathrin in Arabidopsis roots. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:82-99. [PMID: 36114789 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is the major endocytic pathway in eukaryotic cells that directly regulates abundance of plasma membrane proteins. Clathrin triskelia are composed of clathrin heavy chains (CHCs) and light chains (CLCs), and the phytohormone auxin differentially regulates membrane-associated CLCs and CHCs, modulating the endocytosis and therefore the distribution of auxin efflux transporter PIN-FORMED2 (PIN2). However, the molecular mechanisms by which auxin regulates clathrin are still poorly understood. Transmembrane kinase (TMKs) family proteins are considered to contribute to auxin signaling and plant development; it remains unclear whether they are involved in PIN transport by CME. We assessed TMKs involvement in the regulation of clathrin by auxin, using genetic, pharmacological, and cytological approaches including live-cell imaging and immunofluorescence. In tmk1 mutant seedlings, auxin failed to rapidly regulate abundance of both CHC and CLC and to inhibit PIN2 endocytosis, leading to an impaired asymmetric distribution of PIN2 and therefore auxin. Furthermore, TMK3 and TMK4 were shown not to be involved in regulation of clathrin by auxin. In summary, TMK1 is essential for auxin-regulated clathrin recruitment and CME. TMK1 therefore plays a critical role in the establishment of an asymmetric distribution of PIN2 and an auxin gradient during root gravitropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xu Yan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Mei Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Weiyang Qi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Chunjie Shi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jiaqi Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Dan Tian
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jianxin Shou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Haijun Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jianwei Pan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Bo Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- College of Life Sciences, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
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8
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Cheng S, Wang Y. Subcellular trafficking and post-translational modification regulate PIN polarity in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:923293. [PMID: 35968084 PMCID: PMC9363823 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.923293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Auxin regulates plant growth and tropism responses. As a phytohormone, auxin is transported between its synthesis sites and action sites. Most natural auxin moves between cells via a polar transport system that is mediated by PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin exporters. The asymmetrically localized PINs usually determine the directionality of intercellular auxin flow. Different internal cues and external stimuli modulate PIN polar distribution and activity at multiple levels, including transcription, protein stability, subcellular trafficking, and post-translational modification, and thereby regulate auxin-distribution-dependent development. Thus, the different regulation levels of PIN polarity constitute a complex network. For example, the post-translational modification of PINs can affect the subcellular trafficking of PINs. In this review, we focus on subcellular trafficking and post-translational modification of PINs to summarize recent progress in understanding PIN polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyang Cheng
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yizhou Wang
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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9
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Wang X, Han L, Yin H, Zhao Z, Cao H, Shang Z, Kang E. AtANN1 and AtANN2 are involved in phototropism of etiolated hypocotyls of Arabidopsis by regulating auxin distribution. AOB PLANTS 2022; 14:plab075. [PMID: 35079328 PMCID: PMC8782606 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plab075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phototropism is an essential response in some plant organs and features several signalling molecules involved in either photo-sensing or post-sensing responses. Annexins are involved in regulating plant growth and its responses to various stimuli. Here, we provide novel data showing that two members of the Annexin family in Arabidopsis thaliana, AtANN1 and AtANN2, may be involved in the phototropism of etiolated hypocotyls. In wild type, unilateral blue light (BL) induced a strong phototropic response, while red light (RL) only induced a weak response. The responses of single- or double-null mutants of the two annexins, including atann1, atann2 and atann1/atann2, were significantly weaker than those observed in wild type, indicating the involvement of AtANN1 and AtANN2 in BL-induced phototropism. Unilateral BL induced asymmetric distribution of DR5-GFP and PIN3-GFP fluorescence in hypocotyls; notably, fluorescent intensity on the shaded side was markedly stronger than that on the illuminated side. In etiolated atann1, atann2 or atann1/atann2 hypocotyls, unilateral BL-induced asymmetric distributions of DR5-GFP and PIN3-GFP were weakened or impaired. Herein, we suggest that during hypocotyls phototropic response, AtANN1 and AtANN2 may be involved in BL-stimulated signalling by regulating PIN3-charged auxin transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
- Department of Agricultural and Animal Engineering, Cangzhou Vocation College of Technology, Cangzhou 061001, China
| | - Lijuan Han
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Hongmin Yin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Zhenping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Huishu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Zhonglin Shang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Erfang Kang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
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10
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Hu T, Yin S, Sun J, Linghu Y, Ma J, Pan J, Wang C. Clathrin light chains regulate hypocotyl elongation by affecting the polarization of the auxin transporter PIN3 in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:1922-1936. [PMID: 34478221 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
PIN-FORMED (PIN)-dependent directional auxin transport is crucial for plant development. Although the redistribution of auxin mediated by the polarization of PIN3 plays key roles in modulating hypocotyl cell expansion, how PIN3 becomes repolarized to the proper sites within hypocotyl cells is poorly understood. We previously generated the clathrin light chain clc2-1 clc3-1 double mutant in Arabidopsis thaliana and found that it has an elongated hypocotyl phenotype compared to the wild type. Here, we performed genetic, cell biology, and pharmacological analyses combined with live-cell imaging to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the role of clathrin light chains in hypocotyl elongation. Our analyses indicated that the defects of the double mutant enhanced auxin maxima in epidermal cells, thus, promoting hypocotyl elongation. PIN3 relocated to the lateral sides of hypocotyl endodermal cells in clc2-1 clc3-1 mutants to redirect auxin toward the epidermal cell layers. Moreover, the loss of function of PIN3 largely suppressed the long hypocotyl phenotype of the clc2-1 clc3-1 double mutant, as did treatment with auxin transport inhibitors. Based on these data, we propose that clathrin modulates PIN3 abundance and polarity to direct auxin flux and inhibit cell elongation in the hypocotyl, providing novel insights into the regulation of hypocotyl elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianwei Hu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Shoupeng Yin
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Jingbo Sun
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Yuting Linghu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jiaqi Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jianwei Pan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- College of Life Sciences, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
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11
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Li M, Chen R, Gu H, Cheng D, Guo X, Shi C, Li L, Xu G, Gu S, Wu Z, Chen J. Grape Small Auxin Upregulated RNA ( SAUR) 041 Is a Candidate Regulator of Berry Size in Grape. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111818. [PMID: 34769249 PMCID: PMC8584205 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Grape (Vitis vinifera) is an important horticultural crop that can be used to make juice and wine. However, the small size of the berry limits its yield. Cultivating larger berry varieties can be an effective way to solve this problem. As the largest family of auxin early response genes, SAUR (small auxin upregulated RNA) plays an important role in the growth and development of plants. Berry size is one of the important factors that determine grape quality. However, the SAUR gene family’s function in berry size of grape has not been studied systematically. We identified 60 SAUR members in the grape genome and divided them into 12 subfamilies based on phylogenetic analysis. Subsequently, we conducted a comprehensive and systematic analysis on the SAUR gene family by analyzing distribution of key amino acid residues in the domain, structural features, conserved motifs, and protein interaction network, and combined with the heterologous expression in Arabidopsis and tomato. Finally, the member related to grape berry size in SAUR gene family were screened. This genome-wide study provides a systematic analysis of grape SAUR gene family, further understanding the potential functions of candidate genes, and provides a new idea for grape breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (M.L.); (H.G.); (D.C.); (X.G.); (C.S.); (L.L.); (G.X.); (S.G.); (Z.W.)
| | - Rui Chen
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300192, China;
| | - Hong Gu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (M.L.); (H.G.); (D.C.); (X.G.); (C.S.); (L.L.); (G.X.); (S.G.); (Z.W.)
| | - Dawei Cheng
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (M.L.); (H.G.); (D.C.); (X.G.); (C.S.); (L.L.); (G.X.); (S.G.); (Z.W.)
| | - Xizhi Guo
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (M.L.); (H.G.); (D.C.); (X.G.); (C.S.); (L.L.); (G.X.); (S.G.); (Z.W.)
| | - Caiyun Shi
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (M.L.); (H.G.); (D.C.); (X.G.); (C.S.); (L.L.); (G.X.); (S.G.); (Z.W.)
| | - Lan Li
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (M.L.); (H.G.); (D.C.); (X.G.); (C.S.); (L.L.); (G.X.); (S.G.); (Z.W.)
| | - Guoyi Xu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (M.L.); (H.G.); (D.C.); (X.G.); (C.S.); (L.L.); (G.X.); (S.G.); (Z.W.)
| | - Shicao Gu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (M.L.); (H.G.); (D.C.); (X.G.); (C.S.); (L.L.); (G.X.); (S.G.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zhiyong Wu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (M.L.); (H.G.); (D.C.); (X.G.); (C.S.); (L.L.); (G.X.); (S.G.); (Z.W.)
| | - Jinyong Chen
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (M.L.); (H.G.); (D.C.); (X.G.); (C.S.); (L.L.); (G.X.); (S.G.); (Z.W.)
- Correspondence:
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12
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Han H, Adamowski M, Qi L, Alotaibi SS, Friml J. PIN-mediated polar auxin transport regulations in plant tropic responses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:510-522. [PMID: 34254313 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Tropisms, growth responses to environmental stimuli such as light or gravity, are spectacular examples of adaptive plant development. The plant hormone auxin serves as a major coordinative signal. The PIN auxin exporters, through their dynamic polar subcellular localizations, redirect auxin fluxes in response to environmental stimuli and the resulting auxin gradients across organs underlie differential cell elongation and bending. In this review, we discuss recent advances concerning regulations of PIN polarity during tropisms, focusing on PIN phosphorylation and trafficking. We also cover how environmental cues regulate PIN actions during tropisms, as well as the crucial role of auxin feedback on PIN polarity during bending termination. Finally, the interactions between different tropisms are reviewed to understand plant adaptive growth in the natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibin Han
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, 3400, Austria
- Research Center for Plant Functional Genes and Tissue Culture Technology, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Maciek Adamowski
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, 3400, Austria
| | - Linlin Qi
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, 3400, Austria
| | - Saqer S Alotaibi
- Department of Biotechnology, Taif University, PO Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, 3400, Austria
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Winkler J, De Meyer A, Mylle E, Storme V, Grones P, Van Damme D. Nanobody-Dependent Delocalization of Endocytic Machinery in Arabidopsis Root Cells Dampens Their Internalization Capacity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:538580. [PMID: 33815429 PMCID: PMC8018273 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.538580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells perceive and adapt to an ever-changing environment by modifying their plasma membrane (PM) proteome. Whereas secretion deposits new integral membrane proteins, internalization by endocytosis removes membrane proteins and associated ligands, largely with the aid of adaptor protein (AP) complexes and the scaffolding molecule clathrin. Two AP complexes function in clathrin-mediated endocytosis at the PM in plant cells, the heterotetrameric AP-2 complex and the hetero-octameric TPLATE complex (TPC). Whereas single subunit mutants in AP-2 develop into viable plants, genetic mutation of a single TPC subunit causes fully penetrant male sterility and silencing single subunits leads to seedling lethality. To address TPC function in somatic root cells, while minimizing indirect effects on plant growth, we employed nanobody-dependent delocalization of a functional, GFP-tagged TPC subunit, TML, in its respective homozygous genetic mutant background. In order to decrease the amount of functional TPC at the PM, we targeted our nanobody construct to the mitochondria and fused it to TagBFP2 to visualize it independently of its bait. We furthermore limited the effect of our delocalization to those tissues that are easily accessible for live-cell imaging by expressing it from the PIN2 promoter, which is active in root epidermal and cortex cells. With this approach, we successfully delocalized TML from the PM. Moreover, we also show co-recruitment of TML-GFP and AP2A1-TagRFP to the mitochondria, suggesting that our approach delocalized complexes, rather than individual adaptor complex subunits. In line with the specific expression domain, we only observed minor effects on root growth, yet realized a clear reduction of endocytic flux in epidermal root cells. Nanobody-dependent delocalization in plants, here exemplified using a TPC subunit, has the potential to be widely applicable to achieve specific loss-of-function analysis of otherwise lethal mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Winkler
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andreas De Meyer
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evelien Mylle
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Veronique Storme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Grones
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daniël Van Damme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
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14
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Winkler J, De Meyer A, Mylle E, Storme V, Grones P, Van Damme D. Nanobody-Dependent Delocalization of Endocytic Machinery in Arabidopsis Root Cells Dampens Their Internalization Capacity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021. [PMID: 33815429 DOI: 10.1101/2020.02.27.968446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells perceive and adapt to an ever-changing environment by modifying their plasma membrane (PM) proteome. Whereas secretion deposits new integral membrane proteins, internalization by endocytosis removes membrane proteins and associated ligands, largely with the aid of adaptor protein (AP) complexes and the scaffolding molecule clathrin. Two AP complexes function in clathrin-mediated endocytosis at the PM in plant cells, the heterotetrameric AP-2 complex and the hetero-octameric TPLATE complex (TPC). Whereas single subunit mutants in AP-2 develop into viable plants, genetic mutation of a single TPC subunit causes fully penetrant male sterility and silencing single subunits leads to seedling lethality. To address TPC function in somatic root cells, while minimizing indirect effects on plant growth, we employed nanobody-dependent delocalization of a functional, GFP-tagged TPC subunit, TML, in its respective homozygous genetic mutant background. In order to decrease the amount of functional TPC at the PM, we targeted our nanobody construct to the mitochondria and fused it to TagBFP2 to visualize it independently of its bait. We furthermore limited the effect of our delocalization to those tissues that are easily accessible for live-cell imaging by expressing it from the PIN2 promoter, which is active in root epidermal and cortex cells. With this approach, we successfully delocalized TML from the PM. Moreover, we also show co-recruitment of TML-GFP and AP2A1-TagRFP to the mitochondria, suggesting that our approach delocalized complexes, rather than individual adaptor complex subunits. In line with the specific expression domain, we only observed minor effects on root growth, yet realized a clear reduction of endocytic flux in epidermal root cells. Nanobody-dependent delocalization in plants, here exemplified using a TPC subunit, has the potential to be widely applicable to achieve specific loss-of-function analysis of otherwise lethal mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Winkler
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andreas De Meyer
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evelien Mylle
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Veronique Storme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Grones
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daniël Van Damme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
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15
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Küpers JJ, Oskam L, Pierik R. Photoreceptors Regulate Plant Developmental Plasticity through Auxin. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9080940. [PMID: 32722230 PMCID: PMC7463442 DOI: 10.3390/plants9080940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Light absorption by plants changes the composition of light inside vegetation. Blue (B) and red (R) light are used for photosynthesis whereas far-red (FR) and green light are reflected. A combination of UV-B, blue and R:FR-responsive photoreceptors collectively measures the light and temperature environment and adjusts plant development accordingly. This developmental plasticity to photoreceptor signals is largely regulated through the phytohormone auxin. The phytochrome, cryptochrome and UV Resistance Locus 8 (UVR8) photoreceptors are inactivated in shade and/or elevated temperature, which releases their repression of Phytochrome Interacting Factor (PIF) transcription factors. Active PIFs stimulate auxin synthesis and reinforce auxin signalling responses through direct interaction with Auxin Response Factors (ARFs). It was recently discovered that shade-induced hypocotyl elongation and petiole hyponasty depend on long-distance auxin transport towards target cells from the cotyledon and leaf tip, respectively. Other responses, such as phototropic bending, are regulated by auxin transport and signalling across only a few cell layers. In addition, photoreceptors can directly interact with components in the auxin signalling pathway, such as Auxin/Indole Acetic Acids (AUX/IAAs) and ARFs. Here we will discuss the complex interactions between photoreceptor and auxin signalling, addressing both mechanisms and consequences of these highly interconnected pathways.
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16
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Legris M, Boccaccini A. Stem phototropism toward blue and ultraviolet light. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2020; 169:357-368. [PMID: 32208516 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Positive phototropism is the process through which plants orient their organs toward a directional light source. While the blue light receptors phototropins (phot) play a major role in phototropism toward blue (B) and ultraviolet (UV) radiation, recent research showed that the UVB light receptor UVR8 also triggers phototropism toward UVB. In addition, new details of the molecular mechanisms underlying the activity of these receptors and interaction with other environmental signals have emerged in the past years. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about hypocotyledoneous and inflorescence stem growth reorientation toward B and UVB, with a focus on the molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Legris
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Boccaccini
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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17
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Liscum E, Nittler P, Koskie K. The continuing arc toward phototropic enlightenment. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:1652-1658. [PMID: 31907539 PMCID: PMC7242014 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phototropism represents a simple physiological mechanism-differential growth across the growing organ of a plant-to respond to gradients of light and maximize photosynthetic light capture (in aerial tissues) and water/nutrient acquisition (in roots). The phototropin blue light receptors, phot1 and phot2, have been identified as the essential sensors for phototropism. Additionally, several downstream signal/response components have been identified, including the phot-interacting proteins NON-PHOTOTROPIC HYPOCOTYL 3 (NPH3) and PHYTOCHROME SUBSTRATE 4 (PKS4). While the structural and photochemical properties of the phots are quite well understood, much less is known about how the phots signal through downstream regulators. Recent advances have, however, provided some intriguing clues. It appears that inactive receptor phot1 is found dispersed in a monomeric form at the plasma membrane in darkness. Upon light absorption dimerizes and clusters in sterol-rich microdomains where it is signal active. Additional studies showed that the phot-regulated phosphorylation status of both NPH3 and PKS4 is linked to phototropic responsiveness. While PKS4 can function as both a positive (in low light) and a negative (in high light) regulator of phototropism, NPH3 appears to function solely as a key positive regulator. Ultimately, it is the subcellular localization of NPH3 that appears crucial, an aspect regulated by its phosphorylation status. While phot1 activation promotes dephosphorylation of NPH3 and its movement from the plasma membrane to cytoplasmic foci, phot2 appears to modulate relocalization back to the plasma membrane. Together these findings are beginning to illuminate the complex biochemical and cellular events, involved in adaptively modifying phototropic responsiveness under a wide varying range of light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Liscum
- C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Patrick Nittler
- C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Katelynn Koskie
- C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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18
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Pérez-Pérez Y, El-Tantawy AA, Solís MT, Risueño MC, Testillano PS. Stress-Induced Microspore Embryogenesis Requires Endogenous Auxin Synthesis and Polar Transport in Barley. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1200. [PMID: 31611902 PMCID: PMC6776631 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Stress-induced microspore embryogenesis is a model in vitro system of cell reprogramming, totipotency acquisition, and embryo development. After induction, responsive microspores abandon their developmental program to follow an embryogenic pathway, leading to in vitro embryo formation. This process is widely used to produce doubled-haploid lines, essential players to create new materials in modern breeding programs, particularly in cereals, although its efficiency is still low in many crop species, because the regulating mechanisms are still elusive. Stress signaling and endogenous hormones, mainly auxin, have been proposed as determinant factors of microspore embryogenesis induction in some eudicot species; however, much less information is available in monocot plants. In this study, we have analyzed the dynamics and possible role of endogenous auxin during stress-induced microspore embryogenesis in the monocot Hordeum vulgare, barley. The results showed auxin accumulation in early proembryo cells, from embryogenesis initiation and a further increase with embryo development and differentiation, correlating with the induction and expression pattern of the auxin biosynthesis gene HvTAR2-like. Pharmacological treatments with kynurenine, inhibitor of auxin biosynthesis, and α-(p-chlorophenoxy)-isobutyric acid (PCIB), auxin antagonist, impaired embryogenesis initiation and development, indicating that de novo auxin synthesis and its activity were required for the process. Efflux carrier gene HvPIN1-like was also induced with embryogenesis initiation and progression; auxin transport inhibition by N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid significantly reduced embryo development at early and advanced stages. The results indicate activation of auxin biosynthesis with microspore embryogenesis initiation and progression, in parallel with the activation of polar auxin transport, and reveal a central role of auxin in the process in a monocot species. The findings give new insights into the complex regulation of stress-induced microspore embryogenesis, particularly in monocot plants for which information is still scarce, and suggest that manipulation of endogenous auxin content could be a target to improve in vitro embryo production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Pérez-Pérez
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants Group, Biological Research Center, CIB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María Teresa Solís
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants Group, Biological Research Center, CIB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María C. Risueño
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants Group, Biological Research Center, CIB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar S. Testillano
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants Group, Biological Research Center, CIB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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